I.

WORDS WE USE ABOUT OURSELVES AND OTHERS. STEREOTYPES. POLITICAL

CORRECTNESS.
1. Write down 5 adjectives that describe you.
2. Rearrange the words in the suitable order and you will get the definition of the stereotype:
The stereotype is, an oversimplification, behaviour, of some observed, or appearance, or imagined trait
of, commonly held, a fixed, based on, notion or image, of a person or group
3. Complete the following sentences with your own stereotypes and explain your choice:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

The Italians are .

The Americans are ...
The Germans are ...
The English are ...
The Chinese are ...
The Swedes are ...

4. What are you own views on the qualities and the defects of Romanians? Choose:

Hospitable
Friendly
Hardworking
Intelligent
Polite
Honest
Tolerant
Talkative
Patriotic
Generous
Disciplined
Independent

Selfish
Tractable
Aggressive
Dishonest
Thieves
Lazy
Superficial
Passive
Jealous
Cowardly
Narrow-minded
Gullible

5. Complete the text with the following words: tomboy, distort, conform, adventurous, diversity,
confirm, landmarks, illusion, creativity, attitudes, propagate, convictions.
Certain mechanisms help (1) _____________ stereotypes. Sometimes, people (2) ___________ the image
of reality so that they do not have to change their own (3) ______________. For instance, if we see a little
girl clambering up a tree we prefer to think she is a (4) ____________, an exception, and that in general
girls are less (5) ______________ than boys. We (6) ______________ to stereotypes ourselves, we
employ them like points of reference that guide our behaviour and (7) ______________. Following what
the stereotypes dictate, we (8) ____________ them, which helps maintain the (9) _______________ that
they are based on reality. Stereotypes act like (10) ______________ of our daily life, allowing us to
structure our perception of the world. Despite this useful aspect, the fact is that stereotypes restrict our
perception of human (11) _______________. What is more, since they rigidly prescribe what people are
supposed to be like, they stunt our development and (12) ______________.
6. Rearrange the words in their correct order to form the sentences.
a) Scholars, a projection, fears, stereotypes, are, on others, of an individuals, argue that
b) Racism, do not, from having, but from refusing, and xenophobia, prejudices, stem, to reject them,
and stereotypes
c) Prejudices, towards, directed, strangers, only, are

d) In the, is, and inevitable, of stereotypes, of cases, automatic, the activation, majority
e) Stereotyping, by the media, showing, can also be created, an incorrect, of a culture, judgment, or
place

The term POLITICAL CORRECTNESS (often abbreviated to PC) arose in the 1980s, first in America
and soon afterwards elsewhere. It deals with many areas of social interaction, supporting broad social,
political, and educational change, especially to redress historical injustices in matters such as race, class,
gender, and sexual orientation.
In language, PC is concerned with avoiding or replacing words that cause offence or are seen as
discriminating against certain sections of society (e.g. by being racist or sexist or in other ways), and
extends to the avoidance of terms that may be regarded even coincidentally as offensive, such as black in
black economy and blind (to) meaning unwilling to recognize (a fact), and to other words that offend
various groups (e.g. deaf people, homosexuals, women, and old people). The political correctness
movement is also devoted to promoting an alternative terminology that seeks to assert a more positive
aspect to negative or undesirable qualities, such as deficiency achievement for failure, differently abled
for disabled, non-waged for unemployed, and many compounds formed with -challenged (intellectually
challenged, vertically challenged, etc.: see challenged).
One of the chief issues with which the movement has been concerned is that of gender specificity in job
titles. A gender-specific job title is a name of a job that also specifies or implies the gender of the person
performing that job. For example, in English, the job title stewardess implies that the person is female;
the job title policeman implies that the person is male. A gender-neutral job title, on the other hand, is
one that does not specify or imply gender, such as firefighter or lawyer. Proponents of gender-neutral job
titles believe they should be used, especially when referring to hypothetical persons. For example,
firefighter instead of fireman; mail carrier, letter carrier, or post worker rather than mailman; flight
attendant instead of steward or stewardess; bartender instead of barman or barmaid. In the rare case
where no useful gender-neutral alternative is available, they believe both genders should be used.
1) Read the article Political correctness gone bad, by Ally Fogg. Then solve the tasks:
a) Extract ONE sentence that, in your opinion, best summarizes the whole text.
b) Ti what extent do you agree with the author?

Political correctness gone bad

Words form the thread on which we string our experiences, as Aldous Huxley wisely observed, but they
do more than that. Words form the necklace of beads, baubles and pearls that we display to the world.
They form the millstones round our necks, and sometimes even the ropes with which we hang ourselves.
I think it is reprehensible to use language that stigmatises, demonises and degrades whole sections of
society. I agree that language informs attitudes and perceptions, and so influences behaviour, but that is
not all. Language offers a window into the hearts of our fellow human beings. I, for one, am reluctant to
see that window veiled.
People are perfectly entitled to use any words they like. I don't like the word "chav" 1 any more than Zoe
Williams does, but I couldn't care less if someone uses it about specific deserving individuals, in a selfdeprecating reference, or in a decent joke. She or he is also entitled to use it as a blanket catch-all
shorthand for the poorest and most marginalised in society, or for the wider working class, and in return I
am free to believe that such a person is a repugnant, heartless snob. Similarly, anyone who uses a grossly
sexist, racist, homophobic or bigoted epithet within my radar is unlikely to get a sympathetic hearing for
the rest of our probably short engagement.
1

The Oxford Dictionary defines "chav" as an informal British derogatory, meaning a young lower-class person who displays
cheeky and bad-manned behaviour and wears real or imitation designer clothes.

I realise this is a prejudice, and I may occasionally do an injustice to some kind-hearted but clumsy
tongued soul, but to be honest I think I can live with the loss. I can also live with the implications for my
own choice of words.
Language evolves, and as it does, I fully support efforts to steer it away from gender bias, and strip away
from everyday discourse terms that stereotype, diminish or dehumanise sections of society. That requires
ongoing debate about what is objectionable in which circumstances, and more importantly, why. That
debate happens in workplaces, in pubs, in schools, on internet forums and wherever else people argue.
I'd be delighted if we could all feel confident in challenging attitudes that demean others and divide us as
a society. But that is for us to decide. Yes, all of us.
It simply does not help to have the likes of the Fabian Society or the Equality and Human Rights
Commission laying down the latest list of forbidden words, with all the self-appointed arrogance of a
Guide to Modern Etiquette. That totally misses the point.
It is not words that sometimes need challenging, but the attitudes behind them. Sardar is right to say that
words shape attitudes, but he forgets that attitudes shape words to a far greater extent. Ideological
proponents of political correctness make a huge error in thinking that offensive words themselves, those
little strings of sounds or squiggly letters, are the problem. They're not, they are just words. The problem
is that people want to use them in the first place.
If we are not free to convey our honest beliefs, then our honest beliefs will never be challenged, and our
conflicting opinions will never be fully explored. That cannot be healthy for any democracy, but worse
it actively undermines efforts to build a fairer, better society.
2) Look at the list of politically correct terms and choose three that you would use and three that
you consider exaggerated and would not use.
LIST OF POLITICALLY CORRECT TERMS
A Crook - morally (ethically) challenged
Alcoholic - anti-sobriety activist
An Immigrant - a newcomer
Bald - comb-free; hair disadvantaged; follicularly challenged.
Blind - visually challenged
Broken Home - dysfunctional family
Cannibalism - intra-species dining
Censorship - selective speech
Cheating - academic dishonesty
China - porcelain
Chronically Late - temporarily challenged
Clumsy - uniquely coordinated
Computer Illiterate - technologically challenged
Cowardly - challenge challenged
Cowboys - bovine control officers
Deaf - visually oriented
Dishonest - ethically disoriented
Drug Addict - chemically challenged
Overweight - differently weighted; horizontally challenged
Freshman - first-year student
Garbage Man - sanitation engineer
Geek, Nerd - socially challenged
Ghetto / Barrio - ethnically homogenous area
Handicapped - differently abled

Homeless - outdoor urban dwellers; residentially flexible

Housewife - domestic engineer
Incompetent - differently qualified
Lazy - motivationally deficient
Loser - second place
Mankind - humankind
Messy - differently organized
Short- vertically challenged
Mute - verbally challenged
Old - Senior citizen; older adult
Poor - financially disadvantaged
Policeman, Policewoman - law enforcement officer
Postman letter/mail carrier
Prisoner - client of the correctional system
Redneck - rustically inclined
Refugees - asylum seekers
Steward, Stewardess - flight attendant
Stupid - intellectually impaired
Ugly - aesthetically challenged
Unemployed in transition between careers

II.
GENDER STEREOTYPES
1. The text is about the Catholic Churchs view of the nature of women in society. The Vatican lists
6 typical characteristics of women. Which 6 of these 10 characteristics do you think it chose?
1. listening
2. organizing
3. competing

4. welcoming
5. humility
6. strength

7. intelligence
8. faithfulness
9. aggression

2. Now look in the first paragraph of the text and check your answers.

A womans talent is to
listen, says the Vatican

The document, which will prompt a fierce

debate about the attributes of women, added:
"Although a certain type of feminist rhetoric makes
demands 'for ourselves', women preserve the deep
John Hooper and Jo Revill in Rome
intuition of the goodness in their lives of those
actions that elicit life, and contribute to the growth
The Vatican has depicted what it claims are and protection [of others]. This intuition is linked to
womens characteristic traits: "Listening,
women's physical capacity to give life. Whether
welcoming, humility, faithfulness, praise and
lived out or remaining potential, this capacity is a
waiting." In its most important statement on the role reality that structures the female personality in a
of women in almost a decade, the Roman Catholic profound way."
Church said these virtues of the Virgin Mary were
In his Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic
ones women displayed "with particular intensity
Church on the Collaboration of Men and Women in
and naturalness".
the Church and in the World, Cardinal Ratzinger
The 37-page statement was written by the
takes aim at "currents of thought that are often at
Pope's leading theologian, Cardinal Joseph
variance with the authentic advancement of
Ratzinger. As a statement of official doctrine, it
women". Chief among these is a tendency to
would have been read, and very likely amended, by "emphasise strongly conditions of subordination in
the Pope himself before publication.
order to give rise to antagonism". It implied that
"women, in order to be themselves, must make

themselves the adversaries of men". Such

confrontational thinking was "leading to harmful
confusion . . . which has its most immediate and
lethal effects in the structure of the family".
Gender war encouraged a perilous blurring
of the distinctions. "To avoid the domination of one
sex or the other, their differences tend to be denied,
viewed as mere effects of historical and cultural
conditioning." Such a view ignored qualities that
arose from a woman's unique ability to give birth.
This "allows her to acquire maturity very quickly,
and gives a sense of the seriousness of life and of
its responsibilities. A sense and a respect for what is
concrete develop in her, opposed to abstractions
which are so often fatal for the existence of
individuals and society". The cardinal uses the
document to argue that, because they have

something unique to contribute, "women should be

present in the world of work and in the organisation
of society".
The comments drew a mixed reaction from
feminists and women writers. Erin Pizzey, founder
of the international women's refuge movement,
said: "I don't think the Catholic Church, whose
priests and bishops cannot marry, is in a position to
make such statements."
But Catherine Pepinster, editor of the
British Catholic journal The Tablet, said the
comments would resonate with many women.
"For feminists to rubbish it is a knee-jerk response.
It does make a distinction between the sexes, but it
also points out that women have a big role to play
in society.
The Guardian Weekly 20-06-0

3. Choose the best answer:

1. What does the document regard as the main influence on the female personality?
a. A deep intuition of goodness.
b. The physical capacity to give life.
c. Being the adversaries of men.
2. What does the document regard as the source of harmful confusion?
a. The idea that women must make themselves the adversaries of men.
b. Confrontational thinking.
c. The structure of the family.
3. What, according to the document, allows women to become mature very quickly?
a. Gender war.
b. Their ability to give birth.
c. A sense of the seriousness of life.
4. Why, according to the cardinal, should women be present in the world of work?
a. Because they are good organisers.
b. Because they have the ability to give birth.
c. Because they have something unique to contribute.
5. Why does the founder of the international womens refuge movement disagree with the document?
a. Because she doesnt think Catholic priests are in a position to make statements about women.
b. Because it does not make a distinction between the sexes.
c. Because her reaction is simply a knee-jerk response.
4. What would be an appropriate title for the article?
5. Find a word in the text that means.
a) attribute, feature, quality ___________
b) dogma, principles _________________
c) at odds __________________________
d) promotion, progress ________________
e) inferiority ________________________
f) opposition, aggression ______________
g) opponent, rival ____________________
h) dangerous ________________________
i) automatic _________________________
j) to dismiss _________________________

6. Read the statements and put a number in the second column, in accordance with your
opinion on the matter.
1 agree strongly, 2 agree, 3 it depends, 4 disagree, 5 Your
disagree strongly
Opinion
Men are better drivers than women
Girls usually mature more quickly than boys
Women are inefficient in the business world because they tend
to be too emotional
Men and women are born with identical natural abilities
Nature has given women so much power that the law has
wisely given them little
Men find it difficult to express their emotions except when
their football team scores a goal
If more women were in positions of power, there would be
fewer wars in the world
It is more important for women to take care of their
appearance than it is for men
Men are from Mars and women are from Venus
7. Comment on the two statements below:
Women can do any job, even those traditionally done by men.
Men can do any job even those traditionally done by women.
III.
RELIGIOUS SYMBOLS

1. What do you know?

Which of the following words from the text do you associate with the Muslim religion, which
with the Christian religion and which with the Jewish religion?
headscarves

Yom Kippur

crosses

skullcaps

Eid

2. Key Vocabulary. Fill the gaps using these key words from the text:
secular
commission

neutrality
outlaw (vb)

Conspicuous
Headscarf

ombudsman
absurd

1. If something is ____________________ , it is very noticeable or easy to see.

2. France is a ____________________ country. In other words, there is no official state
religion.
3. If you ____________________ something, you prohibit it or make it illegal.

4. A ____________________ is a piece of cloth that a woman or girl wears on her head and
ties under her chin.
5. ____________________ is behaviour that does not show strong feelings or opinions and,
for example, does not support either side in a war or a disagreement.
6. If something is ____________________, it is completely stupid.
7. A ____________________ is a group of people who are officially asked to investigate
something.
8. An ____________________ is a person whose job is to deal with complaints made by
people about official organisations.
3. Read the text and insert the words below in the gaps.
a. separation
e. conspicuous

b. neutrality
f. headscarves

c. secularism
g. French

d. ombudsman
h. school holidays

Muslim headscarves and other religious symbols are almost certain to be banned from
French schools and public buildings after a special commission told the government recently that
legislation was needed to defend the secular nature of the state. The 20-member group, appointed
by President Jacques Chirac and headed by the national (1) ____, Bernard Stasi, recommended
that all "(2)______" signs of religious belief including Jewish skullcaps, oversized Christian
crosses and Islamic headscarves be outlawed in state-approved schools.
The report, compiled after six months of study, also recommended that the laws should
include a clause requiring "the strict (3)______ of all public service employees". Some Muslim
women had reportedly been insisting that their husbands accompany them at all times in hospital
and would accept only female doctors. The report said the legislation must remind all health
service users that "it is forbidden to reject a healthcare worker, and that the rules of hygiene must
be respected".
In a gesture of respect to "all spiritual options, the report said the Jewish and Muslim
holy days of Yom Kippur and Eid should be made official (4)_____, and companies should
consider ways of allowing their employees to take off the religious holiday of their choice.
Mr Chirac said that he favoured a law protecting France's secular republic, "I will be
guided by republican principles and the demands of national unity and the solidarity of the
French people," he said. The question of whether a "secularism law" is desirable or necessaryparticularly to deal with the increasing number of Muslim girls wanting to wear (5)_____ at
school - may seem abstract, or even absurd, to those used to British or US notions of
multiculturalism .In France, where (6)_______ is a constitutional guarantee and everyone, in the
eyes of the republic, is supposed to be equally (7)______ regardless of ethnic or religious
differences, the issue has dominated media and political debate for several months.
Mr Stasi said the proposed law aimed to preserve constitutional secularism and counter
"forces trying to destabilise the republic", a clear reference to Islamic fundamentalism. But he
stressed that the law was not directed at the mainly moderate Muslim community of 5 million.
"Muslims must understand that secularism is a chance for Islam," Mr Stasi said. "Secularism is
the (8)______ of church and state, but it is also the respect of differences."

The main teachers' union, the SNES, said that the proposals did not go far enough to
promote secularism in schools.
Kamal Kabtane, the head of the Grand Mosque of Lyon said Muslims would respect a
law on headscarves but he added, This will resolve nothing at all. It will only add to the
confusion.
The Guardian Weekly 20 - 12 - 03, page 4
Jon Henley in Paris
4. Reading Comprehension. Choose the best answer:
1. The Stasi commission has recommended that the wearing of headscarves in French schools be
banned because...
a. they are conspicuous.
b. they represent forces trying to destabilise the republic.
c. the commission wants to defend the secular nature of the French state.
2. The commission recommended a clause requiring the strict neutrality of all public service
employees because...
a. they wanted to remind people that it is forbidden to reject a healthcare worker.
b. some people only accept female doctors.
c. it took six months to compile the report.
3. The commission recommended the introduction of new public holidays...
a. in order to allow workers to choose their holidays.
b. as a gesture of respect to all religions.
c. in order to ensure the strict neutrality of all public service employees.
4. The constitutional guarantee of secularism under French law means...
a. that people cannot wear headscarves to school.
b. that everyone is regarded as equally French whatever their religion or ethnic
background.
c. that the issue has dominated media and political debate for several months.
5. The main teachers union criticized the proposals because...
a. they were too radical.
b. they were not radical enough.
c. they promoted secularism in schools.
5. From the information you have garnered, what would be an appropriate title for the
article?

6. Vocabulary: words with similar meaning. Decide which word of the following groups is
significantly different from the others and justify your choice.
e.g.

tradition

habit

anomaly

anomaly = strange or unusual aspect of a situation

custom

1.
2.
3
4.
5.
6.
7.

to ban
password
secular
conspicuous
to promote
to oppress
ombudsman

to outlaw
logo
worldly
prominent
to sponsor
to stress
judge

to sanction
symbol
sectarian
preeminent
to develop
to underscore
barrister

to forbid
sign
profane
obvious
to obstruct
to point out
solicitor

7. Use the most appropriate word from exercise 6 (in the correct form) in each of the
following sentences. More than one option may be possible at times.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Smoking __________________ inside the laboratory.

The new military regime ________________ strikes in the country.
Ive been smoking for 10 years and now its really hard to break the _____________.
The ______________ language in James Joyces Ulysses really shocked the world in the
1920s.
5. This country is __________________ in the field of genetic research.
6. You were really __________________ by your absence yesterday.
7. Evil witches are always depicted in fairytales as having a _________________ nose.
8. After her return from Africa, Janet _______________ an interest in pottery.
9. We are hard at work ____________________ the Christmas concert.
10. I _________________ to him where I used to live.
11. The case was brought before the ____________ who decided in the favour of the
plaintiff.
8. Discussion
a) Find 3 arguments for and 3 arguments against the wearing of religious symbols in public
schools.
b) In your opinion, should girls be free to wear headscarves to school?

IV.
THE SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY AND ITS FACES
1. Some of the lines below are correct. Other have a word that should not be there. Tick each
correct line or write the extra word in the box.
1
2
3
4
5

What is psychology? It is a field of enquiry that is sometimes defined as so the

science of the mind, sometimes as the science of behavior. It is concerned with
a
how and why organisms do what they do, why moths fly into the flame and
sons
rebel against their fathers, why we are remember how to ride a bike 20 years
after
the last try, why humans speak and make peace or war. All these are

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

behaviours
and psychology is the science that studies them. The phenomena it studies are
extremely numerous. Some one border on biology, others touch on social
sciences,
such as is anthropology and sociology. This enormous range covered by
psychology makes it a science of many a faces. Dreams are a perfect
illustration
of how psychology approaches a single case. A dream is a kind of nocturnal
drama which can only be accessed by the falling asleep. It is usually a series of
scenes, sometimes common, sometimes bizarre and disjointed, in which the a
dreamer is often a participant. The events in the dream are generally
experienced
as real, so real that a Chinese sage wrote 2000 years ago: Once I dreamt I was
a
butterfly, flying around as freely. Suddenly I woke up. Now I dont know
whether
I am a man to dreaming I was a butterfly, or a butterfly dreaming I am a man.

2. Choose a suitable word for the blank spaces:

a) In order to address the ______________ Is psychology a science? it is important to
understand the definitions of _____________ psychology and science.
b) A new _______________ of thought developed as an alternative ___________
psychoanalysis.
c) Behaviourists realized they could produce ___________ any response by ___________
an individuals environment.
d) The counselor creates a warm ________________ in which the patient feels comfortable
and willing to ____________.
e) Some people claim that when we move from describing a ___________ behavior to
explaining it, we ______________ move from science to opinion.
3. Rephrase the following sentences:
a) Was it necessary for her to be seen by a psychiatrist?
Did ____________________________________________________________?
b) I dont remember many things from my early childhood.
I have ____________________________________________________________.
c) Have you finished reading the essay on American functionalism?
Are _____________________________________________________________?
d) For how long has he been studying clinical psychology?
When ___________________________________________________________?

10

e) A psychotherapist organized the conference.

The ______________________________________________________________.

4. What is the difference between a: psychologist, psychiatrist, psychotherapist and

psychoanalyst?

5. Agree or disagree with the following statement:

Any particular event can be understood by looking at the basic elements that make it up. The
whole is but the sum of its parts.

V.
DREAMS
DREAMS are thoughts, emotions and the images shaped by them, which are encountered when
asleep. One has dreams during the rapid eye movement sleep (a state of sleep characterized by
increased neuronal activity of the forebrain and midbrain, dreaming and rapid eye movements).
Slow-wave sleep, on the other hand, is a state of deep, usually dreamless sleep that occurs
regularly during a normal period of sleep. Various theories on dream interpretations exist but the
real purpose of dreams is still unknown. Dreams are closely associated with the human
psychology. Research shows that during an average lifespan, a human being spends about six
years in dreaming which is around two hours every night.
Dreams are not about what they are about
Sigmund Freud proposed that dreams are the means of one's expressions of his/her unconscious
wishes. He said that bad dreams allow the brain to gain control over the feelings that are a result
of distressful experiences. Carl Jung suggested that dreams compensate for one-sided feelings
borne in consciousness. According to Ferenczi, a Hungarian psychoanalyst, a dream bears
something that cannot be expressed outright. Some theories say that dreams involve one's
repressed emotions that are fantasized during the sleep. Anyway, dreams speak in a deeply
symbolic language. The unconscious mind tries to compare your dream to something else, which
is similar.
We only dream of what we know
Hartmann believes that dreams give a person an opportunity to organize his/her thoughts.
Blechner's theory of Oneiric Darwinism, which attributes the generation of new ideas to dreams,
is quite supportive of Hartmann's analysis. Griffin, through his recent research has proposed the
expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming, according to which dreaming completes patterns of
emotional expectations.

11

People also tend to have common themes in dreams, which are situations relating to school,
being chased, running slowly/in place, sexual experiences, falling, arriving too late, a person now
alive being dead, teeth falling out, flying, failing an examination, or a car accident.
Have you ever had a precognitive dream?
*Precognition, also called future sight, refers to perception that involves the acquisition of future
information that cannot be deduced from presently available and normally acquired sense-based
information. Results of several surveys across large population sets indicate that between 18%
and 38% of people have experienced at least one precognitive dream and 70% have experienced
dj vu. The percentage of persons that believe precognitive dreaming is possible is even higher.
Explain these idioms about sleep/dreams:
- Not sleep a wink =
- Recharge your batteries =
- Toss and turn =
- Beauty sleep =
- Catnap =
- Hit the hay =
- Sleep like a log =
- Daydreaming =
Find a word that means:
- To have full awareness of what is going on around you =
- To make sense of dreams =
- A person who likes to be active at night =
- To awaken someone =
- Another term for sleep =

Match the following terms connected to sleep disorders with their definitions:
1) Insomnia
a) Performing different activities in a state of low
consciousness.
2) Onset insomnia
b) Ceasing to breathe while asleep, waking up
panicked, grasping for air.
3) Maintenance insomnia
c) Severe sleep disorder arising from different reasons,
mainly the physiological states of anxiety and
tension.
4) Sleep apnea
d) It is a test used in the study of sleep and as a
diagnostic tool in sleep medicine.
5) Sleepwalking
e) Rare disease, suddenly falling asleep during the day
6) Bruxism
f) Excessive amounts of sleepiness.
7) Narcolepsy
g) Waking up frequently during the night
8) Kleine-Levin Syndrome
h) Having difficulty to fall asleep.
(KLS)

12

9) Hypersomnia
10) Polysomnography (PSG)

i) Involuntary grinding or clenching of teeth during

sleep
j) Also known as Sleeping Beauty Syndrome, this is a
neurological disorder characterized by recurring
periods of excessive amounts of sleeping.

True/False:
1) Everybody dreams.
2) We forget 90% of our dreams.
3) Hypnosis is a state of sleep.
4) A full 12% of sighted people dream exclusively in black and white.
5) Insomnia cannot be treated.
6) Animals dream too.
7) During REM sleep the body is paralyzed by a mechanism in the brain in order to prevent
the physical body to move.
Translate the following texts:
A) - Adic s cotrobi prin mintea mea? S m faci s spun orice despre mine? O s m pui s
fac lucruri nostime, pe care nu le-a face dac a fi treaz?
- Nu, niciuna dintre toate astea.
- Dar o s m adormi, nu-i aa?
- Cu riscul s te dezamgesc, nici asta nu o s se ntmple. Vei rmne treaz i n deplin control
al persoanei tale.
- Adic dac nu mai vreau, pot s m rdic i s spun Stop!?
- Bineneles. La fel ca i n cazul altor tehnici pe care le-am utilizat mpreun, totul se
desfoar doar dac vrei i att timp ct vrei.
- Dar am vzut la televizor c
- Ceea ce ai vzut a fost un show. Noi vom face hipnoterapie. Sunt convins c exist n mintea ta
o sumedenie de ntrebri legate de hipnoz. Fii linitit, nainte de a ncepe o s rspund la ele i
o s-i dau toate explicaiile pe care le doreti.
Despre hipnoterapie (Radu Albota)
B) Oamenii petrec o treime din via dormind i, de multe ori fr a-i da seama, visnd.
Imaginile nocturne care acompaniaz aceast perioad de odihn au fascinat omenirea, de-a
lungul mileniilor fiindu-le atribuite chiar conotaii religioase. n Biblia cretin, visele erau o
metod prin care Dumnezeu intra n legtur cu supuii si, iar cartea de cpti a
musulmanilor, Coranul, i-a fost transmis profetului Mahomed prin vis de ctre ngerul Gabriel.
n Grecia antic, persoanele bolnave dormeau n templele nchinate lui Asclepios, zeul
medicinei, spernd s aib parte de vise care s le vindece problemele. Visele au stat la baza a
numeroase cri, filme i alte lucrri artistice. tiina a fost la rndul su mbogit n urma
unor idei cu origini onirice, un vis fiind inspiraia ce a dus la aparia celebrului tabel al lui
Mendeleev i la descoperirea structurii moleculei de benzen de ctre chimistul german Friedrich

13

Kekule. Celebrul proiectant sovietic Oleg Antonov spunea c un vis l-a inspirat s conceap o
aeronav. Mai mult, doi celebri oameni de tiin, Niels Bohr i Otto Loewi, au obinut Premiul
Nobel datorit unei idei aprute n vis.
Visele ajut la nvat i la consolidarea memoriei
Oamenii de tiin au considerat mult vreme c somnul i visele au explicaii diferite. n
ultimii ani, ns, cercettorii au ajuns la concluzia c aceast perspectiv este greit. Una
dintre cele mai importante funcii ale somnului, consolidarea amintirilor, se realizeaz prin
visare. Este binecunoscut faptul c somnul mbuntete memoria de toate tipurile. Pe lng
acest lucru, creierul folosete perioada de somn pentru a reprocesa amintirile proaspete,
aezndu-le ntr-un context mental nou, transformndu-le n amintiri permanente i totodat
extrgnd un neles mai profund al acestora. Visele, cred oamenii de tiin, reprezint un
simptom al faptului c acest proces se afl n desfurare.
n unul dintre experimente, participanilor la studiu li s-a cerut s in minte un cuvnt
inventat, cathedruke, ce se aseamn cu un cuvnt real din limba englez, cathedral. Apoi,
n cea de-a doua etap a studiului, cercettorii au cerut participanilor s recunoasc cuvntul
cathedral, n cadrul unor teste. Rezultatele au fost interesante: cei care au efectuat primul test
seara iar al doilea n dimineaa urmtoare recunoteau mult mai greu cuvntul cathedral
dect cei care au efectuat primul test dimineaa i cel de-al doilea n seara aceleiai zile.
Cercettorii cred c motivul este faptul c cei din primul grup au dormit (i, cel mai probabil, au
visat), transfernd cuvntul cathedruke din memoria pe termen scurt (aflat n hipocamp) n
memoria lexical, situat n cortex, o regiune mai avansat a creierului. Trecnd n memoria
lexical, cuvntul inventat cathedruke afecta capacitatea de recunoatere a cuvntului real
cathedral. Acest studiu a artat c pentru ca un cuvnt nou nvat s ajung n memoria de
lung durat, unde se afl vocabularul obinuit al unei persoane, este nevoie de somn.

VI.
MEMORY/MEMORIES
1.Rearrange the words to form a correct sentence:
a. involved, storage, encoding, three, and, essential, are, processes, retrieval, in, memory.
b. claim, forgetting, forgetting, aging, or, brain damage, theories, of, that, occurs, result, as, a, trace,
memory, of, the, decay of.
c. memory, context, memories, flashbulb, an, are, example, of.
d. may, lead, concussions, amnesia, to, head, in, which, injuries, or, a, patient, memories, loss,
suffers, a, of.

Erasing Our Memories: Scientific Breakthrough or Social Nightmare?

by Nicholas Carr - October 28th, 2008, The Guardian

14

Slowly but surely, scientists are getting closer to developing a drug that will allow people to eliminate
unpleasant memories. The new issue of Neuron features a report from a group of Chinese scientists who
were able to use a chemical - the protein alpha-CaM kinase II - to successfully erase memories from the
minds of mice. The memory losses, report the authors, are not caused by disrupting the retrieval access
to the stored information but are, rather, due to the active erasure of the stored memories. The erasure,
moreover, is highly restricted to the memory being retrieved while leaving other memories intact.
Therefore, our study reveals a molecular genetic paradigm through which a given memory, such as new
or old fear memory, can be rapidly and specifically erased in a controlled and inducible manner in the
brain.
Technology Review provides further details on the study:
Researchers first put the mice in a chamber where the animals heard a tone, then followed up the tone
with a mild shock. The resulting associations: the chamber is a very bad place, and the tone foretells
miserable things. Then, a month later - enough time to ensure that the mices long-term memory had
been consolidated - the researchers placed the animals in a totally different chamber, overexpressed the
protein, and played the tone. The mice showed no fear of the shock-associated sound. But these same
mice, when placed in the original shock chamber, showed a classic fear response. The chemical had, in
effect, erased one part of the memory (the one associated with the tone recall) while leaving the other
intact.
Fiddling with mice brains is one thing, of course, and fiddling with human brains is another. But the
experiment points to the possibility of the eventual development of a precise and quick method for
manipulating peoples memories: The study is quite interesting from a number of points of view, says
Mark Mayford, who studies the molecular basis of memory at the Scripps Research Institute, in La Jolla,
CA. He notes that current treatments for memory extinction consist of very long-term therapy, in
which patients are asked to recall fearful memories in safe situations, with the hope that the connection
between the fear and the memory will gradually weaken. But people are very interested in devising a
way where you could come up with a drug to expedite a way to do that, he says. That kind of treatment
could change a memory by scrambling things up just in the neurons that are active during the specific act
of the specific recollection. That would be a very powerful thing, Mayford says. Indeed. One can think
of a whole range of applications, from the therapeutic to the cosmetic to the political.
1) Provide a synonym for all the words underlined.

2) How do scientists actually manage to erase memories?

3) Think of some advantages and of some disadvantages if this process were applied to large groups of
people.

15

4) Would you erase any of your memories? Bring arguments for your answer.

Translate the following fragment from John Irving, Trying to Save Piggy Sneed, p. 9
This is a memoir, but please understand that (to any writer with a good imagination) all memoirs are
false. A fiction writers memory is an especially imperfect provider of detail: we can always imagine a
better detail than the one we can remember. The correct detail is rarely, exactly, what happened. Half my
life is an act of revision; more than half the act is performed with small changes. Being a writer is a
strenuous marriage between careful observation and just as carefully imagining the truths you havent
had he opportunity to see. The rest is the necessary, strict toiling with the language; for me this means
writing and rewriting the sentences until they sound as spontaneous as good conversation.
VII.
DISORDERS
1. Choose the word that best completes the sentence and write it in the blank space:
Mathematician John Griffith has estimated that, by the time the 1) __________ person dies,
he/she will have stored 500 times as 2) __________ information as can be found in the
Encyclopedia Britannica. In our own encyclopedia of memories, we could 3) __________ the
meanings of thousands of words. The impressive capacity of human memory reveals a complex
mental system. An explanation of this system begins 4) ____________ a look at the kind of
information it can handle.
In 5) ____________ hand does the statue of Liberty hold the torch? When was the last time you
spent cash for something? What part of speech is used to modify a noun? The answer to the first
question is likely to be an 6) ______. To answer the second you must 7) ____________ a
particular event in your life. The third concerns general knowledge 8) ___________ to be tied to
a specific event. Some theorists argue that answering each of these questions involves a different
type of memory. No one is sure how many types of memory exist, but most 9) ____________
suggest that there are at least three basic types. Each is named for the type of 10) ____________
it handles: episodic, semantic and procedural memory. Any memory of a specific event that
happened when one was present is an episodic memory.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

16

average
many
require
from
where
image
resort

disabled
much
include
at
whose
wrong
recall

treated
vital
adapt
with
which
emotion
remind

supposed
important
withhold
since
what
thought
redeem

8)
9)
10)

possible
researchers
emotion

unlikely
social workers
stress

likely
teachers
information

probably
doctors
quantity

2. Match the following mental illnesses and disorders with their definitions:
Category
1) Schizophrenic and
other psychotic disorders
2) Anxiety disorders
3) Mood disorders
4) Developmental
disorders
5) Sexual and gender
identity disorders
6) Eating disorders
7) Sleep disorders
8) Impulse control
disorders
9) Personality disorders
10) Factitious disorders

Definition of specific disorders

a) Include abnormal sexual practices or discomfort with ones gender.
b) Are conditions in which a person acts as if he or she has an illness by
deliberately producing, feigning, or exaggerating symptoms.
c) Involve the failure to resist an impulse, drive or temptation.
d) Include deviations of personality from what is expected by society.
e) Are characterized by loss of contact with reality (hallucinations or delusions),
serious disturbances of thought and perception, and bizarre behaviour.
f) Are characterized by severe disturbances in eating behaviour.
g) Involve problems in the amount, quality or timing of sleep.
h) Represent abnormal changes in mood, quickly going from extreme
depression to elation.
i) Occur at some stage in the childs development and include language and
learning disorders.
j) Are different forms of abnormal and pathological fears and anxieties, often
including panic attacks.

3. In which of the above categories would you include the following disorders: anorexia
nervosa, insomnia, kleptomania, narcissism, pedophilia, manic depression, schizophrenia,
claustrophobia, Munchausen syndrome, or ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)?

What about those in the pictures below?

17

4. Read the text entitled Imagined Ugly Syndrome and answer the questions below:
Last month, stunning actress Uma Thurman surprised her fans when she confessed that
she thinks shes fat and ugly! Ever since I had my babies Ive had the Body Dysmorphic
Disorder. I see myself as fat, she told an interviewer. She has in fact felt insecure about her
looks since her school days. I didnt fit in. I was a foot too tall, had one eye on each side of my
head, an extremely large nose and big, thick lips in the middle.
The Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) Uma refers to is the medical term for Imagined
Ugly Syndrome. This syndrome causes people normally thought of as being attractive, to look in
the mirror and see faults in their faces and figures that no one else can see. People suffering from
it become obsessed with these imaginary physical defects and will do anything to hide or change
them. So, the BDD shares certain characteristics with eating disorders such as anorexia (an
anorexic is someone convinced she / he is fat and won't accept any view to the contrary) and
bulimia (also called binge eating). Constant pressure from the media for people to conform to a
particular idea of the perfect body shape or look has only helped to aggravate this problem, and
we are seeing more and more people (particularly girls) resorting to unnecessary methods (such
as plastic surgery) at a far younger age.

18

Distorted deliefs about body size are found even among those not suffering from an
eating disorder. Studies have shown that, when males and females are asked to indicate what
they think is the body size most attractive to the opposite sex, answers reveal distorted
perceptions. Thus, females rated their ideal body wieght as significantly lower than the males
thought most attractive, whereas males rated their ideal body weight as higher than the weight
women found most attractive. These differences place extra pressure on women to be slim, and
on men to be more muscular. The so-called Adonis complex is an obsession with the idea that a
person is not muscular enough.
The only way to treat the BDD is through addressing its root cause (hypervigilance to a
perceived body flaw). Whether this involves therapy or any other form of psychoanalysis is
obviously dependent on the individual case. What it doesn't require is going under the knife time
and time again.
a) Why is it so important for people to be good-looking?

b) Have you ever had any insecurity concerning your looks?

c) Do you think image is over-rated these days?

d) Is the BDD culturally influenced in any way?

e) In your opinion does cosmetic surgery influence ones personality?

19

5. Translate into English:

Pete fusese toat viaa un cronic. Dei nu intrase n spital dect dup mplinirea vrstei de 50
de ani, toat viaa lui fusese un bolnav mintal cronic. Capul lui are dou crestturi mari, pe
tmple, acolo unde mamoul care o asistase pe mama lui la natere, i ciupise easta ncercnd sl trag afar. Pete aruncase mai nti o privire afar, zrind toate sculele din sala de natere care l
ateptau, i a priceput cam n ce lume urma s se nasc, aa c s-a apucat zdravn de tot ce-i era
la ndemn acolo nuntru ca s scape de natere. Doctorul l-a apucat cu un clete teit pentru
ghea, l-a smuls afar i a crezut c toate-s n regul. Numai c scfrlia lui Pete era nc prea
crud, moale ca lutul, iar cnd s-a mai ntrit a rmas cu cele dou urme de clete ntiprite. i
asta l-a fcut cam boble la cap, de-i trebuia un mare efort de voin i concentrare ca s
ndeplineasc treburi simple i pentru un copil de ase ani2.

VIII.
HAPPINESS
1. Fill the gaps in the sentences using these key words from the text:
drift off
cognitive
distracted
2

wellbeing
focused

reminisce
consistently

Ken Kesey, Zbor deasupra unui cuib de cuci, Editura Univers, 1983

20

anticipate
random
engaging

a) If you are .., you are not able to concentrate on something.

b) If something happens , it happens regularly and in the same way.
c) A persons . is the satisfactory state they should be in, especially as
regards their health and security.
d) If you are ..., you are concentrating on a particular aim and not
wasting time or energy on other things.
e) When you think and talk about enjoyable experiences in the past it is said you
..
f) If a task is , it is interesting and keeps your attention.
g) If you .. something, you think that it will probably happen.
h) Something is . when it is chosen or it happens without any
particular method, pattern or purpose.
i) If you ., you either stop concentrating on something or you fall
asleep.
j) processes are those that are connected with recognizing and
understanding things.

2. Decide whether the statements below are true (T) or false (F). Then check your
answers by reading the text.
a) People spend more than half their time thinking about something other than what
they are actually doing.
b) If your mind wanders, this will make you less happy.
c) Being distracted is the cause of happiness.
d) People are happiest when they are doing sports or are in a conversation.
e) People are in a content state of mind when using a home computer.

3. Put the following phrases in the text:

a) and what made them most happy; b) what they are actually doing; c) to reflect on the past and
learn from it; d) made them less happy; e) to support the advice; f) failed to hold peoples
attention; g) cognitive achievement; h) at random times; I) the lead author of the study; j) the
cause of unhappiness.

Living in the moment really does make people happier

By Ian Sample, 11 November, 2010, adapted from The Guardian
Psychologists have found that people are distracted from the task at hand nearly half of the time,
and this daydreaming consistently makes them less happy.
Happiness is found by living in the now, according to a major study into mental
wellbeing. But the study also found that people spend nearly half their time (46, 7%) thinking
about something other than (1) .

21

The benefits of seizing the day are extolled by many philosophic and religious traditions,
but until now there has been scant scientific evidence (2) Psychologists at
Harvard University collected information on the daily activities, thoughts and feelings of 2,250
volunteers to find out how often they were focused on what they were doing, (3) .
They found that people were happiest among other things when exercising or conversing, and
least happy when working, resting or using a home computer. And although subjects minds
were wandering nearly half of the time, this consistently (4)
The team concluded that reminiscing, thinking ahead and daydreaming tend to make
people more miserable, even when they are thinking about something pleasant. Even the most
engaging tasks (5) . Volunteers admitted to thinking about something else at least
30% of the time while performing these tasks.
Human beings have the unique ability to focus on things that arent happening right
now. That allows them (6) ..; it allows them to anticipate and plan for the future;
and it allows them to imagine things that might never occur, said Matthew Killingsworth, (7)
At the same time, it seems that human beings often use this ability in ways
that are not productive and, furthermore, can be destructive to our happiness, he added.
For the study, Killingsworth developed a web application for the iphone that contacted
participants (8) during their waking hours. When they received a message,
those taking part had to respond with information about what they were doing and how they
rated that activity. The results showed that happiness was more affected by how often people
drifted off than by the activity they were doing at the time. The researchers say theyre confident
that being distracted was (9) rather than the other way around.
The authors write in the Science journal: A human mind is a wandering mind and a
wandering mind is an unhappy mind. The ability to think about what is not happening is a (10)
that comes at an emotional cost.
4. Find the words and phrases in the text:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)

gerund that means to fantasize

verb that means to praise enthusiastically
adjective meaning very little or not enough
verb meaning to move around aimlessly
verb meaning to take place or to exist
a two-word expression meaning while you are not asleep
an expression meaning vice-versa

5. Amy Bloom says that the Fundamentally Sound, Top Five Components of Happiness are:
(1) Be in possession of the basics food, shelter, good health, safety. (2) Get enough
sleep. (3) Have relationships that matter to you. (4) Take compassionate care of others
and of yourself. (5) Have work or an interest that engages you. In your opinion, is there
more to happiness than this?

22

IX.

1984
1.Match the following terms from/connected to Orwells novel 1984 with their explanation:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)

Orwellian
Newspeak
Thought police
Big Brother
Doublethink
Ingsoc
Telescreen
Ministry of Truth
Dystopia
Crimethink

a) uncover and punish crimethink

b) falsifies historical events
c) TV and security camera-like devices
d) accepting 2 opposite beliefs
e) describes a futuristic totalitarian state
f) fictional, simplified language
g) English socialism
h) illegal thoughts
i) tyrant, knows everything about everyone
j) society controlled by a repressive state

2. How are concerns about privacy and freedom expressed in the novel manifesting in the
contemporary world?

Foreword from Amusing Ourselves to Death

by Neil Postman
We were keeping our eye on 1984. When the year came and the prophecy didn't, thoughtful
Americans sang softly in praise of themselves. The roots of liberal democracy had held.
Wherever else the terror had happened, we, at least, had not been visited by Orwellian
nightmares.
But we had forgotten that alongside Orwell's dark vision, there was another - slightly older,
slightly less well known, equally chilling: Aldous Huxley's Brave New World. Contrary to
common belief even among the educated, Huxley and Orwell did not prophesy the same thing.
Orwell warns that we will be overcome by an externally imposed oppression. But in Huxley's
vision, no Big Brother is required to deprive people of their autonomy, maturity and history. As
he saw it, people will come to love their oppression, to adore the technologies that undo their
capacities to think.
What Orwell feared were those who would ban books. What Huxley feared was that there would
be no reason to ban a book, for there would be no one who wanted to read one. Orwell feared
those who would deprive us of information. Huxley feared those who would give us so much
that we would be reduced to passivity and egoism. Orwell feared that the truth would be

23

concealed from us. Huxley feared the truth would be drowned in a sea of irrelevance. Orwell
feared we would become a captive culture. Huxley feared we would become a trivial culture,
preoccupied with some equivalent of the feelies, the orgy porgy, and the centrifugal
bumblepuppy. As Huxley remarked in Brave New World Revisited, the civil libertarians and
rationalists who are ever on the alert to oppose tyranny "failed to take into account man's almost
infinite appetite for distractions". In 1984, Huxley added, people are controlled by inflicting pain.
In Brave New World, they are controlled by inflicting pleasure. In short, Orwell feared that what
we hate will ruin us. Huxley feared that what we love will ruin us.
This book is about the possibility that Huxley, not Orwell, was right.
3. How is Huxleys society different from that described by Orwell?
4. Complete the sentences with the words you consider appropriate:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Human nature is
Tyranny is
Civilization is
Technology is
The future is

5. Imagine the world a hundred years from now. Write two scenarios.

X.
The Walls That Separate Us
The Great Wall of China- Chinese emperors began constructing it more than 2000 years ago to
keep out Mongols and invaders. It is actually a series of walls, spanning about 6000 km through
the northern part of the country.
Border fence along the U.S.A.-Mexico border- At the very western edge of the U.S.-Mexico
border, there used to be a small plaza between San Diego and Tijuana called Friendship Park.
This was one of the few places on the border where people from Mexico and the U.S.A. could
meet and talk across the frontier. Under George W. Bush, the Department of Homeland Security
started installing a secondary fence (besides the existing pedestrian barrier), essentially creating a
no man's land where Friendship Park once stood. Almost 1000 km of fence went up until
President Obama canceled plans to extend it.
The Berlin Wall- the barrier surrounding West Berlin was built in 1961 to stem the flood of
refugees from communist-controlled East Berlin to U.S., British and French zones of the city.
The 140 km of barbed wire, barricade and concrete wall included guard towers and
circumscribed a wide area (later known as the "death strip") that contained anti-vehicle trenches.

24

1) The year 1989 brought about the fall of communism in the so-called East European block.
a) What walls to you think we still have to tear down?
b) Make a list of the most important changes that have taken place in Romania after the 1989
Revolution.

2) Put the following phrases in the appropriate blank spaces: a) unqualified good news; b) But
not tonight; c) on a tiny dance floor; d) dreams were coming true; e) relatives who had been
separated for decades; f) barrier swing up, and the gates open; g) the death strip

The night the Berlin Wall fell

At first East Berlin's wide cobbled streets were their usual empty selves. But after a few miles,
we were caught up in a vortex of hurrying people. By car, foot and on bicycles they were rushing
forward. Soon the street was so jammed we abandoned our car on the roadside and ran the last
half mile with everybody else. We arrived just in time to see the 1)_______________________ .
The excited crowd surged through - brushing aside the guards in green uniform who for years
had threatened to shoot down anyone trying to cross to the West. 2)
___________________________. Nobody knew who would be in charge tomorrow, and the
guards were not about to challenge the authority of the tens of thousands out in the streets.
One family had suitcases and children. They were getting away while the going was good.
Others - celebratory and curious - were going as tourists to see a world long denied them.
Waiting for them were free buses to the Kurfurstendamm - West Berlin's main boulevard - and
even families searching for, and sometimes finding, 3) ________________________________.
After watching the tears and the hugs, and sampling the champagne that was being freely poured,
we slipped back into the East and went to the Brandenburg Gate. Even at this stage it was still

25

and isolated, with a ring of armed guards surrounding it, as though they feared the people would
pick it up and carry it away.
But around me more and more East Berliners were gathering and looking across what was
known as 4) ________________________________ - the open ground in front of the Gate
where guards could fire at anyone who approached.
And then spontaneously - emboldened by group courage - everyone started walking forward. We
went slowly at first while the guards backed away behind the Gate. Then as they slipped like
ghosts into the darkness, we rushed forward and clambered up onto the wall itself.
The wall here was about 2m tall, with a flat surface on top. Somehow we all scrambled up and
crowded together like revelers 5) ___________________________________. A day before, we
would have been shot for being here - now people were knocking off pieces to take home as a
souvenir of an unforgettable night. For me it was that rare occasion when a story was 6)
____________________________. After years watching the way communism was practised, I
felt no need to mourn its collapse. Whatever came next had to be better.
Just as I finished describing the scene to the camera, I heard somebody behind me say: "I want to
be an astronaut." And why not - it was the night when 7)
________________________________.
Story from BBC NEWS:

http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/europe/8347695.stm, Published: 2009/11/09

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

What were the reporters first impressions of Berlin on that day?

What was the guards reaction? Why?
Why were the people crossing to the other side?
What happened at the Brandenburg Gate? Which side was the Gate on?
What does freedom mean to you?
Do you think it is possible to build a wall high enough in order to prevent people to
break it?

XI.

QUOTING, REPORTING AND INTERPRETING

A. Referring directly to other peoples words: to quote, to paraphrase, in the words of, as has
it, according to, once wrote.
_____________ the Chancellor, a tax increase is unavoidable.
_____________ Shakespeare, All the worlds a stage.
_____________ Julius Caesar: I came, I saw, I conquered.
_______the Prime Minister _________, Things can only get better.
Beckett ___________ that people were bloody ignorant apes.
_____________ Abraham Lincoln, were not all idiots all the time.

26

B. Casting doubt on what people have said:

If Julian Assange is to be believed, Wikileaks is doing an ethical thing.
I gather / I understand / I hearJulian Assange is constantly harassed.
Julian Assange is supposed to be in danger.
Theres a rumour going around (town) that his loyalists are abandoning him.
The word is thatAssangewill post more secret documents on the Iraq war..
C. Verbs that indicate a persons attitude:
state (categorically); (utterly) repudiate; (proudly) proclaim; (rightly) remark; (strongly)
support; (totally) agree; (fully) understand; (greatly) appreciate
INTENSIFYING AND EMPHASISING
A. Powerful adjectives:
It cost a lot. CAN BECOME: The price was exorbitant / extortionate / astronomical.
Its a big problem. CAN BECOME: Its a vast / colossal / huge problem.
B. Collocation- a number of intensifying adjectives close to the meaning of complete,
collocate with particular nouns but not with others: unshakeable, sheer, unmitigated, eternal,
utter, comprehensive
- an________ optimist;
a ____________ defeat;________ stupidity;
_______madness;____________ faith;
an ___________ disaster
C. Adverbs of degree: adverb-adjective combinations are common to give emphasis:
absolutely ridiculous totally wrong
plain stupid
dead right extremely expensive
LINKING WORDS / TRANSITIONS BETWEEN SENTENCES OR PARAGRAPHS
ADDITION: in addition, furthermore, moreover, besides, further, also, too, similarly, again,
and, equally important, first, second, finally, still
COMPARISON: likewise, similarly, also, in the same way
CONTRAST: in contrast, on the contrary, yet, however, still, nevertheless, on the other hand,
instead, in spite of, at the same time, otherwise, regardless, although, even so, even though
EXAMPLE OR ILLUSTRATION: for example, for instance, to illustrate, thus, in this manner,
in particular, in fact, in other words, in short, it is true, of course, namely, that is, truly,
specifically, after all
REPETITION: in other words, that is, to repeat, again, to be exact, to be specific, to be precise,
more specifically, more precisely
TIME SEQUENCE: at once, suddenly, at length, immediately, at last, meanwhile, in the
meantime, now, presently, at the same time, shortly, in the end, temporarily, thereafter, after a

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while, afterwards, again, also, and then, as long as, at that time, before, earlier, eventually,
finally, lately, recently, next, simultaneously, since, so far, soon, still, until, when
SUMMARY: all in all, altogether, as has been said, in brief, in other words, in conclusion, in
particular, in simpler terms, in summary, on the whole, that is, therefore, to put it differently, to
summarize
EMPHASIS: indeed, certainly, in fact, of course
CAUSE AND EFFECT: as a result, for this reason, therefore, hence, consequently, accordingly
CONCLUSION: to conclude, to sum up, in summary, in brief, on the whole, finally
Insert the appropriate linking words in the text below:
Meet Dr. Freud (Letter from China)
The writer tells about Elise Snyder, an associate clinical professor of psychiatry at Yale who, in
2001, began recruiting American analysts to provide analysis to Chinese patients over the Web
via Skype. The concept of discussing private troubles and emotions with a stranger runs counter
to some powerful Chinese beliefs. For .., in Chinese history mental illness has carried a
stigma of weakness. .., mental health was left largely to herbalists. At the time of the
Communist revolution, in 1949, China had some sixty psychiatrists for a population of nearly
five hundred million. The article discusses the mental health issues caused by the Great Leap
Forward, the Cultural Revolution, and Chinas recent economic expansion. , it tells
about the suicides of workers at Foxconn factories, which make iPhones and other electronics,
and a series of murderous attacks on young children by middle-aged men. ..to The
Lancet, nearly one in five adults in China has a mental disorder, as defined by the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The writer meets Snyder and her husband, Michael
Holquist, in Beijing. They had come to China for Freud and Asia, the first International
Psychoanalytic Association conference on the continent. In the years since the first analyses via
Skype, Snyder had created a non-profit organization called the China-American Psychoanalytic
Alliance (CAPA). In ..., Snyder started a Web-based training program in
psychotherapy that has students in twelve Chinese cities. The writer interviews an aspiring
Chinese analyst named ZhongJie, who treats patients suffering from marital or family problems
stemming from social trauma such as the Cultural Revolution. The author of the article
talks to Zhang Jingyan, a retired art-history professor who is in analysis and studying
psychotherapy. To . up, psychoanalysis may give the Chinese a vocabulary for
discussing the effects of the Cultural Revolution, or the true cost of a frantic sprint to prosperity,
or the toll of life under authoritarianism, the writer finds it hard to picture the
latest Freud Fever lasting. China is more likely to absorb the most practical of Freuds ideas and
discard the rest, as it has with Marxism, capitalism, and other imports.

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