Integration techniques

Integration
Integration
Integration
Integration

by Substitution
using Partial Fractions
by Parts
by using trigonometric identities

Integrals containing

ax+b

and

px+q:

1.

dx
1
(ax +b) = a log|ax +b|+C

2.

dx
1
=
log
(ax +b)(
px +q) ( bpaq )

| axpx++bq|+C

, use the method of partial fractions detailed below.

3.

A1
A2
A m1
Am
B1
B2
Bn1
Bn
dx
=
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
m
n
2
m1
m
2
n 1
n
ax +b ( ax +b )
( ax+ b ) ( px+ q )
( ax +b )
( ax +b ) px +q ( px+q )
( px +q )
( px +q )

A1
A2
A m1
B
B2
B n1
Bn
log |a x+ b|

1 log | p x+ q|

m
n
n
a
p
a ( ax+ b )
p ( px+ q )
am ( ax +b )
pn ( px+ q ) p ( n+1 ) ( px+ q )
px+ q

4.

a x 2+ bx+ c dx

where p, q, a, b, c are constants, we have to find real numbers A, B

such that
px + q =

d
( a x 2+bx + c ) + B=A ( 2ax +b )+ B
dx

To determine A and B, we equate from both sides the coefficients of x and the constant
terms. A and B are thus obtained and hence the integral is reduced to one of the known
forms.

5.

x dx
1
=
(ax +b)(
px +q) ( bpaq )

{ ba log ( ax +b ) qp log ( px +q )}+C

x dx
A
B
C
1
q
ax+b
b
=
+
+
dx=
log

+C
2
2
ax+
b
px
+q
bpaq
px
+q
( bpaq )
a ( ax +b )
( ax+ b ) ( px+q )
( ax+b )

6.

b(bp2 aq
x 2 dx
B
C
D
b2
1
q2
=
+
+
dx=
+
log ( px +q ) +

2
2
2
2
ax+ b ( ax+b ) px +q
( ax+ b ) ( px+q )
a ( bpaq ) (ax +b) ( bpaq ) p
a2

Page 1 of 9

( ax+ b )

7.

log ( px+ q )
( px +q ) dx= axp + bpaq
2

8.

tan x dx= 42 log

| ( )

tan x 2 tan x +1 2
+
x +C
tan x+ 2 tan x +1 2 2

Solution:
2

dv=

Letv=tanx,

sec x
1+ tan x
1+ v
dx=
dx=
dx
2v
2 tan x
2 tan x
2

2v
dv ,
tan x dx= 1+
4
v

2 (

Now 1+v4=(v22v+1)(v2+2v+1)

v
v
2
)dv
v 2 v +1 v + 2 v +1
2 v2
tan
x
dx=

( v2 2 v+1)( v 2+ 2 v +1) dv=

2 (2 v 2)

1
1
2 ( 2 v + 2 )
4
2
4
2
+ 2
2
+ 2
dv
2
(v 2 v+1) ( v 2 v +1) v + 2 v+1 v + 2 v +1

2
1
2
1
log|v 2 2 v +1|+
log|v 2 + 2 v+ 1|+
2
2
4
( 2 v1 ) +1 4
( 2 v +1 ) +1
1

2 log|v 2 2 v +1|+ 2 tan 1 ( 2 v1) 2 log |v 2+ 2 v +1|+ 2 tan ( 2 v +1 ) +C

2
v 2 v+ 1 2
log 2
+ tan
4
v + 2 v +1 2

1
2
tan x 2 tan x+ 1 2
+C= log
+ tan
2
4
tan x + 2 tan x+1 2
v

1
+C
tan x

(Since tan-1x+ tan-1y=

tan 1

x y
1+ xy )

| ( )

2
tan x 2 tan x +1 2
log
+
x + C
4
tan x+ 2 tan x +1 2 2

9.

( x +a )n dx= n+1 ( x +a )n+1 +C

10.

x ( x +a )n dx =

, n0

( x +a )n+1 [ ( n+1 ) xa]

+C
( n+1)( n+2)
Page 2 of 9

11.

2
ax +b dx= 3 a ( ax+ b ) 2 +C

12.

tan x dx

= log |sec x| + C

13.

cotan x dx

14.

sin x dx=cos x

15.

cos x dx=sin x

16.

sec x dx=log|sec x + tan x|+C

17.

cosec x dx=log|cosec xcotan x|+ C

18.

cosec 2 x dx=cotan x+ C

19.

sec2 x dx=tan x +C

20.

log x dx=tan x +C

21.

1
xa
= log
+C
x2dx
2
x+ a
a 2a

= log |sin x| + C

+C

23.

x2 + a2 = a tan1 a +C

24.

25.

26.

x 2 2 a
x a 2 log x + x 2a2 +C
2
29.

x 2+ a2 dx=

x 2 2 a2
x + a 2 log x+ x 2+ a2 +C
2

22.

dx

x 2a2 dx=

+C

| |
1
a+ x
= log |
+C
a dx
2a
a
x|
x
2

28.

30.

a2 x2 dx= 2x a2x 2 a2 sin1 ax + C

31. Integration of ratio of two polynomials:

a x 2+ bx+ c
px 2 +qx +r dx

can be performed by:

a. Reducing the degree of the

dx
=log |x+ x 2a2|+C
2
2
x a

numerator less than that of

denominator, by performing long

dx
1 x
=sin
+C
2
2
a
a x

division, or synthetic division.

b. Let the numerator be equal to the
derivative of the denominator by

dx
2 2 =log|x + x 2+ a2|+C
x +a

equating the numerator to

A(2px+q)+B and compare the

27.

coefficients of x and the constant

to evaluate A and B.

dx
= a
ax +bx +c
2

( x + 2ba ) + 4 acb
2
2

dx

f ' ( x)

f ( x ) dx=log|f (x )|

d. The above can be applied for

, depending on the sign of

c. Use

4 acb
2

this can be performed using one of the

above methods.

Page 3 of 9

polynomials of any degree.

32.Integration performed by parts for
product of two or more functions using
the formula:

f ( x ) g ( x)dx=f ( x ) g( x) {f ' ( x ) g ( x ) dx }dx

33. Many trigonometric integrations may be

performed using trigonometric identities:
2

sin =
sin 3 =

1cos 2
2

3 sin sin 3
4

2 sin cos =sin 2

sec2 x1
tan x
tan2 x

sin =2 sin cos

2
2

cos =12 sin2

x+ y
()+cos ( x y) }
sin
1
sin x cos y=
2

Page 4 of 9

cos =

1+cos 2
2

cos3 =

3 cos + cos 3
4

sin cos =
x=

1cos 4
8

1cos2 x
1+ cos 2 x
2
tan
2

cos =2 cos

1
2

2
tan =

1+ tan 2
2
2 tan

34.

sin m x co s n x dx
a. if one of m or n is odd, say if n is odd use:

sin m x co s n1 x cos x dx

let u=sin x, du=cos x dx

x
1sin2

n1

2
x
sinm
sin m x co s n1 x cos x dx=

( )

this can be performed either by parts or by expanding

the polynomial and integrating. Note: (n-1)/2 is a whole number.

b. If m is odd use:

sin m1 x co s n x sin x dx

let u=cos x, du= -sin x dx

x
1cos2

m1
)
2

this can be performed either by parts or by expanding

co s n x

m1
n
sin
x
co
s
x sin x dx=

the polynomial and integrating. Note: As m is odd, (m-1)/2 is a whole number.

Page 5 of 9

c. If both m and n are even, then substitute

2x
2x
1cos

1
x=
let m<n,
2
2
1+cos ,sin
1
x=
2
2 sin xcos x=sin 2 x , cos2

4x
1cos
1
( )
2

x
2sin x cos

sin m x co s n x dx= 2m

Repeated application of the above identities

1
m
( sin 2 x ) ( 1+ cos 2 x )
m
2

nm
2

dx=

2m

shall reduce m and n to 1 while the angle shall keep building and the function

reduces to

p sin Ax cos Ax+ q cos Bx+r cos Cx

which is straight forward for

integration. Similarly even if m>n the result shall be identical.

Page 6 of 9

35.
36.

sin3 x co s 2 x dx= sin2 x co s 2 x sin x dx

37.

1cos

x
2 cos 2 x

38. Let u = cos x,

39.

1cos

x
2 cos 2 x

sin x

1u

2 u2

du = sin x dx

Examples:

40.

u 2u

41.

1
1
5
3
cos x cos x +C
5
3

42.

sin2 x co s 3 x dx= sin2 x co s 2 x cos x dx

43.

1sin
sin x( 2 x )cos x dx

2

44. Let u = sin x,

du = cos x dx

1sin
sin x( 2 x )cos x dx= u2 ( 1u 2) du
2

45.

46.

u2u

47.
48.

1
1
cos3 x cos 5 x +C
3
5

49.
50.

sin 4 x co s6 x dx= sin4 x co s 4 x cos 2 x dx

51.

54.

2x
1+cos

41
1
{ 2 sin xcos x }
16
2

4x
1cos
1

1

32

55.
52.

53.

1
sin 4 2 x ( 1+ cos 2 x ) dx

32

1
4
4
sin 2 x +sin 2 x cos 2 x dx
32

Page 7 of 9

1
{1+ cos2 4 x2cos 4 x } dx+ 1 sin5 2 x

32 4
320

56.

57.

8x
1+cos

1
1+
2

32 4

64.

1
3+ cos 8 x4 cos 4 x dx+
sin 5 2 x
320
1

256

65.

58.

1
1
4
1
3 x + sin 8 x sin 4 x +
sin5 2 x +C
256
8
4
320

66.

59.

4x
1cos
1

1

32

1
1
{ 24 x+ sin 8 x8 sin 4 x } +
sin5 2 x +C
2048
320

1
{1+ cos2 4 x2cos 4 x } dx 1 sin5 2 x

32 4
320

8x
1+cos

1
1+
2

32 4

3+ cos 8 x4 cos 4 x dx
60.

61.

62.

63.

sin6 x co s 4 x dx= sin4 x co s 4 x sin2 x dx

2x
1cos

67.

1
sin5 2 x
320

256

68.

41
1
{ 2 sin xcos x }
16
2

1
sin 4 2 x ( 1cos 2 x ) dx
32

1
1
4
1
3 x + sin 8 x sin 4 x
sin5 2 x+ C
256
8
4
320

69.

1
4
4
sin 2 xsin 2 x cos 2 x dx
32

Page 8 of 9

1
1
{ 24 x+ sin 8 x8 sin 4 x }
sin 5 2 x+ C
2048
320

70.

71.

72.

2x
1cos
1

4
sin x dx=

74.

75.

1
2
12 cos 2 x +cos 2 x dx

76.
84.

85.

1
12 cos 2 x+
2
1

4

1
34 cos 2 x +cos 4 x dx
8

1
1
3 x2sin 2 x+ sin 4 x +C
8
4

1
{12 x8 sin 2 x+ sin 4 x } +C
32

cos 5 x dx= {1sin2 x } cos x dx

78.

cos x2 sin x cos x +sin x cos x dx

79.

4x
1+cos

73.

77.

2
1
sin x sin3 x+ sin 5 x +C
3
5

80.
2

81.

sin5 x dx= {1cos 2 x } sin x dx

82.

{ sin x2 cos2 x sin x +cos 4 x sin x } dx

83.

2
1
cos x + cos3 x cos 5 x +C
3
5