Upstream Advanced Unit4

1. A pillar of community – someone who is important and respected within a group

2. Access to sth – the right or opportunity to have or use sth that will bring you benefits
3. Alert – to warn; to tell someone in authority about a danger or problem so that they can take action to deal with it (inform)
4. Alleged – claimed to be true, even though this has not been proved
5. Anticipate – to think that sth will probably happen; guess that sth will happen and be ready to deal with it
6. Acquit – to state officially that someone is not guilty of the crime they were accused of
7. Articulate – able to express your thoughts and arguments clearly and effectively
8. At the rear – in a part of a place or thing that is at the back
9. Assassination – the murder of a famous or important person especially for political reasons
10. Assault – a physical attack on someone or the crime of physically attacking someone
11. Assignment – work that you must do as part of a course of study or as part of your job
12. Assimilation – the process of becoming part of a community or culture
13. Attempted murder – killing that sb tries to do but does not succeed in doing
14. Baffling – sth you cannot understand
15. Bail – money that is given to a court when someone is allowed to stay out of prison until their trial
16. Beneficial – sth that has a good effect or influence on someone or sth
17. Boom – to flourish
18. Bridge the gap – to reduce the differences that separate two things or groups
19. Capital punishment – death penalty
20. Charge sb with sth – accuse someone officially of committing a crime
21. Civil liberties – the basic rights that all citizens have to do or say what they want, as long as they do not break the law or
affect other people’s rights
22. Claim – statement without proof; say sth is true: right to sth
23. Clerical – connected with the ordinary work that people do in offices
24. Congestion – a situation in which a place is crowded with people or vehicles
25. Community service – work that someone does as a punishment instead of going to prison
26. Compatible – ideas or systems that can exist together; likely to have good relations because of being similar
27. Crook – someone who is dishonest, especially someone who uses their position of power for their personal advantage
28. Cross reference – a note in a book that tells you to look at another page for more information
29. Culprit – someone who is responsible for doing sth bad or illegal
30. Delinquent – someone, especially a young person, who behaves in a way that is criminal or antisocial
31. Deportation – sending someone out of a country, usually because they do not have a legal right to be there
32. Deputy head – someone whose job is the second most important in a department or organisation
33. Detain – to keep someone in a police station or prison and not allow them to leave
34. Deter – to make someone decide not to do sth
35. Digit – one of the written numbers from 0 to 9
36. Discharge – a situation in which someone who has been accused of a crime is judged to be not guilty and officially
allowed to leave prison or a court of law
37. Dismiss – to refuse to accept that sth might be true or important; a judge officially decides that the case should not
continue, to officially tell people that they can leave a place
38. Displace – to force someone to leave their own country and live someone else
39. Diversity – the fact that very different people or things exist within a group or place
40. Domestic violence – violence that takes place in the home between family members, especially adults
41. Donation – money or goods that you give to an organization, especially one that helps people
42. Do sth against one’s better judgment – do sth even though you are not sure that it is a good idea
43. Eliminate – to get rid of sth that is not wanted or needed, to remove someone from a competition
44. Embezzlement – stealing money from a company where you work
45. Eminently – very or very much
46. Encapsulate – to express something in a short clear form that gives the most important facts or ideas
47. Faulty – not working correctly or made correctly
48. Felony – serious crime such as murder or robbery
49. File – to take official action, for example to make an official complaint
50. Fiscal year – financial year
51. Foot the bill – pay for sth that is expensive or that someone else should be paying
52. Foster parents – the people who look after a child in their home for a period of time
53. Fraud - gaining money through dishonest means
54. Fringe – the outer edge of sth (on the fringes of society); people or activities that are considered strange or extreme
55. Genocide – the murder of large numbers of people belonging to a particular race
56. Heritage – the art, buildings, traditions and beliefs that a society considers important to its history and culture
57. Hold in custody – keep someone in prison until they go to court for trial
58. Homicide – the crime of killing someone
59. Imminent – likely or certain to happen very soon
60. Impartial – not connected to or influenced by one particular person or group, (erapooletu)
61. Implement – to make sth such as an idea, plan or law start to work and be used (carry out)
62. Inadequacy – the failure to be of the quantity or quality needed for a particular purpose
63. Incentive – sth that makes you want to do sth or to work harder, because you know that you will benefit by doing this
64. Inmate – someone who is kept in a prison, mental hospital or other institution
65. Intelligence – information collected about the secret plans and activities of a foreign government, enemy, etc.; a
government organization that collects such information
66. Invariably – always or almost always
67. Invasion of privacy – an occasion when someone finds out or uses information about your private life,
68. especially illegally
69. Invasive – intrusive; annoying because of being too close, too noisy, or too involved in people’s personal
70. life
71. Issue – a subject that people discuss or argue about, especially relating to society, politics, etc
72. Jaywalking – crossing the street in a wrong place
73. Juror – one of a jury, vandekohtu liige
74. Juvenile delinquency – crimes committed by young people
75. Keep tabs on sb – to watch someone carefully to see what they do or watch sth carefully
76. Kidnapping – holding sb against their will in order to gain sth
77. Legislation – a law or a set of laws
78. Lenient punishment – less severe punishment than it could be
79. Liability – legal responsibility for causing damage or injury, or for paying sth; someone or sth that causes
80. Libel – publishing lies about someone
81. Littering – leaving rubbish in a public place
82. Loitering with intent – remaining in a public place without an obvious reason
83. Mandatory – ordered by a law or a rule
84. Manslaughter – unintentionally causing someone’s death
85. Mitigation – a reduction in the harmful effects of sth; things that are said in the court of law to explain why someone
committed a crime so that it seems less bad
86. Monitor – to regularly check sth or watch someone in order to find out what is happening
87. Mortality – the number of deaths within a particular area; the fact that your life will end
88. Mugging – robbing someone in the street
89. Net income – the total amount of money after taxes or costs have been removed
90. Nick – to steal sth, to pinch
91. Option – sth that you can choose in a particular situation
92. Out-of-court settlement – an agreement between the people involved in a legal argument that an amount of money will be
paid without the case being decided officially in a law court
93. Overwhelmingly – used for emphasizing the amount of strength of sth; largely
94. Perpetrate – to do sth that is harmful, illegal or dishonest
95. Persistent – continuing to do sth in a determined way; continuing to exist
96. Persuasion – a set of political or religious beliefs
97. Plead guilty or innocent – to say in a court of law whether you are guilty of a crime or not
98. Plight – sad, serious or difficult situation
99. Precision – accuracy; the quality of being accurate and exact
100. Presumption of innocence – the belief that a person is innocent until proved guilty
101. Probation – a system by which someone who has committed a crime is not sent to prison but has to agree not to
break the law again and let a probation officer check their behaviour for a specific period of time
102. Promote – to support or encourage sth; to attract people’s attention to a product or event by advertising
103. Prosecutor – a lawyer whose job is to prove in court that someone accused of a crime is guilty
104. Proven track record – shown to be true, real or effective
105. Prompt action – immediate or quick action
106. Proverbial – well-known or typical
107. Raise money – collect money for a particular purpose
108. Reckless - not thinking about the possible bad effects of your actions
109. Reckless driving – in the US, the crime of driving a vehicle in the way that is likely to hurt or kill people
110. Relevant – important and directly connected to what is being discussed or considered
111. Remand – to tell someone who has committed a crime to return to court for trial on a particular day
112. Retain – to keep someone or sth; to remember ideas or information
113. Revocation – officially saying that sth is no longer legal, for example a law or a document
114. Riot – violent protest by a crowd of people
115. Road hog – someone who drives in a dangerous way, often making it difficult for other cars to pass
116. Rule – to make and announce a decision, usually about a legal matter
117. Scuffle – to have a short fight that is not very violent
118. Sentence – a punishment given by a judge, usually involving a period of time in prison
119. Slander – publicly lying about sb
120. Solicitor – in the UK, a lawyer who gives legal advice, writes legal contracts and represents people in the lower
courts of law
121. Spokesperson – someone whose job is to officially represent am organisation, e.g. in dealing with journalists
122. Staggering – extremely surprising
123. Stay put – to remain in one place or position
124. Stigmatize – to treat a particular type of behaviour as wrong or embarrassing and to try to make people who
behave in this way feel ashamed
125. Submit – to formally give sth to someone so that they can make a decision about it
126. Substantial – large in amount and degree; considerable
127. Sufficient – enough; as much as is needed
128. Surveillance – the process of carefully watching a person or place that may be involved in a criminal activity
129. Suspended sentence – time that someone will have to spend in prison only if they commit another crime within a
fixed period
130. Sustain – to support or prove an idea, theory, statement, etc; give someone strength, energy or hope
131. The car stalls – the car suddenly stops working because not enough power is reaching the engine
132. Tight budget – a small amount of money
133. The dock – the part of a court of law where the person who is accused of a crime stands or sits
134. To pose objections – to express your disagreement with sth
135. To subject sb to sth – to make someone experience sth unpleasant
136. Trafficking - the business of buying and selling things such as weapons and drugs illegally
137. Trespassing – illegally entering somebody’s property
138. Trouble spot – a place where there is often trouble, especially a country or region where fighting between
opposing groups often happens
139. Truncheon – a short thick stick carried by a police officer as a weapon
140. Unprecedented – never having happened or existed before; the greatest in size, degree, etc. that has ever been
known
141. Urgent – very important and needing to be dealt with immediately
142. Usher – to lead someone politely somewhere, e.g. into a room or towards a seat
143. Valid – reasonable and generally accepted
144. Vandalism – destruction of public property
145. Verdict – an official statement made in court (whether someone is guilty or not)
146. Violation – an action that is in opposition to a law, agreement, principle, etc
147. Voice – to express your opinions or feelings about sth, especially negative feelings
148. Wholeheartedly – enthusiastically and completely