AP Calculus Section 6.

6
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Homework:

Page 406 #3 31 odd and #55 61 odd

Objective: SWBAT use the Fundamental Theorem (Parts 1 and 2) to solve area
problems
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part 1
If f is continuous on a.b and F is any anitiderivative of f on a.b , then

f ( x)dx F (b) F (a )

The notation I want you to use is

1.

f ( x)dx F ( x ) a F (b) F (a)

b

xdx

2. Find the area under the curve y 9 x 2 on the interval 0,3

3.

a. Find the area under the curve y cos x over the interval 0, .
2
b. Make a conjecture about the value of
confirm your conjecture.

cos xdx and then use the FTC to

4. What happens to the C (constant of integration)?

5.

2
0

ln 3

1
2

12

1 x2

x 2 xdx

3
0

5e x dx

sin x
dx
5

xdx

sec 2 xdx

dx

1
dx
x

x 2 dx

6.

xdx

7. Evaluate

f ( x)dx if

x2 ,
x2
f ( x)
3x 2, x 2

8. Because the integral calculates the NET SIGNED AREA, if we want the total area we
need to do the integral of the absolute value of the given function. This becomes real
important when we re-look distance and displacement.
b

Total Area f ( x) dx
a

9. Find the total area between the curve y 1 x 2 and the x-axis over the interval 0, 2 .
Draw a graph first to visualize the area.

10. Mean Value Theorem for Integrals

If f is continuous on a closed interval a, b , then there is at least one point x* in a, b
such that

f ( x)dx f ( x* ) b a

11. Average Value

Extending the MVT gives us the ability to find the Average Value of a given
function.
1 b
f ( x)dx f ( x* )

a
ba

* Many students

confuse the Average Value with the average rate of change. The next
example will help illustrate this point.
12. Traffic flow is defined as the rate at which cars pass through an intersection,

measured in cars per minute. The traffic flow at a particular intersection is modeled by
the function F defined by
F (t ) 82 4sin

t
2

for 0 t 30

where F(t) is measured in cars per minute and t is measured in minutes.

a. To the nearest whole number, how many cars pass through the intersection over the 30minutes period?
b. Is the traffic flow increasing or decreasing at t 7 ? Give a reason for your answer.
c. What is the average value of the traffic flow over the time interval 10 t 15 ?
Indicate units of measure.
d. What is the average rate of change of the traffic flow over the interval10 t 15 ?
Indicate units of measure.

13. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part 2

If f is continuous on an interval I, then f has an anitiderivative on I. In particular if

a is any point in I, then
d
dx

14.

d
dx

15.

d
dx

g(x)

16.

d
dx

1 t dt

f (t )dt f ( x)

sin t
dt
t

sin x

f (t )dt f ( g ( x)) g '( x)

17. Let h be defined as the following integral.

h( x) cos(t 2 )dt
1

a. Find h(1) and h(1)

b. Find h '( x)
c. Is the graph of h increasing, decreasing or neither at x 0 ? Show the
analysis that leads to your conclusion.
d. Is the graph of h concave up, concave down, or neither at x 1 ? Show the
analysis that leads to your conclusion.

18. Let g ( x) f (t )dt , where f is the function whose graph is shown below.
0

a. Evaluate g (0), g (1), g (2), g (3) and g (6)

b. On what interval is g increasing? Justify your answer.
c. Where does g have a maximum value?
d. Sketch a rough graph of g.
4.5

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

-1

10

11

12

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

-2.5

-3

-3.5

-4

-4.5

19. Given the graph below of a function f on an interval 0,10 . Let g ( x) f (t )dt
0

-2

10

12

14

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

a. Find g (10)

b. Find the average value of the function f over the interval 0,10 .

c. Find the value of x 0,10 at which g has its minimum value and find the minimum
value.
d. Find g (6) and g (7)
e. Find two consecutive integers between which g has a zero. Justify your answer.
f. Find the equation of the tangent line to g ( x) at 7, g (7) .
g. Use the equation of the tangent line found in part (f) to approximate the zero of g ( x)
between the integers you found in part (e).
h. Identify the open intervals where g ( x) is concave up and where it is concave down.

20. Given the graph of f on the interval 1, 7

-2

10

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

a. Find

f ( x)dx

b. Find the average value of f on the interval 1, 7 .

c. Find the average value of g on theinterval 1, 7 if g ( x) f ( x) 2 .

Take Home Graded Homework

12

14

1. Tinas Team Outfitters receives a shipment of 600 cases of athletic socks every 60
days. The number of cases on hand x days after the shipment arrives is
I ( x) 600 20 15 x . Find the average daily inventory. Set up the problem and use
your calculator.
2. The rate at which a natural resource is extracted often increases at first until the easily
accessible part of the resource is exhausted. Then the rate of extraction tends to decline.
The figure below shows the rate, A '(t ) , measured in millions of cubic feet per year, at
which natural gas is being extracted from a new field. Estimate the total amount A of
natural gas extracted in the first four years. Use the midpoint rule with four subdivisions.

3. The graph below shows the rate in gallons per hour at which water is leaking out of a
tank.
a. Express the total amount of water that leaked out during the first three hours as
a definite integral.
b. Use a Riemann Sum of your own choosing to approximate the integral in part
a.

4. Suppose the density of cars, in cars/mile, for the first 30 miles along the Garden State

Parkway from Cape May during certain hours of the day can be modeled by
p ( x) 100 2 3 .1x .2 dx

where x represents the number of miles from Cape May. Using your calculator:
a. Graph the function in the stated domain.
b. Write an accumulation function that gives the number of cars from Cape May
to a point x miles from Cape May. Do not simplify the function.
c. Use this function to determine the number of cars on this 30 mile stretch of
road. Set up the problem and use your calculator.

5. Let A(t ) f (t ) dt , 3 x 4 , where f is the function graphed below.

3

a. Which is larger A(1) or A(1) ? Justify your answer.

b. Which is larger A(2) or A(4) ? Justify your answer.
c. Where is A increasing? Justify your answer.
d. Explain why A has a local maximum at x 1 .

6. Find g ''(1) if g ( x) t 3et dt

0

7. Let h( x) 2 1 t 4 dt . Find h '(1)

x

8. Find the range of the function F ( x)

16 t 2 dt

9. The graph of the function f defined on 2, 2 is shown in the figure below. Let
F ( x)

2 x 1

f (t )dt

3
a. Find F .
2
b. Find F '( x) and F '(0)
c. Find the domain of F.
d. Find the x-coordinate of the minimum of F. Show the analysis that leads to
your conclusion.

10. Below is the graph of a cars velocity with respect to time once the brakes are applied.

a. If we call the above curve g (t ) , create an accumulation function f ( x) which

represents the distance traveled by the car after the brakes are applied.
b. Approximate the cars braking distance using upper sums with 6 intervals.
Explain why upper sums are a left Riemann or right Riemann sum in this problem
and does the approximation over or under estimate the real value?
c. Approximate the cars braking distance using the trapezoidal rule with 6
intervals.
11. It is often assumed that one-third of an acre of land is needed to provided food for one
person. It is also estimated that there are 10 billion acres of arable land in the world,
therefore a maximum population of 30 billion people can be sustained if no other sources
of food are known. The total world population at the beginning of 1970 was 3.6 billion.
a. Assuming that the population continues to increase at the rate of 2 percent per
year, what will the population be in the year 2000? When will the maximum
dy
ky , where k is a
population be reached? Start with the differential equation
dt
constant, and show all the steps and use the conditions given.

12.

Given g ( x) f (t )dt , where f (t ) is the graph shown above.

3

a. Evaluate g (3) and g (3)

b. Estimate g (2), g (1), and g (0)
c. On what interval is g increasing?
d. Where does g have a maximum value?
e. Sketch a rough graph of g ( x) .
f. Use the graph of g ( x) in part (e) to sketch the graph of g '( x)
13. During a trip, a cars odometer reading in miles per hour is given by the function
v(t ) 25 25cos 2 t from 0 t 1 hours. Sketch a graph of the velocity function and
determine how far the car traveled during the trip.