GENERAL ZOOLOGY (lecture)

Zoology
- Gr. zoo +logus
- study of animals
- science that is concerned with animal life
- broadest field in science

Branches of Zoology
Cytology
Gr. Kytos (hollow)
- study of structure and
function of cell

Embryology
Gr. Embryon- growing in
- study of the
development of an
animal from fertilized
egg to birth or hatching

adult,
three years
old

transformation to
adult nearly
completed

sexual reproduction
(meiosis through
fertilization)

cleavage

zygote

organ
formation tadpole

Histology
Gr. histos, tissue
- study of tissues as
revealed by the
microscope

dorsal surface

anterior

Anatomy
Gr. anatome
dissect/separate
- study of structure of
entire organism and
their parts

midsagittal plane

posterior

frontal plane

transverse plane
ventral surface

Parasitology
Gr. Para - beside
sitos food
- study of animals that live
in or another organisms
at the expense of the
host

Molecular Biology
- study of the subcellular
details of animal
structure and function

Genetics
Gr. genesis origin
- study of the mechanisms of
transmission of traits from
parents to offspring

duplicated
chromosome
chromatin

Physiology
Gr. Physis nature
- study of the function of
organisms and their
parts

Ecology
- study of the interaction
of organism with their
environment

Systematics
- study of the
classification
and evolutionary
interrelationships
among animal groups

Paleontology
- study of fossils

Fossil hunters find the

fossil. They measure its
14C/12C ratio to determine
the half-life reductions
since death. The ratio
turns out to be one-eighth
of the 14C/12C ratio in
living organisms. Thus the
mollusk lived about
16,000 years ago.

Fig. 17-4d, p.262

Entomology
- study of insects

Growth and molting

young

egg

adult

Incomplete metamorphosis

Types of
Insect Development
egg

nymphs

adult

Complete
metamorphosis

egg

larvae

adult

adult,
three years
old

transformation to
adult nearly
completed

sexual reproduction
(meiosis through
fertilization)

cleavage

Herpetology
- study of amphibians
and reptiles

zygote

organ
formation tadpole

Protozoology
- study of protozoa
long flagellum

chloroplast

contractile
vacuole

mitochondrion

eyespot
ER
pellicle

Golgi body

nucleus

Ichthyology
- study of fishes
Cartilaginous fishes
Most are marine predators
Cartilaginous skeleton
Main groups:
Skates and rays
Sharks

Chimaeras (ratfishes)
dorsal fins

Bony fishes

caudal fin

pectoral
fin (pair)

- includes 96 percent of living fish species

Three subclasses:
anal fin

Ray-finned fishes
Lobe-finned fishes
Lung fishes

pelvic fin (pair)

Ornithology
- study of birds

Mammalogy
- study of mammals

Invertebrate Zoology
- study of animals without
backbone

Vertebrate Zoology
- study of animals with
backbone

Animal Classification
Taxonomy

- field of Biology that deals with classifying organisms

- Systematic Biology
- names, groups organisms according to:
a. Characteristics
b. Evolutionary History
Importance:
1. Universal system for naming and classifying organisms is
necessary to have clear communication among scientists.
2. Eliminate the use of common names and confusion in the
scientific world.

 Carl Von Linne(Carols Linnaeus)

- Swedish Biologist established a simple system for

classifying and naming organisms
- Father of Taxonomy
- Hierarchy or Ranking System
- morphology
- established a system of groups called TAXA
- category into which related organisms are placed

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genera

Species
King Philip Came Over For Grandmas Soup

What is the Scientific Method?

27

Scientist have to take the time to

think logically when they are
investigating a question or
problem.

Identification of the problem

 Hypothesis formulation

hypothesis
- tentative answer to question
- scientific or educated guess that can be
tested

29

The next step scientists take

is to create and conduct an
experiment to test their
hypothesis.

Hypothesis

testing/experimentation

30

Once a scientist completes an experiment,

they often repeat it to see if they get the
same findings and results.
Hypothesis acceptance, modification or

rejection
- verification, or checking things out to
make sure everything is valid and will
happen again and again
Generalization or Formulation of Conclusion
Based on Analyzed Data

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

Are made up of cells
Unicellular organisms that are made of only one cell
Multicellular organisms that are made of more than one
cell
Colonial unicellular organisms that live in a group

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

Organization
condition in which parts of an organism have specific
relationships to each other and parts interact to perform
specific functions

maintains thephysical and chemical

properties
Molecule

two or more atoms bonded together

Organelle

Cell

-several molecules bonded together will

form the building blocks of a cell
- small structures contained within a cell

- basic unit of all living things

- cell is a collection of organelles
functioning together

Tissue

- group or aggregate of cells with similar

structure and functions

Organ

two or more types of tissues that perform

one or more functions
Organ System
Organism

several organs working together to perform a

specific function
- made up of complex organ systems
mutually dependent on one another

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

Reproduce to produce new organisms

Sexual reproduction two cells from different
individuals combine to form the first cell of a
new organism
Asexual reproduction all or part of the
organism is used to make a new organism

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

Growth and Development

Growth some cells get larger and other new
cells are added
Development cells and body parts become
specialized for certain jobs

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

Obtain and Use Energy from
Environment
Metabolism ability to use
energy to perform vital
functions
2 phases:
1.Anabolism process of
making complex
substances from simpler
substances
2.Catabolism breaking
down complex substances
into simpler substances

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

Autotroph organism that can make its own food from
its environment
Heterotroph organism that has to obtain its energy
from another organism

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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

Respond to the Environment
Stimulus anything in the environment that causes a
reaction from an organism
Reflex automatic response to a stimulus

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

Homeostasis maintenance of a relatively constant

environment within the body.

When your
body gets too
warm due to
activity or stress,
you will sweat
to cool it down.