Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Environmental
Survey
2013
TERI
Environmental
Survey
2013
Advisors:
Dr R K Pachauri, Director-General, The Energy and Resources Institute
Dr Ligia Noronha, Executive Director (Research Co-ordination), The Energy and Resources Institute
Mr R K Batra, Distinguished Fellow, The Energy and Resources Institute
Dr J V Sharma, Senior Fellow, The Energy and Resources Institute
Dr Suneel Pandey, Senior Fellow, Thew Energy and Resources Institute
Dr Arabinda Mishra, Director, Earth Science and Climate Change Division, The Energy and Resources Institute
Mr Anshuman, Associate Director, Water Resources Division, The Energy and Resources Institute
Project Team:
Ms Ipsita Kumar, Research Associate, The Energy and Resources Institute
Mr Rahul Singh, Research Assistant, The Energy and Resources Institute
Mr Souvik Bhattacharjya, Associate Fellow, The Energy and Resources Institute
Ms C Sita Lakshmi, Research Associate, The Energy and Resources Institute
Mr Saswata Chaudhury, Associate Fellow, The Energy and Resources Institute
Dr Shilpi Kapur Bakshi, Fellow, The Energy and Resources Institute
Ms Nidhi Srivastava, Associate Fellow, The Energy and Resources Institute
Dr Bibhu Prasad Nayak, Associate Fellow, The Energy and Resources Institute
Dr Kavita Sardana, Assistant Professor, TERI University
Editorial Team:
Ms Hemambika Varma, Editor, The Energy and Resources Institute
Ms Harsha Meenawat, Associate Fellow, The Energy and Resources Institute
Ms Nandini Mathur, Assistant Editor, The Energy and Resources Institute
Ms Arpita Dasgupta, Assistant Editor, The Energy and Resources Institute
Mr R K Joshi, Graphic Designer, The Energy and Resources Institute
Mr Rajiv Sharma, Graphic Designer, The Energy and Resources Institute
Mr Santosh Kumar Singh, Graphic Designer, The Energy and Resources Institute
Contents
Foreword....................................................................................................................................................................v
Acknowledgement......................................................................................................................................................vii
Executive Summary....................................................................................................................................................ix
1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................1
2. Methodology ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
3. Environmental Domains....................................................................................................................................... 5
4. Results from Bangalore....................................................................................................................................... 15
5. Results from Chennai . ........................................................................................................................................ 25
6. Results from Delhi............................................................................................................................................... 37
7. Results from Hyderabad...................................................................................................................................... 51
8. Results from Kolkata .......................................................................................................................................... 61
9. Results from Mumbai . ........................................................................................................................................ 71
10. Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................................... 83
11. Annexure ............................................................................................................................................................ 87
iii
Foreword
n recent months and years there has been considerable debate on what is seen as the conflict between
environment and development. There are, in particular, some serious problems associated with
environmental clearance for a number of activities in areas which would involve encroachment
on forest land and tree cover of various kinds. Fortunately, in a democratic system of government,
it is the will of the people that will prevail, and often if transgressions take place in violating the
environmental space that we have inherited, the public would retaliate by demanding very strict
and stringent measures. To some extent, this is already happening in some parts of the country as a
symptom of a much larger problem, which unfortunately has reached serious proportions.
The issue assumes much greater significance and a somewhat different meaning when we consider
some of our large metropolitan areas. Our towns and cities, particularly the largest ones, are often
populated by people who have lost their linkages with nature, and are often seen to be generally
opposed to any legislation or action to protect the environment. It is also a fact that often towns
and cities possess disproportionately large power in influencing public opinion, resource allocation
decisions, and policies. In order to generate knowledge on the perceptions that people carry in our
largest cities, TERI carried out this very valuable survey of perceptions related to the environment,
the results of which are very revealing. It is intended that this very first survey will become a regular
annual exercise, so that we not only capture public attitudes on the issue of environment versus
development, but also the changes that take place over time. Also, it would be useful to focus on
some specific themes or subjects to define public perceptions and how they are measured from time
to time. While releasing this very first survey, I would like to congratulate my colleagues who have
worked very hard to put the conceptual framework for this study together and to implement it with
enormous effort and diligence. We hope through the completion of this very first project we would
be able to contribute, at least in a modest way, to understanding the realities underlying what people
feel about the environment in the major metropolitan areas of India.
R K Pachauri, Ph.D
Director-General, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
Acknowledgements
t the outset, we are grateful to the Department for International Development (DFID),
Government of United Kingdom, for supporting this project. We thank all the individuals
from six different cities who have spent their valuable time in responding to our survey
questionnaire patiently. We take this opportunity to thank Dr R K Pachauri, Director-General, TERI,
for his overall mentoring as well as his invaluable support and encouragement throughout the project.
We express our sincere thanks to Dr Ligia Noronha, Executive Director (Research Coordination), TERI,
for her guidance throughout the research process. We are thankful to Mr R K Batra (Distinguished
Fellow), Dr J V Sharma (Senior Fellow), Dr Suneel Pandey (Senior Fellow), Dr Arabinda Mishra
(Director), and Mr Anshuman (Associate Director) for sharing their valuable comments in shaping
this report. We also thank our colleagues Mr Aditya Ramji, Ms Ritika Sehjpal, Dr G Mini, and
Mr Vivek Jha for their research inputs. We acknowledge the support of the Ralibha Design Management
Studio for conducting the extensive field survey in six major cities of India. We acknowledge the
support of Language No Bar for translating the survey questionnaires into various regional languages.
We sincerely acknowledge the support of Ms Hemambika Varma, Ms Harsha
Meenawat, Ms Nandini Mathur, Ms Arpita Dasgupta, Mr R K Joshi, Mr Rajiv Sharma, and
Mr Santosh Kumar Singh for editing and designing this final report. Finally, we thank Ms Kiran
Shivpuri for her efficient secretarial assistance.
vii
Executive Summary
Overall Environment
ix
Executive Summary
water quality is seen to have worsened in all
cities apart from Mumbai (no change). Five cities
have seen worsening of ground water availability
(excluding Chennai) and tree and forest cover
(excluding Mumbai), and all six cities have seen
a decline in the number and species of birds and
animals. Respondents from Bangalore, Chennai,
Delhi, and Hyderabad have seen deterioration of
waste and waste management in their city, while
respondents from Kolkata and Mumbai have
seen an improvement.
Hyderabad
Kolkata
Chennai
Bangalore
Mumbai
Delhi
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Yes, they should be treated differently and the government should prioritize
development
Yes, they should be treated differently and the government should prioritize
environmental protection
No, environment protection and development go hand in hand
Cant say
Dont know
Air
The views of respondents on air quality was
obtained through their perceptions of the
sources of air pollution in their cities, impacts of
air pollution on human health, usage of public
transport as an action to reduce air pollution, and
their perceptions of the strategies adopted by the
government to improve air quality in the cities.
Amongst the various causes of air pollution, the
respondents were asked for their opinions on
the top two causes pertaining to their city. The
transport sector was ranked the highest followed
by factories in and around the city as the second
highest contributor towards air pollution in
Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata, and Mumbai. The
respondents from Bangalore rated factories as the
highest contributor followed by transport, and
those in Hyderabad rated construction activities
in the city as the worst offender followed by the
transport sector.
Given that the transport sector was seen as a
major contributor to air pollution in all cities, the
respondents were asked whether they use public
transport more than three times a week. More
than 50 per cent respondents in all cities and as
many as 90 per cent respondents in Bangalore
used public transport more than three times
a week.
The respondents were asked for their reasons
for using or not using public transport. The
respondents from Hyderabad used public
transport because they felt it is good for the
environment. Respondents from Chennai and
Water
Since water availability is seen as a big concern
in all cities, the survey asked the respondents to
choose the major causes of water wastage in their
Hyderabad
Kolkata
Chennai
Hyderabad
Bangalore
Kolkata
Mumbai
Chennai
Delhi
Bangalore
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Enhance public transport infrastructure
Levy heavier congestion tax and other taxes to discourage private vehicles
(taxes on cars)
Convert all polluting industries into environment friendly industries
Set up local industrial clusters to enjoy common environment friendly
facilities to reduce pollution
Stringent monitoring and ensuring environmental standards are met
Mumbai
Delhi
0%
20%
Transport sector
Construction activities
40%
60%
80%
100%
Garbage burning
xi
Executive Summary
cities. The survey asked for the respondents views
on the cost of water supply and whether there is
willingness to pay the actual cost of water supply
and the relevant billing mechanisms to change
current practices (as households in Indian cities
do not pay the actual cost of water supply). The
respondents were asked for reasons for wastage
of water in their city. Respondents from Chennai,
Hyderabad, and Mumbai felt that water is being
wasted during its distribution to the households.
Most respondents from Bangalore felt that water
is being wasted due to leakages in taps and faucets
in the household, while respondents from Delhi
and Kolkata felt that water is being wasted due to
overconsumption by consumers.
Forest/Green Cover
The forests and green cover in every city is
important for recreational and social activities, to
reduce air pollution, as well as for the beautification
of cities. The survey asked respondents about the
frequency of their interface with the green cover
in their city and how it can be improved. They
were asked for their opinions on the strategies
they feel the government should adopt to improve
the forest/green cover in the cities. Declaration of
protected areas was the best strategy according
to the respondents from Bangalore, Delhi, and
Kolkata. According to the respondents from
Chennai, reclamation of wasteland for parks and
other such green zones was considered the best
policy; the respondents from Hyderabad and
Mumbai felt that the government needs new and
improved policies to improve its forest/green
cover.
Climate Change
Hyderabad
Kolkata
Kolkata
Chennai
Chennai
Bangalore
Mumbai
Bangalore
Delhi
Mumbai
Delhi
0%
50%
100%
Improved/new government policies
Declaration of protected areas
Reclamation of wasteland
Public-private partnership
Voluntary activities
Intervention by civil society
organizations
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Leakages from taps/faucets in your house
Leakages during distribution (from municipalities, tankers, etc. to your house)
Too much water used where less is required by us as consumers
I dont know
Water is not being wasted
xii
Hyderabad
Kolkata
xiii
Chennai
Bangalore
Mumbai
Delhi
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Segregate waste at source
Generate less amount of waste
I dont know
Enhance waste recycling capacity
User charges
Total
Hyderabad
Kolkata
Chennai
Bangalore
Mumbai
Delhi
0%
20%
Not willing at all
40%
60%
Not very willing
80%
100%
Very willing
Willing
Executive Summary
for their willingness or unwillingness. The
respondents who were unwilling from Chennai,
Hyderabad, Kolkata, and Mumbai stated that
having two dustbins requires more space in the
house. Respondents from Delhi felt that it was
the job of the local authority and the respondents
from Bangalore felt that it is cumbersome to
xiv
INTRODUCTION
http://www.un.org/en/sustainablefuture/cities.shtml
Introduction
220
150
105
100 100
82
100 100
72
50
30
2.7 9
Water supply
quantity (litres
per capita per
day)
Share of Public
transport (%
total trips)
Current level
16
30
Figure 1.1: Performance of Indian Cities across Key Indicators of Quality of Life
Source: (McKinsey Global Institute, 2010)
References
METHODOLOGY
Table 1: Sample Cities, Population, and Number of Samples Collected from Each City
Sample Cities
Sample Size
Delhi NCR
21,753,486
27.58
1,114
Mumbai
20,748,395
25.01
1,010
Kolkata
14,617,882
17.43
704
Chennai
8,917,749
10.67
431
Bangalore
8,728,906
9.93
401
Hyderabad
7,749,334
9.38
379
82,515,752
100.00
4,039
Methodology
agglomeration and the sample size for each city
with Delhi emerging as the most populous city
and Hyderabad the least populous amongst the
six. A sample number of 0.005 per cent of the
total population of the six cities was considered
ideal for this survey and the survey collected
4,039 responses spread across the study cities.
The sample in each city was proportionate to
the ratio of population of each city with the total
population of all cities combined.
References
ENVIRONMENTAL DOMAINS
3.1. Overall Environment
Hyderabad
Hyderabad
Kolkata
Kolkata
Chennai
Chennai
Bangalore
Bangalore
Mumbai
Mumbai
Delhi
Delhi
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
No change
Better
Worse
No direct experience
Dont know
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
No change
Better
Worse
No direct experience
Dont know
Hyderabad
Kolkata
Kolkata
Chennai
Chennai
Bangalore
Bangalore
Mumbai
Mumbai
Delhi
Delhi
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
No change
Better
Worse
No direct experience
Dont know
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
No change
Better
Worse
No direct experience
Dont know
Hyderabad
Hyderabad
Kolkata
Kolkata
Chennai
Chennai
Bangalore
Bangalore
Mumbai
Mumbai
Delhi
Delhi
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
No change
Better
Worse
No direct experience
Dont know
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
No change
Better
Worse
No direct experience
Dont know
Hyderabad
Kolkata
Chennai
Bangalore
Mumbai
Delhi
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
No change
Better
Worse
No direct experience
Dont know
Hyderabad
Kolkata
Kolkata
Chennai
Chennai
Bangalore
Bangalore
Mumbai
Mumbai
Delhi
Delhi
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
No government policies exist
Policies exist and are well implemented
Policies exist, but are inadequate
Policies exist, but not implemented
Dont know
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
No government policies exist
Policies exist and are well implemented
Policies exist, but are inadequate
Policies exist, but not implemented
Dont know
Hyderabad
Hyderabad
Kolkata
Kolkata
Chennai
Chennai
Bangalore
Bangalore
Mumbai
Mumbai
Delhi
Delhi
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
No government policies exist
Policies exist and are well implemented
Policies exist, but are inadequate
Policies exist, but not implemented
Dont know
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
No government policies exist
Policies exist and are well implemented
Policies exist, but are inadequate
Policies exist, but not implemented
Dont know
Hyderabad
Kolkata
Chennai
Hyderabad
Bangalore
Kolkata
Mumbai
Chennai
Delhi
Bangalore
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Yes, they should be treated differently and the government should prioritize
development
Yes, they should be treated differently and the government should prioritize
environmental protection
No, environment protection and development go hand in hand
Cant say
Dont know
Mumbai
Delhi
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
No government policies exist
Policies exist and are well implemented
Policies exist, but are inadequate
Policies exist, but not implemented
Dont know
3.2. Air
800
Kolkata
600
400
Chennai
Bangalore
200
Mumbai
Delhi
Delhi
Mumbai
Bangalore
Transport sector
Construction activities
Garbage burning
Chennai
Kolkata
Hyderabad
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
To reduce cost
To reduce contribution towards vehicular pollution
To save time
All three
Hyderabad
Hyderabad
Kolkata
Kolkata
Chennai
Chennai
Bangalore
Bangalore
Mumbai
Mumbai
Delhi
Delhi
0%
20%
40%
Yes
60%
No
80%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Unsafe to use
Not convenient to use
The time spent is more
It is not very frequent
Expensive to use
100%
Kolkata
Chennai
Bangalore
Participate in
management of parks
Mumbai
Delhi
Plant a tree
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Leakages from taps/faucets in your house
Leakages during distribution (from municipalities, tankers, etc. to your house)
Too much water used where less is required by us as consumers
I dont know
Water is not being wasted
Gardening at home
Involved in cutting/
chopping of a tree
0%
Never
Once a year
More than once a week
20%
40%
Once in a month
60%
80%
100%
More than onace a month
Hyderabad
Kolkata
3.3. Water
Chennai
Bangalore
Mumbai
Delhi
0%
20%
Yes
40%
No
60%
Don't know
80%
100%
10
60%
80%
100%
Declaration of protected areas
Public-private partnership
Intervention by civil society
organizations
Hyderabad
Kolkata
Chennai
Bangalore
Mumbai
Delhi
0%
20%
40%
A lot of change
Some change
60%
80%
100%
No change at all
Dont know
Hyderabad
Kolkata
Chennai
11
Bangalore
Mumbai
Delhi
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
A lot of change
Some change
No change at all
Dont know
Hyderabad
Kolkata
Chennai
Bangalore
Mumbai
Delhi
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
A lot of change
Some change
No change at all
Dont know
Hyderabad
Kolkata
Chennai
Bangalore
Mumbai
Delhi
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
A lot of change
Some change
No change at all
Dont know
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Public entities
Private entities
Public-private partnership
Not aware
Not collected at all
Total
Kolkata
Hyderabad
Chennai
Kolkata
Bangalore
Chennai
Mumbai
Bangalore
Delhi
Mumbai
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Segregate waste at source
Generate less amount of waste
I dont know
Enhance waste recycling capacity
User charges
Delhi
0%
20%
Not willing at all
40%
60%
Not very willing
80%
100%
Very willing
Willing
12
Hyderabad
Kolkata
Kolkata
Chennai
Chennai
Bangalore
Bangalore
Mumbai
Mumbai
Delhi
Delhi
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Requires more space
Cumbersome task
Wastes are not collected separately
Local authoritys responsibility
0%
20%
40%
Good for the environment
Already segregate wastes
60%
80%
Compost making
Others
100%
13
1824 (24%)
Housewife (15%)
2534 (31%)
Self-employed/Business
(31%)
Undergraduate
and above (41%)
Upto Primary
School (till class V)
(6%)
Middle and
Secondary (Class X)
(24%)
Higher Secondary
(Class XII) and Diploma
(30%)
18
19
11%
9%
53%
14%
13%
17%
24%
51%
9%
0%
6%
19%
47%
17%
12%
2%
3%
77%
18%
1%
4%
9%
28%
50%
10%
7%
2%
13%
68%
11%
10%
2%
17%
26%
46%
0%
10%
Dont know
20%
30%
40%
50%
No direct experience
60%
Worse
70%
Better
80%
90%
No change
Figure 4.3: Changes in the State of the Environment in the Past Five Years in Bangalore
Businesses (25%)
Consumers (like you and me) (9%)
Non-Profit Organizations (4%)
Academic institutions/
Research organizations (7%)
Government (55%)
4.4.2. Air
The respondents were asked about their
perception of the sectors that contribute most to
air pollution. Thirty-nine per cent of respondents
consider factories in and around the cities to be
contributing the most to air pollution, followed
by 32 per cent pointing to the transport sector. A
total of 31 per cent of the surveyed population in
the city has also ranked construction activities as
the second most polluting sector. The resulting
20
50%
39%
40%
30%
20%
25%
20%
11%
10%
6%
0
0%
21
Don't
know
4.4.3. Water
The main cause of wastage of water in the city has
been identified as leakages from taps and faucets
in houses by 38 per cent of the respondents. This
Involved in cutting/
chopping of a tree
80%
16%
Plant a tree
Once a year
45%
21%
19%
2% 12%
12% 3%1%5%
Gardening at home
Participate in management of
parks in your neighbourhood
13%
7%
33%
3% 2% 10%
17%
42%
Wind pattern
26%
12%
5% 2%
20%
65%
4%
7% 2%
33%
Precipitation/rainfall
17%
34%
24%
19%
69%
8% 4%
53%
Temperature
88%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Once in a month More than once a month More than once a Week
0%
A lot of change
53%
20%
Some change
40%
40%
60%
No change at all
4%3%
80%
100%
Dont know
22
References
Dont know
User charges
3%
Recycling
9%
Segregation
52%
Less waste
35%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
23
24
25
2534 (40%)
Undergraduate
and above (60%)
3544 (10%)
Up to primary school
(till class V) (3%)
4554 (1%)
5564 (1%)
Middle and
secondary
(class X) (12%)
1824 (48%)
Higher secondary
(class XII) and
diploma (25%)
Housewife (2%)
Unemployed (5%)
Self-employed/
business (14%)
Regular salaried
(private) (21%)
Regular salaried
(government) (13%)
Casual/daily wage (3%)
Student (42%)
28
21%
8%
17%
26%
25%
19%
12%
16%
Tree cover/
green cover
25%
20%
12%
Ground water
availability
5%
5%
18%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
No change Better
Don't know
Worse
No direct experience
26%
27%
28%
15%
14%
40%
25%
16%
1%
28%
3%
31%
47%
18%
1%
Air quality
0%
3%
26%
25%
5%
10%
Dont know
15%
20%
25%
No direct experience
45%
30%
Worse
35%
Better
40%
45%
50%
No change
Figure 5.4: Changes in the State of the Environment in the Past Five Years in Chennai
29
Rank 2
Rank 1
0%
Forest conservation
25%
19%
7%
12%
7%
6%
Business (10%)
Consumers
(like you and me)
(14%)
Non-profit
organizations (1%)
Academic
institutions/research
organizations (1%)
Water availability
30%
20%
Water pollution
2%
5%
Government (74%)
32%
26%
10%
35%
18%
45%
29%
Air pollution
2%
4%
0%
17%
10%
20%
100%
29%
24%
Waste management
80%
School/college curriculum
42%
19%
15% 18%
19%
60%
6%
40%
Research publications
Informal conversations
Climate change
20%
National newspapers
Local/regional newspapers
Television
Magazines
Internet
Seminars and programmes
22%
55%
30%
40%
Dont know
50%
60%
30
26%
38%
23%
5%
9%
5.4.2. Air
When asked about the link between air pollution
and the occurrence of different diseases (such
as asthma, lung cancer, and other respiratory
diseases), 38 per cent of the respondents said that
air pollution is just one of the major contributing
factors and not the sole cause. Only 5 per cent
respondents stated that air pollution is not a
causal factor at all for the occurrence of these
respiratory diseases (Figure 5.10).
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Yes, I totally agree
Yes, but it is just one of the major contributing factors
Yes, but it is a very minor contributing factor
No, I dont think air pollution causes any of these diseases
I dont know
6%
18%
25%
25%
19%
0
No, environment
protection and
development fo hand
in hand (29%)
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
The time spent is more on public transport
It is expensive for me to use
It is not very frequent
It is not convenient for me to use
I do not find it safe to use
10%
20%
30%
To save time
All of the above
To reduce my contribution towards vehicular pollution
To save on cost
40%
31
5.4.3. Water
With regard to peoples perception of the major
causes of wastage of water in their city, about 39 per
cent of them termed leakages during distribution
(from municipalities, tankers, etc., to houses) as the
primary cause, while a significant percentage (32
per cent) of the respondents felt that it was being
wasted owing to leakage from taps and faucets in
their homes. About 17 per cent of them felt that
water is not being wasted at all (Figure 5.14).
Yes (22%)
15%
25%
0%
Public transport
Strict monitoring
25%
23%
4% 9%
50%
Heavier taxes
Green industries
Don't know
Others
Figure
5.13: Strategies Government Should
100%
90%
Adopt
80% to Improve Air Quality in Chennai
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
No (42%)
100%
Industrial clusters
45%
31%
Fixed charges/
flat rates (68%)
15%
7%
Transport
sector
3%
Metered/
consumption
based (32%)
32
23%
35%
42%
Higher secondary
(Class XII) and Diploma
22%
45%
32%
Middle and
secondary (class X)
17%
Up to primary
school (till class V)
63%
27%
0%
20%
40%
Yes
No
20%
45%
27%
60%
80%
Dont know
100%
Retired
Unemployed
Participate in
management of parks
Housewife
Student
Plant a tree
Casual/daily wage
Regular salaried
(government)
Regular salaried (private)
Gardening at home
Involved in cutting/
chopping of a tree
Self employed/Business0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Metered/consumption based
0%
Never
Once a year
More than once a week
20%
40%
Once in a month
60%
80%
100%
More than onace a month
33
Extreme events
29%
Wind pattern
32%
24%
18%
28%
35%
30%
28%
31%
9%
25%
21%
20%
18%
Precipitation/rainfall
22%
67%
8% 2%
15%
10%
5%
10%
11%
Temperature
62%
28%
9%
1%
7%
0%
0
Percentage
Improved/ new government policies
Declaration of protected areas
Public-private partnership
Reclamation of wasteland for parks, etc.
Voluntary activities by citizens
Intervention by civil society organizations
Others
A lot of change
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
No change at all
Dont know
Some change
No (38%)
May be (11%)
Yes (41%)
90%
9%
7%
No Impact
80%
20%
70%
60%
23%
50%
Moderate
40%
30%
23%
Severe
20%
10%
Low
18%
Very Severe
0%
34
Public-private partnership
(29%)
Willing (27%)
16%
20%
18%
10%
25%
5%
28%
0%
20%
User charges
23%
15%
12%
Don't know
23%
Recycling
Segregation
Cumbersome
Local authority's responsibility
Less waste
Space constraint
Waste not collected separately
35
37%
35%
33%
30%
25%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
5%
0
Environment friendly
Compost making
Already segregating
Others
References
36
37
Male (56%)
Above 65 (8%)
Female (44%)
1824 (24%)
2534 (22%)
Undergraduate and
above (42%)
Up to Primary School
(till Class V) (10%)
Middle and Secondary
(Class X) (25%)
1 to 3 L (21%)
3 to 5 L (17%)
5 to 10 (13%)
10 to 20 L (1%)
40
41
2%
1%
3%
2%
1%
87%
6%
3%
1%
1%
79%
16%
3%
2%
1%
4%
80%
14%
83%
11%
3%
1%
85%
6%
5%
2%
2%
39%
41%
15%
Dont know
4%
1%
40%
39%
16%
0%
20%
No direct experience
40%
Worse
60%
Better
80%
100%
No change
Figure 6.6: Changes in the State of the Environment in the Past Five Years in Delhi
awareness level varies across education, income
groups, and residential localities. For example,
the level of awareness on climate policy is higher
among respondents from middle class and posh
localities and respondents with higher education
and income levels are found to be more aware of
these polices.
Posh localities
Slums/ villages/jhuggi-jhopri
cluster/unauthorized colonies
No change
Better
0%
20%
40%
60%
80% 100%
No direct experience
Worse
Dont know
42
80%
3%
Climate change
10%
7%
1%
76%
4%
Forest conservation
8%
11%
1%
81%
3%
Waste management
9%
3%
4%
76%
4%
Water availability
8%
11%
1%
67%
2%
Water pollution
19%
9%
3%
68%
3%
Air pollution
17%
11%
2%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Dont know
Policies exist, but not implemented
Policies exist, but are inadequate
Policies exist and are well implemented
No government policies exist
80%
69%
60%
45%
40%
25%
20%
14%
s
he
r
or
cu
rr i
1% 1%
Ot
1%
cu
lum
ma
lc
on
ve
rsa
tio
ns
ns
Sc
ho
o
l/c
oll
e
rch
ea
0% 1%
Inf
og
pr
an
d
mi
na
rs
Rank 1
ca
tio
ra
mm
es
ga
zin
es
et
Ma
Se
er
n
Int
ion
vis
Te
le
Na
tio
na
ln
Lo
ew
ca
l/r
sp
eg
ap
ion
er
al
ne
ws
pa
pe
r
0%
1% 0%
0% 0%
ge
1% 2%
pu
bli
6% 7%
3% 6%
Re
s
20%
Rank 2
43
Business (14%)
Consumer
(like you and me) (13%)
Non-profit
organizations (12%)
Academic institutions/
Research organizations (1%)
Government (60%)
6.4.2. Air
According to the respondents in Delhi, the
transport sector is viewed as the largest source of
air pollution (45 per cent) followed by industries
in and around the city (31 per cent). Garbage
burning is perceived to be another major cause
of air pollution by 15 per cent of the respondents.
Construction activities and domestic fuel
burning are stated as the sources of air pollution
by 7 per cent and 3 per cent of the respondents,
respectively (Figure 6.12).
A total 80 per cent of the respondents agreed
with the hypothesis that air pollution is the cause
of diseases like asthma, lung cancer, and other
respiratory diseases as well as other diseases in
the city, while another 18 per cent agreed partially,
stating the view that air pollution is one of the
contributing factors for such diseases (Figure 6.12).
Transport being perceived as a major source of
air pollution by a large number of respondents,
the views of the citizens on the use of public
transport was also considered. Around 54 per
cent of the respondents are found to be using
public transport in the city at least three times a
week, while the remaining 46 per cent did not use
public transport (Figure 6.13a). The use of public
transport also varies across gender and age
groups. A higher percentage of male respondents
reported using public transport more frequently.
Furthermore, the use of public transport is more
prominent amongst the younger age group of
1824 years (Figures 6.13b and 6.13c).
The preference for public transport over other
mediums, as viewed by the users of public
transport, reflects cost and time saving as the
primary reasons stated by 12 and 15 per cent
of the respondents, respectively, whereas only
6 per cent respondents were found to be using
public transport because of their concern towards
pollution. Around 32 per cent of the respondents
view all these reasons as the factors influencing
their decision. Those who do not use public
transport cite reasons like inconvenience to use
(27 per cent), lack of good frequency (25 per
cent), and safety (22 per cent) of the citys public
44
45%
31%
15%
Transport
sector
Factories in
and around
cities
7%
3%
Construction
activities
Domestic fuel
burning
activities (cowdung cake,
wood and
charcoal
burning for
cooking,
heating, etc.)
Garbage
burning
No (45.60%)
Yes (54.40%)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1824
2534
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Male
No
Yes
45
4554
Yes
5564 Above 65
100%
Female
3544
No
Others
0%
Industrial clusters
4%
18%
Green industries
28%
Heavier taxes
24%
Public transport
26%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
It is expensive
for me to use
0%
Strict monitoring
6.4.3. Water
Don't know
1%
6%
25%
27%
22%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
90%
80%
70%
58%
60%
49%
50%
40%
30%
27%
20%
10%
7%
1%
00%
Leakage
in house
Leakage during
distribution
Excessive
consumption
Not being
wasted
Dont know
46
Yes (10.77%)
No (60.68%)
10%
20%
Never
30%
40%
Once a year
50%
60%
Once in a month
70%
80%
90%
More than once a month
100%
Figure 6.18: Behaviour Towards and Frequency of Usage of Surrounding Forest/Green Cover
in Delhi
47
33.2%
31.3%
23.2%
20.0%
7.9%
10.0%
3.9%
0.5%
0.0%
Intervention by civil
society organizations
Others
0.0%
Improved/ new
government policies
Declaration of
Reclamation of
protected areas (where wasteland for parks,
etc.
no commercial activities
can take place) / no-go
areas (where no one is
allowed)
Public-private
partnership
Voluntary activities by
citizens
Figure 6.19: Strategies Government Should Adopt to Improve Forest/Green Cover in Delhi
interesting trends. Temperature (99 per cent) and
rainfall (97 per cent) are the two climatic variables
perceived to have gone through some or a lot of
change. However, there is a divided opinion when
it comes to wind pattern and extreme events in the
city. Approximately 85 per cent of the respondents
viewed some or a lot of change in wind pattern,
whereas 62 per cent of the respondents feel the same
in case of other extreme events. Very insignificant
percentages (1 per cent each for temperature and
rainfall, 3 per cent for wind pattern, and 5 per cent
for extreme events) of respondents have stated
their ignorance on the trends of the changes in
climatic variables (Figure 6.20).
5%
33%
50%
12%
3%
13%
Wind pattern
73%
12%
Precipitation/rainfall
1%
3%
60%
37%
Temperature
Dont know
1%
0%
48%
51%
0%
20%
40%
60%
No change at all
Some change
80%
100%
A lot of change
48
Don't know
16%
User charges
12%
Recycling
25%
Segregation
28%
Less waste
0%
20%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Figure 6.21a: Strategies Government Should Adopt to Improve Waste Management in Delhi
Not willing at all (49%)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
Willing (27%)
40%
30%
36%
23%
23%
18%
20%
10%
0%
Cumbersome
Space constraint
Local
authority's
responsibility
Waste not
collected
separately
49
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
37%
33%
25%
5%
Environmentfriendly
Compost
making
Already
segregating
Others
References
50
51
35-44 (19%)
45-54 (15%)
55-64 (4%)
Above 65 (2%)
Student (17.41%)
18-24 (29%)
Housewife (17.15%)
Unemployed (2.11%)
Retired (1.32%)
25-34 (31%)
Self-employed/Business
(16.09%)
Undergraduate
and above (63%)
Up to primary school
(till class V) (2%)
Middle and
secondary
(class X) (20%)
Higher secondary
(class XII) and
diploma (15%)
54
8%
25%
20%
7%
55
18%
7%
50%
22%
46%
11%
13%
3%
25%
47%
13%
11%
4%
18%
6%
1%
33%
14%
11%
15%
59%
12%
6%
12%
60%
21%
8%
9%
68%
15%
0 10 20 30
No direct experience
No change
Dont know
Better
40
50 60
Worse
70
13%
Climate change
15%
26%
27%
19%
10%
Forest conservation
13%
29%
16%
8%
32%
24%
Waste management
34%
23%
11%
5%
27%
Water availability
35%
22%
10%
2%
Water pollution
30%
22%
12%
2%
Air pollution
0
5
10
Dont know
Policies exist, but are inadequate
No government policies exist
15%
33%
36%
19%
27%
15
20
25
30
35
40
Policies exist, but not implemented
Policies exist and are well implemented
7.4.3. Water
40%
17%
4%
1%
I dont know
50%
Others
67%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Enhance public
transport
infrastructure
7.4.2. Air
56
100%
77%
64%
90%
48%
80%
70%
60%
5%
Leakages
from taps
Leakages
Too much Water is not
during
water used
wasted
distribution where less is
(from
required
municipalities, by us as
tankers, etc. consumers
to your house)
1%
50%
I dont
know
40%
30%
20%
10%
57
Yes
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Un
de
r
an grad
d a ua
bo te
ve
No
nd M
ar idd
y ( le
Cl a
as nd
sX
)
(C
las Hi
s X ghe
II) r S
an ec
d D on
ipl dar
om y
a
May be
Se
co
Can't Say
ho Up
ol to
(ti P
ll C rim
las ar
sV y
)
Sc
Se
lfem
plo
Re
ye
gu
d/
lar
Re
bu
gu
sin
sa
lar
lar
es
ied
s
sa
lar
ied (priv
at
(g
e)
ov
er
n
Ca
me
su
nt
al/
)
da
ily
wa
ge
St
ud
e
Ho nt
us
ew
ife
Un
em
plo
ye
d
Re
tir
ed
0%
Can't Say
May be
No
Yes
Retired
9%
Extreme events
(floods, drought
storms, etc.),
Unemployed
18%
57%
16%
Housewife
Student
7%
18%
Wind pattern
62%
14%
Precipitation/rainfall
69%
16%
Temperature
Self-employed/business
0%
6%
27%
67%
Dont know
No change at all
Some change
A lot of change
20%
40%
60%
80% 100%
58
Middle and
Secondary (Class X)
Up to Primary School
(till Class V)
0%
No government policies exist
Policies exist, but are inadequate
Dont know
50%
100%
Policies exist and are well implemented
Policies exist, but not implemented
59
References
60
61
35-44 (25%)
45-54 (16%)
55-64 (9%)
Above 65 (4%)
Self-employed/
Business (24%)
Regular salaried
(private)
(18%)
Regular salaried
(government)
(5%)
Casual/daily wage
(6%)
Student (8%)
18-24 (19%)
Housewife (28%)
25-34 (27%)
Unemployed (5%)
Higher secondary
(class XII) and
diploma (21.42%)
Undergraduate
and above (21.28%)
Up to Primary school
(till class V) (25.82%)
64
6%
17%
10%
15%
0
40%
27%
26%
7%
19%
39%
16%
19%
1%
10%
37%
22%
31%
0
2%
27%
61%
10%
0
55%
20%
7%
52%
25%
3%
22%
48%
27%
0%
10%
20%
30%
Dont know
No direct experience
40%
50%
60%
70%
Better
No change
Worse
Figure 8.4: Changes in the State of the Environment in the Past Five Years in Kolkata
65
23%
20%
21%
Climate change
16%
20%
13%
26%
28%
Forest conservation
24%
9%
6%
17%
Waste management
52%
25%
3%
13%
34%
Water availability
42%
8%
9%
23%
32%
33%
Water pollution
3%
16%
22%
Air pollution
32%
13%
17%
0%
Dont know
10%
20%
30%
Policies exist, but not implemented
40%
50%
60%
Policies exist, but are inadequate
66
Yes (79.55%)
No, environment protection and
development go hand in hand (1%)
No (20.45%)
Yes, they should be treated differently
and the government should prioritize
development (37%)
Cant say (0%)
To reduce my
contribution towards
vehicular pollution (14%)
8.4.2. Air
The respondents were asked which sector
contributes the most to air pollution in Kolkata
and 60 per cent of the respondents felt that the
transport sector was the biggest contributor,
followed by 30 per cent of the respondents citing
factories in and around the city. While assessing
the respondents perception on whether air
pollution causes respiratory problems, such as
asthma, lung cancer, and skin diseases, 60 per
cent of the population thought it was the main
contributor to such health problems. Thirty per
cent of the population thought it was one of
the major contributors to these problems. Not a
single respondent felt that air pollution did not
cause any health-related problems.
As seen by the results above, according to the
respondents, the transport sector contributed
the highest to air pollution in the city. The
respondents were then asked about their usage
of public transport and nearly 80 per cent did,
in fact, use public transport more than three
times a week (Figure 8.7). The primary reason
for using public transport for the respondents
(53 per cent) was to save on cost (Figure 8.8).
Sixty six per cent of the respondents did not
use public transport owing to their belief that
it would require more time than using private
vehicles (Figure 8.9).
67
66%
17%
8%
10%
I do not find
it safe to use
It is not
convenient
for me to
use
0%
It is not very
frequent
It is
expensive
for me to
use
The time
spent is
more on
public
transport
8.4.3. Water
When asked about the causes of wastage of
water in the households, 73 per cent of the
respondents felt that water was being wasted
due to excessive consumption. Fifty four per cent
Undergraduate
and above
59.06%
40.27%
0.67%
Higher Secondary
(Class XII) and
Diploma
50.99%
48.34%
0.66%
Middle and
Secondary (Class X)
37.84%
62.61%
100%
36.81%
37.39%
39.07%
55.03%
63.18%
62.61%
60.93%
44.97%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Un
de
r
an grad
d a ua
bo te
ve
(C
las Hi
s X ghe
II) r S
an ec
d D on
ipl dar
om y
a
Mi
y ( ddle
Cl a
as nd
sX
)
ar
nd
co
Se
Sc
ho Up
ol to
(ti P
ll C rim
las ar
sV y
)
0%
Metered/consumption based
68
48%
45%
14%
Wind pattern
52%
35%
7%
Precipitation/rainfall
62%
31%
0
37%
Temperature
63%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Some change
A lot of change
No change at all
6%
4%
11%
Public-private partnership
14%
43%
52%
43%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Figure 8.13: Strategies Government Should Adopt to Improve Forest/Green Cover in Kolkata
69
Willing (48%)
20%
28%
4%
Local authority's
responsibility
5%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
53%
Space constraint
60%
Cumbersome
33%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
References
70
umbai
is the largest Urban
Agglomeration (UA) in India. It is
made up of eight constituent units,
namely Greater Mumbai, Mira-Bhayandar,
Thane, Navi Mumbai, Kalyan-Dombivli,
Ulhasnagar, Ambarnath, and Badlapur. It has
a total population of 18.4 million inhabitants.
While all the three mega citiesDelhi, Kolkata,
and Mumbaihave a low sex ratio, Greater
Mumbai has the lowest at a mere 861 females
per 1,000 males. The Greater Mumbai UA has a
literacy rate of 90.78 per cent which is the highest
amongst the UAs included in this survey.
3544 (24%)
4554 (13%)
Female (22%)
5564 (4%)
Above 65 (1%)
1824 (27%)
Male (78%)
2534 (31%)
73
Self-employed/Business (21%)
Unemployed (2%)
Retired (2%)
Housewife (15%)
Student (21%)
Middle and
secondary (39.8%)
1 to 3 L (48.91%)
3 to 5 L (20%)
5 to 10 L (3.07%)
10 to 20 L (0.5%)
More than 20 L (0.2%)
No response (12.28%)
Upto 1L (15.05%)
74
11%
22%
46%
18%
8%
19%
20%
18%
10%
35%
22%
2%
26%
11%
24%
42%
28%
13%
2%
38%
15%
5%
28%
31%
28%
25%
2%
Air quality
0%
13%
16%
29%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Dont know
No direct experience
Worse
Better
Figure 9.6: Changes in the State of the Environment in the Past Five Years in Mumbai
75
39%
40%
40%
45%
No change
50%
Non-Profit Organizations
Businesses
Government
Consumers (like you and me)
When the respondents
Co-Academic institutions/Research organizations
were asked to rank
the group that should
be most active in Figure 9.8: Top Groups that should Work towards Improving the Environment in Mumbai
76
9.4.2. Air
When asked about sources of air pollution,
factories and the transport sector topped the list,
where 45 per cent of the respondents ranked
factories in and around the city as the biggest
source of air pollution and 44 per cent ranked
the transport sector as the biggest source of air
Rank 2
Rank 1
29%
19%
44%
15%
20%
45%
17%
5% 1% 5%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Transport Sector
Factories in and around cities
Domestic fuel burning activities
Construction activities
Garbage burning
No (12%)
Yes (88%)
77
To save time
Time spent is
more on public
transport
64%
58%
It is expensive
for me to use
All of the above
10%
16%
It is not very
frequent
To reduce my
contribution
towards vehicular
pollution
37%
To save on cost
It is not
convenient
for me to use
54%
I do not find it
safe to use
41%
0%
54%
37%
0%
10%
20% 30%
40%
50%
60% 70%
80%
75%
67%
70%
60%
49%
50%
39%
40%
30%
17%
20%
10%
0%
Enhance public
transport
infrastructure
Levy heavier
congestion tax
and other taxes
to discourage
private vehicles
(taxes on cars)
Set up local
industrial clusters
to enjoy common
environmental
friendly facilities to
reduce pollution
Stringent
monitoring
and ensuring
environmental
standards
are met
Convert all
polluting industries
into environmentally
friendly industries
Figure 9.15: Strategies Government Should Adopt to Improve Air Quality in Mumbai
of polluting industries to environment-friendly
units, while 67 per cent suggested the imposition
of congestion and other taxes to discourage use
of private vehicles (Figure 9.15).
9.4.3. Water
78
65%
60%
50%
51%
43%
40%
30%
20%
15%
10%
0%
Leakages
from taps/
faucets in
your house
Leakages
during
distribution
(from
municipalities,
tankers, etc.
to your house)
I dont
know
Water is not
wasted
No (46%)
Yes (51%)
Involved in cutting/
chopping of a tree
86%
Gardening at home
46%
Plant a tree
25%
28%
Participate in
management of parks
30%
22%
4%
0%
13%
10%
Never
11%
43%
34%
Visit a forest or
adjoining area
Visit a park in your
neighbourhood
8%
39%
2%
17%
15%
14%
4%
5%
8%
40%
50%
60%
70%
More than once a month
80%
90%
100%
More than once a week
Figure 9.18: Behaviour Towards and Frequency of Use of Surrounding Forest/Green Cover in Mumbai
79
11%
7%
15%
17%
20%
20%
30%
40%
Once a year
Once in a month
8%
5% 2%0%
54.2%
49.3%
45.2%
40%
25.8%
30%
20.4%
20%
10%
4.5%
0%
Reclamation of
wasteland for
parks, etc.
Publicprivate
partnership
Voluntary
activities
by citizens
Improved/new
government
policies
Intervention
by civil society
organizations
Declaration of
protected areas
(where no commercial
activities can take
place)/no-go
areas (where no
one is allowed)
Figure 9.19: Strategies Government Should Adopt to Improve Forest/Green Cover in Mumbai
To explore strategies for improving the green cover
in their city, more than half of the respondents
(54 per cent) opted for the requirement of
improved/new government policies while almost
half have suggested declaration of protected
areas (Figure 9.19). Other important suggestions
were reclamation of wasteland for parks (45
per cent) and implementation of publicprivate
partnership (26 per cent).
However, there are differences of opinion across
individual categories. While female respondents
are more in favour of reclamation of wasteland
for parks, male respondents and those over the
Extreme events
14%
Wind pattern
31%
21%
20%
40%
Precipitation/rainfall
18%
41%
Temperature
25%
28%
0%
13%
13%
45%
20%
A lot of change
40%
Some change
80
60%
No change at all
2%
1%
6%
80%
Dont know
0%
100%
Willing (17%)
Severe (24%)
Moderate (11%)
Low (7%)
No impact (1%)
33%
8%
Segregate waste
at the source
48%
Generate less
amount of waste
0%
37%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
81
64%
60%
50%
44%
40%
30%
36%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Cumbersome task
to separate the
waste
Even if I segregate
the wastes, it is not
collected
separately by the
civic authorities
It is the local
authoritys
responsibility,
not mine
Figure 9.24: Reasons for Unwillingness to Segregate Waste into Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Components
in Mumbai
70%
63%
60%
54%
50%
40%
36%
30%
20%
10%
0%
It is good for the
environment
I already do segregate
the wastes generated at
home
Figure 9.25: Reasons for Willingness to Segregate Waste into Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Components
in Mumbai
References
National Forest Development Commission, Government of
India. Forest Department Raises the Bar by Tagging
Trees. 2013. http://www.hrdnfdc.org.in/news/?id=7
(accessed 28 March, 2013).
82
CONCLUSION
Key Observations
Overall Environment
83
Conclusion
compared to Hyderabad (33 per cent) and Chennai
(23 per cent). The situation is seen as improved by
53 per cent in Kolkata and 46 per cent in Mumbai.
The perception of these environmental indicators
varied not only across cities, but across localities,
age groups, education, and income levels as well.
Sources of information
Air
Sources of air pollution
84
Water
Primary causes of water wastage
85
Forest/Green Cover
Measures for improving forest/green cover
Conclusion
domain. Public-private partnerships were also
seen as a useful means to enhance green cover,
especially in Mumbai and Chennai.
Participation in maintaining green cover
Climate Change
The percentage of respondents believing that
climate change is indeed occurring varies in
different UAs. It ranges from 99 per cent in
Kolkata to 41 per cent in Chennai. Temperature
variations were perceived in most cities, followed
by extreme events and precipitation. Mumbai
respondents noted significant changes in rainfall
patterns.
86
annexure
Questionnaire
Hello, my name is ______________ from the public opinion research firm of Ralibha Insights. We are
conducting a survey of peoples views on a number of important issues faced by people with respect
to the environment. Please be assured that we are not selling or soliciting anything. This is strictly a
research project, being conducted in India. Shall we begin the survey?
Background Information
a. Name:
d. City
iv. Chennai
ii Greater Mumbai
v. Kolkata
iii Bangalore
vi. Hyderabad
87
Annexure
e. Age
i. 1824
iii. 3544
v. 5564
ii. 2534
iv. 4554
vi. Above 65
Male
Others
f. Gender
Female
g. Education
i. Up to Primary School (till Class V)
ii. Middle and Secondary (Class X)
iii. Higher Secondary (Class XII) and Diploma
iv. Undergraduate and above
v. Others, please specify _______
h. Occupation
i. Self-employed/Business
ii. Regular salaried (private)
iii. Regular salaried (government)
iv. Casual / daily wage
v. Student
vi. Housewife
vii. Unemployed
viii. Retired
i. Annual household income
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Upto 1 L
1 to 3 L
3 to 5 L
5 to 10 L
10 to 20 L
Greater than 20 L
vii. No response
j. Whether migrated to the current city of residence and for how long
i. Yes, first generation migrant (Time: ______________)
ii. Yes, second generation migrant (Time: ______________)
iii. No
88
OVERALL ENVIRONMENT
1. How do you perceive a change in the state of the environment around your area over the last five
years (2007 onwards)?
No change
Better Worse
2. Have you heard of the government policies that address the following environmental concerns?
No government
policies exist
I dont know
Air pollution
Water pollution
Water availability
Waste management
Forest conservation
Climate change
3. What are the means you use to get the most information about environment related activities and
is this source adequate? (please rank the top two) (Do not prompt unless they want options)
This information is adequate (Yes/No)
National newspapers
Local/regional newspapers
Television
Internet
Magazines
Seminars and programmes
Research publications
School/college curriculum
Informal conversations
Any other source, please specify _______________
I dont have any information
89
Annexure
4. Rank the top two amongst the following groups in working to help improve the environment?
Government
Businesses
Consumers (like you and me)
Non-Profit Organizations
Academic institutions/Research organizations.
5. Do you think protecting the environment (reducing air pollution, water pollution, controlling
deforestation, preserving our minerals, etc.) is against the objectives of development (poverty
reduction, increasing levels of education, improving the health of people, etc.)?
a. Yes, they should be treated differently and the government should prioritize development
b. Yes, they should be treated differently and the government should prioritize environmental
protection
c. No, environment protection and development go hand in hand
d. Cant say
e. Dont know
f. Any other, please specify -___________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
AIR
6. Which sector do you think contributes the most to air pollution in cities (please give the top two
responses and rank them)? (Do not prompt unless they want options)
Rank
Transport sector
Factories in and around the city
Construction activities
Domestic fuel burning activities (cow-dung cake, wood and charcoal burning for cooking, heating, etc.)
Garbage burning
Others, please specify __________________
I dont know
7. Do you think air pollution is the cause of diseases, such as asthma, lung cancer, other respiratory
diseases, skin diseases, etc.?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
90
No
a. To save on cost
9. In your opinion, what strategy should the government adopt in order to improve air quality in
cities (you may choose more than one option but a maximum of two)? (Do not prompt unless they
want options)
a.
b.
c.
d.
WATER
10. What are the major causes of wastage of water in your city (please choose all that apply)?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
11. Water is currently highly subsidized by the government for the households and agriculture (we
pay only 10% of the actual cost of water). Do you thing that we should pay the actual cost of water
supply? (you may explain why yes or no)
a. Yes ____________________________________________________________
b. No ____________________________________________________________
c. Dont know _________________________________ ____________________
12. What could be an billing mechanism used to price water delivery at home?
a. Fixed charges/flat rates
b. Metered/consumption based
c. Others, please specify ______________
91
Annexure
FOREST/GREEN COVER
13. How often do you undertake the following?
Never Once a Once in More than
year
a month once a month
More than
once a week
14. How do you think the city can improve its green cover? (Please give the options)
a. Improved/ new government policies
b. Declaration of protected areas (where no commercial activities can take place) / no-go areas
(where no one is allowed)
c. Reclamation of wasteland for parks, etc.
d. Public-private partnership
e. Voluntary activities by citizens
f. Intervention by civil society organizations
g. Others, please specify ____________
CLIMATE CHANGE
15. Do you think climate change is occurring1? (please give the definition of climate change and if
possible, some examples)
a.
b.
c.
d.
Yes
No
Maybe
Cant say
15a. If yes, which among these climatic variables you think has undergone changes?
A lot of change Some change
No change at all
Dont know
Temperature
Precipitation/rainfall
Wind pattern
Extreme events (floods, drought,
storms, etc.)
Climate change is defined as Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that
alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time
periods. OR you can use any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time. In other words, climate
change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, among other effects, that occur over several decades or
longer
92
Very severe
Severe
Moderate
Low
No impact
I dont know
Public entities
Private entities
Public-private partnership
Not aware
Any other, please specify _____________________________________
Not collected at all
18. According to you, which amongst these is the best strategy to manage the problem of solid waste
(you may choose more than one option to show a combination)?
a.
b.
c.
d.
93
Willing
Very willing
a. It is good for the environment
b. I can use the biodegradable wastes
to make compost
c. I already do segregate the wastes
generated at home
d. Others, please specify___________