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PROJECT REPORT
S U B B M I T E D I N P A RTI A L F U L F I L L M E N T O F T H E R E Q U I R M E N T
FORTHE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF S CI ENCEI NP HYSI CS
PARMAR PARSHOTAM S.
CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
PARMAR PARSHOTAM S.
ROLL NO.-5232, STUDENT OF 6TH SEMESTER, T. Y. B.SC
PHYSICS D. K. V. COLLAGE JAMNAGAR, SAURASHTRA
U N I V E R S I T Y , H A S S A T I S F A C T O RI L Y S U B M I T T E D A R E P O R T
ON
INDEX
Sr.
No.
Topic
Declaration
Acknowledgement
Introduction
Part List
10
Circuit Components
5a
- Resisters
12
5b
- Capacitor
17
5c
- IC 7400
19
5d
- Transistor
23
5e
- Transformer
24
5f
- Relay
25
5g
- Circuit Diagram
27
Working
28
PCB Layout
29
Application
30
Conclusion
31
10
Reference
32
11
Cost Schedule
33
12
Bibliography
34
Page
No.
DECLARATION
PARMAR
PARSHOTM S.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With
the
help
of
their
continuous
inspiration,
INTRODUCTION
LIST
OF PARTS
1K
-R6,7,8,9 :-
4K7
* SEMICONDUCCTOR :- U1
:-
-U2(IC)(N1-N4)
-U3(IC)(N5-N8)
-T1..T4
-T5
7805
:-
7400
:-
7400
:-
BC 548
:-
SL 100
-D1
:-
IN 4007
* MISCELLANEOUS :- Relay
:-
12V-15E
10
* CAPACITORS
-C1
:-
-C2
:-
-C3..C5
:-
1000uF/16V
47uF/16V
0.1u Disc
11
RESISTOR
12
13
14
15
LAWS OF RESISTER
Ohms
low
V = I.R
CAPACITORS
* Definition
A Capacitor is an electronic device that is used to store
electrical energy. They are only used to store the electrons and
they are not capable of producing them.
Working of a Capacitor
A Capacitor consists of two metal plates which are separated
by a non-Conducting substance or dielectric. Take a look at the
figure given below to know about dielectric in a Capacitor.
Thorough any non -conducing substance can be used as a
dielectric, practically some special materials like porcelain,
Mylar, Teflon, Mica, Cellulose and so on. A Capacitor is
defined by the type of dielectric selected. It also defines the
application of the capacitor. According to the size and type of
dielectric used, the capacitor can be used for high voltage as
well as low-Voltage applications. For applications in radio
tuning circuits air is commonly used as the electric. For
applications in timer circuits Mylar is used as the dielectric.
For high voltage applications glass is normally used. For
application in X-ray and MRI machines, Ceramic is mostly
preferred. The metal plates are separated by a distance d,
and a dielectric constant of the dielectric material is placed inbetween the plates. The dielectric constant of the dielectric
material=e0e..e0 is the dielectric of air.
The dielectric material is the main substance that helps in
storing the electrical energy.
17
UNIT
OF CAPACITOR
18
IC
7400
PIN DIAGRAM
19
GENERAL
DESCRIPTION
20
FEATURES
Range
High source and sink current capability
Special input protection permits input
voltages greater
Than VDD
21
APPLICATIONS
22
TRANSISTOR
23
TRANSFORMER
24
RELAY
25
RELAY:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use
an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism
mechanically, but other operating principles are also used.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit
by a low- power signal, or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal. Relays were used extensively in
telephone exchanges and early computers to perform
logical operations.
26
CICUIT
DIAGRAM:
27
WORKING
28
PCB LAYOUT
29
APPLICATION
30
CONCLUSION
The circuit can be used at all places starting from domestic to the
industrial sectors. The simplicity in the usage of this circuit helps
it to be used by a large number of people as people with less
knowledge of hardware can also use it without facing any
problem.
REFERENCES
1. WWW.SCRIBD.COM
2. WWW.ELECTONICSCHEMATICS.IN
3. WWW.CIRCIUTEASY.COM
4. WWW.KPSEC.COM
5. WWW.BUILDCIRCUIT.COM
6. WWW.ELECTRONICSFORU.COM
32
COST SCHEDULES
Sr. No.
Component
Specification
Digital IC
Quantity
Price
70
IC-7400
Resistance
70
Capacitors
20
PCB
50
Transformer
12 v/300ma
120
Relay
12V-150E
30
Transistor
20
Electrical Bulb
100V
20
Total
33
400/-
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Dr. A. H. RAVALSIR.
Prof. V. G. PARMAR.
Prof. V. C. SHIKALIYASIR.
DR. P. VACHHANISIR.
34
35