$AMPLE OF |NSTRUqTONAL MEDIA USHD FOR TNSTRUCTION

AUDIO RECORDINGS
. Audio recordings includes tapes, recCIrds, and corrrpact disc,
. Audio m.edia are used by teachers in connection wlth speech rehearsals, drarna,
musical presentation and radio and television bronrJ casting.

ADVANTAGES

. lmprove listening skill.

. Easy operate.
Safe way of storing information
. can be used for big and small groups
. best used to improve speech skills
. lessen distraction

DISADVANTAGES

. Extended use may bore student

. costly compared to actual oral presentation

OVERHEAD TRANSPARENCY PROJECTOR

. By using an overhead projector, a transparency can show pictures, diagrams and

sketchee at a time when they are needed in a discussion.
- *6r tu o$f f,ot*&.on.
ADVANTAGES

. Easily prepared
. transparencies are reusable
. OHP presentation can be used with large or small groups
. easy to operate

DISADVANTAGES

. Moving it around neods as much care.

. When over-heated transparencies can damage.

GUIDELTNES

. Make sure the projector is available when needed

. organize'the transparencies according to the propor"sequence.
. Use a pointer to point out important cletails
. Turn the projector off when changing transparenciou
MARY JANE GLORIA
BSE ilt-B
 u0i1\1allr,

'Vtr*,rrarn
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.h,tnfrNat ,ril wy -
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ty,l,tbt,* o rJar ary- ?"nnt
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-rafup q)))"0
Computer/lnternet: Their Advantages, Disadvantages and Llmltations

Acomputeris a programmable machine that receives inpu! stores and manipulates data, and
provides output in a useful format.

ADVANTAGES

1.lt helps you automate various tasks that you cannot do manually.
2. lt helps you organize your data and information in a better way.
3. lt has much more computing and calculating powerthen an ordinary human.
4. lt may help your work to be a lot easier.
5. lt may be thb storage of your important data and files.
6. lt may be your hand book.
7. lt rnay help -vou solve problems faster than an ordinary human being can do.
8. lt has spee4 storage, reliability, consistency and communications. 9. lt helF you to find usefut
information using the lnternet. 10. lt helps in businesses, factories, offices, schools and homes.

DISADVANTAGES

1.lt destroys your social life and interactions with humans if you do not maintain the balance.
2. lt may effectto the destruction of your eye sight due to radiation.
3. lt may cause pimples and wrinkles.
4. lt may damage your studies and life.
5. Too much time in front of monitor may adverse effect your eye sight and can also make you fat.
6. The way it distracts and can deviate our thoughts and activities towards unproductiv€ activities.
7. lt could cause violation of privacy, impact on labor force, health risks, impaet on environment,
distraction from work, and possible antisocial influences.
8. Getting away from their real life and getting into bad lines.

UMITANONS

. Programmed by human
o Thinking
r Self care
r Retrievalrnemory
r Feelings

Th e tntemet isa global system

of interconnected computer networks that use the standard
lnternet Protocsl Suite (TCP/lPlto serve hillions of users worldwide.

ADVANTAGES - Entertainment

- communication _ ::il;:r..
- lnformation _ News
- Searching jobs
 Advertisement Online airlines and railway schedules
Online education 0nline medicaladvice
Online results

D!SADVANTAGES

- Viruses
- Security problems English language problem
lmmorality Sparnrning
- Filtration of information Pornography
- Accuracy of information
- Wastage of tirne

; ---

Prepred hy:
JohnMishael lufiiga
BSE ilA
7

Contributions of Technolory in Learning Process

'fcchn,ulory in Learning Process is an ethical practice o{'lacilitating learning and improving
perlirtmance by creating. using and managing appropriate technological process of resources. It
covers the process and system oi learning and instruction.

Top Contributions of 'fechnolory f'or Students:

'/ Become more motivated to learn since they can associate ternls with images
'/ Can use tools such as word processing ftom which they can develop more their writing
and thinking skills.
'/ May provided with a variety of learning practices which help them comprehend more
their subject matter
,/ Instruction can be more interesting
d The quality of leaming can be improve
-l-op (lontributions for Teachcrs:

,/ Much of the burden tbr repeated explanation of content

{ The instructor can increase the cpportunity for them to fulfill the role of being a
consultant and advisory to students"

i-echnolo$1" is a ner.vly emerging phenomerion and is still an evolution process.

Fartl"v. the use of technology in teaching is that, is reshaping the process of teaching and
lr""arnittg.

Top 2 problems identified:

l. lf is worth spending so much money and energy?

2. Does it make difference to student,s achievements?

rriteria to check if the use of technology is proper and appropriate

r' Should conforrn to the goals of education

'/ clan give a firll play to the positive and negative aspects of technology.
,/ Enhance teaching and learning to the extend knowleclge
{ Reinforce teaching and learning to compensate for weakness in the teaching
and learning
at lower levels.

Prepared by:

Ms. Ternrulo, Bernadette V.

BSE-IIIB
REALIA
The real objects and materials that are naturatly available in the environment
(home, school, community) are the best visual media for etfective lesson presentation.
The students may participate in choosing the objects and materials that will be
included in the lesson.

Examples of realia are: insects; coins; rocks; ptants;

pets; and stamps.

Advantages or Special Purposes

1. Experience with real things with which one wilt interact in life is the best learning
situation
possible,
2. Real objects are plentiful and available everywhere.
3. Real items can be observed and handled, providing concrete learning experiences for
the
student.
4. Dealing with realia motivates the learner.
5. Realia can be used as part of the evaluation system.
6. Realia learning can be extended through the use of displays.

Disadvantag+s or !-lrnitations

1. Real things are not always readily available.

2. Realia are not always practical for use in the classroom:
a. Size--a real object may be too large (a submarine) or too small (a single human cell)
for classroom study.
b. Potential hazards---realia such as live animals, certain electrical and mechanical
equipment, etc., can represent potential hazards for the learner and the teacher.
c. Cost--real objects often are expensive.
d. Need to maintain original strllcture--while some realia can be dismantled, many
others
cannot be, e.9., cutting open a person to see how the heart functions.
3. Affective iearning is unpredictable through reaiia.
4. lf left sitting around the classroom, realia can be a distraction.
5. Storage and retrieval can create problems.
E!a*

Application

1. Be certain the real object enhances your objectives.

2. Make whatever advanced arrangements are nesessary for proper use of the realia.
3. Costs can often be minimized by bonowing feal items from members of the
community.
4. Keep the realia undei wraBs until you are ready to use them; after using, remove the
potential
distractor from sight.
5. Students should be eniyouraged to help in locating and acquiring realia for classroom
use.
6. Develop a system of storage and retrievat which will be functional.

Prepared by: I

Jennelyn Maluya

BSE III-B
Non- projected Visual
Orophic moterials
Non photographic materials design specially to communi cate amessage to a
viewer. Drawing, Charts, graph, poster and cartoons are example of them..

"6rgphic" comes from the greek words grophio which meaRs ur***,
presentation on some surface such as a well, canvas, computer screen, paper, or stone to
brand, inform, illustrate or certain.

Advantages
o To express their feelings throrrgh painting or etc.
o To develop their skills
o To become more creative

o't:o'rill3fu to

graphic materials are expensive so that those arrists who are r".,
fortunate can not afford to buy such and instead they will look for a substitute
materials not so fiUed to their canvas.

Flip chorts
Pad of large-sized paper faster*ed together at the top and mounted on a wooden or
metal end. It may contain prepared le;,son content that is refer,red to at the appropriate
time during instruction to display kgy *oncept, term, or illustrations.

Advantoges
Flip charts are used in many different settings such as:
o In classroom atdteaching institutiorrs of any kind
o A creative drawing board for Art students
o For strategy coaching for sports teano
o In any type of presenting where the papers pads are pre-filled with information on
a given topic.

Disadvantoges
o It is expensive
o It is not legible for student sitting at the back cannd fglly see.

Repo'rteil by: Catherine Jane M. Cablas

Also knr,rwn as Ehra
 lArwl n Qoncepcion Dr. Cruz
{ I

iese r ilB l.M's

ri
,

I Muttipurpose Board
:
r{
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ir i
,

can be used for more than one purpose. They have a smooth whlte plastlc aurface
l

Ih"y
bnd usejspeciat marking pens rather than chalk.' The non-gtare surface is also suitable for
b/oFaibn of films, slides and overhead transparencies. I

i i - lYtnrltt^. - t,rto r\ rnth{ in tl,tuthgnrj-rrtr &,^r}

li

Ilsadvantage:
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Factqrs Afi$stihg the stl|u ISWIAs*gsrn d'ffiJffiffitib$i--..

a.) Human Factor

b.) lnstructional Method

a.) Human Factor

An English teacher needs to demon$trate a basic knowledge of the'subject
matter inn three areas: The structure and history of the English Language,
rhetorical theory and practice and literature and criticism. Equally important
measures of competence. The English teacher should be knowledgeable on
the subject matter, teaching cornpetencies should include certain values,
attitudes, and experiences that are not measurable as the other
competencies.
h.) lnstructional Method
lnstructional methods are ways that information is presented to students.
Such methods fall int<l two categories:

1 .0 Teacher-centered Approaches
lnclude instruction where the teacher's rule is to present the information that
is to be learned and to direct the learning process of students (Shuel, 1996).
The teacher identifies the lesson objectives and takes primary responsibility
for guiding the instruction by explanation of the information and modeling.
This is followed by student practice. Methods that fall into the teacher-
centered approaches include demonstration, direct instruction, lecture and
lecture discussions.

l.l Demonstration - involves the teacher showing students process or

procedure such a science process, a cooking procedure or a computer
procedure. lnvolving students in demonstrations allow this method to be
less passive.
1.2Direct lnstruction - is used to help students learn concepts and skills.
There are various models of Direction Instruction but all include similar
steps. (1) intro and review (2) presentation (3) guide practice (4)
independent practice.
l.3Lecture - is the most criticized of all teaching methods and the most
commonly used because (1) planning time is limited, (2) lectures are
flexible and be applied to any context and (3) lectures are simple. The
most criticized fact about lecture is that it puts students in a passive role.
l.4Lecture-Discussion - is a combination of lecture and teacher questioning
of students.

2.0 Learner-centered Approaches

Grounded in constructivism, learner-centered approaches involve instruction
where the teacher is a facilitator (or guide) as the learners construct their own
understanding. There are a number of methods in this cate$ory: Case Study,
Cooperative Learning, Discovery Learning, Learning Centers, Role-Play and
Scaffolding.

2.{ Case $tudy - involve groups of students working together to analyze a

"case" that has been written on a particular situation or problem to find a
solution. Case Study allows students to apply new knowledge and skills
for solving complex issues. l'his method is not appropriate for use with
elementary students. The case study is completed by discussion of the
case, alleiwing learners to debate their conclusions.
2.2Cooperative-Learning - involves small heterogensous student'groups
working together to solve a problem or complete a task. All students in the
grCIup must actively participate with each student maintaining some
independence. The success of the group depends on the input of eaclr
individual. This teaching method promotes active participation, individual
accountability, students ahility to work cooperatively and improvement of
social skills.
 1

dtr^r, lh^*^u*
GUIDE{-INE5 IN USING INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

GeneraI principles in the use of instructional materials (lMs].

: 1. All instructionai materials are aids to instruction . 4 Vr?nal Lp nvvr,r*3

',2" Choose the instructiona! material that best suits your instructional objectives.
3. rf possfble, use a rranety of tools.
4. Check out your instructional material before class starts to be sure it is working
oroPerlY.
: 5. For results, abide by the general utilization guide on the use of media given below:

e Audio recordings
s Overhead pr:ojector
* Bulletin boards
* Chalkboard
e Charts
c Mock-ups
o Realia
c Video tapesi/films
e Models
o Fictures
e Books
e Efectronfcrnaterfafs

Joanna Marie Fullante

BSE lil-B
 d*,n., f'1;,' i-ii'r,*'u^,.i iu
MaF,;nd Globe
Map
i ls a visuai representation of an area-a
synnbclic deplction highlighting
relationships between elemenk of that
$paee such as objects, regions, and
ihernes.
Aciva;:lages:
)o easier to ean-y with you because they'ne
flat and can be fslded.
F the rnap is easier to laok... rnore easier
ta scale...
F" rnaps caffi be kept in your pockct where
the gfobes cannot be
;' Maps on ihe other hand can be
produeed at any soale desired; and the
larger the scale, the less th* effest of
distortion.
and pnovide topographicaldata in muefi
more detailthat a globe
ts Maps are easier to prepare, and can be
rnodified as physical or political
situation* change (road maps, for
example)
Disadvantageo:
l T!:e pr*jection of the rnap creates
dist*rtio* of shapes and siaes.
Distortior:.
curvature of the eartl'r
cotintries and geographical features.
General purpCIse of using a map
- lt is e rnap which are used to locating
towns & citties, roads, bodies of water,
parks, hlational& political parks. lt is
also used to locate major tranpartation
routes or to locate urban places
b"i6"lli|j I
&lohe
Earth (terraetrlal globe) or other
spheroid ceiestlal body such as a
planet, star, or moon. lt rnay also refer
to a spherical reprasentation of the
ce8estial sohere, showing the apparent
position* of the stars and constellations
in tlre sky {celestial globe). The word
"globe" comes fi'orn the l-atin word
globus, nneaning round rnass or sphere.
AdvantaEes:
the earth's surface, the shape of the
continents, and their relative positions,
and gives a true representation;
whatever position it is viewed fronn.
*rlore realistic depiction and, therefore,
slrows the continents. oceans, etc. more
accurately.
Disadvantages:
on a lange $cale; e\ren very large gtobes.
They also give a false impression of the
relative curvature of the earth, because
the nadius of a glohe is a lot less than
the radius of the earth.
lrnportance of Using Globe
- it helps us in finding the
cou ntrieg, continents oc€an$.
{ialvsz, "fingaliea 9.
seefirrs
-FFf,

&,*, lL^, 5;l*,-^*, $ w'1,r''

MODELS AND MOCI(.UPS

' scale l--r*' ' rnode'\c /F

'
\or'^stc ,l*r'tr+
flg

I Emphasize the size of the real object while being used.

/ Encourage students to construct simple models with palts in correst.proportion. '

Advantages :

o Models provide motivation and enhance learning.

o Oversized objects can be reduced in size and *n b" studied in the classroom.
o Some models can be purchased from commercial firms.

.
o Purchase of models can be eastbl-
o If models are built as to scale, it could be time consuming

Guidelines:

t lnvolve the students in building mock-ups,

/ Ii/lake sure it truly illustrates the functional relationship of the parts of the real object.
/ Prepare a sketch of the desired scale and location of the parts before building it.
Advantagei:
'' ' i r"
'o It can be constructed b,y the teacher:since she knows which part should be emphasized,
,o It'is'a way of focusing observations in the desired part to be studied as well as.the
' ,'
functional relationships of the parrs. '

r' 'Its construction could be time-consuming

. It could be costly.
o Since the sizes are exaggerated, the students might be confused when faced with the real
object.

Tarnate, Jacqueline Lea G.C,

. BSE M-B

..":-z{#}aea!
 Eh**ua^" ,6 ' 'fu1f-
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,,': insfuctionalpurposes., I
,
- ,,
,' ,'.-, ,,:, .,:
>
L .t ---
Usually occur within museums,
, -tt-,!-,-
galleries -'- -t - Ltt-!a!-
and exhibition halls.
- t- -tt-

t:

F Present any array of,artifacb from counfless fonns of h.uman rnaking. ' , ''l

, .2,. lnterpretiveExhibit
. ..
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..\r :r. .," I .t' :

Advantages

./ Provides opportunity to direefly'speak to students urhite making a long lasting visual impact.

1 ,
',,,
,.. 0isadvant$6

"' . t Long,preparation
'/ ExPensive

:i: Prepared by:

' ., BSElll.B
 I

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COMPACT DISCS:

The compact disc is the most popular medium for

recorded music and has almost entirely replaced the record.

Sou.nd is recorded on vinyl records by creating grooves

on the record, which are then read by a stylus, or phonograph
needle.

ADVANTAGES:

* Readable and cheap

* CD-RWs can be edited.
* Can hold lots of media. l
* Easy to carry.
* Small and looks cool.

DISADVANTAGES:

* Files cannot be changed. .

* CD-RWs cannot be read by older optical drives and
.* are more expensive.
Easy to get damaged (e.9. gets scratched or broken
easilY).

LIMITATIONS:

* Not universal.
* There are now more and cheaper ways to do file
transport and write-once archival storage (e.9. flash
disks).

Prepared by: Gladys Mae M. Magpayo

BSEl[-B
Profe. ssor: ms. Pe f litg-SU_z

e, ?quL*
-. :^.^1-

*<=i-i' -.relE+.
 AUDIO CARDS

-Also known as sound cards.

Js e flash card with sound.

ADVANTAGES:

r Enhance the development of nhtural cognitive ability.

. Stimulate development of core cognitive skills eseential for learning.
.. LanguageDevelopment

DISADVANTAGES:

. Expensive
o Student is more interested to liEten audio card than to the teacher

' PREPAREDBY:

RUFINA D.HALASAN

BSE III-B
ilultimedia

ls slmplymultiple forms ol media integrated together. Media can be text,

graphics, audio, animation, video, data, etc. lt lnvolves the integration of each medium
and each media format into a structural, systematic presentation.

Multimedia kit

It is a collection of bacfiing or leamirg materials involving mole ttan one type of

medium and organized around a simple topic. Kits may include audiotapes, records,
pictures, study prink, filmstrips, and slides, overhead, transparencies, rnaps,
worksheets, charts, booklets, realobiects and models.

Advantages of ilultimedla :

o lncreases learning effectiveness.

o ls more appealing over traditional, lecture-based leaming methods.
e O,ffels significant potential in improving personal communications, educaf,ion and
training efforts.
o Reduces training costs.
o ls easy to use.
o Gathers information about the study results of the student.

Disadvantages of multimedia:
:

o Expensive
r is not altrrnla easy to configure
o requires special hardware
r is not always compatible

lnopia, JenifferA.

BSE-lll B
,/
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 bfrE ltib

Simulation and gaming

Refers to a combination of simulation and a game wherein people assume the roles of
decision makers who compete for certain objectives according to some rules.

lnstructional characteristics

a continuation of how children naturally gain knowledge and skills in real life.

learning occurs through actual experiences.

competiton.

Pointers

ln using this method the teacher can be guided by the following:

clearly understood by the players,

Reported by:

Bayani Cheene S,

BSE III-B

Ms. Cruz
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lirrr itrrtiotts.
o/oteractlve lfldco J-lrt) 6
(
is cxpenriivr:" cspccially thc initial
cost.
* is an effective rnethod of
s Instructors must devote greater than
delivering information to remote
distance educational settings. normal effort toward preparation
+ Interactive video supports two- and development of instructional
way video and audio strategies that actively encourage
communication between learning.

*
multiple locations. s Instructors typically spend more
Most lV systenrs utilizc
tirrrc irritially prcpuring [rrr thc
corttprcssccl tligitul vitlctl lirr tlrc
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tccltnologv rcrrtaitr itrvolvctl in lhc c()ursc! a task
more difficult when classes are
iAdvcntoec{e of */ortoractive Jlideo
taught at a distance.
* is attraetive ttt arjtttittislralttrs lor
sevcral rcos()tl.s.
r) provides access to education to those
who live itr remotc locations and
^tW
$yroaAt y 4a p1*'w*<
connot trave I to thc univcrsity; it can
providc uccu{s to rtt-dsk or s;r:cittl
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f^e% So eu!";n
nccds stur.lcrtts
chg1 l4 .+t\A ommanr*u 6.6

t it enablcs largc ntrrnbcrs ol'studL'nts 6't' 1,>e'r '

to bc taught simultancottsly hy rtttc
instnlctor:
o outside spcakcrs can bc involvcd
Prepared by:
who would not otherwise hc
available. Tacarias, Milet 1".
s md studcnts cun bccottte linkcd with
BSE III B
others {rom di l'lercnt comntunities,
backgrounds and cultures Major 10
il) interastive video can be effective
because it allows for "real time" or
synchronous visual contact between
'ri"n'^bt""
'v '.
.4.w.
students and the instructor or .:t
v

,,I
among students at different sites.
t it supports tht use of divcrsc mt'dia.

iiffi"l$:I
C^^r^, ('{lo 1,
15t***

iIODULES

Refened to as a leaming adi@ package,an indMdualized leaming package.

TODULES AS TULTITEDIA

Allows st d€nt to take more actfue role in haming; they can watch erperiment in adion,
see miooorganisrns up dose, and use a mouse or keyboard to nadgate images, stimulations
and interadive material.

ADVA]ITAGES:
. As a firtrre Hcfier ifs our adnantage to use many ditrer€ril fiornats and inodes to teac{r the
su$ect matterof a leeson
.Using moduleo as multimedia will catch the attentionof your student

. rnodules a multimedia aleo help sUdent to derdop bcfinical ard reeearcfi d<ills that they
mnnd gd frotn rdirg bxtbook
. Student can easily fird webpagres of inbrmationand library colledione that Msionleaming
editors describe in the leseon link.

TXSADVATTTIAGES:.

. Timeoonsuming.

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TVCfiNOLg6Y

Educational Technology - is also a learning center in a schoot where a full

range of print and audio-visual media specialist are acoessible to students and
teaehers"while
lnstructional Technology - is focused on the teaching-leaming process rather
than one other aspects of education.

*tffirdpractical
TECHNE refers to the process un *o,r,rilJ,"ouu systematically
to the art of instruction

instructionaltechnoiggyby virtue of fris book "orbis pjc{us" (the wo,rid picture)

which was an illustrated and thoroughly planned visual aid textbook for ehildrert
studying Latin and the scienes. E0ward Thorndike and John Dewey
Fashiand the scbntific fheory of tearning arod the scbn!fic method.

r The 19e century was replete with effective technological development,

inotuding the dateloprnent of textbooks, blaokbuards and imprwernents in pen
and ink. With the invention of photography, a movement called visual
lnglrustlsn lool-c shape to demonstrate the efiaq.livenets of the visualmedia
througfr ft uras not widet! accepted untrl the 1920's. Publfsfred hrs earfi'est paper
on programmed leaming machine which teEted and confirmed a learrning task.
s .ln the Fhilippines,lhe developrnent.of ducationallechnology has been at
much slower pace. Educationaltelevision (ETV) in the US was introduced in
1930's but it was only in the early 60's when it appeared in the coun'try.
oftcfititiies, thc feesoil for this lag in q{ucetional teehriologv was the laek of
funds like the Ateneo's center for educationaltelevision'(CETV) which started in
1964. '(Q,t\\^@
it,lNrTECIi
Edtulfoadt/f wfuiot:fuwhToalyi,wf edmnl*gil
A. Tnditional Type

f. Ghalkboard - originally called hlackboard, with its mo,dification in

oofio{, size and materials, it b nerr catted Chatkboar$.
t Flaeh Cards - a handy instructional material ofren use in
pre$Fnting the words or mathematical figures for spefling /
computatron ofthe students in a classroom dtiscussfonr.
/'
 t Globes and ilapa - ofien utilized in discussions of history, military
or political subiects.
t tBartoone and Ooml$c Strips - these are very entertaining
instruc,tional tools especially for children.
3. Posterc - another motivating tool for students to express freely
their ideas and interpretulhat the maker wiehes to convey.
6. Diagr:ama - this is consisting of lines and symbols.
I. tharb - a flal pjoture made of picture+ $ymbds and numerioal
data.
t Graphs - it show numerical data for quick and easy reading.
The ltodern Educationtal / lnstructlonal Ioole

t. Radio '- ihis medium which can be used with or without electric
;lirl I r
pow6r. le also imperative to subiects such as social strudies, music,
and physical education and English.
t Television -these are fnore homesulith televisions setsthan
telephones and by the year 2000 there will be more televisions
statione.
L Overfiead and Opague FroJectors - in i9S7; Seymorurtook time
to research on the overhead orojsxctors which was fournded very
useful in the educational routines. Oogoue Prqiectors relies mainly
on reflocted light rather ttran on iteident ttght.
L Fllm Shorring,through liotlon Picturss - this is found to be
effective in enhancing the leaming capabilitiee of the students.
Tachfi*ques trke anr?nation, slow motlon photWraphy giue strongr
impact to leaming effectiveness

fre+areAltsy:
ssQurLLo, NrE.rssf, Q.
ESE'-ITT8
ry&, CN(IZ,
C**, -
Ivl,^ 4ur^*^* rfur nv

lR@o u rce of nfo rm atio n

i -can copy any material

Ex. News paper, journal, pamphlet, dis advadagie-

magazines and brochures
--------
-machine expensive
5'p"pe ffi:, is printed and
istributed usually daily or weekly and that -coloured copies very expensive
contains news, article of opinion, features
and advertising. -machine require careful handling and
Advantage
-i-----
11Y'*,#*,y regular maintenance.

-find information

dis Advantage
-) It**L cF uraWlar1
-wasting time
; tma\,f p,tr
a *aa\. wwt<t e-r!. *wne9
ukr{a,;n*4 -
-wasting of papers

lPaperI
.) wt,
Journal.l record of current transaction,
I
t

l-
respecially a book of original entry in double-
entry book keeping.

Advantage

-permanent

-distributed

-portable and easy to read

dis advantage

-costly to purchase and store

-difficult to search

-long time delays from submission to

J 9V.^'
n exact copy of a
(
ffinvng A Jcarrn'Y'/
4\
"
Example: laser Printer, PJlgtOsopying-
Photo copying- photo graphic reproduction
of graphic matter.

Advantage

-simple and convenient to use Morales, Maria Hellen M.

-directly available - BSE-illb