A Thyristor Controlled Regulating Transformer

ATHYRISTOR-CONTROLLED
ING TRANSFORMER
presented for
Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering
in the
University of
Christchurch, New Zealand.
RGM* DUKE
B Sc., BGE. (
1979
), M.E.
One goes to school not for knowledge so much as for

arts and habits:
for the habit of attention, for the art
of expression; for the habit of submitting to censure and

refutation, for the art of indicating assent or dissent in
graduated terms; for the habit of regarding minute points
of accuracy, for the art of assuming at a moment's notice
a new intellectual posture, of
ent~ring
into another
person's thoughts quickly; for taste, for dissemination,

for mental soberness; above all, for self-knowledge.
William Johnson, Eton Master, 1867
ii
TABLE OF
List of Illustrations
List
Glossary
Abstract
Acknowledgements
ii
xv
xvi
xxiv
xxv
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2:
THE PROPOSED CIRCUIT
2.1
In-Phase Boosting and Bucking

2.1.1
2.'.2
Operation of the
Voltage Booster
Operation
the
Voltage Bucker
2.2
Proposed Quadrature Boosting and Bucking
11
2.3
Thyristor Gate Pulse Requirements
26
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.4
CHAPTER 3
3.1
Gate Pulse Requirements

for Booster Circuit
26
Gate Pulse Requirements

Bucker Circuit
27
Use
a Three-Phase
Three-Winding
THE
27
UNIT
29
Gate
3 1 1
led Thyristors
3 1.2
3.1.2.1
3 1.2.2
30
31
Booster
Operation
33
3 1 2.3
36
3 2
CHAPTER 4
4.1
THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL
48
Component Representation
49
4.1.1
The A.C. System
49
4.1.2
Thyristors
50
4.1.3
Transformers
52
4.1.4
Transmission
54
4.2
Method
4.3
Electric Network Relationships
56
4.3.1
Node Segregation
57
4.3.2
Branch Equations
58
4.4
Analysis
4.3.2.1
Resistive Branches
4.3.2.2
Inductive Branches
Voltage and Current Relationships
59
4.3.4
State-Space Formulation
61
Solution of Electric Network Equations
62
4.4.2
Implicit Integration of
the State Vector
62
Change of State Variab

Integration
63
4 5
5. 1
58
4.3.3
4.4.1
CHAPTER 5:
55
THE COMPUTER
Disconti
63
PROG&~MME
65
Network
Data Input
Equations
5.1 1
67
Input
5.1 1.1
67
Data
5 1.1 2
Control Data
5 1.1.3
In
68
68
Data
69
5 1.2
5.1 2.1
70
Renurnbering
70
Network
72
Determination of Variables
for Thyristor Model
72
5.1.2.2
5.2
Modification
5.2.1
5.2.1.1
Determination of
Thyristor Currents
74
5.2.1.2
Thyristor Turn OFF
75
5.2.1.3
Thyristor Turn ON
77
5.2.2
79
Topological Changes
5.3
Determination
5.4
Solution
5.5
Output
86
DIGITAL MODEL PERFORMANCE
89
6.1
Initial Conditions
91
6.2
Validation of Harmonic Analysis
97
6.3
Validation of Transformer Model
101
CHAPTER 6:
6.3.1
6.3.2
Integration Step-Length
the Network Equations
101
Dynamic Simulation
B 25 kVA Trans
'103
6.3.2.1
'10 I!,
6.3.2.2
107
6 3.3
7.1
86
Measurement
Transformer Parameters
Connection
6.3.2.3
CHAPTER 7:
83
ion
107
112;
VOLTAGE REGULATION
of Existing Tap-Changing
'114
7 2
Fixed-Tap
Changer
'j
7.2 1
118
7.2.1.1
Load
120
7.2.1.2
Harmonic Content
121
7.2.2
7.3
7.4
8.1
Voltage Bucking
'128
7.2.2.1
Load voltage Regulation
131
7.2.2.2
Harmonic Content
133
Computer Simulation
A
c Alternative
to the Transformer On-Load Tap-Changer
137
Discussion
139
7.4.1
CHAPTER 8:
16
A Combined Voltage Boosting

and Bucking Unit
POWER TRANSFER ' CONTROL
143
Quadrature Boosting with

Thyristor-Controlled Voltage Regulator
144
8.1.2
147
Case (a) - Mode (i) Operation
8.1.2.1
Harmonic Content
151
8.1.2.2
Fundamental Voltage Vari
155
Case (b) - Mode (iii) Operation
156
8.1.3
8 1.3.1
Harmonic Content
9.1.3.2
Fundamental
16
8.1.4
Trans
8 2
'164
1
168
8.3
CHAPTER 9:
ion
TRANSIENT STABILITY IMPROVEMENT
9.1
9.2
173
173
lizing
Quadrature Vol
'177
9.2 1
tem Damping Improvement
179
9 3
18
9 3" 1
ity
Two
90301 1
Trans
Improvement
9.301.2
9.4
CHAPTER 10:
18
183
System Damping Improvement
184
Conclusions
186
CONCLUSIONS
187
REFERENCES
192
APPENDICES
1:
G.E.C.R. FIRING CIRCUIT
195
2:
G.E.C.R. FIRING CIRCUIT CALIBRATION
196
3:
CONVENTIONAL PULSE TRANSFORMER
'199
4:
"MICRONE" PULSE TRANSFORMER
200
5:
TRANSFORMER PARAMETERS
201
AS.1
8 25 kVA Transformer
201
AS.2
Series Transformer
202
6:
MATHEMATICAL MODEL - INCLUDING CAPACITORS 203
A6.1
Network Relationships
20
A602
Node Segregation
204
205
A6 3
20
CUrrent
A6 5
State~
A6 6
Solut
.601
20B
211
of Network Equations
Implic
the
211
.6.2
214
.6 3
Change
State
215
7:
LINEAR INTERPOLATION
216
8:
FOURIER
218
9:
THE RESPONSE OF A CURRENT TRANSFORMER

TO FREQUENCIES OTHER THAN 50 Hz
219
Harmonic Frequency
219
A9.1
.2
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
Error
Transformation Accuracy
Waveform
a Compo
224
VOLTAGE HARMONICS ON THE

400 V SUPPLY BUSBAR
226
A STATIC ALTERNATIVE TO THE

TRANSFORMER ON-LOAD TAP-CHANGER
231
D.C. MOTOR-DRIVEN SINE WAVE

ALTERNATOR SET
237
THYRISTOR-CONTROLLED QUADRATURE
BOOSTING
238
TRANSIENT STABILITY STUDY

SYSTEM PARAMETERS
244
ii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Thyristor~Control
1.1
Simple
2.1
Basic
2.2
Theoretical Waveforms
2.3
Theoretical Waveforms -
2 4
Basic Quadrature Voltage Booster
11
2.5
Theoretical Waveforms - Mode (i)
13
2.6
Theoretical Waveforms - Mode (ii)
14
2.7
Theoretical Waveforms - Mode (iii)
15
2.8
Theoretical Waveforms - Mode (iv)
16
2.9
Theoretical Waveforms - Mode (v)
17
2.10
Theoretical Waveforms - Mode (vi)
18
2. 11
Theoretical Waveforms - Mode (vii)
19
2.12
Theoretical Waveforms - Mode (vi
20
2.13
Mode (i) Operation with

Lagging Quadrature Voltage
22
Mode (v) Operation with

Lagging Quadrature Voltage
23
2.15
In-Phase Voltage Booster
28
2.16
Quadrature
2.14
Voltage Booster
~
Voltage Boost
In-Phase Voltage Buck
Booster
10
28
3.1
30
3 2
Booster Operation Logic
32
3.3
Booster
Logic
34
3 4
Bucker Operation Logic
37
3.5
3 6
35
IIMicrone li
e Transformer Output
38
3~7(a)
The Thyri
Voltage Regulator - Front View
40
The Thyristor-Controlled
Voltage Regulator
Rear View
41
3.8
Boost/Buck Switch Connections
43
3.9
Firing Ang
44
4. 1
Simple A.C. System Representation
50
4,2
Alternative A.C. System Representation
50
4.3
Three-Wind
52
4.4
Per
Transmission Line Representation
55
4.5
Resist
Branch
58
4.6
Inductive Branch
59
5.1
General Flow Diagram
66
5.2
Control of Thyristor Switching
73
5.3
Two Back-to-Back Thyristor Switches
74
5.4
Determination of
istor Currents
76
5.5
Determination
Thyristor Turn OFF
78
5.6
Effect of Changing KYl
84
5.7
Integration Step-Length Determination
85
5.8
Solution of Network Equations
87
6 1
Single Line Diagram of Case (a) Circuit
91
6.2
Case (a)
93
6.3
Case (b) Initial Conditions
6.4
In~Phase
6 5
Thyristor Switching Initial Conditions
96
6.6
Test Waveform
98
3.7(b)
6.7
6 8
Delay Against Helipot Reading
Transformer
Initial Condit
Voltage Booster
Spectrum of Test Waveform

Spectrum
Test Waveform
94
95
100
100
6 9
Two-Winding Trans
101
6.10
105
6. 11
106
6.12
Star/Delta/Star Voltages
108
6.13
Star/Delta/Star Currents
109
6.14
Node
110
Winding
6.15
Star/Delta/Delta Voltages
111
7. 1
Proposed On-Load Fixed-Tap

Variable Voltage Changer
116
Oscillograms of Typical Supply

and Load Voltages and Currents
119
Oscillograms of Typical Voltage V

T
and Transformer Currents
119
7.4
Oscillogram of Typical Load Voltage
120
7.5
Load Voltage Variation
12 'I
7.2
7.3
(a)
Voltage Regulation (per cent)
(b)
Phase Shift
Fundamental
(degrees)
7.6
Supply Voltage (V S ) Spectrum (0.4 V/em)
122
7.7
Supply Current (IS) Spectrum (0.1 A/cm)
122
7.8
Load Voltage (V ) Spectrum (2.0 V/cm)

L
'122
7.9
Load Current (I ) Spectrum (0.1 A/em)

L
123
7.10
Voltage Across
Winding of
(V )
T
7. 11
(4 0 V/cm)
'12
Winding
(0.4 A/cm)
"123
Content at Supply
124
7.12
Maximum
7.13
Maximum Harmonic content at Load Busbar
125
7.14
Maximum Harmonic Content

Terti
Winding Current
126
7 15"
Supply Vol
(V ) Spectrum (0.4 V/cm)

S
126
7.16
(0 1 A/cm)
7 17
127
Typical Supply
129
7.18
7.19
7.20
7.21
7 22
Oscillograms
and Current
Typical
129
Oscillograms
Typical Voltage VT
and Transformer Currents
Oscillograrns of Typical
Load Voltages
130
Three~Phase
131
Load Voltage Variation
132
(a)
Voltage' regulation (per cent)
(b)
Phase Shift of Fundamental (degrees)
Line-to-Line Supply Voltage (V )

S
Spectrum (0.4 V/cm)
133
7.23
Line Supply Current
133
7.24
Delta Winding Current (
7.25

L
134
7.26
Load.Current (I ) Spectrum (0.08 A/cm)

L
134
7.27
Voltage Across Secondary Winding of

Series Transformer (V ) Spectrum (4.0 V/cm)
T
135
7.28
Spectrum (0.08 A/cm)

134
Current in Tertiary Winding of

Transformer T1 (IT) Spectrum (0 16 A/cm)
135
7.29
Maximum Harmonic Content at Supply Busbar
136
7.30
Maximum Harmonic Content at Load Busbar
136
7 31
Maximum
Content
Load Currents
Supply
'I
7.32
Comb
7.33
Voltage Bucking with Combined Unit
142
8. 1
Single-Line Diagram of a Transmission System

with Thyristor-Controlled Quadrature Boosting
145
Boosting
8.2
(a) Vector Relationships
8 3
Case (b) Vector Relationships
Bucking Unit
140
146
8 4
148
8 5
Voltage and
Typical Series Trans

Currents
149
150
8.6
Oscillogram of Typical Booster
8.7
Oscillograms
Typical Three-Phase
Booster Busbar Voltages
150
8.8
Supply Voltage (V ) Spectrum (0.8 V/cm)

M
151
8.9
Supply
152
8.10
Booster Busbar Voltage (V ) Spectrum

L
(2.0 V/cm)
15
Transmission Line Current (I L ) Spectrum

(0.016 A/cm)
152
8.12
Alternator Voltage (V ) Spectrum (O 2 V/cm)
153
8.13
153
8.14
Alternator Current (I ) Spectrum (0.016 A/cm)

G
Maximum Harmonic Content at Supply
8.15
Maximum Harmonic Content at Booster Busbar
154
8.16
Maximum Harmonic Content at Alternator Busbar
154
8.17
Booster Busbar Voltage Magnitude Variation
155
8.18
Phase Angle Difference (8) Variation
156
8. 19
Oscillograms of Typical
and Line Current
157
8 11
8.20
Vol
(I ) Spectrum (0.04 A/cm)

M
Volt
Voltage
Currents
Booster
B. 1
15
158
Va
'15
8.22
"'5
8.23
8.24
8 25
8.26"
Supply Voltage (V )
M
(I )
Supply
M
(0.0 V/cm)
160
(0 04 A/cm)
160
(V )
L
sion Line Current (I )
L
(0.016 A/em)
Booster
(2.0 V/em)
160
161
ii
8 27
(VG)
8 28
Current (I )
G
{O 2 V/cm}
161
(0 016 A/cm)
162
Maximum Harmonic
at Supply
162
8 30
Maximum
at Booster Busbar
162
8.31
Maximum Harmonic Content at
163
8.32
Booster
163
8.33
Phase Angle Di
8.34
Mode (i) Active Power Trans
8.35
Mode (i
8.36
Reactive Power Transfer Variation

(a)
Voltage Magnitude Variation
16 Lj,
(9) Variation
165
Variation
) Active Power Trans
Variation
166
167
Mode (i) Operation

Mode (iii) Operation
(b)
8.37
Combined Quadrature Booster/Bucker
171
9.1
Quadrature Voltage Injection Circuit
174
9.2
Quadrature Voltage Injection
176
9.3
Power-Angle Curve Showing Improvement in

Swing Stability with 20 Quadrature Boosting
178
Power-Angle Curve Showing the Maximum Possible

Improvement in First Swing Stability with 20
Quadrature Bucking and Boosting
179
Power-Angle Curve Showing Method of

Damping Improvement
181
9.4
9.5
9.6
Swing Curves
10. 1
Four Quadrant
Booster/Bucker Setting Angle
19 '1
ing Trans
'19
of Start
185
ses
Start
.2
198
control
.3
197
205
A7.1
216
Rat
.2
Error Test
Error Test C
Full
Current
220
222
Page
A9.3
.4
Error Test
10 1 Ratio Error Test
A905
50%
1 Load Current
222
223
Full
Error Test - 50% Full
Current
223
(a)
100 Hz IIChopped" Current Waveform
225
(b)
Compos
Current Waveform
225
Transformation Accuracy Results
225
A1001
Typic
227
A10.2
Typical 4
Harmonic Voltage Variation
227
A10.3
Typical 5th Harmonic Voltage Variation
227
A10.4
228
A10.5
Typical
Harmonic Voltage Variation
228
A10.6
228
A10.7
228
A10.8
Typical 11
Variation
229
A10.9
229
A10.10
229
A10.11
229
A906
.7
3rd Harmonic Voltage Var
Harmonic Vol
xv
LIST
Table
Quadrature Voltage
Operational Modes
25
5. 1
Connection Matrix
71
5.2
Composite Connection
79
5.3
Modified Connection Matrix I
80
5.4
Modified Connection Matrix II
81
5.5
Modified Connection Matrix III
81
2 1
5.6
7 and 9 ON
82
5.7
KYI - 7 ON
82
6.1
Square Wave Coordinates
99
6.2
Star/Star/Star rms Voltages and Currents
104
6.3
Star/Delta/Star rms Voltages and Currents
107
6.4
Star/Delta/Delta
110
8. 1
Quadrature Voltages and Thyristor Switches

Necessary to Operate the Combined
Quadrature Booster/Bucker
172
Fault Clearing Times
184
8.25 kVA Transformer Impedance Parameters
201
9.1
A5.1
A5.2
A10.1
rIDS
Terminal Voltages
Transformer Impedance Parameters

and
400 V
20
230
, the
abbreviations
this
have the meanings
given belowe
A
ampere
a.c.
alternating current
ampere
centimetre
audio frequency
auxiliary inductance matrix
Fourier
icient
Aal
auxil
bn
discrete Four
auxiliary alpha node matr
aa
alpha node
inductance
coefficient
number of capacitive
capacitance
Ccc
branch capacitance matrix
Cn
cos
rms value of each Four
component
cosine
cos 1
Caa,
in a network
cosine
auxiliary
matr
nodes
of
a thyristor
prior
d co
d/dt
rate
source of
vector
change with re
to time
ectromotive force
e.m.f
sources
e m.f
f(
logical
tion of
pules to a
g( }
G.E.C.R.
functional notation
General Electric Company
Recti
Division
G
auxiliary alpha node
integration step-length
HC
maximum integration step-length
a.r
res
tance matrix
during commutation
HR
maximum integration
HV
variable integration step-length
h.v.d.c.
high voltage direct current
Hz
hertz
current
IAK
logical representation of thyristor
length
anode-cathode current
:
I.E.E.
vector of capacitor currents

Institution of Electri
I.E.E.E.
of
Engineers
and
currents
vector
currents
vector
res
vector
thyristor currents
j2
= -1
(10 3 hertz)
km
ki
(10 3 metre)
ii
of
and inductive
kV
(10;) volt)
kVA
(10 3
lovo
kWs/kVA
kilowatt-second per kilovolt-ampere
number
induc
branches in a network
inductance
branch inductance matrix
auxiliary inductance matrix of gamma nodes
over-relaxation factor
logical representation of pulse
rnA
output from monostable

milliampere (10- 3 ampere)
mutual inductance between branches i and j
mm
auxiliary inductance matrix

millimetre (10- 3 metre)
auxiliary res
matrix
ms
millisecond (10- 3 second)
MVA
megavolt-ampere (10 6 vo
MVAr
megavolt-ampere reactive (10 6 volt-ampere
ampere)
MW
,n
istance matrix
ns
p
of
a thyristor
power
ent state
P f.
p.u.
unit
Q
Q
vector
r
number of
resistance
stive
a network
inductive branch resistance matrix

auxiliary inductive branch resistance
matrix
rms
root mean square

revolutions
:
minute
branch resistance matrix

nodes
auxiliary resistance matrix of

s
second
back-to-back thyristor switch
sin
sine
time
transformer
tan -1
inverse tangent
Th
thyristor
TIL
TR
ion line
transistor
istor
TTL
u
v
volt or voltage
VA
of
anode-cathode vo
tor
xx
VAr
V/cm
volt
vo
vector
a thyr
vo
tor
across inductive
vector of node vo
vector
\l'latt
reactance
vol
s across resistive
matrix of capacitive branch susceptances
cc
matrix of inductive branch reactances

y
number of thyristor branches in a network
impedance
tone
nodes connected to at
capacitive branch
nodes connected to at least one resistive

branch, but with no capacitive branch
connections
nodes connected only to inductive b
constant terms in implicit integration
state vectors
one
to at
rotor
of a thyristor
to synchronous
rotating
between
time
microsecond (1
3 1416
by
quadrature booster/bucker
algebraic sum
monostable output pulse ,length
phase angle difference between voltage and

cos<j
current (i.e. power
phase relationship of each. Fourier

component
state vector coefficient matrix
inductor flux
vector
inductor fluxes
angular frequency
ohm
square root
o
degree
cent
approximately
< )
to
s than (or equal to)
y
y
NOT F
symbols
source
ammeter
resistor
capacitor
inductor
earth
diode
thyristor
Zener diode
npn transistor
series transformer with windings
wound in opposition to each other
current trans
star transi-......... m'oV' connection
connection
two-winding
three-winding transformer
three-phase four-winding transformer
voltage comparator
non=inverting buffer
inverter
two input NAND gate
monostable (output pulse length T)
ABSTRACT
on the
ating
the
1
ef
is proposed.
both magnitude and phase shi
control
Two back-to-back thyristor switches per
phase are required, and
device provides fast
continuously variable voltage magnitude and phase

control at the expense of some waveform distortion.
A dynamic simulation computer programme, which is
on
state-space approach, is developed.
A three-phase control unit, to control the thyristor

switchings on each phase, is described and the theoretical
waveforms are veri
by both experimental tests and
digital computer
Consideration is
so given to
the harmonic content produced.

Applications of the proposed thyristor-controlled
regulating transformer to the problems of voltage
regulation, power trans
ent stabi
presented.
of
control and improvement in the

systems are also
xxv
I am
to my supervisor,
J. Arril
enthus
and
guidance throughout this project.

I
wish to thank New Zealand Electricity
their financial as
granting of study
to enable this project to be completed.
The Christchurch
Draughting Section of New Zealand

are
so thanked
their diligence in the preparation
of the many il
in
The cooperation
Recti
icity
s thesis.
Mr J.
the
1, D
Division, General Electric Company, Great Britain,
in the provision
various
of hardware is
ly
acknowledged.
During
building
s project many hours have been
hardware and computing.
in
wish therefore to
thank the technical staff of the Department of Electri

Engineering and the Computer Centre of the
Canterbury for
expertise
invaluable help
Last, but most certainly not

express my
to
stine.
mother to Leanne
Timothy
a wi
been
ity
Her
her
imable.
wish to
as a
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In the advancement of power electronics component

technology
development of the thyristor must rank
as one of the more important technolog

improved quality
achievements.
the silicon has enabled the diameter
of the thyristor element to be increased,

higher current ratings.
blocking capab
ting in
Coupled with an improved reverse
ity, this
made it possib
the power handling
thyristors
to increase
These
advancements in thyristor technology have made the

possibility of high-power thyristors a reality, and
individual thyristors with power ratings in the MVA range
are commercially availab
During the 1960's thyristors had been developed to
such an extent that they could replace mercury-arc valves
their application to
in some industrial applications,

h.v.d c. transmission
systems was considered when extens
to the Gotland h.v.d.c. link were mooted
extension in 1970 and their
in the
arc valves (Martens son 1975)
iority over
led in most h.v d.c.
s have
Since 1970 thyr
ined in the
(Martens son 1975) and the

se
appl
ion
Thyristors were
s
thyr
to
in
to many other
s of
of
are
use
in a network
(1971), Sundberg (1976)
(1978) are but
Schwei
of
terns
The simplest form of a thyristo

ator employs a
voltage
back-to-back thyristors
connected in
and
with a load (Fig
1.1)
By varying
phase-angle delayed gate pulses to the thyristors and firing

them symmetrically with
to
zero crossings
the
s)
varied,
the load voltage (V ) can
L
, from zero to full load
depending on the load power
supply voltage (V
voltage VS.
Although a wide range
possible, the thyristors must be
vol
control is
to both full load
voltage and current, and the harmonic
stortion of
load voltage is most severe.
t
" 1 1
The
overcome
istor~Control
of harmonic
ign
stortion is
a thyristor
(Marshall 1974) wh
uses
to
tappings.
primary connected to
Vo
supply
thyristor switches
The trans
has a ser
th
of
with or bypas
in ser
by
the
to
output vol
a non-
voltage
is
by
The provision of a
large number of secondary windings for

together with four thyristors
to
th a
I trans
voltage control
secondary winding, each
I load current, would prove to be uneconomic
for many applications.

A recent publication (Arrillaga 1976)
single-phase thyristor-controlled regulating transformer

for
voltage boosting.
on the principle
of the regulating transformer booster (Westinghouse 1964),

this device boosts the load voltage by means
controlled back-to-back thyristor
two phase-
, providing fast
and continuously variable voltage boost at the expense of

some waveform distortion.
With this device the regulating
transformer is only handling a small proportion of the

transmitted power, and the four thyristors need not
rated
full load vol
and current
The work described in this study involves

singl
trans
led
, as
by
(1976) ,
s
both
the use of a phase displaced
regulation,
voltage to
e and
From
the
are
control
This
was
to
back thyristor switches so

the
ity of
Complementing
of
the
a
assessment of
proposed system could

assessment
proposed circuit, a computer programme based on

techniques has
used
made
so been written.
the
state~space
The mathematical model
the development of the computer programme is
presented in Chapter 4.
Chapters 5 and 6 deal with the
actual programme, discussing
operation and per
An evaluation, both by laboratory measurement

computer simulation, of the use
a means
the proposed
ented in Chapter 7.
voltage regulation is
Using a quadrature regulating
as
tage, the ability
the
proposed circuit to provide power transfer control in

transmission circuits
Chapter 8.
investigated and discussed in
The fast-acting nature
is exploited in
voltage is
the proposed c
9, where the injection

to control the transient stability of power
Finally a
ion
ts
during
are
10.
CHAPTER 2
Presented in this chapter

the operation
a full description
the proposed circuit, both as an in-phase
and quadrature voltage
and an
quadrature voltage bucker.
and
Theoretical waveforms are
also presented along with the firing requirements for

each thyristor.
21
PROPOSED
The schematic diagram of Fig. 2.1 shows one
phase of a thyristor-controlled in-phase vol

interconnecting two systems represented by their respective
voltages V
Q and VR
Shunt transformer T1 provides the
in-phase voltage (V )
S
each phase and series transformer
T2 the controlled boosting voltage.

S1 and S2 are two back-to-back thyristor swi
The second thyristor switch (S2)
to
the
winding
I
in
to
51 is
sing
and endangering the insulation
current, causing
winding.
Reversing the sense
ser
trans
of Fig. 2 1 into an
converts
the secondary winding

vol
the
Th1
Fig. 2.1
Bas
Th4
2. 1 1
The operation of the in-phase voltage booster

(Fig. 2.1) can be
with r
theoretical waveforms of Fig. 2.2.

correspond to a lagging power factor
to the
These waveforms
(~)
and if the
thyristor switch S1 is triggered without delay (i e. at

the zero crossings of the current waveform) a constant
sinusoidal voltage
added to the voltage VQ and
with it.
The
s 1
(meas
zero
S1 and S2
in
tor of
at any
Simi
tr
ly, the appropr
the range
thyristor
S1 can
~ < 1
< 180.
8 2 can be
at-any time within the range 0 < 2 <
~.
.J
I
wt
wt
wt
wt
wt
1
Th2
i7T----'
Th3
Th4
2 2
se
Boost
Hence
the
ing can
both
the
manner.
At
current (I) , when V
forward-bias
provision
turn
T20
is
istors 3 and 4 are
and
ly.
ed
pulse to thyristor 3
11
ON, thus short-circuiting the secondary winding of
VT , the voltage across the secondary winding of T 2 , is

where V is the forward voltage drop
f
now equal
thyristor 3.
With thyristor 3 conducting
V8 positive,
thyristor 1 is forward-biased and a

thyristor 1 will turn it ON.
now
biasing and turning OFF thyr
to
pulse
3.
thyristor 3 is again
, reverse-
When Vs is
ive,
Hence the
thyristor 3 will turn it ON and a commutation from

thyristor 1 to thyristor 3 will take place, turning
thyristor 1 OFF.
Operation during the second hal
current is
polarities
to the
Ie
1 voltage
t, but with
st.or
and with the
t
one complete
are
2.2
102
As
when
can
of T2 is revers
The
2. 1
sens
of
voltage
a lagging power
to
2. 3
wave
The
switch 8
be triggered at any
can
e 0 < 1 < <P,
within the
and the appropriate thyristor of switch 8
can be
triggered at any time within the range <p < 2 < 180.
Therefore the
ing of switches 8 1 and S2 can control
the voltage bucking

At the beginning of the positive half-cycle of
line current with thyristor 2 conducting, the voltage VT
is Vs + Vf which forward-biases thyristor 4.
thyristor 4 reduces VT to
+V fl
and forcing it to turn OFF.
Firing
reverse~biasing
thyristor 2
When Vs changes polarity
thyristor 2 is again forward-biased.
The provision of a
gate pulse to thyristor 2 will therefore turn it ON and

a commutation from thyristor 4 to thyristor 2 will take
place, turning thyristor 4 OFF.
During the second half-cycle of line current
the operation of the voltage bucker is similar to the
first, but with all voltage polarities reversed and
the
conducting.
pair
thyristor
switching s
ON are
and the
in Fig
2.3.
10
Th1
Th2
Ttl 3
Th4
2.3
Waveforms
In-Phase
2 2
one
booster
interconnecting two
voltages
by
Q and VR respectively.
is provided by
The
vo
each
the
shunt transformer T 1 ,
T2 provides the controlled quadrature

boosting voltage.
back~to-back
S1 and S2 are two
switches, and the quadrature voltage
thyristor
represented by
Th4
Th2
2.4
Bas
Vol
The
Booster
quadrature voltage booster is

voltage booster, which has been
same as
described in
voltage
Th3
can
and depending on the phase
2.1.1.
or lag the
f
The quadrature
em voltage V
Q
((jl) between
'12
components of V
Q
di
are
modes of
e.
modes (i) and (ii)

~,
voltage and
lying in the
is lagging and leading
the respective
Using a lagging quadrature voltage, when
(iii) and (iv)
~ ~
< 90 I
5 and 2.6 show
modes (i) and
waveforms
"
"t
90 < ~~ < 180,. th e ClrCUl
of
in the range
F'19. 2 . 4 opera tes"1n
0 f
lagging and leading respectively.
Figs 2.7 and 2.8 show the respective theoretical wave

for modes (iii) and (iv).
The quadrature voltage booster shown in Fig. 2.4 is
converted into a quadrature voltage bucker by reversing the
sense of the secondary winding of the ser
trans
Quadrature voltage bucker operation is the same as
in-phase voltage bucker which was discussed in Section 2.1.2.

As with the quadrature voltage booster, the
quadrature voltage bucker can also operate in a number of
different modes.
Modes (v) and (vi) have a leading

~,
quadrature voltage and
which lies
the range
tively.
lagging and leading

and 2 10 show
(v)
modes
theoretical waveforms
(vi).
When
2.9
the
voltage
~
and the operational

(vii) and (viii).
for modes (vii)
respective
lagging and
ng are
The
i) are shown
Figs 2 11 and 2 12
wt
wt
. 2.5
Theoreti
Waveforms
(i)
.26
Waveforms
Mode (ii)
'15
.27
Waveforms
( iii)
wt
wt
wt
wt
wt
2 8
Wave
- Mode
(iv)
.29
Waveforms
(v)
'18
wt
wt
wt
wt
wt
2.10
Mode (vi)
wt
wt
wt
wt
V
R
wt
I
I
I
i
s11
Fig~
2.11
s1
S1
I
Waveforms
Mode (vii)
20
wt
wt
wt
wt
Fig
2.12
Waveforms ~- Mode
ii)
21
Bes
s
is
vol
booster or
modes.
For
voltage
discussed in
of
the quadra-ture
sible to
rcuit
a number
if for mode (i) a lagging
used
than a leading
voltage
the theoretical waveforms of Fig. 2.13 are obtained.

appropriate thyristor of switch 8 , required to terminate
2
the voltage boosting period,
reverse-biased until the
zero crossing of the line current (I)

until that instant.
cannot conduct
But even then the conducting thyristor
switch 8 1 , being still forward-biased, will continue

conducting and the switching of 8
2 will immediately short-
circuit the secondary winding
transformer T 1 "
To
overcome this problem a delay (A) could be built into the

control system to allow 8
before
ing of 8 .
2
1 to switch OFF and recover fully

This delay, however, would cause
a temporary open-circuit, with large overvoltages, across

the secondary winding of T2 and is not considered a
practical proposition.
In some cases, the resultant waveform VR is ident
with that obtained from one of the eight modes already

discussed.
For example, if a lagging rather than a leading
quadrature vol
mode (v)
ion the
identical with that
resultant
mode (i).
is
. 2.14 shows mode (v) operation with a lagging
voltage, and a comparison of

shows the resultant similarity in VR .
2.5 and 2.14
:2
'--., wt
I ~"H----~--~----+-. wt
Fig. :2 13
Mode (i) Operation with Lagging

Voltage
Fig. 2014
Mode (v) Operation wi'th Lagging

Voltage
24
Us
modes of
in
2.1 it
and summarised in
sible to phase
or
The fi
angle
Ie for
It can be seen from th

1
the
control
thyristor switches S1 and
ng
are also listed in Table 2.1.

Table that if
is leading or
ng by 90 the firing ranges of 8 1 and 8 2 are either
reduced to 0 or
If
over 180.
ther leading or lagging by 90,
should be
then neither the quadrature booster nor the quadrature

bucker will operate as described in Sections 2.1.1 and 2 1.2
ively.
This is because the line current is now
either in-phase or 180
out of phase with the quadrature
voltage and the thyristors of switches 8 1 and 8 2 , which are

not forward-biased at the appropriate times, cannot switch
in their correct sequence.
There are two alternative
solutions to this problem:

can
ther switch 8 1 or switch S2
triggered without delay at the zero crossings of the
current waveform.
then depending on
If switch 8 1 is triggered without delay,

a boosting or bucking circuit i
being used, a constant sinusoidal voltage will be

tem voltage VQI
to or
maximum phase
triggered
the fundamental of
thout del
When
the voltage VR will not be
any magnitude change or phase shi
Table 2.J.
Quadrature Voltage Booster/Bucker Operational Modes
Range of Firing
Angle for Switch
8
1
Phase Angle Difference

between VS and I
Mode
Circuit
Voltage
(i)
booster
leading
booster
leading
(iii)
booster
(v)
bucker
90
booster
(<P)
90
leading
lag
< $ < 90
90 + <p < E < 180

1-
lead
..2.
90
0
$ < 90
lag
<$'::' 180
lead
lag
+ (180
0
bucker
(vii)
bucker
(viii)
bucker
lead
,2. $ < 90
-$ < E < 180

1-
00 < E
90 - (180 - $) < E < 180

1-
< ..:: 180
0 < $ <90
of
for Switch
- ) < E1 ,2.180
-< 1::1 < 90 + $
0 _< El < 90
90 < ..::
lead
90 < $ ,2. 180
.::. El < 90 + (180
0
- <1
~2
C'
+ <p
< 90 0
90
- (180
90
<
-
<
_< E2 < 90 + (180 .:.. cb)

90
0
_< El < 90 - (180
0 <
- 1::2 < 90
I
0
+ $ < 1::2 ..::

0
- $ < E < 180
- (180
2-
- )< E < 18
2-
+ (180 -
< E2
..2. 180
26
2 3
THYRISTOR
For successful
c
(both
and
study must
provided for
ter or
the
) v
pulse must be
when a
thyristor and also the
gate pulse must not
provided.
These times,
provision or non-provision of
ascertained from
at which a.
the
pulses, can be
theoretical waveforms discussed in
previous sections of this chapter.

In Section 2.3.1 any
to a "booster c
to both in-phase and quadrature boosting.
Likewise v
in Section 2.3.2 any reference to a "bucker circuit" re

to both in-phase and quadrature bucking.
2.3. 1
con)crolling the
The gate pulses

thyristors of switch S1 are
to voltage VS.
ing of the
phase~controlled
with
Logic, derived from the circuit voltage and
current waveforms, is used to provide the gate pulses for

the thyristors of switch S2 and a careful examination
the
theoretical waveforms (Figs 2.2, 2.5, 2.6, 2 7 and 2 8) is

necessary to
sting va
conduct over
positive 1
(V )
the applicat
current (I)
thyristor 1.
vol
Thyristor 3 must
the correct log
Condit
of the
are again
of
thyristor 3 to conduct during the

line current, and the
negative voltage Vs
of
negative and
conduction
occur at any time after
the 1
s for
current goes
Va
i ve.
'"
goes
'rlhe
stor 4 are similar to,
27
but
of thyristor' 3"
2.3 2
For the
pulses
firing of the thyristors

controlled with
V8
to vol
thyristors
are
The
pulses
switch 8 1 are provided by logic
derived from the circuit voltage and current waveforms.

ing to the theoretical waveforms of Figs
2.3~
2.9
2 10, 2.11 and 2.12, thyristor 2 must conduct over the

period of positive voltage
the
Vs
itive 1
and
ing of thyristor 4.
current I
Thyristor 2 may again
be provided with gate pulses at
Vs
time
goes
conduction
negative and before I goes negative.
requirements for thyristor 1 are similar to, but di

180
2.4
those of thyristor 2.
USE OF A
TRANSFORMER
If the connection between two systems (V Q and V )

R
made via a power transformer, the shunt transformer T'I
Fig. 2 1 can be dispensed with
voltage obtained from a
iary winding.
diagram of
a s
to neutral tert
vo
VQ and
vol
. 2.15
Thyristor control produces the
. 2.3 can
wi,th the
wave~
the sense
upon revers
secondary winding of T2 the wave
an
where the
are
2.2,
of
required reduced
illus
in
(i e. the circuit can act as

vo
manner, quadrature vol
or bucker).
In
boosting and bucking can be
Fig. 2.15
accomplished by making use of the interrelationships

between the voltages on star and delta connected wind
of a three-phase transformer.
transformer connections
One possible set of
illustrated in the quadrature
voltage booster of Fig. 2.16, where the
line~to~l
tertiary voltages will be in quadrature with the line to

neutral voltages of the star connected primary and s
windings.
. 2.16
Quadrature Voltage Booster
THE CONTROL UNIT
A three-phase control unit,

vol
thyri
regulator, was built to produce
direct the
firing pules to the appropriate thyristors.

of
The product
ing pulses, together with the assoc
circuitry, is discussed in this chapter.
This control
was built so that a laboratory assessment of the

of the operation
the proposed system (Chapter 2)
made.
3.1
GATE PULSE DERIVAT

To ensure the successful firing of a thyristor the
gate should be provided with a high frequency train of

pulses with
rising edges.
If the first pulse of the
train does not initiate conduction
then more pulses are
applied to the thyristor until conduction is in

phase~angle
The gate pulses for the

thyristors, swi
and
(Section 2 .1 )
S1
2
S2 for
commercial pulse
is not
.2)
circuit.
cant
are
Any thyristor wh
led, switch S2 for
operation (Section 2.3.1) and

(Section 2.3.2), must conduct whenever
not conduct.
controll
are
The firing pulses
ived from the ci
current and vol
-thea
()
are
as
control
log
3. 1 1
Q
The
e control of a b
of thyristors
one
two high
each thyristor.
must be
These two
the re
A pulse train
the General
ring circuit (RIS54) produced by
ic Company ,,- Recti
Division (G E.C R.)
(Appendix 1) is used to provide
pules
This
circuit provides two outputs, separated by 180, of

100
~s
pulses with a r
time of 500 ns.
of
controllability between 15 and 165 is achieved with a

control signal of 5 V d.c.,
circuit is
ibed in Appendix 2.
the firing circuit from
firing
and calibration of
To
ec
thyristors, each
ly
ing circuit
output is connected to the appropriate thyristor of the

phase-angle controlled pair via a pulse transformer
(Appendix 3) as shown in Fig. 3.1.
1N4148
39R
,----Q
Thyristor
Gate
-------------------------------0
Thyristor
Cathode
Firing
Circui-t
Output
1N4148
Pulse
Transformer
Fig
3 1
Interconnection Between Fir

Thyristor
it
31
3 L
Re
ing to
2.1 and 2.4,
current waveforms VS ' VT
and
are
in the
contro
waveforms are
the c
the current waveform being

resistor.
istors.
All
by transformers,
across a
non~
The waveforms are then fed into type "710"
voltage comparators which give a TTL compatible output.

3.1.2.1
It
possible to have one set of logic which will control

thyristor switch S2
boosting.
both in-phase and quadrature
Referring to Figs 2.2, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7 and 2.8, it
can be seen that

per cycle
are two distinct conduction periods
each thyristor of switch S2"
During each
these four separate conduction periods there are di

relationships between the waveforms Vsr V T and I.
nct
In
Fig. 3.2 the waveforms VS ' VT and I are reproduced from

Fig. 2.5.
These waveforms are used by way of example and
any of the other four sets could have been used.

From the logical representations of the waveforms
Vs and VT in Fig. 3.2, it can be seen that one of the
conduction periods for each
thyristors 3 and 4 can be
defined by the
respectively.
'r
conduction
To
is
of length T.
identify
to
a monostable, producing pulse
The logical
conduction
sion M30r
logical express
used to
iod of thyristor 3
the second conduction period of

by
fol:'
ion of the current
thyristor 3, the log

waveform I
and
stor 4
M4 I
Vs
+ M3 I
Vs VT + M401
30
ion Logic
stors 3
are
by
and (3 2)
4
(3. 1)
logical
ly
(3. 1 )
VS0VT + M3"r
V
(3.2)
T + Mq, I
The circuits used to produce the log
( 3 . 1) and ( 3 . 2 )
in Fig. 3.3.
thyristors
The outputs of
expres
switch S2 are shown

TTL logic circuit give
a logic level '1' when the particular thyristor it serves

must conduct, and a logic level '0' at all other times.
One logic
3.1.2.2
circuit is used to control thyristor switch S1 for both

in-phase and quadrature voltage bucking.
of switch 8
Each thyristor
two conduction periods per cycle (see
Figs 2.3, 2.9, 2.10, 2.11 and 2.12).
how the
To i1
logic controlling switch 8 1 is derived u the waveforms

and r from Fig. 2.9 are reproduced in Fig. 3.4.
'V T
From the
logical representations of waveforms Vs and r in Fig. 3 4,

i t can be seen that one of the conduction periods for each
of the thyristors 1 and 2 can be defined by the log
sions VSI and vS"r respectively.
conduction
thyristors 3 and 4 are
to
ing.
thyr
.
I
To de
2 are
Thyristors 1
a commutation from
time
tch 8 1
take place turning thyristors 1
tch S2 will
2 OFF.
Each of these
ing into the region where
shown
at
the second
iod
conduction
tor 1, the logical representation of the current wavetr
a monos
producing pulse
M,
length
T"
To
Thyristor
3
. 3.3
Booster
Logic
35
t11 I---"=--!:---+----"--
M1
M I
2
Vs I + M1"I
Fig
3.4
Operation Logic
36
The
used to
conduction
1.
conduction
In a simi
manner, the
thyristor 2
by
conduction
thyristors 1 and 2 are
fined by
ions (3.3) and (3 4) respectively.
or
The circuits
+ M, I
(3.3)
VS'I + M20I
(3.4)
to
the logic expressions (3.3) and
(3.4) for the thyristors of switch S1 are shown in Fig. 3.5,

3.1.2.3
The
TTL logic output from the circuits illustrated in

and 3.5 does not offer sufficient power to
3.3
a thyristor,
and a high frequency pulse train is more desirable than a

ring pulse.
known as
For these reasons a
a "Microne" pulse transformer (Appendix 4) is used as an

output stage from the TTL logic circuits.
Using the circuit shown in Fig. 3.6, the TTL logic
output is converted into a 12 kHz pulse train.
trans
TR1
The
and amplifies the TTL logic pu
s on a
and the "Microne" pulse transformer, which

di
only
, outputs a 12 kHz pulse
input
it
the thyristor
not af
electrical isolation between

There
the
se trans
II
as a pulse
is
Although the "Microne"
connect the
pulse,
1 TTL
the
trans
(Appendix 3)
output to the thyristor.
a
to
vS
o-----l1
V "I
S
- - -
V I+MI
To
tor
1
vS . I
I
To
istor
2
M"L. I
3* 5
Bucker Operation
+15 V
15R
1K
390R
0.001
100
ov
2K2
1---1-00
INPUT
TR1
PN3643
Non-Inverting
Buffer
Cathode
+ 0--+---1
"HICRONE"
,,3.., 6
OUTPUT
ov
C1
"Microne
Pulse Transformer
Transformer 1N4148
Gate
39R
~T~HE~~~~~~~~~~~V~O~L~T~A~G~E~~~~~
3.2
unit,
regulator shown in
built to control
3.7(a) and (b), has been
switching
of thyristors per phase.
istor~controlled
two
The unit is
to
in conjunction with an 8.25 J<:VA th
three~winding
transformer (Appendix A5.1) and
series transformers
(Appendix A5.2), where the tertiary voltage
used
to control the secondary voltage of the 8.25 kVA

transformer.
Typical per phase connections for the
three-phase transformer, series transformers and control

unit are shown in Figs 2.15 and 2.16.
The three-phase control unit shown in Fig. 3.7(a)
consists of three identical single-phase control units.
The operation of anyone of these units is completely
independent of the other two, and the following
description
the unit
only to each single-phase
unit.
The thyristors in each back-to-back pair, 8 1 and
8 2 , are rated at 25 A rms and are type 10RC60A manufactured
by International Recti
back-to-back
Both thyristors of each
are mounted on p but
, a s
of
heatsink and
with the two pulse transformers,

In
all e
the G.E.C.R. firing

voltage
transr~rmg
cally i
s
mounted on ilVero ll
components, with the exception of

ts, power supply and reference
, are mounted on "Verol!
easily removed from the rear of the cabinet.
and are
f 1
THfR'STOR CONTIlOl.lO
VOl. IAGE flfGUl.ATOR
-_.
,-
.,
..
..
..
..
Fi g. 3. 7 (a)
The Thyristor-C ontrolled Volt a ge Regu lator - F r o n t Vi ew
+=
o
Fi g . 3.7 (b )
The Th y risto r- Contro ll e d Vo ltage Re gulator - Re a r View
There
va
terminals for
a 38 V or 66 V
of Figs 2.15 and 2 16
norma
used as
tor
e-angle
switch (Section 3.1.1)
38 V
or 66 V
input vo
transformed into a 200 V rms centre tapped

directly to theG.E.C.R. firing
The pairs
are
terminals lab
the input terminals for the corresponding waveforms, which

are isolated from the main
by transformers and used
to determine the logic for firing the log

thyristors (Section 3.1.2).
with the +14 V,
control
These three inputs, together
+5 V and -5 V power supplies for the
which is
integrated circuitry are routed to the mode swi

a four position eight pole switch.
provision has been made
accommodated.
In each control unit,

to be
up to four logic
ng of the
These logic boards control the
appropriate logic controlled thyristor
tch, and each of
the four mode switch positions corresponds to one of these

logic boards.
As each position of the mode
, the input waveforms Vs

power suppl
For
.us
and the log
VT and
s are routed to the appropriate logic
mode 1
are
only two mode
ent
voltage booster
ion.
and
The remaining two poles on

logic board
route the two outputs
the mode
of
3.5 for the log
(see Figs
to two
(Fig. 3.6)
tch
. The
IIMicrone li output
length (T)
each
rnonos~cable
1 and
(Figs 3.3 and 305)

component
by a
the resistance
the
e timing c
Timing components
to
T from 1.5 to 15 ms.
The
a two
switch which switches the
and
controlled firing pulses between thyr

S2"
to
switches 8 1
diagram showing
Fig. 3 8 is a
boost/buck switch,
duplicated again to cater
connection shown is
both the positive and negat
fi!ing pulse connections to the pulse transformer .
...------0 To
To Th 40---------_8
Th '1
_-----oFrom "Microne"
Output 1
...- - - - - o T o Th 2
To Th
'1>=------0
To Th
20---------.
_ - - - - - o T o Th 3
"""'-----0
To Th 1
From "Microne"
Ou t put 2
0--------_.
From G"E"C"R"
Output 2
e---------QTo Tb 4
-,---------0
From G.E.C.R.
Output 1
I
BOOST: BUCK
.8
Boost/Buck Switch Connect
The d e l
phase~angle
adj
production
which
the
1 and 2) is
firing pulses
via the multiturn helipot, and an ind
the f
ing angle
is given on the meter
(in
mounted on the control unit.
Use
multi turn ,hel

ay
allows fine adjustments to be made to the
ang
of the phase-angle controlled thyristor switch.
Fig. 309
is a graph showing the firing angle delay plotted
helipot readingi where a reading of 10 corresponds to

ad. c. level of -5 V and a reading of 0 corresponds to a
d. c. level of +5 V.
180
160
Firing
Angle
Delay
(degrees)
Helipot Reading
.39
Firing Angle
ly, cons
the operation
the
was
vol
booster.
thyristor
icularly
The turn OFF of the
ng
the
tch 8 1 triggered the conduction
alternate thyristor
ng in the tert
of the three-phase transformer being

the conducting thyristor of switch 8
alternate thyristor
turns OFF the

and any rapid change
forward-bia
of this forward anode to cathode voltage can produce a

transient gate current (Ramshaw 1973) resulting in the
alternate thyristor turning ON.
To overcome this problem
and lower the rapid changes in voltage across the thyr

both snubbers and
tors,
reactors were introduced into the
circuit.
Each snubber consists of a series
resistive~
capacitive network connected across each

thyristor pair.
This technique for lowering the rapid
changes in voltage across the thyristors relies on the

integrating ability of the capacitor.
The low tertiary winding leakage reactance, as
measured by standard short-circuit tests, of the
transformer results in very short commutation times
in vol
consequent rapid
The addition
thyristor
across
thyristor
reactor, bet,ween the two
the commutation times and

the rapid voltage changes.
thereby
In the following discussion of protection, any

devices re
Internal
to are those shown
Figs 2.1 and 2.4.
which cause the maloperation of the

switching sequences must
cleared by
open~
46
circuiting the winding

circuiting the
T1 and
winding of -the
es trans
Shorting the secondary winding of T2 avoids
T2 "
magnetising current, which cause s

and endanger insulation.
Any internal faults causing the simultaneous
conduction of both thyristor switches and consequent
short~
circuiting of the transformer winding T1 require the

provision of fast-acting
thyr
Water
were used
tor protection in the thyristor-controlled voltage
regulator and they were placed between switch S1 and

transformer T1 on each phase.
Fai
of a thyr
circuit across the device.
normally results in a shortIf such a
lure occurred in
either of the thyristors of switch S1' then the
fast~acting
fuse would IIblow" as soon as the appropriate
istor
switch S2' causing the winding of T1 to be short-circuited,

was fired.
Assuming the proposed circuit was operating in
a booster mode, the logic (Section 3.1.2.1) would ensure

that only the thyristors of switch S2 were fired, leaving
the transformer winding T1 open-circuited.
of one of
Should a failure
ng
thyristors of switch S1 occur
as a voltage
fault (Le"
,upon
the "blowing'!
the
fuse) . the
S2 must
be triggered at the current waveform (I) zero crossings,

ircuiting the secondary winding of the ser
transformer T2
inherent
1
the
Provision of this type of protection
not
3 1 2 2 ) and
it log
protection logic is neces
device (n.b. this
sca
was not considered a necessary
L!
of
project).
ts
II
the thyristors
bot,h
sa
as soon as ,the
bucking operation,
"blows" the
switch
winding T1 is
the secondary winding of T2
open~circuited
short-circui
and
by the
iled thyristor.
Provision
was not considered
protection against external faults

for the thyristor-controlled
voltage regulator described in this chapter.

full scale device would require th
Upon the detection
However a
type of protection.
an external fault the thyristor switch
8 1 can immediately be blocked, leaving the switch 8 2 to

withstand the fault current (i.e. only the thyristors of
switch 8 2 need be rated to withstand the fault level on the
secondary side of the
transformer) .
48
CHAPTER 4
THE
The mathematical model developed in

ifically formulated to cater for res
and thyristor circuit elements only.
three circuit
is
tance, inductance
Built up from these
ements, a mathematical model is defined for
each of the relevant system components.

Limitations are imposed on the way in which these
tem components may be interconnected
This is done to
increase computing efficiency and does not severely re

the representation of system configurations.
In the analysis diakoptical tearing techniques are
applied to the various elements and
sub~networks.
This
enables that portion of the network affected by topology

changes, due to thyristor switchings, to be isolated
the remainder of the system.
A state-space approach
used in the analysis of
the system equations, thus allowing

both
and non-l
a unified treatment
elements.
The
are solved by numer
state
integration.
tem components such as filters to be
To
modelled, a more complex mathematical model which includes

as well as res
c
mathernat
, inductive and thyristor
ements, is developed in Appendix 6.

model
This
included because the computer
, to
to include
discus
in
5, has
these
ements.
programme has been written in this way

in the analysis
4 1
can
other than
study.
COMPONENT
The
1.
so l:hat
conf
those discussed in this
The
system components are:
The a.c.
system~
the individual components of the a.c.
system may not be of particular importance, but

overall combined effects are.
2.
Thyristors; the bistable action of each individual

thyristor must be represented to enable an accurate
simulation
3.
thyristor switching.
Transformers; the transformer model must accurately

represent
fects such as phase shifts and neutral
earthing which are inherent in the various
three~phase
transformer connections.
4.
Transmission lines; transmission lines are normally
"
operated under balanced conditions and a "

representation is therefore quite adequate.
4. 1 1
an a.e
Normally
The simple equivalent circuit of Fig
accurately an a.c.
tern to
is of an inductive nature.
low-order harmonic
impedance Z
power
+ jWL s ' can there

at
sing
4.1, where the source

be used to
frequency.
Fig
4.1
Simple A.C. System
However
over a range
is 0
ent a
to
frequencies.
g. 4.2 illustrates an
alternative equivalent circuit which has been proposed by

Bowles (1970) and maintains an almost constant impedance
angle for
low~order
harmonics.
of Fig. 4.2, Rs and
For the equiva
are chosen to give the
source impedance Zs' and Ra is determined by the

impedance angle at fundamental frequency.
Fig
4.2
4. 1 2
L /2
s
A C,
lU
entation
stors
The thyristor
s a basic bistable
and
state cannot be deduced in every case

sent values of voltage and current at
51
some
is known
A simple digital model of a
lude
istor must
table
ed a
(1973) have
model which
th
and employs a
minimum of input functions, whose values are usual

required
other purposes within the digital simulation
The state of each thyr
is determined at the beginning
of every integration s
, and the current through the
thyristor is then calculated assuming this part

state throughout the complete integration step.
this current
The value
then used to indicate the state
thyristor for the next integration

the following
The thyristor model

information:
anode to cathode voltage (V ) , at logic

AK
"1
'0' for
for a forward-biased device and logic 1

a reverse-biased device.
anode to cathode current (I
), at logic level '1'
holding current
than
when the current is

and logic level '0
AK
when it is less than
holding current.
ing state (D) immed
the thyristor
; at logic
to the
ON
the
'1
at logic level '0' when the
OFF.
of
logic level '1' and the
(G)
is indicated by
by logic level
0'0
The
ent state (P) of the thyristor
given by the
lowing
thus
sion
4.1.3
The traditional transformer equivalent c

(Say 1958) is not suitable
dynamic
analysis, because dif
transformer connections
different impedances to
components of current and
the phase shifts inherent in the different connections

need to be represented.
A
single~phase
can
three-winding
represented by three magnetically coupled coils as shown

by Fig. 4.3.
M12
I1
12
R2
R1
L2
I
L1
R3
I3
V3
L3
Fig. 4 3
Three~Winding
Transformer
Using an impedance formulation, the relationships

between terminal va
by the
lowing
and winding currents are given

equation:
Since
Z11
Z12
Z13
Z21
Z23
Z31
Z32
Z33
trans
(l~
1)
s are not
relative motion with respect to each other or to any

other magnetically coupled ci
the impedance matr
must be symmetrical about the diagonal (Le. Z12 ::;; Z21

Z13 ::;; Z31 and Z23 ::;; Z32).
The matrix equation (4.1) can
therefore be rewritten in the following form:
o
d
(4.2)
The single-phase transformer model depicted by

matrix equation (4.2) produces a magnetising current which
based on the assumption
linear core magnet
ation.
It is possible to cater for non-linearities in the core

magnetisation (i.e. saturation) provided the relationship
between the equivalent circuit and the magnetising
characteristic
of
former
established.
non~
However, the introduction

beyond
a 1
core
scope of this
is assumed
throughout.
, three-phase three-winding transformers
In
can
by
There is however
concerning
not
1 9 x 9 impedance matrices.
cal di
iculty in obtaining data
e mutuals, because manufacturers have

to
such
Even when
, it was found to be
was ava
imposs
9
to model
as a full
9 impedance matrix.
This was
the
of
formulation
(see
inductance
equation (4.15)), and the tight
coupled windings
an ill-conditioned (Conte 1965) inductance matrix which was

impracticable to invert
Consequently all three-phase
transformers are
as being three independent
single-phase trans
coupling terms
(i.e. there are no interphase

the impedance matrix).
This is an
accurate representation for transformer banks of singlephase units and reduces the equations to three independent
sets, one representing each phase.
To implement this coupled circuit model of the
transformer, accurate determination of the self and mutual
impedances
required (the determination of
impedances
discussed in detail in Section 6.3.1).
When these impedances have been obtained, any effects such

as phase shi
and neutral earthing are automati
ly
catered for by the terminal connections.

sion Lines
4. 1 .4
are normally operated with
Transmission
Although
equilaterally,
lines are not
and may not be
ssymmetry is slight, and

considered to be balanced.
current
than 80 km long) the total
phases can be
The importance of
and
1
, the
stributed
with the
but for short lines (say less

susceptance is
55
lly so
(stevenson 1962).
may be
di
, a
ssion
as
can
a simple, lumped, constant impedance, because

no di
, as
as measurements at the ends
the
line are concerned, whether the parameters are lumped or

uniformly distributed.
The lumped parameter per phase
representation of a transmission line is illustrated in

Fig. 4.4.
R
vs
Fig. 4.4
Where V
Per Phase Transmission Line Representation
and V
are the voltages at the sending and
receiving ends of the line respectively, I

current and the line impedance Z
R + jwL.
the line
Therefore
the transmission line model can be represented by the

following equation:
=:
4.2
+ IZ
IS
The most
approach
the solution of
elements
containing non-linear
1
treatment
non-l
circuit elements.
1977 )
both 1
This
56
Linear
currents are
variables
winding
s are assumed, so
which are
to winding
purely
The currents and

are
. resistors
are non-state
and
voltages
asso
(winding
currents can be obtained from the state variab

fluxes).
The following two
determine the
branch currents and node voltages of a network containing

inductive and resistive elements:
1.
Topological constraints; the way
which the branches
are interconnected.
2.
Algebraic constraints;
ic electric network laws
such as Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws.

So long as both of these sets of constraints are
fied
is theoretically possible to solve the equations

irrespective of the method
4.3
solution.
ELECTRIC
It is assumed that the network has n nodes
interconnecting r
branches.
stive, 1 inductive and y thyristor
The following assumptions are also made
concerning the interconnection of these

s are
res
3.
on the connection of
are no restr
inductive
to the
r resi tors.
or
2.
s:
which may include resistances
and sources
m. f
Thyristor
s must
to the
point or to an
connected
ther di
57
4.
e.m.f
sources are defined as
the direction
in
current
4 3.1
It
computationally
branch
to use
formulation and subdivide the nodes
to the type
of branches connected to them.
nodes
connected to at least one res
y nodes -
tive branch
connected only to inductive branches.
nodes - connected to at least one thyristor branch.

Since the topological changes are mainly caused by
thyristor switchings it
the 15 nodes,
convenient to def
y node.
which are a special type
A conducting thyristor
as a short-circuit, thus converting two 6 nodes
is
as
into a y node and a non-conducting thyristor is

two y nodes
an open-circuit, converting two 0 nodes
Although the 0 nodes do not figure in the formulation they

fected by thyristor
are useful to identify which nodes are

switchings during the dynamic simulation.
'
1 rna tr1ces
T h e topo I og1ca
KT
rn
node incidence
an d KTIn are the
resistive and inductive
of
these
branches respectively.
s is
T
K..
1J
+1; if
if
~1;
:=
as
0; if
It is convenient to
anch i
end
receiving end of branch i.

to branch i.
not
the topolog
to node types as
58
KT
rn
[ KT
r(3
KT
ry ]
KT
In
[ KiB
KTly ]
KT
ry
and from the definition of y
4.3.2
4.3.2 1
Fig. 4.5
Resistive Branch
For each individual resistor
lowing
relationship applies:
==
V.
V.1.
:;
1.J
When all r resistive branches and n nodes are considered,

the following matrix equation can be written:
""
(LL 3)
is the branch resistance matr

Ir
is the vector
res
is
node
vector
currents, and
4.3.2 2
g. 4.6
Inductive Branch
For each individual inductive branch the
lowing
relationship applies:
::::
and since Lb Ib :::: W , where $b is the winding flux

b
=
When
1 1 inductive branches and n nodes are cons
the following rna
equation can be
written~
(4.4) .
the vector of inductor fluxes,

El
is the vector
e.rn.f. sources in
inductive branches,
the inductive branch resistance
vector
inductor currents.
4.3.3
of current sources, Kirchhoffis
In
current
gives:
(IL 5)
60
(4.5)
o
From which
K
In
vector of
to obtain an
(V
e),
( 4. 7)
for the vol
equation (4.3) is first
partitioned form.
Premultiplying this equation by KSr' noting that K~y
and using equation (4.6) leads to the following express

::
K
I
or
where
::::
Vs
( 4 8)
-R(:H3 KSI II
-1
-1 KT
RSS :::: KSr R rr ri3
for
sian can be obta
Similarly, an
voltage vector of y nodes (V ) as follows

y
Premultiplying equation (4. LI)
pa
sian
ianing
yl
11
Using
(4 7)
(i.e
noting
are cons
-1
Lyy
(lL
III)
:::::
VI as
T
El + Kll3 Vs
Equation (4 .9) can now be

Vy
) v
-1 T
KYlLllKlY
Defining the ancil

VI
unchanging with
T
KU~V8
-L, K
yy y
Vy
where
to
;;::::
(4.10)
Rll II
sed more simply as
-1
(4.'11)
-LyyKYlLllVl
4.3.4
Using the flux linkages
(~ll)
state variables
as
and node subdivision described in Section 4.3.1, the rate of

change
the state variable (equation (4.4) can now be
expres
as follows:
(L~.1
Using equation (4.9) to eliminate Vy
CUll
where U
KT L K
Iy yy yl
a unit matrix
(4 8) to
Using
d(~
[El +
iJ
SV B
l~
iminate Va
MIl [El
R~lIlJ
UI,~13)
where
MIl
Finally
equation (4.13) in
-1
and remembering that II = Lll~ll
4.4
SOLUTION OF
Because of the thyristor switchings v the topology
undergoing repeated changes and the network
must
therefore be solved by a "single-step" method, which is

starting.
This
necessary because "multi-
Ii
methods require information from previous
and are
normally started by a "single-step" procedure.
The
frequency of occurrence of switching discontinuities means

that a "multi-step" method would barely get started before
another discontinuity occurred and the "single-step"
procedure was recalled to start the
s again.
4.4 1
state vector di
the
lowing
f(~)
Then using the

vector
at the
given by:
zoidal
=
(Darn 1972), the state
of an integration s
lJ!t+h
Wt +
"'"
h
'2 (f (Wt) + f(W t + h )
ituting
Wt + h
:=
(4.14)
h[-M R I
Wt + '2
1l l
1
lW t + h + Ml
Ml
lEt+~]
Rearranging and defining
=
the following expression results
(4.15)
Within each integration step

hand side of equation (4.15)
length h the
considered constant
therefore lJ!t+h is determined directly, without the need for

any iterative process.
4.4.2
The actual values of flux linkages (lJ!11) are in
general small quantities in the systems being modelled
The. numerical accuracy
the integration process is
improved by using WlJ!ll as the state variable, i.e.

II
4 5
-1
Xll(wlJ!ll)' where
DETECTION
WLll"
INUITIES
vol
the
in t.he
cause abrupt
The
to
in
and must
ate topological changes.
The thyri
turn ON is predictable since its
instants are decided by

the integration s
control system
length can
In
is case
adjusted so that the
ing
fi
a s
The
ng instant
re
vol
by 1
to the zero eros
, this
can be
for
ion (Appendix 7) without the
any
in the
s
at
An accurate turn OFF can only

expense of slowing down the computation.
accuracy
Sufficient
normally achieved by detecting the turn OFF
after it occurs and then using 1

determine the actual turn OFF instant.
interpolation to
The turn OFF
thus obtained is then used to interpolate for

variables.
1 the
65
CHAPTER 5
THE COMPUTER
A general flow diagram of the computer programme

which has been developed for the study of power system
shown in Fig. 5.1.
circuits involving thyristor
The programme has been written according to the mathemati

formulation discussed in Appendix 6 (i.e. capacitive
branches can be included).
Inclusion
the capacitive
branches makes the programme more general in

(e.g. harmonic
application
lters can be modelled) and it can
be used for the study of circuits other than those

investigated in this project
Examination
can
Fig. 5.1 shows that the programme
broken down into five basic processes:
(i)
(ii)
Data input and the formation of network equations.

Modification of the network equations whenever
thyristor switching occurs.
(iii)
Determination of the length of the next

integration
(iv)
. (v)
Output.
ses cons
Each of these five

subprogrammes.
ses in this
be
deve~oped
and
lity to the
a number of
The subdivision
allowed the various subprograoones to

independently, adding a
programme.
66
INPUT DATA AND FORM

NETWORK EQUATIONS
MODIFY NETWORK
EQUATIONS
DETERMINE NEXT INTEGRATION STEP-LENGTH
SOLVE NETWORK
EQ1UA']~IONS
NO
PRODUCE OUTPUT
STOP
Fig. 5.1
Flow Diagram
67
The only
on
any
resist
(a)
use of
programrne
t involving
and thyristor
ements are:
The
the various
branch element types must

(b)
A6. 1)
When thyristor branches are included the logic section

of the programme, which controls the switching, must
be amended
each new situation.
For this project,
the logic is designed to switch blocks of four

thyristors (i.e. two back-to-back pairs of thyristors) .
The programme can cater for up to a total of
50 branches and 50 nodes.
There is
so provision for up
nodes to be specified in the
to three independent
input data.
5. 1
A dynamic simulation study of a power system
configuration, involving a.c. system busbars, three-phase
transformers, transmission 1
and thyristor switches,
can involve a considerable quantity of input data.
This
allows the programme to form the required network

equations, control the integration
switching
any
conditions, which include the states

included
control the
and to output
simulation
information from the
also
length
Initi
any thyristors, must
input
5. 1 1
The
broad
input data can

as
lows:
into
68
list
information about each
individual
Control
used to
Initi
itions
from this
branch currents and node

5.1.1 . 1
is required
are
Branch
----------------each branch
A separate input
the network
The
contained on each card includes the branch number, the

sending and
the speci
end node numbers
current direction in that branch, the rms value of any

sinusoidal voltage source, and the impedance of the branch
(capacitance in farads, resistance
ohms, inductance
henries, and thyristors have zero impedance)
A second set
of cards contain the mutual inductances and branch numbers

fective.
between which they are
Each mutual inductance
has either a positive or negative sign depending on the way

in which the two branches have been wound.
The branch list data cards are input in the
following order:
capacitive branches
res
ive branches
inductive branches
thyristor branches
mutual i
5.1.1.2
Data:
...;..,,;;.-'---------~
integration s
inc
considered to be
rst control
When thyristor
length is
the integration
length.
maximum permissible s
the programme
card
length and simulation

in mill
the study, both

switching
The
the
ty, under
'l'his
69
certain cond
length.
, to
sown
An over-
must also be
if
equations is
(i.e
simultaneous
if capacitor
are
included)
The next two control data
thyristors are
The
need only be included

e has
rst of
information on the thyristor holding current and the
ring
angles of the thyristors, while the second card has a 1
for the
of the node voltages which are used asa re

firing of the thyristors.
The remaining control
are us
to specify the
output of information required from the programme.
Up to
a total of nine output variables (node voltages, vo
across branches and branch currents) may be specified.
5.1.1.3
conditions data includes not only the capacitor node
voltages (Va) and inductor currents (II) but also the state
of
thyristor (i.e. whether the thyristor
ON or OFF)
and their respective firing angles (in radians) up to the

f
the reference voltage
zero crossing
To obtain the init

the programme
1 condi
log
f,
Initial conditions, how they are obtained, and
the
in
simulation runs with the same
all
network.
control statement is
, which can then
to cause the
be us
data Va
ts
on the
il in
6.
the simulation are d
sed
70
5. L 2
Immediately
has been
in, a subroutine
and
through
nodes.
Once the node renumbering
complete the connection
in the solution (either equation (4.15) or equation (A6.30))

are formed.
Together with these matr
conditions data, the state variab
and
tial
s ($11 and Qaa) are
calculated and the dynamic simulation is ready to begin.

N~o~d~e~~~~~~
5.1.2.1
data
input to
in any order.
When the branch list
programme, the nodes can be numbered
A node renumbering subroutine identif
and renumbers the nodes in
following order:
a nodes
B nodes
y nodes
nodes
reference nodes
This makes
subsequent identification of any part

and eliminates the
node type a relatively simple

for sorting during later
ing
in
If thyristor
branch 1 s
from the
being reformed
When the
each thyristor switching only the 0

examined.
s
cus
switching
on the reformation
ed in
(a
et:. of y
ly this involves only a

to a minimum.
star
5.1.2.2
cases
ity
can
no
obvious
the
compacted without an undue amount of

is
It
es.
compacting
matrices, which only
terms (e g.
Some
l'
and C ), are easily stored as vectors.

cc
connection
ly
, which are
stored as two vectors in the following way
se, are
Since
1 ,
zero elements of a connection matrix are

first vector
used to store the column number together
with the respective plus or minus sign.
The second vector
used to store information about the number of

elements in each row.
In this vector the di

number of
each pair of successive entries indicates

non-zero elements of each new row.
has no non-zero
The
non~zero
icular row
When a
the previous address is
element corresponds to a fictitious extra
non~zero
entry in the original connection matrix indicating the end

of the final row.
As an example, assume the connection
Table 5.1.
Number
~
-1
Number
5
6
Tab
5.1
connection
Th
connection
can
two vectors
(KON and IR) as

KON
IR
5.2
MOD
Whenever thyristor
are included in a
network, their switching causes changes in the topology.

Subsequently these topological changes
the network equations.
The control of thyristor switching and
out
changes in topology and network equations are

from one subprogramme.
The flow diagram of Fig. 5.2
outlines the process performed by this section of the

programme.
four
This flow diagram is subdivided
processes as follows:
(a)
Determination of the variables for the thyristor

model from the previous integration step.
(b)
Interpolation for reference voltage zero crossing

pulses.
and the production of thyristor

(c)
Determination
state of
(d)
Topological
ion
which
tors.
5.2.1
This
logical
deals with the determination
four
, V , D and G) which are u ed

AK
ionship (Section 4.1.2)
ining the
stab
73
START
DETERMINE VARIABLES FOR

THYRISTOR MODEL
INTERPOLATE FOR REFERENCE

VOLTAGE ZERO CROSSINGS
AND PRODUCE GATE PULSES
FOR THYRISTORS
DETERMINE STATE OF THYRISTORS
'II
ANY
TOPOLOGICAL
CHANGES?
NO
""
YES
\'
MAKE APPROPRIATE TOPOLOGICAL

AND NETWORK EQUATION CHANGES
I
I
Fig
5.2
I
I
Thyristor
74
D,
r act
known
Be
st:or, i
state
computat
the
currents and
it must
tor can be
determined which thyri
have
previous integration step.
Once this turn OFF time
calculated,
and V
can
AK
found (V
AK
conducting thyristor) and a decis

the production
OFF
gate pulses (G).
the
zero for a
can be made regarding

The present state (P) of
each thyristor can now be determined using the logi

sion P = VAK0GoD + lAKD
Two
5.2.1.1
back~to-back
thyristor switches are normal
, in the present work, and F
us
in each
. 5.3 shows two such
switches and their associ

Th1
Th2
Th3
.53
Two
ThL~
Thyristor Switches
this
conf ig-uration,
istor
(I y > is calculated from the vector

currents (II) according to the flow
4.
The following notation is

diagram and for the explanation
individual thyristor currents:

(x)
current flowing in thyristor x

1 currents flowing
in inductors connected to node 0

The currents flowing in
stor 1 or 2
be calculated by applying
ff's current law to
node 0
1
i.e.
1, 2
currents
ace,
Similarly, if no commutation
by applying
flowing in either thyristor 3 or 4 can
Kirchhoff's current law to node
2"
x = 3, 4
thyristor switches is taking
When a commutation
1 or 2 are calculated
place, the currents in

using equation (5.1),
include the current f
i
(x)
5.2 1.2
flowing
the
equation (5.2) is modified to

thyristor 1 or 2.
in e
(x=2)
"'" 0
for x
:=
3, 4
(5 3)
Once the currents

1 thyristor have been calcul
turned OFF during the previous
by comparing their
currents
(5.2)
holding current (S
tantaneous
51.12).
76
NO
CALCULATE Iy (I) OR
(2)
USING EQUATION (S.l)
NO
NO
CALCULATE ry(3) OR Iy(4)

USING EQUATION (5.3)
CALCULATE ry(3) OR Iy(4)

USING EQUATION (5.2)
STOP
Fig. 5.4
Thyristor Currents
77
An accurate turn OFF time can only
at the
slowing
Suffi
is normal
a
turn OFF
by
occurs and
improving
interpolation (Appendix 7).
The
the
determination of thyristor turn OFF
shown by
flow
diagram of Fig. 5.5.

When a
number of thyristors are involved, as
for a three-phase study, one or more thyristors may have

turned OFF during the previous integration step.
This
necessitates determining the earliest turn OFF time.
The
turn OFF or earliest turn OFF time (if more than one
thyristor has turned OFF)
then us
to interpolate
all the other variables (node voltages and branch currents)

5.2.1.3
Thyristor turn ON is
predictable s
the production of gate pulses is
by the control system.
ded
In this case the integration
step~
length can be adjusted so that the firing instant coincides

with the beginning of a step.
related
The firing instant
to the zero crossing of the reference voltage, and this

point can be determined by linear interpolation
(Appendix 7) without the need for any change in
step-
From the time at which the

zero cross
delay
of
e
the spec
thyristors (Section 5.1.1.2)
determined and
At the beginning of
integration s
stors are
firing ang
iest
occurs
to
If this
the
to determine
cular f
ng
78
DETERMINE ANODE-CATHODE
CURRENTS OF THYRISTORS
HAS
MORE THAN
ONE THYRISTOR
YES
DETERMINE EARLIEST
THYRISTOR TURN OFF
TIME
DETERMINE THYRISTOR
TURN OFF TIME
INTERPOLATE FOR ALL OTHER

VARIABLES AT TURN OFF TIME
Fig. 5.5
of Thyristor Turn OFF
angle ()
is within some
actual angle (wt)
rance of
the
istor model (
set at 11'
4. L 2) ,
s are produced if
step-length) < wt < +
20 (max
(max. s
length)
5.2.2
Any changes in topology, caused by thyristor
switching, affect only a portion of
ynode-induct
branch connection matrix Kyl . Because of the way in which

the network analysis and problem formulation have been
carried out these changes in KYI are effected relatively
simply.
At the beginning of each dynamic simulation study
the programme forms a composite connection matrix.
matrix is bui
This
inductor and thyristor branch-node
up
, and an example of such a matrix is given in Tab
1
y nodes
0 nodes
Re
l
l
+1
+1
+1
1
"~
"lVI
~1
~'I
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
As
Thyris-cor
7
6
-1
5.2
es
Inductor Branches
4
2
3
5
5.2.
-1
Composite Connection Matr
dynamic simul
ishes which thyristors are ON
the programme
whi
are OFF.
80
with this
the
is ch
in
following manner.
which are OFF, any

are
stors
in the composite
So if it is
.6 and S are OFF
compo
For all
that
thyristors 7
connection matrix
9 are ON, the
changed to that shown in
Table 5 3.
Branch Numbers
I
1
+1
+1
-1
Node
Numbers
+1
-1
+1
Table 5.3
+1
+1
4
5
+1
-1
Modified Connection Matrix I
Next the programme examines the connections of

remaining thyristor branches of the modi
matr
Table 5.3 and combines any rows which are

by a
Th
tor
is pos
as a
a conducting
4.3.1)
-1
-1
For
, rows with node
4 and 5 in Table 5.3 are added

in row 4 so that
modi
transformed into
matrix
and
matrix is
'l'able 5 4.
81
Numbers
+1
+1
~1
Node
Numbers
+1
-1
+1
~'l
+1
+1
Table 5.4
Modified Connection Matrix II
Rows 3 and 4, of Table 5.4, can also be added together and

placed
row 3 (see Table 5.5).

Branch Numbers
+1
+1
-1
Node
Numbers
-1
-1
+1
+1
-1
+1
Modified Connection Matrix III
Table 5.5
By
and
at
which rows have
a
the
can be found from Vy during the
the 0
of the network
In
example, node 5 was orig

g
Table 5.5, then node 3 now
as
to a
conducting thyristor
lly
now trans
row 3 of
node.
82
row 3
5,6
KYl is as shown in
are now two y
Inductor Branch Numbers
+1
+1
+1
3
~1
y nodes
2
7 and 9 ON
Table 5.6
If it had been assumed that only thyristor 7 was ON,

then rows 3 and 4 are combined and row 5, as the
node, is deleted.
This transforms the original composite
connection matrix (Table 5.2) into the KYl matrix of

Table 5.7, where there are now three Y nodes.
Inductor Branch Numbers
Y nodes
+1
+1
-1
-1
+1
-1
-1
+1
Table 5.7
as
, the
switching
new K 1
Y
of the composite
and
ing to determine each
e,
only takes place on a subsection

matr
the majority of
unchang!;3d.
stor
by the
<5
original
83
Any
to
stor
ly
formulation
in the
These
flow
of
are
to the
. 5.6.
5.3
Whenever the network under study conta
only
capacitive, resistive or inductive branches (or any

combination of two or more
e branch types) the
integration step-length is set in the input control data

(Section 5.1.1.2).
Under
conditions the integration
length remains unchanged throughout the study.

When thyristor branches are included in the network,
integration
the programme should be able to alter
step~
length, within some specified limits (Section 5.1 1.2).

This facility
that the
ing
thyristors occurs,
as closely as possible, at the beginning of an integration

step.
Fig. 5.7 shows -the method used to determine the
integration step-length.
The following symbols are defined
and used in the flow diagram:

thyristor firing
e::
wt
actual angle
HR
maximum
length < HR
HV
HC
maximum commutation
A maximum commutation
ion times,
length
length (HC)
def
stems studied, are
than 0.05 milliseconds in some cases)
START
FORM NEW CONNECTION MATRIX

KYI
,~
FORM NEW MATRICES

-1
Lyy
'"
-1 T
KYI Ln Kl y
Mll
"'"
ull
T
K1y Lyy
l<Yl
-1
IN EQUATION .(A6,30)
RECALCULATE
MATRIX ill
CONSTANT
r1
STOP
Fig. 5.6
Changing KYl
START
SCAN FIRING ANGLES OF ALL THYRISTORS

AND SELECT EARLIEST FIRING ANGLE ()
YES
STEP-LENGTH
=:
HR
STEP-LENGTH
WHERE HV ;:
HV
wt.
srrEP~
LENGTH
STOP
Fig. 5.7
Determinat
He
86
The
He ""
number
a truer
5.4
5 Q v.lhich ensures
occur during
entat
the
tern
is
SOLUTION OF THE
Once the
have
ial conditions (W t , Qt and
been established,
length (h)
integration
hence E + determined, then the matrix equation (A6.30)

t h
can be solved
the new state variab
Wt+h and Qt+h.
Using these new state variables, the non-state variables

can
shown in Fig. 5.8.
calculated in the
The way in whi
the thyristor currents (
) are
calculated from the inductor currents (II) is discus

in Section 5.2.1.1, and the vector of voltages at 0
(V )
8
found from the vector of vditages at y nodes (V y ).

in changes in topology
Any thyristor switching
which are mirrored in changes to the Kyl connection ma'trix

(Section 5.2.2).
If these changes to Kyl are recorded at
each switching instant the vector

from Vy ' s
can easily be found
a conducting thyristor
short-circuit
5.,5
Vo
modelled as a
4.3.1).
OUTPUT
Only those
control
programme, and all

they are no
les which are
the
ed
by the
5 {.1.2) are
are automatically dis
Normally each tenth
output, the only deviation from
is
START
,II
CALCUr~TE
STATE VARIABLES
1J!t+h AND Qt+h

FROM EQUATION (A6.30)
'\
==
1I
Xli (w1J!t+h)
,
V
a
-1
Xcc (wQt+h)
=:
+
Va
==
-R
aa
{K
e1
1
+ KS R- V )
r rr r
t
I
==
-1
T
Rrr (V r + Kr eVe)
t
T
T
VI ::: ~I + KlaVa +KIBV - Rll II
a
t
Vy
""
-1
-LyyKyl Lll vl
t
AND Va CALCULATED FROM
AND Vy RESPECTIVELY
,II
5.8
Solution
Network Equat
88
stor
occurs
then
of switching are
at
output.
wh
conducting,
thyristor
ang
also output automatically at

switching is detected.
simple method
a thyristor
This is a relatively
checking
and
the thyristor switching
sequences are correct.

The discrete information obtained from the dynamic
simulation can be used to obtain the harmonic content and
phase relationships
the voltage and current waveforms
Since the time steps used

generally equally
the dynamic solution are not
, linear interpolation (Appendix 7)
is used to obtain the approximate data at regular
So
This data is then processed by the Fast Fourier Trans

(Cochran 1967) and
discrete Fourier
b n (Appendix 8) are computed.
The Fast Four
and
r Trans
is an efficient method for computing the discrete Fourier

coefficients and takes advantage of the fact that the
calculation
these coefficients can be
iteratively,
ing in considerab
storage and computing time.

re
ed out
savings in both
The rms values (C )

n
each component of the compos
(n)
by the following re
are
ively:
Cn
, n
(S.Li)
"'"
tan 1 (
an
(5.5)
89
CHAPTER 6
DIGITAL
The computer programme discussed in Chapter 5 was

written in Fortran IV and implemented using
B6700 digital computer at the University
Burroughs
Canterbury
7 9 kilowords of core storage were
Computer Centre.
required for the programme.
Total array storage,
including the output and plotting subroutines, required

another 61 kilowords
core.
In order to cater for the harmonic voltages and

currents generated by
proposed circuit an integration
step-length of a few degrees of fundamental

(50 Hz) should be used.
shown
Experience
(Campos-Barros 1976) that a sampling rate which

at least 6 integrations per cycle, at the highest frequency
Assuming th'::it
of interest, is necessary for good results
is the 20th harmonic
the highest frequency
s than 167
length of
(1 kHz), a s
~s
(3
of
fundamental) is necessary.
Because
the
programme the
facility (Section 5.3) in
system configuration, vary
considerably
di
speci
thyristor swi
The computer simulated transformer
ing
v
an
length
in Section 7.3,
which
to il
th
on'~load
90
Th
so
some
of
of
time neces
The
inc
12
and 21 di
the maximum
as 0.12 ms
(2 16
fundamental) and
42 ms of real time.
simulation
Owing to the
changes (30 switching

three~phase
length
ion
topological
per 50 Hz cycle for a
system), the solution
maximum integration
proceeds with a
length of 0.12 ms and execution
times were within the range 485 to 627 seconds.
The
simulation of a typical three-phase system is thus expensive

as
as computer time is concerned.
savings could be made by compacting

array processing to a minimum.
No doubt considerable
s and keeping
This was considered to
beyond the scope of this project, which was concerned with

than
using the programme as an investigative tool

optimising its operation
Obtaining satisfactory initial conditions for a

particular system configuration involves a large proportion
of computer time.
Eliminating the mismatch which exists
between the sinusoidal waveforms initially assumed and the

actual distorted waveforms, to obtain good initial condi
data, is di
6.10
The
lity to
waveforms (Section 5.5)

the
6 2
test waveform, of
The
ty
idity, using a square wave
is harmonic analys
4.1 3) and its ability to
process.
, the
of trans
the mathemati
transformer model (Section

with
connect
trans
6.1
INITIAL
To
and
d
on 6 3.
are discussed
ini
condi
state of each thyristor)

cus
(inductor currents
computer studies
in Chapters 7, 8 and 9, the thyristors are
rst
removed from the circuit and the secondary winding of

series transformer is short-circuited (i.e. steady state
sinusoidal waveforms are
wh
rst assumed).
Two cases,
will illustrate some of the problems associated with

conditions,
attaining good steady state sinusoidal init

are described.
Case (a) - In-phase voltage boosting, where the
voltage of an 8.25 kVA 400/200/66V three-phase

transformer (Appendix A5.1) contro
the secondary
voltage via a 25/38 V series transformer (Appendix

A5.2).
The circuit is illustrated in
g. 6.1,
T1 and T2 are the three-phase and series transformers

respectively
the load, represented by voltage VL
and current IL v
power
Fig. 6.1
a series impedance
7.8 SI
0.9.
Sing
Line Diagram of Case (a)
with
Case (b) -
boosting, where the
main
trans
450 MVA,
is
are given in
and
14
is illustrated
9.1.
each simulation to
the steady
state sinusoidal initial conditions begins,

currents are assumed to be zero and
is
sconnected from
circuit.
1 branch
voltage generator
The instant the
simulation starts the voltage generators are connected to

circuit, and currents begin to flow in each branch.
Figs 6.2 and 6.3 are examp
computer runs done
of two initial condition
cases (a) and (b) respectively.
The three waveforms plotted in each of Figs 6.2 and 6.3

are the three 50 Hz secondary winding currents of
three-phase transformers.
Fig. 6.2 shows that steady state
sinusoidal initial conditions are

a 50 Hz cycle.
main
The waveforms
ss than half
in
Fig. 6.3, on the other
hand, show quite clearly that even
5 cycles of
simulation time, steady state sinusoidal initial conditions

have not been reached.
It may therefore
necess
to
extend the initial conditions simulation run beyond 5 cycles

and
up to 20 cycles or so.
involving a
Wi
t,
number of branches, this can
ive and computer time consuming
s.
The cost
steady state initial conditions can be reduced by

starting the simulation using a
length
state conditions.
ively long
ion
as the waveforms approach
6.2
Case (a)
Conditions
-~.
. 6.3
Case (b) Initial Condit
Once ste
state
idal initial conditions
have been e
can
into the circuit as shown
Fig. 6.4
reintroduced
Fig. 6.4.
The transformer and load parameters
this circuit are
the same as those quoted for case (a) earlier in this

section.
Now the simulation
restarted from the
sinusoidal initial conditions already established,

and the sinusoidal currents flowing in the secondary
windings of the
which thyristor of switch

conducting at the beg inn
initial cond
thyristors
ions input
fied as
The simulation is then re
determine
each
the simulation.
be
In the
(Section 5.1.1 3) these

ing ON and all others OFF.
with only the thyristors
of switch S2 conducting until a zero crossing
the
voltage is
and then
thyristor of switch 8 1 can

specif
fir
delay.
conducting
This
s is illustrated
6.5, where
(c) are the

wave
three-phase load voltage

(d),
appropriate
(e) and (f) are the voltages across the secondary
windings of the series transformers (VT )
Once one of
the thyristors of switch 8 1 has started conducting, the

switching sequence on that phase proceeds as predicted
by the theoretical waveforms of Chapter 2.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) 1 - - - - - - - '
(e) 10------,
(f) 1 0 - - - - - - - - . ,
Fig
6.5
10
40
Switching Initial Condit
97
As each
istor switching occurs, the
programme outputs
which thyr
which
s are ON and
so prints the
firing angle of
distorted
The
waveforms from this run are considered to

as initial conditions
further dynamic studies, on
the same system, when the d.c. component
each
waveform, as calculated by the Fast Four
Transform
(Section 6.2) drops to
s than 0.1%
the
fundamental.
Obtaining a set of realistic initial steady
state waveforms for circuits involving thyristors can
thus be every expensive in terms of computing time.
As far as can be ascertained, no formal study has been
made of the problem of obtaining initial conditions
data
non-linear state-space computer analyses.
Such a study may be able to determine a much more

ficient method than the empirical methods
ently
used and thereby make considerable savings in the

computing time neces
for attaining good initial
conditions
6.2
IS
To veri
mathematical
the validity of
the accuracy
of the harmonic analys
numerical solution
of waveforms as discus ed
Section 5.5, a study which can

means is
ver
ied by
wave 't'11ith a fundamental
50 Hz, as shown
. 6.6, was
as
test
Volts
,~
+100
..
o
0
20
10
Time (rns)
-100
Fig. 6.6
Test Waveform
To simulate the output from a dynamic simulation,

where discrete unequally
case
only e
t
coord
are usual, an
are
, and the
Table 6.1 shows these eight

programme used 1
neces
interpolation (Appendix 7) to obtain

The interpolation
produces 128
over a single cyc
ly time-spaced points
This "equal interval data" was then
by the Fast Fourier Transform (Cochran 1967) to
99
the discrete
coeff
(5.4) and (5 5) were

rms
(C )
to ca
phase
each harmonic.
Time (ms)
Volts
0.0
0.0
O. 1
+100.0
9.9
+100.0
10.0
10. 1
-100.0
19.9
20.0
0.0
20.1
+100.0
Table 6.1
The rms
Square Wave Coord

of
as a percentage of
harmonic were then expressed

Figs 6.7 and
fundamental rms
6.8 show the percentages of each harmonic present and their

phase relationships respectively.
Notice that because
the half-wave symmetry no even harmonics are present.

Four
ser
expans
the
fundamental rms
terms because
contains only
is an
function and us
the
programme,
by
(90.014V)
The
the input waveform can be

as:
4~0
(sin wt +
This Fourier
phase re
3wt +
s
ion
are
1
sin 5wt + , sin 7wt + .. )
a square wave.
by Kuo ( 1 966) .
with the
sed
Fig. 6.7
. 6.8
Amplitude Spectrum
WaVefOrIll
Phase Spectrum of Test Waveform
o
o
101
6.3
VALIDATION
The validity
transformer
model (Section 4.1 3) is

programme
the
the behaviour
var
when the
which correctly
the s
phys
transformer
connections
three-phase trans
To achieve this a suitable method of measuring the

transformer
and formulating the mathematical
model is necessary.
The measurement of transformer
parameters is discussed
Using
Section 6.3.1.
the 8.25 kVA
impedance parameters
transformer (Appendix AS.1), a number of dynamic

simulations are
in this section.
Various
three-phase transformer connections are used, enabling

a comparison between the physical transformer and
mathematical model to be made.
results
Discrepanc
in the
errors
comparisons can indicate ser
in modelling or, alternatively, give a measure of the

numerical accuracy of the digital solution.
Parameters
6.3.1
Consider a coupled circuit model (Section 4.1 3)

a two-winding trans
. 6.9
as
in
6.9.
Two-Winding Transformer
'102
two~winding
Analyt
by the
can be
trans
(6 1)
(Section 4 1 3)
(6 1)
To
determine the self and mutual inductances
in
to
(6.1)
ion is beyond the
required
of practical inductance measurements.
For this
reason short-circuit
s 'are standard means of obtaining
reliable figures for
leakage inductance in power
trans
Assuming that the resistance of the windings
is negl
in comparison with the reactance.
impedance matrix equation (6.1) for the

transformer can be
where
Z1
jwL
Z2
jWL
Z12
The
two~winding
as:
jWM 12
To determine Z 1 f
tage is
full
to winding 1
these
and winding 2
conditions
and L1 can
be
L2 i
similar- manner.
To determine Z12' voltage
winding 1
increased
1 full rated
determined in a
ied to
flows
'103
winding 2.
Under
conditions:
(602)
reactance)
:::
determined
so that Z12 :::

To determine all the
and mutual inductances of a
multi-winding
transformer, the
measurement is
open~circuit
winding and
each
the short-circuit measurement is repeated for each and

every pair of windings.
These "standard" open and short-circuit tests
presuppose sinusoidal conditions in both the voltage and
current waveforms.
Chen (1962) showed, using search coils,
that the assumption

invalid.
sinusoidal conditions is indeed
He also shows that the transformer parameters
can be more precisely determined using the

method, but because
the practical
of
fficult
inserting search coils this method was not used.

For the reason already discussed in Section 4.1 3,
three-phase transformers are modelled as three independent
single-phase units.
parameters are given
In Appendix 5 the per phase impedance

two trans
These impedance
in various dynamic s
are ca
which are
the re
II
open
resistance measurements using a
Transformer
6 3.2
Using
Table
transformer impedance paramet"ers of
.1 and the dynamic simula
programme discus
104
in
transTnrmiP
connections
are investigated
di
tri':tTIsformer
are
In each case
connected to a star
the
winding is
0.9 p f. load
8Q impedance
ary winding is open-circuited.
three sets
of dynamic simulation results are compared with

measurements
on the transformer.
6.3.2.1
Fig. 6.10
shows clearly that

terminal vol
primary, secondary and tertiary

are all in phase.
The rms terminal
voltages and transformer winding currents as calculated

by the computer programme and measured
the laboratory
are given in Table 6.2.
Measured
Calculated
ry terminal vol
230 V
230 V
7.69 A
7.66 A
115.5V
11S.7V
Secondary winding current
14.4 A
14.6 A
Tertiary terminal voltage
36.0 V
38,6 V
Primary winding current

Secondary terminal voltage
Table 6 2
The primary
lated
and Currents
rms Vo
winding currents, as
the computer programme, are shown
A Fourier analysis of
winding current is
formed by th e
two waveforms,
computer programme (Section 5.5),

the primary
Fig. 6.11.
that
secondary
ing current by 3
Primary Terminal
__~_,__~__--Secondary Terminal Voltage
Tertiary Terminal
Voltage
-160
o
(MI
Fig. 6.10
Star/Star/Star Volt
lSE:cor-os )
o
Current
Current
-10
- 5
-20
o
TIME
Fig, 6, 11
Currents
-107
se
and
pr
currents, was
out
measurement
on
e
ft
wi
the primary
shows
1 voltag'es is
6.12
shown by Fig
to
reduction
1/13,
Figs 6.10 and 6.12
son
the secondary terminal vol

delta winding.
to
by a
The rms
measured, are
voltages and currents, bot.h calculated

given
early
Table 6.3.
230 V
230 V
2 61 A
2.69 A
terminal vol
67.6 V
67.5 V
Secondary load current
8.30 A
8.59 A
Secondary winding current
4,58 A
4.90 A
terminal voltage
36.3 V
39.7 V
Primary terminal
age
Primary winding current
Table 6.3
Star/Delta/Star rms Voltages and Currents

pr
wi
Connection:
At the
The phase relationship

current, s
current
ing current
shown
beg
6. 13 "
of each dynamic simulation a re

in es.ch
electr
s
In
of
ci
e node mus't
is
but magnetically coupled to

ns 6.3.2.1 and 603 2.2 a
ent
_____-- primary Terminal Voltage
Secondary Terminal Voltage
Tertiary Termina
Voltage
60
-320
40
LLlSEC'O'OS)
F
. 6.12
Star/Delta/Star voltages
16
, ...._--- Secondary Load Current
12
~~____~-Secondary
Winding Current
o
-4
-8
--12
--16
20
Tlt'E (MILLJSCCX'iJS)
Fig.
6.13
Star/Delta/Star Currents
o
'-0
'j
node was
in
star point)
(i e.
circuit.
For
delta
winding a
so that
must be
voltages can
calculated
shed by
to
connection as shown in Fig. 6. 1.4.
These
resistors,
which have a high impedance compared to that

transformer
This is
, have
voltages and
the
ly no ef
around
on the
delta winding.
~__~r--Reference node
6. 14
Node
Re
primary and
ta Winding
winding currents, both
calculated and measured, are the same as those for

Star/Delta/Star connection discus
Fig. 6.15 shows the
secondary
relationship of the
tertiary terminal vo
values are given in
Secondary
6.4
and their rms
6.4.
Calculated
Primary
in Section 6.3.2.2
230 V
Measured
230 V
67.6 V
67.
20.9 V
23.0 V
ta/Delta rms Terminal Voltages
10
Primary Terminal Voltage
.-..
o
-00
20
)
. 6. 15
Voltages
6 3.3
Transformer
open and
, as calculated from
circuit tests and
(Section 6.3.1), give a
ently accurate mathematical
representation of the
investigation
measurements
the purpose
Phase
and magnitude of
voltages are automatically
this
terminal
by the various
three~
phase transformer connections and modelling three-phase

transformers as three
single~phase
units does not
significantly effect the accuracy of representation
11
CHAPTER 7
VOLTAGE REGULATION
Most electricity supply authorities are committed to

provide their customers with a supply which
within certain limits
Frequency control
maintained
both frequency and voltage.

taken care of at the generating source,
but the voltage control presents a much more complex problem

and not only involves control and correction at the
generating source but
points along the transmission
and distribution system.
To maintain the correct system
voltages on industrial and domestic supplies, it is now

variat
commonplace to provide means of on-load vol
on
the main transmission and base-load substation transformers.

In general, a tap-changer
maintaining a
provided on a transformer for
edetermined outgoing voltage where the
incoming voltage is subject to variation.
There are many
industrial applications where variable voltage

for manufacturing
requ
ses and typical instances where
transformer on-load tap-changers are used, are arc

electrolytic
chemic
manufacturing
esc
tap-changing techniques is
section
section
this chapter.
es
The
the proposed
variable voltage changer (Section 2.1),
on-load
obtained
es,
the
atory using an 8 25 kVA
transformer (Appendix A5.1).
The
voltage
this
'114
conjunction with
unit discussed
in Section 3.2, is used to

In Section 703
voltage.
results of a
the output
simulation p where
a 30 MVA di
transformer is
controlled by two
back~to-back
thyristor switches per phase
is discussed.
s chapter concludes
an evaluation of
the proposed on-load fixed-tap variable voltage changer as

an alternative to
7.1
sting on-load
RESUME OF EXISTING TAP-CHANGING

In the
found it neces
days, if the trans
designer
to provide means of changing the
transformer ratio then this was done with a number of bolted

links.
When the transformer ratio was to be
the
tedious business of undQing nuts and changing over

became a necessity.
problem with this method
control was the need to interrupt the supply wh

transformer ratio was
involving the use of
changed.
voltage
the
Therefore a system
load switches was produced that
11 gave continuity of
lye
This off-load switch system used two trans

windings in parallel, each winding capable of
the load current for a
was provided with its own

When a tap
,t
was required one of the
was opened and the assoc

moved.
and each tap
switch and
off-load switch was

ion was achieved the
Once the correct

breaker was re-closed.
The
in~roduction
of the centre point reactor
of
115
the on-
was 'the
In many countries the

seems to
major developments over
(Stigant 1973)
onTap-changing
a conventional type
changer is accompanied by arcing at

methods
contacts.
place.
11
Various
to a minimum,
been employed to reduce
however, some contact eros
on-
and
contamination must
Roberts and Ashman (1969) suggest a
changer which combines thyristors and mechanical switches in

such a way that the thyristors relieve the switch contacts
of current making and breaking duty, and
mechanical
switches relieve the thyristors of any fault currents and

overvoltages when
tap-changer is not being operated.

prop6sals concerning thyristor
A number of
assisted tap-changers have been put forward over recent

years.
Examples
(1973a).
Musgrave
these are given by OiKelly
The quest to eliminate contact wear and oil

led to the development of tap-changers
pollution has
the vacuum
with vacuum interrupters {Fohrhaltz 1967},

interrupters are used in
the
thyristors
of
are still
of
The
swi
in
systems discussed means that
ternative
changing the
rat
is s
11 relatively slow
propos
and can only be changed

tap
on~
voltage changer has a number of

The thyr
only
1 the
tor
in proportion to the maximum pe
tches
116
regulation
the
for multiple
no
intervals
thyr
The proposed
s.
on~load
variable volta
changer is illustrated by the single line

F
7.1.
by
is only limi
Transformer T1
an 8.25 kVA
agram of
three~phase
three-winding transformer (Appendix A5.1), and the series

transformer T2 (Appendix A5.2) has a ratio of 25/38 vo
The load, represented by
a power
voltage V
and current
of 0.9 and IL is 50% of full load current
when no voltage boosting or bucking
(i. e,
taking
thyristors of switch 52 are switching at the zero

crossings of the current waveform).
Vs and IS represent
the supply voltage and current respectively
The vo
across the secondary winding (i.e. 38 V winding)

series transformer T2 is V ' and
T
the
is the current flowing
in one arm of the star connected tertiary winding of T1
Fig. 7 1
On-Load
Voltage Changer
Variable
-, "I
All 1
measurements
and phase angle are
using a"
A F. Power
des
ey 1977).
'7
vol tage I current:

ssey"
This
to measure the voltage, current, power
angle of selected audio frequency signals of up to 2.5 kHz

in a power supply network.
The instrument
a s
differential voltage input (maximum input voltage swi

125 V rms / 250 V rms)
and the current input (maximum input
current switched 1 Arms / 5 Arms) uses a current trans

which effectively isolates the instrument from the system
current transformers.
To monitor current, a
1n res
tor is
connected in series with a corresponding system current

transformer secondary as a safety precaution to prevent
accidental open=circuiting of the system current transformer
secondary.
The ratios of the system current transformers
in
the laboratory are quoted for a frequency of 50 Hz.

the thyristor switchings of the proposed
on~load
fixed~
variable voltage changer introduce harmonics which are

mUltiples of
50 Hz fundament
power frequency, a
on the frequency response of a system current transformer

was performed.
in
These frequency response tests are
in Appendix 9
conc
distortion through
The
i
cr
these tests
to
no detectable waveform
tem current transformer and that
the primary harmonic current, for frequencies up to 2 kHz,

in the secondary winding in
with
"I "18
7 2.1
The
Fig
7.1.
is shown in
If
ent
1 and e: 2
firing of
re
, the
be
thyr
of
at any time with the range cos-
The upper limit
165
S, can
0.9 < 1
~ 165.
controlling
is fixed by the
production of gate pulses (Section 3.1.1) to switch S1'

The appropriate thyristor
0 < 2 < cos -1 0.9.
time within the

two sets
switch S2 can be fired at any

Within these
limits on the delays 1 and 2 the following
control strategy is adopted:

cos ~ 1 0 . 9 < 1 < 165
E
15
::
(i.e. 1 is varied while 2 is kept constant at 15).

All oscillograms of typical voltage and current
waveforms illustrate a particular case when the firings
'
. h es S1 an d S2 are d
d by 90
o f thyr1stor
SW1tc
e I
aye
respectively.
The oscillograms shown in Fig. 7.2(a)
(b)
(c) and (d) show the supply voltage (V ), the supply current
S
), the load voltage (V ), and the load current

L
respectively.
of the
. 7.3(a),
(b) and (c) are oscil
current
wind
T1
terti
(IT) respectively.
The
not c
winding
the
the current in
the series
es
winding of the
across the
vol
show
1 the
waveform
inuities,
another oscillogram of load voltage where

are clearly visible
. 7.2(c)
Fig. 7.4
thyr
tor
(a)
(b)
(e)
(d)
Fig. 7.2
Oscillograms
Typical Supply
and Load Voltages and Currents
(a)
(b)
(e)
Fig. 7.3
Oscillograms of Typical Voltage V T

Currents
1 0
Fig. 7.4
Oscillogram of Typical Load Voltage
In particular
7.4
oscillograms 7.3(a)
predicted waveforms V and V

T
R
the
Fig. 2.2
7.2.1.1
Although it
not immediately obvious from oscillogram 7.4, the

fundamental component of the load voltage (V ) has been
L
boosted by
6%.
The percentage regulation of the fundamental
component of the load voltage as a function of the f

angle
81
in Fig
(while
7 5(a).
2 is kept constant at 15) is il

This graph shows that a stepless vo
+14,,5%
variation, with percentage
3%,
ing
lee
Point on wave control
a small
the fundamental components of
voltage at
and
terminals of trans
load
The
tion of the fi
1
boost has
in
ation
phase
T'I
ft, as a
angle e: 1 ' is plotted in Fig. 7 5 (b)
range +2.8 to -0.
Between
121
B
7 Sg
13
'1
by
the voltage
y 9%0
the major
occurs over a
This
vo
fto
16
_j~oP
o
(b)
-2
( a)
-4b-__
o
Fig. 7.5
__
20
40
__
__
__
~b-
_ _b -_ _~_ _~_ _~
60
80 100 120 140 160
Firing Angle (:'1 (degrees)
180
Load Voltage Var

(a)
Voltage Regulation (per cent)
(b)
gs 7. 6 to 70 '11
7 :2 1 :2
current
ly.
each of these
content
when
thyristor
by 90 and 15 re
~['hese
ly
076
11
13
15
17
19
17
19
Supply Voltage (V )
S
Fig. 7.7
11
13
Volt
11
15
Spectrum (001 A/ern)
Supply Current (
7.8
13
(V )
L
15
17
19
Spectrum (2.0 V/cm)
11
Load Current (
Fig. 7.9
11
15
17
19
) Spectrum (0.1 A/cm)
13
15
17
19
Across Secondary Winding of
Fig. 7.10

T
Trans
7 11
13
Current
11
13
15
17
Tertiary Winding
T1 (IT) Spectrum (0.4 A/em)
19
'1'rans
and current vary
of
fi
1
the
vol
vo
content
harmon
2"
the
load
and current
and current
in
are
and 7 13 respectively.
as a
s ']. '1
harmonic is
respective fundamental
of
and each current harmonic is expressed as a

the
current of the respective trans
(Appendix
.1).
5%
4%
3%
2%
1%
3
Current
voltage
Fig. 7.12
Maximum Harmonic Content at
voltage booster
point on wave
plus harmonic voltage
acts as a source
Fig. 7 13
that
levels
the
leve
harmon
predominant vo
5th and 7c,h are
current are 1
so signi
ted by the load
:LS
"
<C'
'"
as shown
'7. 130
'7 1
7%
6%
5%
4%
3%
2%
15
11
19
11
15
19
Current
Voltage
Fig. 7. 1 3
Maximum Harmonic Content at Load Busbar
A comparison
the harmonic content of
and load currents,
7 7
7.9
shows a larger harmonic content on

is caused by
Figs 7.12 and 7.1 ,

supply side.
from
harmonic current
The maximum harmon
winding current
of
content
the
sed as
winding current) is shown in
7.14.
It can be seen
winding current (
waveform indicates
harmonic current
the oscil
of ter
'7.3(c)) that the nature of

presence of relatively high
s.
ary
'1
14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
Fig. 7.14
III !J
11
Maximum Harmon
15
19
Content of
ary
Winding Current
at the
If the thyristors of
zero crossings
the current waveform and the thyristors
of switch 8 2 are not
en all wave
ng fired at
both current and voltage, are sinusoidal.
Under these
switching conditions, Figs 7.15 and 7.16 show typical

voltage and current spectra.
7. 15
11
13
Supply voltage (V s )
15
17
19
(0.4 V/crn)
'127
Fig. 7.16
11
(0.1 l\jcm)
Supply Current (
Figs 7.7 and 7.16 shows c
A compar
harmonic content of the supply current, which is due to

the operation of thyristor switches 51 and 52"
The supply
voltage spectra, Figs 7.6 and 7 15, show that the operation
ly result in
both thyristor switches does not nece
individual harmonic.
in the level
an
This situation arises out of the nature of the 400 V system

harmonics (Appendix 10)"
exhibit relat
50me system voltage harmonics can
ly large magnitude
ons over very
short periods of time (see Figs A10.1 to A10.11) and

therefore two spectra, recorded at the same point in the
circuit at different times, may be quite different.
When
the maximum supply voltage harmonics (Fig. 7.12) and supp

voltage spectrum (Fig. 7.6), with both thyristor swi
operating, are compared to
s (
harmonic
majority of
table
A10.1)
harmonic magni
typ
1 and pea.k
can be seen
are Ie
ofT ab 1 e A1 0 . 1 ( L e . 5 th 17th
the
and 13th harmonics) do so by a maximum of 0.25%.
by
1 1t h
It can
voltage harmonics generated
that
supply
than the
harmonic magnitudes which do
lis
at
do no
thyristor
ficantly increase those vol
harmonics
1 8
7.2.2
To act as an
one winding on
be reversed.
, the sense
voltage
es trans
T2 (Fig
7.1) must
In addition to this change, the
transformer is connected delta/star/star (Appendix A5.1)

to show the
harmonics.
fect of
winding on the triplen
Vs and IS now represent
supply voltage and
line-to-line
ly,
supply current
and I D (I S /I3) is the current flowing in the delta

connected primary windings of T10
If the angular intervals 1 and 2 again represent
delays in the firing of thyristor switches S1 and S2
respectively, the forward-biased thyristor
now
at any time within the range 0 < 1< cos
The appropriate thyristor

.
t ~me
switch 8 1 can
. h'~n th e range cos 1 0 . 9 < 2 < 1 65 0
Th e
0.9.
red at
switch S2 can be
w~t
lowing
control strategy is used:

::
The
s
10
thyristor
90
are
1 and 52
I asciI
re
7.17(a),
thi
(b)
the I
(0)
line supply vol
show the I
the current
supply current
winding of T1
are il
).
vol
(V S)
the
(V ) and current
L
Figs 7.18(a) and (b)
1 9
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 7.17
Oscillograms of Typical Supply Voltage

and Currents
(a)
(b)
7. 18
Oscillograms of Typical Load Voltage
1 0
7 1 9 (a),
vol
(b)
(c) are
across
winding
transformer (V ), the current in

T
of T2
the current in
the s
secondary winding
winding of '1'1
respectively.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 7.19
Oscillograms of Typical Voltage VT

and Trans ....
In
of
2.
7 1 B (a)
os
, the
are
llogram of a typical set
phase.
Currents
wave
ly by oscil
and 7 1 9 (a)
waveforms, c
"''rITlIO
ly showing
. 7 20 is an
load voltage
thyristor switching on each
131
Fig. 7.20
Three~Phase
Load Voltages
7.2'.2.1
rcentage
The
regulation
fundamental component
voltage as a function of
the load
e firing angle 2
(while 1
kept constant at 10) is illustrated in Fig. 7.21 (a).

Completely stepless voltage variation is possible, with
percentage regulation between -3% and -23%.
A small phase shift between the fundamental

s of
components of the voltage at the secondary
has been introduced
transformer T1 and
buck.
on wave contra
shift, as a
can
between
of
the
7.21 (b) and I
plotted in Fig
_4.8
tion
As with
in the range -0.5
a small (1 )
A
B of Fig. 7.21, vol

12% is possible.
to
(Section 7. 2 1 1 )
boost
seen
The
change,
regulation
132
Firing Angle E2 (degrees)
20
40
60
80
100
120 140
160
180
(b)
-2
.... .... A
-4
B ",,"" '"
... (
,\,
I '"",,- _._-<ifJIII'
-6
Io
I
I.
I0
-8
,,pi>
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
-22
(a)
-24
. 7.21
Vol
(a)
(b)
Regulation (per cent)
Shi
of Fundamental (
'133
7.2 2.2
current
and
c
are i
s 7.22 to 7,28
il
These harmonic
content for a
case when thyristor
are delayed
90 respectively.
11
13
15
Line-to-Line Supp
Fig. 7.22
17
19
Voltage (V )
S
Spectrum (0.4 V/cm)
7.23
11
13
Supply Current (
15
17
19
(0.08 A/cm)
'I 4
Fig. 7.24
11
13
15
11
13
15
17
19

L
Fig. 7.25
. 7.26
19
Delta Winding Current (
17
11
13
15
17
19
(0.08 A/crn)
'j
Fig. 7.27
11
13
15
17
19
voltage Across Secondary Winding

Tran

T
11
13
15
17
19
Current in Tertiary Winding of Trans
Fig. 7.28
(IT) Spectrum (0.16 A/cm)
vo
the
The maximum harmonic
current
current:
7.29
are il
7.30
of -the
as a
harmonic
component, and
e ra
circuit.
The
current harmon
for
currents
at
the
~I
re
) are
Append
A5 ')
rated
current
2%
1%
Line-to~Line
11
15
19
voltage (V
4%
3%
2%
1%
15
Line Current (
Fig. 7.29
19
15
19
Delta Current (1 )
D
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
Voltage (V )
L
Fig. 7 30
Maximum
11
15
Current (I )
L
19
'36
'137
of
current
contents, Fig
of
supply current.
(Sect
1 tr
As with the
7.2.1.2),
va
harmonic current inj
tertiary winding results in a

the primary wind
This
7629,
harmonic content
current
than in
load current"
illustrated by the respective graphs
and 7.30.
vol
7.29
Fig. 7.30 shows that the predominant load
harmonic
the 3rd.
Significant levels of 5th
7th load voltage harmonic are also present.
7.3
COMPUTER S
IVE TO
THE
a paper
The essence of this section is embodied

entitled "A Stat
Tap-Changer".
Alternative to the Trans
On~Load
This paper was accepted for
at the I.E.E.E. Power Engineering Socie
Summer Meeting
in 1979 and for full publication in the Trans
ons on
in
Power Apparatus and Systems, and is

11.
The bulk
the paper i
concerned with
discus
development
4
5 and a
proposed
computer simulation
var
e voltage
a 30 MVA
1.2 MVA
Typical voltage
simul
current
1, are
tap
on~
tribution
transformers,
computer
The maximum
and current
content
at the
and load
11), as
scus
are also
content of
waveforms are
they
in this
are now
current -to
conform with
7.2.2.2.
current
Sections 7.201,2 and
ts presented
The
ta connected primary winding and
load currents are 300 A

rated supply 1
and 1300 A
current is
respectively and
(primary winding current).
Fig. 7.31 shows the maximum harmonic content of both the

supply and load currents
and
A comparison of the supply 1

of
ly the
currents shows quite
delta winding on the. primary side of the main

transformer
harmonics.
eliminating
6%
5%
4%
:-
3%
2%
1%
II
35791113
Supply Line
7. 3 1
35791113
Delta
Maximum
Load Currents
II
35791113
Load
of
7 4
DISCUSSION
The proposed
on~
vo
changer has been shown to be a

to
of
on-
continuous vol
control
which can
is
only limited by the level of harmonic content

by the appropr
choice
the
transformer
Under reasonably balanced power flow conditions v

eliminated
most of the 3rd and triplen harmonics can

by trans
delta connections.
Is of the
If the
harmonics, other than triplen harmonics, are considered

unacceptable, some filtering plant may be necessary.
The relatively high levels of harmonic current flowing
the tertiary winding
the three-phase transformer (see
Fig. 7.14) will mean that the designer of a
11 scale unit
must pay partie
attention to the problems
winding overheating and increased iron
transformer
s.
7.4.1
For the on-load fixed-tap variable voltage
discussed in Section 7 2,
is necessa
trans
the sense of one of the
to reverse
windings to
and bucking modes of
accommodate both
If the
winding
transformer
to
voltages, with re
winding
a third
5e
se and
to the secondary
thyristor switch
boosting and bucking are

without the
Fig. 7.32
to
connections.
single-line diagram of such a un
vs
7.32
Comi':;!ined
Boo
and
o
The
switches are
tert
by 8 1 , S2 and S3 and
~VB
by +VB
of this unit as a voltage

requires the use of
S1
The thyristor switching sequence is the same as

ibed in Section 2.1.1, and the resultant load voltage
waveform
waveform VR of Fig. 2.2.
is identical with
Voltage bucker operation requires the use of thyristor

conjunction with
switches S2 and S3
tertiary voltage -VB"
anti-phase
The thyristor switching
lows
same pattern as was described in Section 2.1.2 and

a set
theoretical waveforms are shown in Fig
A comparison
7.33.
the waveforms V in Fig. 2.3 and V in

R
L
Fig. 7.33 shows that these are indeed identic
A unit, such as that illustrated in Fig. 7.32,

would combine the boosting and bucking voltage regulation
prof
which Figs 7.5(a) and 7.21 (a) are typical
examples) into a single range of continuous voltage

controllabil
waveform
simi
There
stortion
to those normal
can
, at the
I
of some
phase shift, voltage ranges
provided by
"14
-v B
VL
wt
I
I
I
I
I
I
Fig
7 33
82
Voltage Bucking with Combined Unit
'14
CHAPTER
(I
POvmR TRANSFER CONTROL
The flow of power over a transmission I

connecting two power systems, or two parts of the same
system, is inflexibly tied to the power frequency
ang~e
difference between the busbar voltages at either end of

the interconnecting line (Elgerd 1971).
System planning requirements normally decide
the nominal power rating of a particular interconnection,
and transient-stability considerations restrict the
maximum steady state power frequency voltage angle
difference to relatively low values
(of the order of 30).
These constraints are checked by load-flow stud
and
often, as a result of such studies, quadrature booster

transformers are added to produce a phase shift and thus
satisfy the specified power limits.
Phase shift is normally achieved by means of
phase shunt
with
windings
to
add a fixed quadrature voltage to each phase (Westinghouse

1964)
voltage boosting level
of
achieved by the provision of a

which are
Using
only
of transformer
by on-load tap-changing equipment.

on-load equipment the quadrature voltage can
changed
the pI;'ovision
at considerable
, and
control (i.e.
taps) can only be
/144
s with the use of the proposed

circuit (Section 2.2) as a means
of providing
ft and controlling the power flow
between two
Section 8.1 discusses
the power flow
, in the laboratory, by
operating the
Typical vol
in modes (i) and (iii)
c
e
current
as well as their
harmonic content are
In Section 8.2 the results
of a computer simulated
booster are discussed.
led quadrature
The
discussion of the use
concludes with a
propo
quadrature booster/
bucker circuit as a means of controlling the power flow

between two interconnected
8. 1
BOOSTING WITH THE THYRISTOR-CONTROLLED

VOLTAGE REGULATOR
The single-line diagram of
transmission line (T/L), with
"8.1 shows a
0.2 + j33.0 ohms
per phase, interconnecting two power
by their terminal voltages and currents V , IM and

M
Transformer T1 is an 8.25 kVA
three~phase
three-wind
transformer with voltage rating 400/200/66 V (Append

T2 (Appendix A5.2) has a
transformer T3 has a voltage rat
AS.1),
of
of 200/230V
represented by V and IM is the main 400V

M
A
ine wave motor-alternator set (Appendix 12) is

power system and it is represented by terminal
VG
current I " IL represents the transmiss

G
current, and the voltage at the booster bus bar is
Fig. 8.1
Single-Line Diagram of a Transmiss

Quadrature
System
146
winding (i De. 66 V
The vol t.age across the

winding) of
ser
trans
the current flowing in one arm

winding
phase angle d
the star
the power
T1
V , and IT
T
T2 i
voltages at -the
between
represented by V and VGo

L
Two cases are
e
direction, between busbars V
control
power flow,
to show that
L
and VG can be
by the proposed quadrature booster.

Case (a)
The busbar voltage V leads the busbar voltage VG
L
by an angle 8 and the alternator is operating as an

overexcited synchronous motor.
The
tionships between
VL , V , IL and 1G are illustrated in

G
(Fig. 8.2).
Since IL
vector diagram
lagging
the quadrature boosting at busbar V is of the mode (i)

L
type (Fig. 2.5).
8.2
(a) Vector Relat
'147
Case (b)
vol
angle
vo
and the
is
synchronous
by an
as an overexc
Fig. 8.3 il
relationships between V , V ' IL and

L
G
tes the
e the
transmission line current IL is lagging the busbar

voltage V and 90 < ~ ~ 180, the quadrature boosting at
L
busbar
is of the mode (iii) type (Fig. 2.7),
Fig. 8.3
Case (b) Vector Relationships
For both cases, the direction of pos
power flow;
which was measured at the booster busbar (V ), was as
to
from V to V "
L
G
All laboratory measurements of
voltage, current,
) were
Analyser {
ang
and
and power (both
A.F. Power
using a "Plessey" Select

sey 1977}
8. 1 2
ing to
. 8.1, S1 and 8 2 are two
tor switches with angular

respec'tively."
can be
The
iring de
ed thyristor of
at any time within the
90
and 2
tcll S1
+< 1 ~ 165
"148
angle
can
at
illustrate a particular case when

s S1
Figs 8.4 (a),
by 148 0
S2 are
(b) ,
(c)
(d)
fir
of thyristor
36 0 respectively.
show the supply
booster busbar voltage (V ),

sion I
L
the
voltage (VG ) respect
(a)
(b)
(0)
8.4
e (V )
M
Figs 8.5 (a),
(b)
(c) are oscil
across
winding
the current (IT)
owing
ser
one arm of the star connected
winding of transformer T ,
current
winding of the
vol
of
t.rans
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 8.5
Oscillograms of Typical Series Trans

Voltage and Transformer Currents
retical waveforms
8.5(a) with
Fig. 2.5
8.6 c
8.4(b) and ()
oscil
ly shows the
their val
scontinuities in the
se booster
busbar voltage,
vol
s are illus
ity.
in F
. 8.7.
the
50
Fig. 8.6
Oscillogram of Typical Booster Busbar Vol
. 8.7
Osc
of Typical Three-Phase
Busbar Voltages
151
8 1.2.1
8.8 to 8.13
V , 1 , V ,
M
M
L
typical harmonic
VG
These
the
harmonic content of each

thyristor switches S1
Variation
re
ts in a change in
s.
1G
when the f
wave
by 130
S2 are
ings
and 36
the firing angles 1 and 2

harmonic voltage and current
The maximum harmonic content
the voltage and
current waveforms at the supply, booster and alternator

busbars is illustrated in Figs 8.14, 8.15 and 8.16
respectively.
Voltages are expressed as a percentage of
the respective fundamental component, and currents are

current for that
as a percentage of the
particular part of
system.
(1
and IL are respectively
expressed as a percentage of the rated current of the

primary and secondary windings of T 1 (Appendix AS. 1 )
as a percentage of the rated current
and IG is
of the voltage alternator (Appendix 12).)
.88
Supply Vol
91113
17
19
1 2
Fig
11
13
15
17
19
Supply Current (1 ) Spectrum (0.04 A/em)

M
8.9
Fig. 8. 10
11
13
15
17
19
Booster Busbar Voltage (V ) Spectrum (2.0 V/cm)

L
3
Fig~
8 11
13
17
Transmission Line Current

'15
11
13
15
17
19
Alternator Voltage (V ) Spectrum (0.2 V!cm)

G
Fig. 8.12
Fig. 8.13
13
17
Alternator Current (I ) Spectrum (0.016 A/em)

G
3%
2%
1%
3
11
Voltage
Fig. 8 14
15
(V )
M
19
11
19
Current
154
7%
6%
5%
4%
3%
2% l1% i-
11
II
19
15
Voltage (V )
L
Fig. 8.15
15
7
11
Current (I )
L
3%
2%
1%
11
11
15
19
Voltage (V )
G
Fig. 8.16
A comparison
supply and
that the 1
(Figs 8.9 and 8.13 re

harmonic current on the
than those on
Comparing the maximum vo

(Fig
tor side.
current inj
nator current
are
lly higher
This is caused by
from the tertiary winding of
T1~
harmonic content at the supply
8.14) with the peak harmonic voltage levels
measured on the 400V supply (Table Al0.1), shows that only
155
the 5th harmonic vo

the voltage harmonics
not
peak
at -the supply
to signi
harmonic voltage 1
s a
The
8.1.2.2
stor-controlled quadrature booster of Fig. 8.1 causes

voltage magnitude variations as well as phase shift of the
fundamental voltage component at the booster bus bar (V L ).
ations are plotted in Fig. 8.17
The voltage magnitude
and these indicate a magnitude variation from

1
165
to +2.6% at 1
2.6% at
120 .
+4%
+3%
+2%
+1%
0%
-1%
-2%
-.3%
100
Fig. 8.17
140
120
Firing angle 1
160
(degrees)
180
Booster Busbar Voltage Magnitude Variation
156
variat
the voltage
the
Ie dif
al"ternator
Fig. 8.18
is shown
3.5 0 has been achieved
angle change
using the
(e)
outlined in
38
phase angle
36
difference 34
(degrees)
32
30
140
100
Firing angle 1
Fig
Phase Ang
8.18
(degrees)
(8) Var
Di
The forward-biased thyristor of switch 8 1 can be

fired at any time within the range 90
where
is the power frequency phase angle dif
e
ate
between VL and IL' when IL

thyristor
switch 8
thin the
at any
can be
lowing
strategy is
tigation of mode (iii)
the
ting:
90
( 180 0
2
(i. e. 1 is var
wh
~)
< e: 1 < 165
15
e 2 is kept constant at
"1
'157
All typical
current
a
8
case when the

and 8 2 are delayed
The supply vol

the
(V ) ,
M
ssion I
of thyristor
ively.
1 lt
voltage (V )
L
the
current
the
voltage (V ) are shown in Figs 8.19(a},

G
(b),
ternator
(c)
(d)
respectively.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 8 19
Oscillograms of Typical Busbar Voltages
and Line Current
Figs 8.20 (a),
(b) and (c) are
across the
ing of
llograms
s trans
ser
s
di
shown
va
rmer (V )
T
winding
current ( IT) flowing in the

T1'
the vo
winding
the current in the s

ly.
T2
ies in the booster busbar
vol
The
are c
ly
typical three-phase booster bus bar

are'illustrated in
8 22.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 8.20
Oscillograms of Typical S
s Trans
Voltage and Transformer Currents
. 8.21
llogram of Typical Booster Busbar
Fig. 8.22
Oscillograms of Typical Three-Phase

Booster Busbar Voltages
The validity of the predicted theoretical waveforms V ,

R
I and VT of Fig. 2.7 is confirmed by the oscillograms
8.19(b) and (c) and 8.20(a) respectively.
8.1.3.1
Harmonic Content:
Typical harmonic spectra

Figs 8.23
to 8.28 respectively.
These harmonic spectra illustrate a
particular case when

and 8
firings of thyristor switches S,
are delayed by 110
respectively.
The
are
supply,
illustrated in
, 8.30 and 8 31
maximum harmonic vol

as
and 15
Is of the voltage and current wave
maximum harmonic
at
of the same
Section 8.1.2 1.
tively
and currents are expressed

bases described in
160
Fig. 8.23
Fig. 8.24
Fig
8 25
11
13
Supply Vol

M
11
13
15
17
19
Supply Current (1 ) Spectrum (0.04 A/cm)

M
Booster
11
13
15
17
19
Voltage (V ) Spectrum (2.0 v/cm)

L
16 ")
Fig. 8.26
11
13
15
17
19
Transmission Line Current

. 8.27
11
13
15
17
Voltage (V ) Spectrum (0.2 V/cm)

G
'162
Fig. 8.28
11
13
15
Alternator Current (I ) Spectrum (0.016 A/em)

G
2%
1%
7
11
15
Voltage (V )
19
7
11
15
Current ( I )
M
Fig. 8.29
19
7%
6%
5%
4% i'"
3%
2% lF
. 8.30
7
11
15.
Voltage (V )
L
II
19
1
3
-1
7
11
15
Current (I )
L
19
16
3%
2%
1%
Fig. 8 31
i5
19
15
11
19
Compar
at
11
the maximum voltage harmonic levels
supply
voltage
peak harmonic
(Fig. 8.29) with
s recorded on the 400 V supply (Table A 10.1) ,
shows that none of the harmonic levels of

the corresponding listed
values.
8.29
It can therefore
at the supply
concluded that the voltage harmonics
busbar do not have any significant effect upon the

voltage harmonics already present.
The
8.1.3.2
voltage magnitude variations of
fundamental component
of the booster busbar voltage (V ) are shown in Fig. 8.32.

L
-4%
100
Fig. 8 32
140
120
Firing angle 1 (degrees)
Booster
Magnitude Variation
of
164
The
on with the
Fig. 8.17 for
mode (i)
to only 17L
a var
in
been
phase
us
33
di
( e)
mode (iii) control strategy
of Section B.1.3.
48
46
phase angle
difference 44
(degrees)
42
100
Fig. 8.33
160
120
140
Firing angle E1 (degrees)
Phase Angle Difference
(6)
180
Variation
8.1.4
All fundamental frequency power flow measurements

.both act
out at the
were
by V in Fig
L
fundamental
and
between V
with the
1977).
measurement
8 1)
cJ>
ter
cJ>
and
is
, is possible
A F. Power Analyser (Plessey
II
From thes
are
measurements
(P) and reactive (Q)
using the following
165
The
inti>
==
flows
modes (i)
i)
(cases
phase
(a)
shown in Figs 8.34 and 8.35

an
ly) are
(b)
ly.
. 8.34 shows
active power flow from 200 W to 232W (Le.
an increase of 16%) and Fig

power from
8.35 shows a change in active
242 W to -293 W (i. e. a var
ion of 17%).
260
240
Active power
p
220
(W/phase)
200
100
Fig. 8.34
120
140
160
Firing angle 1 (degrees)
Mode (i) Active Power Tran
er
180
'166
-220
Active power
p
(W/phase)
-260
-280
-300
140
120
Firing angle E1
100
Fig. 8.35
160
(degrees)
180
Variation
Mode (iii) Active Power Trans
The reactive power flows for both modes of operation

are shown in Fig. 8.36.
Mode (i) operation gives an almost
flat Q profile (a change of approximately 6%), while mode

(iii) operation produces a slightly
ing
negative direction) flow of Q as E1 changes from 165
110 0
(a total change of 19%).
react
power
can
to
in the
in the following
manner.
Let
of reactive
VG to ,the
by (
1971)
(QGL) from
busbar V
be described
-40
Reactive power
Q
(VAr/phase)
-80
(a. )
-120
(b)
-160
100
120
140
Firing angle
Fig. 8.36
160
(degrees)
180
Reactive Power Transfer Variation

(a)
Mode (i) Operation
(b)
Mode (iii) Operation
where X is the system reactance between busbars V and VG

L
of Fig. 8 1 (the resistance term being neglected) and
is the phase
between
For
, as
'120, the
at
ter
5% (see F
magnitUde is
(see Fig
1
8 18) over
vo
changes from 165
to
by
increase in vol
17)
by a
e in cos8
same
iod, resulting
change in the term vLcosS of equa.tion (8.1)

1
Ie change in QGL' and
"
Thus
"reactive power
'168
Ie of
, both
(see
8.
For mode (iii)
(a)
magnitude of V
L
cosB
B 32 and 8.33) as E1
from 165
(8.1),
Re
ing to equat
re
an
over
and this is confirmed by
g. 8.36 (b) .
Assuming a
to 110.
can be seen that
choice of thyristor switch
firing control strategy and operation in mode (vii)

(Fig. 2 11) rather than mode (iii) for case (b)
the
voltage variation, of the fundamental component of VL would

show an increase in magnitude as the phase angle difference
8 increased.
This combination of increasing voltage
magnitude of V with increasing phase angle dif

L
ence
would result in a "flat" reactive power flow profile

similar to that of Fig. 8.36(a).
8.2
COMPUTER SIMULATION - THYRISTOR-CONTROLLED

QUADRATURE BOOSTING
Using a 6.6 MVA (per phase)
33/6.6/2.4 kV
(phase-to-phase) three-phase transformer and 1.1 MVA

0.76/1.38 kV
s transl"'""..-m,Q
with the propos
thyris
, a computer simulation
ture booster
out to gauge the proposed
(Section 2.2) was
's abi
this simulation are included in
resu
between two
which has been
I.E.E. Proceedings in June 1979 and
publ
ation in the
reproduced in
13.
A
description of
propo
rcuit's
'16
in mode (i) is given,

experimental
are
model developed in
1 and
The mathematical
so
of
computer
scussed in Chapter 5 are also
Two di
control
es
switches S1 and S2 are used and
of thyristor
the
consequent
on
harmonic production, voltage magnitude and phase shift at

the booster busbar (busbar Vs in Fig. 3, Appendix 13) and
active and
of
pO'Vler flows are discussed.
The results
is possible to
computer simulation show
implement a continuous variation of phase shift and thus

achieve very fast power transfer control.
8.3
The results of Sections 8.1 and 8.2 demonstrate that

it
possible to achieve
control.
power trans
The
variation of the firing delays of thyristor switches S1 and

se to different control strategies, and the
S2 gives
maximum phase shift obtainable is only limited by the ratio

of the
transformer (T 2 in
causing
proposed circuit
g. 8.1)
, the operation of the
the voltage magnitUde at

tortion.
harmonic
8.1.3 show
c
The
the
harmonic levels of less than 1.1%

voltage at the supply
in
to
the active
(V )
M
and alternator
8.1.4 that it is
flow in either
'170
by us
the
(i.e. modes (i)
a combined
i .
quadrature
act
would allow the
power flow to
of
or
power flow
Such a unit is illustrated

tert
winding of the three-phase transformer

to provide both leading (+VQ) and lagging. (-V Q)
quadrature voltages, with respect to the secondary winding

vol
The addition of a third back-to-back thyristor
switch makes it possible to control the phase shift of

V without the need to change transformer connections
L
(i.e. there is now no need to reverse the sense of one
winding of the series transformer).
For the experimental system illustrated in
Fig. 8.1, and using the combined quadrature booster/bucker
of Fig. 8.37, it is possible to increase and
ase the
active power flow in either direction by using operating

modes (i),
(iii),
(v) and (vii).
Table 8.1 1
the
quadrature voltages and thyristor switches neces

for each mode of operation with the combined quadrature
booster/bucker.
If the
pI
8.37 (i.e. at
I
booster/bucker had
ssion
the
direction could have

using operational modes (
and (viii)
T 3 in
by trans
),
),
(vi)
8.37
Combined Quadrature Booster/Bucker
Tab
and Thyristor 8wi
8.1
Necessary to
the Comb
Quadrature
Booster/Bucker
Quadrature
Mode
Voltage
Thyristor
8witches
(i)
+VQ
81 ' 8 3
(ii)
+VQ
81 ' 83
~V
82, 8
3
-vQ
8 , 8
2
3
~V
82 , 8
3
(vi)
-VQ
8 , 8
2
3
(vii)
+VQ
s1'
(viii)
+VQ
S1 ' 8 3
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
17
CHAPTER 9
TRANS
The poss
by
shi
lity of transient stability improvement

insertion has been considered by O
and Musgrave (1973b).
ly
Their phase-shifting equipment
involved the insertion of auxiliary transformer windings

in discrete steps by
on line tap-change control, and
although the benefits of continuous quadrature voltage

injection were also
offered for
scussed, no practical solution was
implementation.
In this chapter the combined quadrature booster!

bucker, which was proposed in Section 8 3, is us
achieve a range
to
continuous phase-shift voltage control
at the generator end of a transmission line connecting it

to a large power system.
Various quadrature voltage
injection control strategies and their
on
damping during the transient period are considered.

of the results presented are based on computer
of the proposed
All
s
injection
VOLTAGE
9 . 1
The
of
vo
tern
diagram of Fig. 9.1 shows one
proposed quadrature booster/bucker unit connecting
a generator to
T/L 1 and
power
stem, via transmission lines
The generator, quadrature voltage inj
17Ll
stem are
power
by
primary and
voltages VG , VB
es transformer (rr 2 ) are
windings
the
(T 1)
windi
of
and
so that
are
lagging (-VQ) quadrature voltages may be obtained

8 3 are
back-to-back thyristor switches.
Fig. 9. 1
Quadrature Voltage Injection Circuit
When the phase angle dif

vol
two
s
(i)
lagging
use
quadrature
(i e.
between the
(VB) and current (I) components 1
0 0 < '"
'I' < 90
.
.the
(eI
and (v)
2 2), which involves
ternative operating modes

Mode (i) operation
ly)
use of
tor
with a leading quadrature voltage,

simply re
to as quadrature
ting throughout this
175
e, mode (v)
involves
2.2), which
use
s 82
with a lagging quadrature voltage,
together
simply
to as
bucking.
Using the dynamic computer programme
in
single~phase
Chapter 5, the behaviour of three
150 MVA
generator transformers coupled with 30 MVA series

transformers acting as the quadrature voltage injectors
was investigated.
The relevant parameters for this study
are given in Appendix 14.

Within the limitations set on the ranges of the
firing angles 1' 2 and 3 (Table 2.1) of thyristor
switches 8 1 , 8 2 and 8 respectively, many different firing
3
control strategies are possible.
For this study the
following strategies are used:

Quadrature boost Thyristor switches 8 1 and 8 are fired symmetrically
3
with respect to the zero crossings of the leading
quadrature voltage (i.e. 3
minimum 1 has been reached 3
Thyristor
with
further increased
1) to (90 + )
from (180
Quadrature buck
180 - 1) and when
symmetrical
to the zero crossings of the lagging

.
( 1.e.
2
minimum 3 has been
'180
-
3) an d wh en
2 is further increased
from {180
Figure 9.2 shows the percentage regulation
fundamental component plotted
the
phase shift for
'176
The
sign convention is
the
used
if the
frequency
component of VB is
positive.
obtai
line
for
ively.
AC and
shi
as
Be show the
ts
quadrature boosting
The percentage regulation
the limits +5% for a phase
bucldng
VB 1
within
ft 10 o
Percentage Voltage
Regulation
+6%
-6%
-10
+10
Phase shift (degrees)
Fig. 9.2
The
'inject
Quadrature Vol
stics
Inj
on wave
es
produces
1' 2 and 3' and
harmonic voltage VB are:

harmonic 7 1%
harmonic 4.0%
7th harmonic 2.8%
9th harmonic 2 1%
maximum leve
th
177
, which are
culated by
505), are
Fast Four
as a
fundamental
However,
is
the quadrature
of any power
component at
injection
unit only during the period

stem disturbance.
When there
quadrature voltage injection (i e
no
when thyristor switch
S3 is switching at the current zero crossings) or

is full quadrature voltage injection (i.e. when either
thyristor switch S, or S2 is switching at the current zero
crossings), harmonics are not produced by the quadrature
booster/bucker unit.
The response
t, as it
is very
the quadrature booster/bucker unit

achieved by varying the firing angles
phases.
of the thyristor switches in the

implement a new setting immediately
The controls
the thyristor
switches in each phase respond at the appropriate instant

every half cycle.
setting in 60
or
One phase will totally reflect the new

, depending on the instant of
change of control setting.

will have responded in 150
9.2
On average,
0
of the
tern frequency
INJECTION
ZING EFFECT OF
power=
By
shi
to
a.nd
any intermediate
the no-boosting and
Without
three
curve is
quadrature booster/bucker unit

angle cha
ting curves
boosting
e maximum power
occurs at approximately 90, while with full
between
178
quadrature boosting it occurs at approximately 90

p
the
By suitable control,
to keep the power
+ P,
by the quadrature
ft
booster/bucker unit.
is
to a maximum when the angle
between 90 and 90 + p, as shown in Fig
9.3.
Thus
swing stability is improved because the area on the
rst
power~
angle curve between transmitted and generated power is

increased.
Fig. 9.3 has been simplified for clarity by assuming
that the network prior to and after the fault is identical,
that there is zero power transfer during the fault and that
fault clearance occurs before the power-angle reaches 90 .
CONTROLLED
BOOSTING
Power
NO
BOOSTING E - - - I
FULL
BOOSTING
Maximum
Iswing,with
Boostlng
I,I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Power
Input
Fault
Removal
Maximum
swing
No Boosting
90
Angle (degrees)
Fig
9.3
. Power-Angle Curve Showing Improvement in

Swing Stability with 20 Quadrature Boosting
st
179
lity improvement can be achieved by

negative quadrature vol
bucking can
(bucking).
inj
inception so that full
on
bucking
The
immediately the
The maximum possible
is removed.
both quadrature boosting
and bucking is shown in Fig. 9 4.
This improvement
smaller in practice than would appear from Fig. 9,4,

because during the period in which the system is faulted,
the bucking will have little or no effect.
CONTROLLED
FULL
BOOSTING
FULL <E<f.-----I
BUCKING
Power
Power
Input
90
. 9.4
e
(degrees)
Power~Angle
Curve Showing the Maximum Pass

t Swing
i1
20
Quadrature Bucking and Boosting
9.2 1
Once
further control
unit can be
ility has been achieved l then

of the quadrature booster/bucker
180
In the
damping, and di
system would osci
ing point
the
the areas
ion and trans
Instead,
curves would be
rst
maximum angle
excursion, it is desirable to reduce the decelerating area.

This can be achieved by reversing the controls so
for
power-angles greater than 90, there is quadrature bucking

and for power-angles
quadrature
s than 90 there
boosting.
It
possible to change from full quadrature
boosting to full quadrature bucking immediately after the

maximum swing has been reached.
However the power-angle
cannot change instantaneously, and as a result the power

would be lowered considerably.
shown in Fig. 9.5 full
In the scheme
boosting
wh en th e power-ang I e :re t urns to 90 .
implemented
The problem with this
scheme is that there is a possibility of the loss of

stability if the maximum swing angle is close to the
stability limit.
Thus the quadrature voltage injection
must be modified in a controlled manner to ensure that

does not occur.
Various means of achieving th
are
'Damping Mode A
At maximum swing
vol
inj
than 90 o ), the quadrature
is immediately modified so
than the input power
that
occur.
the power
This ensures
1 8 '1
Damping Mode B:
Full boosting
over the whole of
swing
At maximum
boosting can
immediately be changed to
bucking to
reduce the next accelerating period.

graphically
s is illustrated
Fig. 9.5.
Power
Power
1\
\ I
\ I \
\
1\
I \
I \
removal
~Fault
Input
\
\
\
\
\
Angle
(degrees)
90
e Curve
9 5
Method of
Damping
state operating point
(no voltage i
maximum
~2
/;3
1;4
ection)
st forward swing angle
minimum
maximum second
backswing angle
swing angle
182
For the
of the transient period
full
bucking may not be required

continuous
the quadrature
booster/bucker unit
the amount
the di
boosting or bucking accordingly.
to
Because of
culty of calculating the correct amount of

voltage inj
to reduce the transient to
zero, there will be an error and small swings will continue

(see
. 9.5).
To overcome th
error problem, the
quadrature voltage injection can be gradually reduced to

zero
a predetermined number of swings and no further
attempts made to control damping
9.3
COMPUTER
A multi-machine transient stability programme
(Arnold 1976) has been used to simulate the dynamic response

of the system.
Neither the modelling nor the programming
techniques used in this transient stability programme are

considered a part of this project.
The object of this
ability of the proposed quadrature
chapter is to show
booster/bucker unit to
trans
in
sIng a
e, and the trans
. has been used
is
ely as an inves
purpose.
a
step-length
lity programme
25 ms, the
of the
booster/bucker unit to a new control setting is

assumed to
immediate.
18
9.3.1
The
, shown in Fig. 9.1,

the trans
improvement
with a
injection
This
coupled
through the quadrature voltage injection transformer and

bITO
transmission lines to a
power system.
The
parameters of the system are given in Appendix 14.
three-phase fault occurred on one transmission line close

to the transformer and was cleared by removing the line from
service.
The system was deliberately made simple to ensure
that the effects of the quadrature booster/bucker unit were

not obscured.
9.3.1.1
Initi
studies were performed with no quadrature voltage
injection to determine the normal response of the system to

the fault.
By repeating the study with several different
fault removal times, in increments of 5 ms, it was found

that the system was stable with
removal at 160 ms
but unstable at 165 ms.

From Fig. 9.2 it can
seen that the vo
injection does not

component,
curve is
but has
a quadrature
an
component
not just
tude
curve's magnitude is
magnitude is
boost~r/bucker
sed during bucking.
so
to
ed
so.
while
The ef
sting
The
right or left
During boosting the

bucking the curve's
the quadrature
thus reduced, but
'184
Because of th
from bucking
change
boosting
90
the
best
It was
at
that 105
was a
test case, and

Table 9.1
fault clearing times are given

Table 9.1
Clearing Times
105 0
Buck/Boost Changeover Angle

No vol
160 ms
injection
Boost only
165 ms
Buck and boost
170 ms
9.3.1.2
Several of
the fault simulations describ
Section 9.3.1.1 were
repeated for longer periods with
quadrature voltage
stem damping,
injection control extended to improve
Fig. 9.6, clearly
results, which are shown
demonstrate the improvement possible.

quadrature voltage injection and
acts are
shown
The amount of
time during which it
Fig. 9.6.
backswing by
Damping mode A reduced
to rema
amount, but it
for a long t
near maximum
In a
test case
two
could
provided
time
more pract
ion
, this
possibili
scounted.
On a
system containing many machines

ine
5e to ins
wi
lity.
fferent periods
Mode A
Mode B
Angle
(degrees)
---
,
\
\,
,
\
\
\/
"----'.
20
'(
/\
'.
i
-\'
\ ---~/~----~-=--~-~--~-~--=~~~~
\.
-_
\,
,I
\."-
-'"
I:
,_/'
r--r--------
. Quadrature------Booster/Bucker Unit
L_~________~I~.
Setting Angle
-20
2.0
1.0
3.0
4.0
Time (s)
9.6
Swing Curves
Booster/Bucker Setting
186
mode B
to
better
e more
swing maximum.
lows
Since this damping mode is more
than mode A to
was the most
was
It that th
me'thod of damping
st
swing maximum.
F'or comparative purposes, a third swing curve
corresponding to the same system but operating with an
uncontrolled transformer
shown in Fig
be expected for a simple system

shows the
9.4
th
9.6.
Aswould
kind, the curve
tern swinging with undamped oscillations.
CONCLUSIONS
installing a quadrature voltage injection
transformer at the generator end of a transmission line

connecting it to a large power system,
to which the generator will swing
maximum ang
a particular fault
can be reduced.
Also by extending the control strategy, extra
tern during
damping can be introduced into the

transient
iod, thus reducing second and subs
as well as backswing.
requiring
Damping
strategy i
swings
complex,
gnals and
on
ly
Short
lowing a
during
sturbance, but
state
voltage injection or even with

inj
will occur
harmonic inj
no harmonic injection
when there
no
1 quadrature voltage
187
CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSIONS
tal computer programme, suitable
the
analysis of the dynamic performance of power system circuits

involving thyristor switching, has been developed.
includes mathemati
It
modelling of the various system
components, with representation of the mutual effects

between inductive branches, which makes it possible to
model ef
such as the phase shi

three~phase
various
inherent
transformer connections.
the
The branch
and node equations are set-up by applying tearing techniques

to separate the various types of circuit elements and nodes.
Separation of the thyristor branch elements, which are
represented as ideal switches, from the remainder of the
system makes the frequent topological changes computationally
more efficient.
The difficulties involved in obtaining good initial
ively long execution times
conditions data and the

each simulat
expensive to use.
can be
f
with
ility to
run
tate solution
mathema
il
1 76)
al models, but the
general operating conditions requires
the use of the dynamic approach.

The range of voltage control
achie~ed
with the
lity which can be
ed thyristor-controlled
ng
188
trans
may
by the
Under
1 of
flow conditions
anced
the
content
can
trans
\\findings
higher
by
If the
5th 17th and
harmonics are cons
fil
Ie, some
plant may be necessary.

The proposed
former has
stor~controlled
regulating
shown to provide both positive and
negative amplitude regulation.
Subject to some waveform
distortion and by appropriate choice of the series

transformer ratio any voltage range provided by
tap~changers
on-load
some
shi
can
achieved.
sting
Inevitably there is
in the fundamental voltage component, but
most of the voltage regulation range can generally be

achieved with phase shifts of less than one degree.
It has also been demons
that the phase ang
component of the power frequency voltage at a point of a

transmission line can be varied continuously by using
thyristor-controlled quadrature boosting
Again
obtainable is only limited
maximum phase shi
by the ratio of the ser
bucking.
transformer.
This phase angle
variation provides a region of continuous power trans

control.
the very nature

boost/buck, a
the point on wave

as well as
introduced into the fundamental voltage component.
These changes in voltage magnitude are mirrored,

cases, by unrealis
flow
led
But by a su
and mode of
big changes in react
some
power
e of thyristor firing control

, a "flat" reactive
18
trans
can
active power trans

Reduction
will
maximum
a
to whi
e vo
faul't, by
injection at
of
connecting it to a large
system has
Various control s
line
have also been shown to introduce
extra damping into the system during
transient period,
ting in a reduction of second and subsequent swings.

The thyr
switches
the thyristor-controlled
regulating transformer only handle a small proportion of

the transmitted
, the actual ratings for a
system being dependent on
e series trans
rmer
From a protection point of view, only the thyristors across

the secondary winding of the ser
transformer need be
rated to withstand the fault level on that

series transformer.
of the
While it is possible to consider series
and parallel thyristor connections, the simplicity of the

single device switch is attractive
and individual
thyristors with power ratings in the MVA range are

commercially
lable.
In some industr
ations, such as
S,
tioh of
ed
Also
vo
the small phase 8h
as
component of
with any magnitude change would not be
importance in rectifier ope

replacement
There
on-load
tor or saturable reactor control the
as a
ther
ed c
190
of
both
labil
voltage
If a
winding
trans
four-windi
to
ant
and
arranged to provide
vol
then
to
quadrant
poss
Ie.
in~phase
and
with
ing
thyristor~controlled
To maintain
voltage
lity
tion
individual
control, it is necessary
secondary side of
ther two windings on
the s
ture
secondary windi
and quadrature vol
to provide
n9' is
transformer or alternatively two series
transformers.
One possible arrangement, where six
back-to-back thyristor
T,
in Fig. 10.1.
the three-phase four-winding
-vB
series transformer.
transformer, and T2
represent
shown
are requi
in-phase and
ary vo
lagging quadrature voltages
leading
of the quaternary winding, and 8, to 8
6 represent the
six thyristor switches.

The
ary winding together with thyristor
switches 8"
8 2 and 8
operate as an
booster/bucker
the quaternary winding
thyristor
84
5 and
a s
voltage
6 operate
e voltage
th
a
ce of
voltage vector produced by
operating
as that
o
through 360 .
in
. 10. 1 can be
Fig..
0~ 1
Four
Transformer
"192
ARNOLD C.P.
(1976):
Multi~Machine
"Solutions of the
System Stability Problem".

of Manchester Institute
Power
Thesis, Ph.D., University

Science and Technology,
Great Britain.
ARRILLAGA J., BARRETT B. and VOVOS N.A.
(1976):
"Thyristor-Controlled Regulating Transformer for

Variable Voltage Boosting".
Proc. I.E.E., Vol. 123,
No. 10. pp.1005-1009.

ARRILLAGA J., AL-KHASHLI H.J. and CAMPOS-BARROS J.G.
(1977):
"General Formulation for Dynamic Studies
in Power Systems Including Static Convertors".

Proc. I.E.E., Vol. 124, No. 11.
BEATTIE W.C. and MONTEITH W.
of a Thyristor".
(1973):
pp. 1047-1052.
"Digital Modelling
Froc. LE.E., Vol. 120, No.7.
pp.789-790
BOWLES J. P.
(1970):
"AC System and Trans former Represent-
ation for HV-DC Transmission Studies ll

Vol. PAS-89, No.7.
CAMPOS-BARROS J.G.
I.E.E.E. Trans.,
pp.1603-1609.
(1976):
"Dynamic Modelling of
Synchronous Machines Connected to HVDC Transmission

Systems".
Thesis, Ph.D., Victoria University of
Manchester, Great Britain.

CHEN W. Y.
(1962):
"An Investigation of Commutation
Problems In a Static Power Convertor"
Thesis,
Ph D , University of Manchester, Great
et al. (1967): "What is the Fast Four

Transform"? Proc I.E E.E., Vol. 55, No. 10.
COCHRAN W T
pp.1664~1674.
CONTE S.D
and DE BOOR C.
Analysis".
Company Inc.
2nd ed.
(1965):
IlElementary Numerical
New York, McGraw-Hill Book
chap. 3.
19
DORN W S. and McCRACKEN D.O.
(1972):
"Numerical Methods
with Fortran IV Case Studies".
PPM
& Sons, Inc.

ELGERD O. L
232~233.
An Introduction".
New York,
11 Book Company
chap. 3.
FOHRHALTZ H.A.
(1967):
Interrupters".
pp.
, John Wiley
"Electric Energy
(1971):
Inc.
New
"Load Tap Changing wi-th Vacuum
I.E.E.E. Trans, Vol. PAS-86, No.4.
422~428
FRANK H. and LANDSTROM B.
(1971):
"Power Factor Correction
with Thyristor-Controlled Capacitors".

Vol
KUO F.F.
44, No.6.
(1966):
pp. 180-184.
"Network Analysis and Synthesis".

chap. 3.
Tokyo, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

MARSHALL P. and LLOYD S.
"A 3-Phase A.C.
(1974)
Thyristor Voltage Regulator".

Publication, No. 110.
I.E.E. Conference
pp. 198-202.
MARTENSSON H. and DANFORS P.
(1975):
HVDC Technology at ASEA".

No.3.
"The Development of
ASEA Journal, VoL 48,
pp. 51- 54 .
MEDEARIS K.G.
(1974):
"Numerical-Computer Methods for
Engineers and Physical Scientists".

Denver-Fort Collins, Colorado.
O'KELLY D. and MUSGRAVE G.
(1973a):
KMA Research,
pp. 122-124
"An Apprai
Transformer Tap-Changing Techniques".

Conference Publication, No. 123.
O! KELLY D
ASEA Journal,
and MUSGRAVE G.
Power
tem Transient
Insertion".
I.E.E.
pp. 112-117.
(,197 3b)
"Improvement of
ft
Proc. I.E.E., Vol
120, No
2.
pp. 247 251.

PLESSEY (1977):
A.F. Power Analyser -
"
Instruction Manual".
RAMSHAW R.
(19
Plessey (N.Z.) Ltd.
"Power Electronics".
Chapman- and Hall.
London,
ROBERTS M.E. and ASHMl1.N W.G

Ass
Mechanical
On~Load
Publ
and The
SAY M.G.
(1969):
Appl
"A Thyristor
'rap Changer".
No
pt. 10
53, Power Thyristors

pp
liThe
(1958)
I.E.E.
185~192.
Des
Alternating Current Machines".
of
London,
3rd
p. 21.
Pitman Publishing.
SCHWEICKARDT H. and ROMEGIALLI Go
(1978):
"The Static
VAR Source in EHV Transmission Systems and

Control".
Brown Boveri Review, Vol. 65, No.9.
pp. 585-589.
STEVENSON W.D.
2nd ed.
(1962):
"Elements of Power System Analysis".
Tokyo, McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.
STIGANT S.A. and FRANKLIN A.C.

Transformer Book".
Newnes-Butterworths.
SUNDBERG,Y.(1976):
Network".
(1973):
10th ed.
"The J & P
London,
chap. 12.
"The Arc Furnace as a Load on the
ASEA Journal, Vol. 49, No.4.
WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION (1964):
pp. 7
87.
"Electrical
Transmission and Distribution Reference

4th ed.
p. 96.
Book'~.
U.S.A., Westinghouse Electric Corporation.
chap. 5.
WRIGHT A.
(1968):
"Current Transformers:
and Steady State Performance".

Hall.
p. 11.
Their Transient
London, Chapman and
195
P.PPENDIX
-I
G.E CoR. FIRING CIRCUIT
The G.E.C R. f
ng circuit RIS54, produces 100
ing pulses with a
~s
time of 500 ns for a phase-angle
controlled back-to-back pair of thyr
The ends tops
on the production of firing pules are at 15 and 165.

Therefore the actual phase-angle controlled
ing pulses
are produced, from the two outputs which are separated by

180, over a range of 150.
The RIS54 f
of two
ing circuit cons
interconnected printed circuit boards:

(a)
Trigger unit
(b)
Output unit
Power Supply:
PCO~555
PCO~392
50 HZ, 28 V rms,
Reference Voltage:
300 rnA rms.
Single phase 200 V rms

centre tapped, 150 rnA rms.
Control Signal:
5 V de.
Pulse Ma'tch
Within 2 over the full

control rzmge"
196
APPENDIX 2
GoE.C.R. FIRING CIRCUIT
Although the G.E C.R. firing circuit

sets of f
ing pulses
two
by 180, the following
description of the calibration technique

one of these sets of firing pulses.
claim that the two sets
s to only
The manufacturers
firing pulses are within the
tolerance 180 2.
During the formation of the high
trains, a "block ll pulse
beginning and
To cal
pulse
produced which marks the
of the high frequency pulse tra

the
, this "block" pu
voltage (V
is used in conjunction w
(B)
REF
).
A negative going pulse, coinciding with the beginning of

the reference voltage positive half-cycle, is used to start
an electronic timer and a negative going pulse, co
iding
with the beginning of the production of firing pulses, is

used to stop the electronic timer.
Timer used
not respond to any pulse at

pulse at
pulses
the
The c
are shown
A2.1 and
A2.2.
ts used
the electronic
tart
are shown in
stop
start input, or any
the next reset is
to
t
The Galbraith Counter-
positions
19
>-~~~~=---~VREF
pulses)
8v
B
OV
ses)
4.7 V
LAV47
Fig. A2,1
A20 2
Production
Pos
Start and Stop Pulses
of Start
Pulses
198
the
stop pulses is then converted

angle (.)
of
50 Hz.
control
ts is shown
C.R. f
for the G
. A2
the
assuming that the
the
in
tart
COS
.
+1.0
+008
+0.6
+0.4
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
+2
+3
+4
Control
Signal
+5 (v doc.)
-0.2
-0.4
-006
-008
-LO
A2.
Circuit
Characteri
199
APPENDIX 3
CONVENTIONAL PULSE
Core:
Philips
toroid,
dimensions 36 x 23 x 15
Winding:
3E1,
~n.
single core 10/0.010 remit wire

primary turns 24
secondary turns 24
Both primary and secondary windings
are wound together so that each
alternate turn is secondary.
The
imary and secondary windings
are brought out at oppos

of the core.
200
APPENDIX 4
liMICRONE" PULSE
The "Microne" pulse transformer, which

manufactured by GoE.CoR , has been spec
to supply isolated firing pulse
demanding applications.
~So
for thyr
in
It gives an output pulse of any
duration without saturating, and the

than 1
ly designed
time is always
The frequency of the output pulse train
adjusted by connecting different timing components,

R1 and C1, across the COMP terminals (see Fig
3.6).
The integrated circuit type of construction
the
"Microne" pulse transformer leads to a compact device

(33 x 33 x 25 rom), which is suitable
printed
board mounting.
Maximum
Input vol tage
Output voltage
17.5 V peak
10.5 V on open circuit
Output current - 0.4 A
output
APPENDIX 5
PARAMETERS
In the
assessment of
an 8.25 kVA
three-winding transformer
trans
are used.
ratings
this appendix.
transformers are given
The impedance parameters

calculated from
current
The voltage
, which are
these trans
ircuit tests
results of open
and Kelvin Bridge resistance measurements (Section 6.3.1)
are also presented.
AS.1
8.25 kVA
The 8.25 kVA transformer
phase unit
th voltage
a
400/200/66 V
star connection, and 230/200/66 V

connection.
delta/star/star
This transformer has
winding current
secondary
of 12A, 17.4A and 19.8A

are
per
Table AS.1.
Table
Parameters
8 25 kVA Trans
Secondary
185 + j353.8
j185.6
j18S.6
070 + j97 5
j57.76
j30 36
20
AS 2
Three
bui
trans
use as s
igned and
sting/bucking trans
conjunction with
For flexibility, the
imary s
four windings, two 13 V

it poss
of the trans
two 25 V
Ie to
primary
ranging from 13 V to 76 V,
The two
has
lable
boosting and bucking.
windings (38 V and 28 V)
to be compatible with
which are
voltages avai
from
the 8.25 kVA three-phase transformer, are connected

to give a vol
windings
66 V.
tran
The primary and s

are
16 A and 20 A
respectively.
The impedance parameters for one s
are given in Table
.2
Table A5.2
13 Volt
13 Volt
0.011
+j 1 .74
transformer
Transformer Impedance Parameters
25 Volt
25 Volt
13 Volt
38 Volt
28
j3.30
j3.30
j L 7'1
j4.78
0.020
7
j6032
008
0.020
j3.30
j9008
j608
0 01'1
+j 1 .74
j4 78
j3.
0.027
1+ '13.3
25 Vo
j3 30
25 Volt
j3.30
j6.32
+j6 37
13 Volt
j 1 71
j3.30
j3.30
+j6
.30
38 Volt
j4.78
j9 08
J'9 08
j4.78
28 Volt
j3.56
j6.S3
j6.83
56
j9.89
j9.89
203
rvlATHEMATICAL MODEL
Be
the 1
-~
inductors Q
Sect
itors
that the
s are
charge.
INCLtTDINGCAPAC
assumedG
are now wind

non~state
Resistors are
their
and currents can
vo
state
means
to the
two state
were
flux
variab
sand
ob
from
ab
A6.1
Let the
c
itive, r resistive, I
branches.
The
stor
inductive
ions concerning
the branches (Section 4.3) must be mod

following
1.
to accommodate
or
2
poin-t
All capacitors are connected to the
Purely res is
to
stor
itors.
or
ive
The
with
thyristor
in Section 4.3.
is
204
02
NODE
In
node
of S
to
(Sect
ni-tion
and
4.3.1)
ified.
to be
The
node types are:

eI.
nodes
to at least one capacitive branGh.

one resis
to at
but
no capacitive branch connections.
y nodes
connected only to inductive
connected to at least one thyristor branch.
nodes
The introduction of 0 nodes i

the nodes
changes.
topologi
fected by
0 nodes do not appear
formulat
to
a convenient way
itly in the
of y nodes (a more
low, but are a
the treatment of 0
detailed explanation
is
in Section 4.3.1).
The topological matrices
K~nl K~n
and
K~n
are the
branch-node incidence matrices of
capacitive, res
and inductive branches
It is convenient to
tion
e topological
according to
types as
r
KT
rn
[ KT
rei.
[ KT
la
20
From
ion
of var
A6
'I )
A6.3
The
both resist
branches, which were

respectively, st
these matrix
ived
Sect
LI.
apply to
and inductive
,2 1 and 4 3. 2 2
Rewr
ing
equations~
(A6, 1 )
(A6 .2)
d(l./J1I)/dt
.1
Capaci
For
ip
(v .
.1
and n
When all c
the
on can
=
s are cons
wr
(K'r V )
en n
3)
206
t:he vec1:or
ctlrrent
!l
is
V
A6 4
vector of
VOLTAGE AND
In
ffls
current sources,
current law 9
r
To obtain
Vy )
(A6. 4 )
KnlIl
the voltage vectors (Va v V(3
equation (A6. 3)
for K I
nc c
premult
then made
ied by K , a sUbstitution
nc
equation (A6o 4 )
[Knc Ccc KTen] i d(V n l/dt
::::
on
(A6 5)
- KnlIl
Noting that KI3C

(A6 05)
in
Kyc
Kyr
and
tioned
K C KT
ac cc c
0
K
ar
Va
d
VI3
r + KI3
Vy
KYlll
Defining
=
is
Q
aa
vector
+- KalIl
1
207
Then
d(Q
aa
)/dt
K81.'
and
(A6 .6)
Ill)
K81 I l
:=
III
r +
which
In
to
vector of S
(A6 08)
Ky 1 d (II ) / d t
an expression for
(V
s ) ,equation
(A6o')
st ltvritten
in partitioned form.
=
Premultiplying this
and us
equation (A6.7)
or
::::: 0
by KSr' noting
- 88
to the
(K
81"1
+ K
lowing
R 1KT V )
(A6 .9)
8r rr ra a
where
In a
imil
manner, an
can be
vector of y
Remembering
(A6o 2)
Y
ion re
~11
Ill' premult
itioning KT V
the
In n'
ng equa
110wing
208
~
'I
KYILll [Llld(I l )
.~
'1'
KYILll (E l + KlaVa +
the
tJ
(L 11 ) Id..
rr
f3V[3
-~
. KT V
1)
ly y
are cons
~~
to be unchanging with
time, using equation (A6 . 8) and

'II
T
+ Kla Va + KlSVe
-1
~r.yyKYILll(
Vy
RIII I )
(A6. 10)
where
~1
Lyy
" T
lK ly
K
Y
""
Defining the ancillary variab
Vr and V as:
l
Vr
::::
KT V
ra a
VI
=:
T
EI + KTlaVa + KISVS
Equations (A6.1)
(A6 11 )
~
(A6, 12)
RIIII
(A6.9) and (A6.10) can now be expressed
more simply as:

1 (V
Ir
A6.5
r + Kr(3VS}
(A6. '13)
V(3
~RS/3(KelIl + K(3
(A6. '14)
Vy
==
-L
K L- 1
yy yl 11 VI
(A6o 'I 5)
STATE=SPACE:
Us
(W ll ) as
state var
,the
(Qaa)
state
, the rate
ux
change
the
(equations (A6 .2) and A606)) can no,,! be
combined into a single matr
equation
209
rate
state
(equation (A6.2)
can now be
VI + K:r'ly Vy
substituting for VI
d($ll / dt =
'
Vy
[U 11 - K~yLyyKYIL~;J ~1
UII
a unit
Substituting
+ KiaVa + KiBVS
L
ning
r and V8 v
T
~1
KlyLyyKYILl1
UII
MIl
and rearranging
= MIl
d(1/JII)/dt
[El
T
(KlSRSSKr31 + RII)I I
+ KT V
10:. 0:.
T
KII3 RI3I3 KS
KTro:. Vex
(A6. 16)
Defining
I
RII
and
N1r
:::::
Rll + K113 R1313 K131

T
KII3 RSS KS
equation (A6.16) can now be
as
)v
By substituting
1 7)
0:.
rate of
(A6.6)
state
can now be
as
d(Q
aex
)/dt
I 1/J 11 +
'1 (V
KT V ) ]
rS f3
10
(~~6
'I 8)
T
KlSRSSKS
N
lr
then
NT
rl
sRseKSl
Now equation (A6. 18) can be
tten as:
(A6. 19)
Defining
~, 1
and substituting CaaQaa
va
equation (A6.19) can be
expressed as:
d(Q
aa
)/dt
Since
Aal
then
AT
Us
""
la
-A a
1*
I(T C- 1 Q
ar ra aa aa
(A6 .20)
K N'Ii
ar rl
KT
(A6.21)
equation (A6.17) can
la
N KT
lr ra
(A6.21)
arid substituting
as:
C:~Qaa
for Va'
(1\6.22 )
.20)
(A6. 22)
(A6. 23)
A6.6
SOLUTION
Because of the switching of the thyristors, the

topology is undergoing repeated changes and
network
equations must therefore be solved by a "singlemethod, which is
starting.
1\6.6.1
Expressing the state vector differential equations

in the following form:
d(ljJll}/dt
f(1jJ Q)
d(Q
g(ljJfQ)
Then using the

vectors
IjJ
and Q at the
a. a.
)/dt
(Dorn 1972), the state

an integration
length h are given by:

=
(A6. 24)
21
(A6.25)
Using
t/l t +h in terms
obtained as
(A6.22) and (A6.24) an
ion
state
lows:
t/l t +h
Rearranging the previous equation and defining
=
leads to the following
sion:
+ (
An
sian
Qt' t/l t and t/l t +h may
(A6.26)
Qt+h in terms
the state variables
obtained from equations (A6.20) and
(A6. 25)
+ t/lt+h)
"2
Uaa is a unit
of
()I,
equation and defining

B
aa
to
U
+ h G KT C 1
aa
2
ar ra aa
following expression
(A6.27)
213
.26)
In
can
each integration
(A6.27) the terms involving

considered to be constant s within
length h.
(A6.26) and (A6.27) can
equations
more simply as:
(A6 28)
-1 h A L-1~,
+ f'
- Baa 2 al ll~t+h
2
(A6 29)
where f1 and f2 are defined as follows:
Defining
o
and rewriting equations (A6.28) and (A6.29) as a single
matrix equation
(A6
r2
where U
a unit matr
order (l + a) .
Equation (A6.30) can be solved by standard technic

the solution
simultaneous linear equations.
14
A6.6 2
The
Gauss and Gaus
can be
to
by successive
approximations.
e methods treat the
order they are

po
the
The method
makes
the application of a variety of schemes that may
speed the convergence
For the
the
solution of the simultaneous state equations (equation

(A6.30
the
over-relaxation method (Medearis
1974) was chosen.
If the set of simultaneous equations

a 11 x 1 + a,
+ a1
a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + a 23 x 3
1x 1 +
2x 2 + a 3
c1
c2
c3
is considered, the Gauss-Seidel over-relaxation method

operates in the following manner.
The previous set of simultaneous equations can be
rearranged to give the following:
:=
- a
a more
these
(-
1
L:
k:=1
and
215
computer solution
If during a
'the various
are denoted by the

most current
solution, using
, can be
1
as:
::
(- c. +
.1
The two iterative approximations x:+1 and x: are therefore

.1
.1
related through "correction terms", and the Gauss-Seidel

over-relaxation method involves multiplying
ese
"correction terms" by a numerical coefficient m

(over-relaxation factor).
The
x.r+1
.1
:::::
computational form used
x.r.1
m
- a.-:(-
given by:
.1.1
where the value of m
in the range 1 < m < 2
The actual value of mused
problem dependent and
the optimal value has to be determined experimentally

for each particular problem.
A6.6.3
To be cons
with the change of state variable
(Section 4.4.2), the state

by wQ aa so
- we aa
Qaa is
216
APPENDIX 7
The fact that digital integration is based on the

approximation
straight 1
a smooth curve by a
, justi
of short
the use of a linear interpolation
technique.
If (t 1 ,y,) and (t 2 'Y2) are the coordinates

two points obtained from a digital integration process,
where t2 - t,
= h (the integration step-length).
Then
the time to at which the y coordinate becomes zero can be

determined (see Fig. A7.1).
17
Us
given
the
the fol
Once t
been
the
of all
other variables (x), at this time, can be found from

the
lowing
equation, which is
general equation
so derived from the
a straight line:
2Hl
APPENDIX 8
FOURIER
Any periodic
a Fourier
function f(t) can be
as
(Kuo 1966) as follows:

00
f (t)
where
and T
:::
:::
an
::
bn
:::
~ J:
2
if
(milt) + b sin(nwt)
n
n:::1
(AS. 1)
f(t)dt
JT f(t)cos(nwt)dt
(AS.2)
2
if JT0 f(t)sin(nwt)dt
(AS. 3)
the period of f (t) .

When digital analys
techniques are used for
analysing a continuous waveform, it is necessary to sample

the data at equally spaced time intervals
produce a time ser
(~T)
of discrete samples.
in order to
For the qth
sample the integral equations (AS.1), (AS.2) and (A8 3)

the
can
""
.1T
3..
lowing
l:
f(q~T)~T
q
E
f(q~T)cos[nw(q~T)]~T
E
= 3..
T q
f(q~T)sin[nw(q~T)]~T
T q
are known as the
19
APPENDIX 9
THE RESPONSE OF
TO
The current transformer, manufactured by Smith
& Hobson Ltd.,
following nameplate
Ratio 100/50/25/10
Rating 7.5 VA
Class AL
Frequency 50 Hz
No. X-7110
The tests described
th
performed on the 25 and 10 the only two
appendix were only
1 ratios, because these were
to be used
experiments associated
with this report.
RATIO ERROR
A9.1
The current transformer

performed using a modi
error tests 'Vlere
two ammeter method (Wright 1968)

shown in F
test
which the
A9 1
The
winding
the current
have negligible impedance.

amplifier (Sanken"S1
c
an
an
1020G)
is
To match
harmonic current generator
non-inductive resistive
no 50 Hz current
20 W
and
this
t is
t.
50 Hz
Current
Generator
25 A
Selective A.F.
Power Analyser
"Plessey"
Selective A.F.
Power Analyser
20 W Sanken
Amplifier
Marconi
Si9 na1
Generator
F'
A901
Current Trans
Error Test
221
Rather than
an ammeter, a
Power
II
Ii
harmonic current
to measure
The
50 Hz
high in comparison to that

current
ive A.F.
winding
the
, and no harmonic current
to flow in the SO Hz current circuit.
(When the SO Hz
current generator circuit is disconnected there is no

apparent change of the harmonic current in either the
primary or secondary current transformer windings.)
On the secondary side of the current transformer
the ammeter
by a second "Plessey" Selective
A.F. Power Analyser.

The harmonic current input
kept constant at 500
all tests, and two tests are described for each

ratios under consideration.
The
rst with
rnA
the
load 50 Hz
current and the second with 50% full load 50 Hz current.

Frequency measti.rements below 1 kHz are done at 120, 220,
420 and 820 Hz to avoid any possible interaction of the
harmonics present in the SO Hz current circuit and those

generated by the signal generator
error
the harmonic
tests are
A9 2 to
in
5, where
maximum error (5%)

all the recorded points 1
measurement
within the
the
5%
zero error,
harmonic current,
can
concluded that
frequencies up to 2 kHz,
in the secondary winding in accordance with

the turns
The amount
SO Hz
does
2 2
Secondary
current
(rnA)
10
OL---~--~
A9.2
__~__~__~~~__~__-4--~--~--__
6
1012
10 2 Hz
14
16
18
20
Error Test - Full Load Current
30
Secondary
current
20
..
.."...-...,.,,-------
(rnA)
10
.3
10
12
10 2 Hz
Error Test
14
50%
18
16
20
Current
22
60 .
40
Secondary
current
(mA)
20
10
10
Fig. A9.4
14
12
16
18
Hz
- Full Load Current
10-1 Ratio Error
60
""""'"
-.-
-=>
"""""
40
Secondary
current
(mA)
20
__ __ __ __ __- L__
~
10
12
__- L__~__~__~~__
14
16
20
10 2 Hz
Fig
A9 5
10-1
Error Test
50% Full
Current
224
not significantly
of the
current trans
.2
TRANSFORMATION
Two more
are
ts, one for
where a 100 Hz fundamental frequency "chopped"
current waveform
current waveform
superimposed on a 50 Hz sinusoidal
For
generator
tests, the Marconi signal

by a General Radio R-C Oscil
type No.1210-C, and the Sanken 20W amplifier and

are replaced by a Radford 15W ampl
an
load
and 16n load.

the "chopped li waveform
The rms harmonic current

(Fig. A9.6(a
is kept constant at 750 rnA and
superimposed on a 50 Hz 50% full load sinusoidal current.

The harmonics generated
waveform (Fig. A9.6(b
current
resultant compos
are measured on either side of the

The
which are normalised to

are shown in F
current
these measurements,
fundamental (100 Hz) component,
A9.7.
There is no significant
in the ratios of
higher order harmonics to the fundamental component on

side of
current
can
current
on to the
no
of
waveT~~mla
current trans
with
.................................
..
"
(a)
(b)
100 Hz "Chopped" Current Waveform

Composite Current Waveform
Fig. A9.6 (a)

(b)
Primary Harmonics
1.0
~,.
... ~ * " ." ~ u
Secondary Harmonics
0.8 rRatio 25 - 1
0.6 F
0.4 f0.2
I-
0.0
Il
11
13
15
17
19
10 2 Hz
1.0
0.8
I=-
Ratio 10 - 1
0.6
0.4
0.2 l0.0
1
I. I
11
z
10 Hz
. A9.7
I
13
15
17
19
226
APPENDIX 10
VOLTAGE HARMONICS ON THE 400V SUPPLY BUSBAR
In order to obtain a quantitative assessment of the

magnitude of the voltage harmonics present on the 400V
supply busbar to the Power Systems Laboratory, University
of Canterbury, a Selective A.F. Power Analyser, manufactured
by "PlesseylD, is used.
This instrument enables a particular
harmonic frequency to be selected and monitoring of this

harmonic voltage, to the exclusion of all other harmonic
voltages, is then possible.
Figs A10.1 to A10.11 show typical variations of each
harmonic voltage level (fundamental frequency 50 Hz) over a
period of 25 minutes.
The vertical scale for each trace is
0.4 V/cm or 0.174% of nominal fundamental voltage per cm.

Each harmonic voltage has a distinctive pattern of variation
and harmonics such as the 12th, for which there is no trace,
were on occasions present but could not be monitored
continuously over a 25 minute period because the instrument
could not lock on to the very low level harmonic signal.
The traces of Figs A10 1 to A10.11, which are a
representative sample, together with many other traces
obtained give an estimate of the typical and peak harmonic
voltage
lev~ls.
Table A10.1 lists these typical and peak
harmonic voltage levels.
227
i
,1,,
,::
r
1
Fig. A10.1
Typical 3rd Harmonic Voltage Variation
I.
-1--'-.1- .
,:1
Fig. A10.2
-+
-, r'
I
Fig. A10.3
i'
~.
22
. A10 4
Typical 6th Harmonic Vol
. i'-
Figo A10.5
8th Harmonic Vol
A10.6
"[
"
0.7
Variat
229
11
Fig. A10.8
Voltage Variation
.1
Fig. A10.9
Typical 1
Variation
..
!
Fig. A10.10
Typical 17th Harmonic Vol
,.
11
1 19th Harmonic Voltage Variation
2 0
0. 1
Leve
Harmonic
and
on
of
fundamental)
(%
Harmonic Voltage
400 V
Busbar
Peak Level
(%
nominal
fundamental)
0.70
1.70
0.26
0.52
0.61
0.65
0.17
0.30
0.35
0.37
0.09
0.17
0.04
0.07
11
0.09
0.10
13
0.04
0.07
17
0.17
0.22
19
0.09
0.13
2 1
11
A STATIC I>LTERNATIVE TO THE TRANSfOIlMli:R ON-LOAD TAP-CHANGER
R. H. Duke (Student Hc~r)

New Zealand Electricity,
J. Arrillaqa (Non-member)
University of Canterbury,
Abstract - An alternative approach to the conventional on-load tap-change voltage control is described.
The proposed solution involves the use of in-phase booster transformers and phase-angle controlled thyristor
switching.
Any specified range of continuous voltage
variation can be achieved and the response is practically instantaneous. Computed and experimental results are
presented,illustrating typical voltage and current Waveforms as well as their harmonic content.
INTRODUCTION
There are many disadvantages in the use of on-load
tap-changing control, whereby the current is switched
from tap to tap by mechanical means. Among these are its
cost, the inertia of the moving parts which severely restrict the speed of response causing wide temporary voltage variations and the high level of maintenance caused
by the mechanical switching due to eontacts And oil deterioration.
It is not suprising. therefore, that various attempts are being made to try and introduce static switching eoft~o} as part of the transformer tap-changer system.(l
2
However there seem to be enormous technical
and economical problems in the integration of thyristor
switching with the conventional on-load tap-changer
principle.
Perhaps .the main difficulty encountered is
the ratings of the devices, which have to withstand full
fault current and surge VOltage conditions; another major
difficulty relates to the large number of thyristor
switches required to provide reasonably stepped voltage
controllability.
To OVercome the above problems, a new principle of
transformer voltage ratio control is described in this
paper, based on the
use of point on wave controlled switching. The switching prinCiple itself is widely
used in low power electronic
circ'..lits
voltage.
The phenomena is better explained with reference
to the "idealised w waveforms of Fiq~ 2 which use a power
factor of 0.9, not untypical of power distribution systems~
The voltage and current waveforms of
Fi9~
refer
to the positions indicated in Fig. 1. The angular intervals 0 and represent delays 1n the firing of thyristor switches $1 and 52 respectively.
The forward-biased thyristor of switch 51 can be
triggered at any time within the range <a<180o, where ~
is the pha~e angle difference between the voltage and
current waveforms. Similarly, the appropriate thyristor
of switch 52 can be triggered at any time within the
range 0<<,. Hence the voltage boosting can be controlled by the triggering of both switches 51 and 52 a3d the
0
effective boosting period can range from 0 to 180
EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
reg-
BASIC CIRCUIT AND THEOR&TICAL WAVEfORMS

The single line diagram of Fig. 1 illustrates the
basic circuit of the pfoposed alternative solution.
It
consists of a three-winding transformer (T l ) with the
t,ertiary winding feeding a boosting transformer (T )
throu~h a back-to-back thyristor switch (51"
If t~e
thyristor switch is triggered without delay (1 .... at the
zero crossings of the current waveform) a constant voltage is added to the secondary voltage and in phase with
it. If the triggering of switch 51 is delayed, a shortCircuiting switch (S~) is required to prevent an open
series
Proposed alternative to the transformer

On-Load tap-changer.
and recently hag
also been proposed for the continuous control of

ulating transformer booster().
circuit condition of ~the
Fig. 1.
boosting transformer~
Varying delays in the trig'lering of switches 51 and 52

will result in corresponding variations of the secondary
Experimental verification of the theoretical waveforms described in the previous section was carried out
using an 8.25 kVA, 400/200/66 Volt, three-phase transformer, 'with its tertiary winding connected for in~phase
boosting to a 750VA (per phase), 38/25 volt series transformer~
connected
The transformer and thyristor switches

were
as showh in Fig. 1 to provide point ~n \-tnve
boost control.
Fig. 3 shows a set of typical voltage and current
waveforms for a particular case when the firings of the
boostinq (51) and short-circuiting (52) pairs were d~lay
ed by 80 and 10 dO'/rees respectivoly and the load power'
factor was 0.9. The oscillogram" 3(., (bl. (c) and (dl
show the supply voltage (V), the load voltage IV), the
voltago across the seconda~y windin9 of the serie~ trdn-
sformer IV ) and the load current (! , respectively. Tho

similarityTof oscillogram" J(b) and ~(cl with'the theor~
etical waveforms V and V of Fig. 2 illustrate thG feaT
L
sibi Uty of the proposed control sequence,.
ANALYTICAL MODEL
paper
IEEE Tr,"Ansfol:F.lel:S Cor:.mittee of !:he IEEE !'c'.'lCr
n~ir.g Society for presentation at !:he n:m PES SlJlTIIror
1Iceti1l'.J. VI.!.l1CO\.l\leC, Qritish Columbia, canada, July 1520, 19"19. Manuscript submitted September S, 1978; !!lade
available for printing April 26, 1979.
Voltage and current relationships

The discontinuities !ntroduc"d by point - on - wave
controlled switching cannot be prespecified and the resultin,} waveforms require dynamic rather than steady
state analysis.
With reference to the basic circuit of Fiq. 1, and
232
."
i e:
I"
I
I
,:~.l....
I
I
I
i
(b)
(C)
'.
.,
Fig. 3.
(d)
Oscillograms of typical voltage and

current waveforms.
resistance matrix of the inductive branches

L
- inductance matrix
tt
T
'1'
and K and K
t
are the resistive and inductive
branch-
node ICcidencenmatrices respectively; their elements are
l depending on whether node n is at the sending or receiving end of the branch. Also, expressing Kirchhoff's
current law in terms of these incidence matrix yields.
(3)
Node segregation
It is computationally efficient to subdivide the
nodes accordinq to the type of branches connected to them
ioto:
nodes with at least one resistive branch (6)

nodes with only inductive branches
(y)
Moreover,
since
the
topological
changes are mainly

is convenient to
caused by thyristor switchinqs it

define a special type of y node. i.e.
nodes with thyristor branches
(oj
A conducting thyristor is treated as a short-circuit~

thus converting two 6-nodes into a ~-node and a non-con~
ductinq thyristor is treated as an open circuit. conver-
Fig. 2.
Theoretical waveforms.
using the branch formulation, the followifi9 matrix equations can be written for the resistive and inductive
ting two a-nodes into two y-nodes. Although 6-nodes do

not figure in the fonnulation they arc useful to identify
which nodes are affected by thyristor svlitchinq
during
the dynamic simulation.
It is also convenient to partition the topological
matrices according to node types as follows:
branches ..
V
!l
(2)
1;9
where, from the definition of ~ nodes, KT
~ 0
Rewritinq equation (l) in partitiQ~~d fom
(4 .. )
It
current vectors
Vn
- nodal voltage vector
- ~.m.f.'vector of inductiv(jj branches
- resistive branches matrix
(4b)
From which
Finally rewrltin~lcquation (9) in matrix fogm and reme@bering th"t I,3LUil'U
(5)
In order to obtain an expression for the voltage

vector of B nodes (Val,equation (1) is fir~t written in
partitioned form, i.e.
I
(10)
Numerical solution
(K;II VB K!'l V )
'l
Because of the thyristor $witchings, the topology

is undergoing repeated changes and the network equatlon~
must therefore be solved by a 'single-step' method,which
is selfstarting.
Using an implicit integration routine, the state
vector (~) at the end of each integration step of length
premultiplying this equation by KA ' noting that KT = 0

and using equation (4a) leads to t~e followin~ ex~less
ion,
h. can be expressed as follows;

(11)
(6)
where
where!
!!:~larlY. an expression can be obtained for Vy am f011-
and substituting from equation (10)
Premultiplying equation (2) by K 'L~l, remembering that ~tl ~ Ltt It and partitioning'll!n ~n the following express~on results
-1
II ,,1
Ky! LU (LU
-1
Kyl
Lu u:!
Using equation
anging:
L
Vy
-4-
11 dt (LUI)
Rearranging and making.

m
T
V
+ KiS VB + KT
ty y - Il. U It'
noting that
(5) ,
..!!.
(IoU)
the following expression results
0, and rearr-
dt
-1
Lu.
Ky!
(E
+ KJ!.B Va - lin 1 )
t
1
~t+h
-1
-1
\tLu
'2
-1
-1 h
MU RU LU) >lit + AU
2' MU (Et+Enh'
(12)
wh"re
L yy "
-1
AU (UI'.C
(7)
where,~t' E ~nd E +
are considered constant
within
t
t h
each ~ntegratlon s~ep. Finally, the flux linkages (~tt)
are small quantities in the system being modelled and
the numerical accuracy is greatly improved by using
(w'b ) as the state variables, Le.
11.'1'
ty
State sl:'!,ace formulation
Experience with dynamic analysis in a.c./d.c. transmission systems(4) has shown the advantages of
usin9
the state space formulation.
Using the flux linkages
(~u)
,as the state variables and the node subdivision
described in the last section. the rate of change of the
state variables (equation (2)1 can now be expressed
as
follows.
The stability of the numerical solution depends on

the accuracy of the initial conditions.
Approximate
in~
itial conditions for a particular study cao"bQ obtained

from the load flow solution in the absence of thyristor
control
(i~e.
with the 'boosting' pair permanently
open
and the 'short-circuiting' pair permanently closed).

However the load flow solution is expressed in terms of
(8)
pure sinewa'ves, whereas the
ted.
Using equation (7) to eliminate Vy
.115
actual waveforms are disto4''''
a result of the waveform mismatch, the dynamic
simulation under
thyristor control requires a very long
computer run to reach steady state
conditions~
Oetection of discontinuities
is a unit matrix of order t
u~ing
equation
d
dt(~U)
(6)
Thyristor switching must be detected accurately in

order to perform the approp' ote topological changes.
'l'he 'sta\:.<! of each thyristor is determined at th"
beginning of every integration step and the current
through the thyristor is then calculated assuming this
particular state throughout the complete integration
step. The value of this current is then used to indicate
the state of the thyristors for the n.. "t integration in-
to eliminate V/;l
1
., "Uh: ..-RU
(9)
whe .....
terval.
"u
and
1
RU
u -
itT
YY ItY1
11
'I'
The following information is used to model th~

state of the thyristor.
anode to cathode voltage (V.IIK) , which is at logic
level~ '1'
or '0' depending on whether the device is
Ilu. .. Kill !lll/J

J
234
cathode current II ) which i~ at logic

AK
level~ 'I' or '0'
depending on whether this current is
greater or less than the holding current.
operating state of the thyristor IC) immediately
prior to the ,integration step under consideration which
is at loqic level tIt or '0' when the device is 'ON' or
'OFF' respectively.
presence of gate pulses (G) is indicated by logical
level 'I' and absence by '0'.
Thus the state (S) of the thyristor is given by the fol~
lowing logical relationship:
anode
to
The thyristor turn ON is predictable since its

firing instants are decided by the control system.
In
this case the integration step-length can be adjusted so
that the firing instant coincides with the beginning of
a step. The firing instant is related to the zero crossing of the reference voltage, this reference point can
be determined by linear interpolation without the need
for any change in the integration step-length.
An accurate turn OFF can only be predicted at the
expense or slowing down the computation.
Sufficient
accuracy is normally achieved by detecting 'the turn OFF
after it occurs and then improving it by linear interpolation.
The turn OFF instant thus obtained is then
used to interpolate for all the other variables.
CU~PUTED
flnd current waveformm; this intervlll will, of course,

vary with the power factor of the load.
Harmonic content
The disc ..ete information obtained irOOl the dynamic
simulation can be used to obtain the harmonic content
of the 'voltage and current waveforms. Sinee the time
steps used for the dynamic solution are not equally
spaced, linear interpolation is used to obtain the approximate data at regular intervals.
The Fast Fourier Transform (5) is then used to
process this data and compute the discrete Fourier coefficients a and b. The rms values (C ) and phase relationships ~~ ) ofneach component of tHe composite WaVeforms are glOen by the following two relationships respectively.
C
+n
12
IIIJ
tan
-1
-b
( an)
n
WAVEFORMS
A computer programme, based on the dynamic analysis described in the previous sections WqS used to investigate the behaviour of a three-phase three-winding )0
!!VA distribution transformer and a series boosting tra'nsformer as shown in Fig. I, the relevant parameters for
the main and series transform""s are given in Append!x A.
Due to the frequent topological Changes caused by'
the multiple switching, the solution required long comp~
utinq times~
Most of the time was spent in obtaininq
realistic initial conditions, i.e. 90in9 from the sinus~
oidal waveforms initially assumed to the actual distorted waveforms. However, once a set of realistic initial
steady state waveforms had becn Obtained, these could be
uscd for all the subsequent dynamic cases on the same
system.
Some of the results of a three-phase symmetrical
study are plotted in Fig_ 4 and their similarity
with
the theoretical (Fig. 2) and experimental (Fig. 3) reSults is very apparent. These waveforms illustrate the
effect of a 750 delay'in the firIng of the boosting pair
sl and a 100 delay in the firing of the short-circuiting
periods are clearly seen in curve (V ) which represents
T
the tertiary side voltage across the ,series transforrner~
The fundamental component of the load side voltage
waveform (V ), although not immediately obvious from the
L
figure, has been boosted by G\, for these particular delay angles, with respect to the voltage at the secondary
terminals of the main transformer.
Small 'dips'
are
clearly visible in the load voltage waveform 89 a result
of the c~nutations between the loading and short-circuiting thyristor5.
The percentage regulation of the fundamental component of the 10lld voltage as iii function of the firing
angle a (while is kept constant at 10) is illustrated
in Fig. 5. The graph $hows a stepless voltage variation
between +11\ and -3.4\.
There is ~ small phase shift between the fundarnent~l components of the voltage at the secondary terminals
of the main transformer and the load voltage. The var1atio~ of phase-shift
with Q is also plotted in Fig. 5
and a maximum of +1.50 is observed.
Finally it should be noted that the eadiest firing
instant for the boosting pair corresponds to an angle
equal to the phase difference between the actual voltage
Cycles
Fig. 4.
Computed waveform
(b)
(a)
40
80
120
1>0
IBO
Firing angle (degrees)

Fig- 5.
Load voltage variation.

(a) Voltage regulation (per cent)
(h) Phase shift of fundamental (degrees)
235
The maximum h;rmonic content of the load voltage

and current waveforms and the supply voltage and current
waveforms are illustrated in Figs. 6 and 7 respectively.
Each harmonic is expressed as a
of the fundamental cOllIponent of the
waveform.
The point on wave control booster acts as a source
of fundamental plus harmonic voltage.
The harmonic
levels of the load voltage vary with the firing angles
and their maximum values are plotted in Fig. 6. Third
halmonic is predominant, but the levels of 5th, 7th,
11th and 13th are also significant. The levals of harmonic current at the load are limited by the load impedance, thus reducing the increasing harmonic orders (Fig
6).
II, I
35791113
Voltage
Fig. 6.
35791113
Current
Harmonic content at load bus.
As a result of the delta winding on the primary

side of the main transformer, Fig. 7 contains no third
or triplen harmonics.
However there 1s a relatively
high level of internal third harmonic current.circulation in the delta winding (up to 6\ for the case under
consideration)
A comparison of supply and load harmonic currents

shows a larger content of 5th. 7th, 11th and 13th on the
supply side. This is caused by the extra current injection from .the tertiary (point on wave controlled) winding.
!!
.,
.,;c
The static alternative based on point on wave cQntrolled voltage boost has been shown to be technically
feasible. By appropriate choice of the boosting
transformer ratio any voltage range provided by on-load tapchangers can be achieved subject to some waveform distortion and phase-shift.
There is no need for mUltiple
taps, each phase requiring four thyristors,and the speed
of response is only limited hy the intervals between
thyristor switchinqs.
The results of this preliminary investigation are
sufficiently encouraging to justify the necessary reliability and economic studies prior to the design of a
full scale unit.
ACKNOWLEDGE:MJ::NTS
The authors are grateful to Mr. P. W. Blakeley,
General Manager of the New Zealand Electricity Department;
and to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Centre of the University of Canterbury for their
help.
REFERENCES
[1]
Roberts, M. E. and Ashman, W. G.,"A Thyristor Assisted Mechanical On-load Tap-Changer", I.E.E. Conference Publication No.5) on Power Thyristors
and
their applications, pp. 185-192, May 1969.
[2]
O'Kelly, O. and Musgrave G., NAn Appraisal of
4
3
.,.c
onics are considered unacceptable, "om@ filtering plant

may have to be add~d to th~ basic unit of Fig. 1.
The thyristor "witch"" need only be rated according
to the maximum p~rcentage voltage requlation required,
While it is possible to consider series and parallel thyristor connections, the simplicity of the aingIe device switch is attractive.
As an example of the
field of application of the single device switch, consider the 30 MVA transformer taken as a basis
for the
computer studies. Assuming 8 150'MVA fault level on the
11 KV side and a voltage regulation of 10%, the shortcircuiting pair in each phase would have to cope with
10' of (1/3 x 150), i.e. 5 MVA for two or three cycles,
which is within the range of present thyristor technology.
Moreover. under external fault conditions th~
pair 51 can be blocked, thus leaving the shortpair S2 to withstand the fault current. Internal faults caUSing simultaneous conduction of the boasting and short circuiting pairs will require the provIsion of fast acting fuses between 51 and the transformer
tertiary winding.
CONCLUSIONS
[3]
(j
[4]
tl)
;I;
H .. J., IIDynamic modelling of single generators con-
S 1 911 13
Voltage
Current
[5]
l"i9. 7.
lIarmonic content at supply bu".
DISCUSSlm~
The range of voltage controllability which can be

achieved with the proposed solution is only limited by
the level of harmonic content produced. Onder reasonably
flow conditions, most of the lrd and triplen .. tlKlll<.>".. ",, can be eliminated by transformer delta
windings.
If the levels ot the 5th, 7th, 11th or 13th harm-
~rran""
sformer Tap-Changing Techniques U , I.E.E .. Conference

publication No. 123, pp. 112-117, 197).
Arrillaqa, J., Barrett, B*, and Vovos, N; A. I NThy_
ristor-Controlled RegUlating Transformer for variable Voltage Boosting", Proc. I.E.E., Vol. 123,NO.
10. pp. 1005-1009, 1976.
Arrillaga, J., Campos Barros, J. G. and AI-Khashali
nected to HVOC Convertors", I.E.E.E. PES July 1977,
1"77647-l.
Cochran, W. T. et aI, "What is the Fast
Fouri",r
Transform?U, Proc~ I~E~E.E,.t Vol~ 55, No .. lOa
pp~
1664-1674, 1907.
APPENDIX A: PARAMETERS FOR COMPUTER
Supply bus fault level

Load power factor
STUD~
480 MVA.
0.9
Main Transformer The main transformer consists of three 9ing16phase units connected in delta/star/star.
Ratings. 10 MVA
phase) 33/11/2.4 kV (phMe1;9
236
ThG ~clt and mutual winding reactancU9, calculated

in ohms par phase, from the manufactur@r s op~n circuit
~d short circuit tests, were as follows!
Prilll,,!:y
Secondary
Terth."y
Primary
60500
12900
2153
Secondary
12900
2760
587
215l
S97
125
Tertiary
Series transformers ~
Three independent transtormer$ were used (with
their primary windings in series with tho resp~ctlvu
phases of the loed).
Rating, 1.2 HVA. 0.76/1.39 kV
Winding reactances:
APPENDIX 12
The motorby
set, which was manufactured
e & Co.
, Hebburn-on-Tyne, England,
following
data.
D.C. Motor Compound wound No.83768

Volts
Amps 85
R P.M. 200/1800
Current Alternator No.83771

Continuous rating 10 kVA
29
3
R.P M. 1500
Amps 200
Periods 50
Volts 220
No.8
P F. 0.8
Amps 11
69
kVA
R P.M. 1500
520
3
Volts 220
50
P.F. 0 8
ld Amps 9.5
238
APPENDIX 13
led
Indexing Remu:
1PIu!SIi! conlrol, A.wef C",,,"".Il'o~i'I!"on"$I<1II conll'V', Power mlllil/armen. ThyrizlOr OppliClltiOIl'
Abstract
Wi!h reference 10 the cOllveniional quadrature booster transfomlcr. this paper describes a way of achieving
continuous phase.mift control b,ued on point-onowave thyristor swiiching. TIu: proposed unit can provide
continuous and practically instantaneous power-transfer control in transmission circuits. The theoretical waveforms
are verified by experimental lests and computer sludies. Consider:uion is also given to the hamlOnic content
produced.
Introductioll
The flow of power over II transmission line connecting two

power systems, J)r two parts of the same system, is innexlbly lied to
ahe power.angle difference between the voltages at the inteH;onnected
busbm.
System-planning requirements normally decide tMI nominal power
rating of II particular interconnection, and transient-lltability consider
lltions restrict the maximum steadystate phase difference to relatively
low values (of the order or thirty degrees). nUlse constraints Ire
checked by means of)oadf1ew studies and often, ~s II result of such
studies, quadrature booster transformers are added to produce phare
~hifl and. thus, satisfy Ihe specified power limiU.
Phase shift is normally achie\"d by means of 3-phase shunt transformers with series windings arranged to add II fixed quadrature
voltage to each phase. Taps are often used to permit variation of the
quadrature boosting level, and.(inc variation can only be achieved by
the use of automatically controlled onload tap changing, which is
eXp"flsh'e and requires considerable maintenance.
..
A recent publ.ication t has described II w3'1 ~f achieving continuous
voltage-ma!,Ulitude variation by exercising thyristor-controlJed point.
onwave switching of a.n in-phase regulating transformer. The same
principle is applied in this paper to !he quadrature booster trans
former. The paper describes mathemllticaJl)' and Ilxperimentally !he
conditions under which it is possible to achieve continuous powertransfer control.
:2
The operation of Ihe circuit in mode (i) em be belief described

wi!h reference to the theoretical waveforms of Fig. 2. The~ wave
forms correspond to III CMe of lagging power factor I/J and with the.
quadrature voltage leading the primary vohage by 90".
During the positive halfcycle oninc current I, when VI' is positive,
the voltage VT lill.:roSS the secondary winding or the series transformet
is negative. This voltage forward-biases !hyristor 3 lind reverse-blares
thyristor 4. The provision of a S31e pulse to thyristor 3 will thererore
tum
on, thus short-circuiting the secondary winding of T1.
1$
now equal to where
is the forward voltage drop of thyristor
3.
"I.
V,
Basic circuit and modes of operation
The schematic diagram of Fig. 1 mows one phase of ill

thYlistor-controlled quadratuJe booster connecting iwo systems
represented by their respective voltages V", and Vs. Shunt transformer
T I proVides the quadrature vOltage for each phase, and series traos.
former T, the controlled boosting voltage.
S, and Sa are two backto-bllck phase-controllcd thyristor
sw~c:hes; SI is !he boosting pair md 52 B short-circuiting switch,
which is necessary to prevent In opcn-circuit condition of the series
transformer during the nonboosting periods.
There are two basic operating modes, depending on whether the
quadrature 'tohage VQ leads lmode (i)] or lags Imode (ii)1 the
primary voltage V,..
Fh,.1
ThyriJJl@r'4:onlrolled qllfulrl1ll1Yi! booliell'
IIJIOI', llr:fJf ,,,.;...d 14lh NOVf:mbri:f
1!l1V
mi.
nntJ
"nd I" ,.vI"d rom. HJlh
;t ..mOf1!J b w/th the f),port"..", of EhCfrk;,,' Eng/".,rln9, IJnlv."tfyof

C<tnte,twfJl. Chrl>l<hurth, N...
,gntlll>llr. Oil;'" i. wit/, Ih. Ne", Z%nd
Elect,lcllylH(J@!lm<fII. Chris/drurY, "
fill. 2
VutoFietical waj'e{Q1I1U "'l'irh leading qUfJdroluff' .vIM,"
"1'
239
When
h positive, thyriUor 1 is forwlrd bias.ed. Therefore, I
puls.e applied to thyristor I will 111m II on, lind Y'if will become
posit ive. l!kcause, thyristor 3 Is IIOW uovene biagd. Ii wiJIlllrl! off.
When
il; negative, thyristor l b again forward biased. HI:II~.
dle firing
thyristor:3 will lum it on, and I commutation from
th)'ristor I 10 thyristor 3 will like pl8ce, thus turninglbyristof I off.
The Ilperluion during the s.econd hlllfcycle is similar to the fint,
but wilh all voltage polarities reversed lUId '''ilh the altelillite thyrislm
of nch backto-back pair conducting.
Thus, for operation in mode (i), with lagging power factor, Ole
efrective fange of the firing angle g ror S, is; 90" + 1/1 <!l < 180" ,lUId
the range of firing angle Ii for 8 1 is O < iii < 90" + 1$1. The firing angles
o lind f Ire both measured wilh respect 10 the zero crossings of VQ
If lagging quadrature boosting is us.ed (mode (ii). i.e. IfQ lags V",
by qO, the appropriate thyristor of switch Sa required to terminate
the boosting period, will be rcvcne biased until the uro crossing of
the line current and cannot conduct until that inuan!. But, even then.
the conducting thyristor of switch S. , being still forward biased, will
continue conduct' 19 lUId the ' ....itching of Sa will immediately short
drcuit the secondary ",inding of transformer T I. To overcome this
problem, II dday could be buill into the control syste,,' to allow S I to
switch off and rtco"cr fully before the firing ofSa. This delay.
however. would cause III temporary open circuit, with large overvoltages, across the iccondary winding of T 1, and Is not considered II
practical proposition. Operation under mode Oi) was thus discarded,
illnd the rest of the paper deals-with operation in mode (i).
If the transmissiQfl line connecting the two systems contains power
transformers III either end, Ihe ~hunl transformer of fig. I can be
dispensed wilh, and the requirta reduced vollage obtained from II
tClliary winding. Fig. 3 illustrates one phase or :iI transmission line
(between busbars V. and VII) with ~ 3-winding transformer at the
sending end. In the absence of tftvristor switches. the phas.e-to-neulral
lertiary voltages will be in quadrature with the line vohages of the
delta.(Oimecled windings. Thyristor control produces the waveforms
illustrated ill Fig. 2.
1l!~I\:
II
= cllrreni vecton
nodal volt age vecton
= e .m.f. vector ofinduclive branches
"" resistive branches matrill

'" fesistan~ matriK of the inductive lmillllchet
= inductance matrix
resistive branch-lonode incidence matriCt's for the 8
and 'Y nodes
K;~. K'f., = inductive branchlonode incidence matrices for Ihe
tJ and '1 nodes
Two more mlltrix equations can be wrilten relating some of the abo"
variables by using Kirchhoffs current law and remembering {10m the
definitigrll of ",nodes that K;" 0, i.e.
K!J,',
(l)
= - KfJJl,
K.,I/, ==
(4)
I)
and also
(5)
3.1
State-llp,,"" lInalVlfh
By using Ihe flux linkages !/Ill as the state variables and Ole
node subdivision described in Ole preceding Section, the rate of
change of the state variables (eqn. 2) can now be expressed liI!i folloWll:
d
;U(tJill) == ,
'II'
,.
+ K,jl"p-RII/, + K,yV.,
(6)
The voltage vectors Vii lind V'I' appearing on the righi-hand side of
eqn. 6 need 10 be expressed in terms of the current vectors l1li(\ their
values calculated at every step of the dynamic solution.
An expression for the voltage vector of IJ nodes J-pcan be defllled
as follows:
(0) premultiply eqn. tl T'by
(b) note that K'[., = 0
(c) substitute eqn. 3 in eqn. I
The resulting expression is

Vi! '" - R(J~Kt:II/,
(7)
where
RiJ "" KtlrRr-: K'Jp
fill. 3
One-phase ,epr;w:ntor;on 0/ IJ trarumiu;on sysrem w/rh thyristor1I:0II"01/,,d quadrature boosf/fl/l
Simnarly, an expression can be obtained for I/y as follows

By premultiplyinC eqn. (, by K'r,I.,,1 and remembering Ihal ';/1 '"
.1",,1,. 'he followiJlgexpression results:
Mathematical model
Owing to waveform distortion, the exact position of the

crossing poifl'b used as II reference for the switching instanls is not
known in advance; moreover, point-on.w3ve switching is transient by
nature, IlI1d the analysis of voltage and current waveforms requires a
dynamic: model.2
Ii is computationally efficient 10 use the branch formuk\tion and
subdivide the nodes according to thll Iype of branches connected 10
them i'll!o:
la) (J nodes connected III least to one !resistive branch
(b)., nodes connected only 1.0 inductive branches
(c) l; nodes wnneeled to thyristor branches (this is u spedallype of.,
node).
The introouction of I) nodes s.epllrales the nMes affected by continuOUs topological
Althoul!h IS nodes
1101 figure in the formulation, iJilry lire useful
10 idenaif), which nodes life affected by thyristor switching during the
dyn!lfllic llimulalion.
A conduct ins thyristor b heated ~ II shorl circuit, thus converting
two Ii nooes into II ., .!lode, IIIld a nonconducting thyristor Is treated
IS lin opllin circuit, converting two li nooeJ> into 11'10 '1nooes. Using Ole
31101l1l cla!l>ificlition, thl!) following mllhix Ilqu<ltioo$ C3n be written for
the Jesisliw <lnd ~du!:iJve !mmches III partitioned form;
(I)
(2)
K-"I;il[l.lI fUI)"l-/,
K.."Lil(l:', + KI~Vp
~(I'/I)] ""
+ K,;VT -Rill,)
Using '''In. S, noting tilal d/dl(L II )

V,l
Referring back
eliminilite Vl1
(EI
10
.!.(I,bll) ==
lit
0, alld re~rranging. we !let
+ Ki~YtJ -Rill,)
the slale->&pace matrix tqn. 6
(a)
1I11d
ming eqn. S If'
IV" - KI~l.nK'I'ILiii liE, + KI~I~ -Rul,1
where V" is <II unil matrix of ordell.

lIy using '''l". 7 10 eliminate VGI
40
finillly,
eQn.9 In matrix form, lind II being remembered
thllt II
[~(""I) ]'"
(i0)
i-MuRALiiil
The flumcrit:illlOlulion ohqn. 10 il disC:l!~d In Appendix 9J,l!lld

ihe detection of the discontinuities pIQ(I'Icing topological changes il;
descril:Hld in Appendix 9.'2.
fourier l!:omponenb
4.2
The discrete inlomlalion obtained from the dynamic simu

lation cln be used 10 ohlain thl1 Fourier components of the vollage
and cuneni wavefomll. Beclluse the rime step' used for the dyn~mlc
!!olution Ire 1101 equaU ... sp:!ced. linear interpolation is \.'s~d 10 obtain
the !!pproximate data :ill regular intervals.
The fasl Fourier uansform l is then used to process this data lUld
compute the discrete Fourier cOI'fficienlS tin and lI". The r.m.s. ",alues
C" and phase relationships 9" of ~ach component of the compo'lile
waveforms are given. resp!:clively, by the following two relationmip>!:
C.,
4.2.1
Fundamental voitlltp
Quadrature boosting causes phase-shift and voHage-magnitude

variations. The effed of firingangle control on such parameten b
now discussed with reference to the particubr system described in
Section 4.1.
Two limiting cases will help to explain the effect of varying the
firing angles or the boosting and short-circuiting thyristor pain; the
results life iUustraled in Fig. 5.
Qse(fJ)
Phase-angle control is exercised at the boosting pair (angle 0:), whercall

the delay of Ihe short..circuiting pair" is kepi constant aI 5". The
results Ire plotted between points A and B in Figs. 50 md Sb. These
indicate II maximum phase shift of 4" with a voltage-magnitude Vlrialion of3-6%.
Qse(b}
The boosting and short-circuiting thyristol1! lire fired symmetricillly
with respect 10 the zero crossing; of the tertiary voltage (i.e. i! =
180" - a). The results. plotted between points A and C in FilP. Sa
and 5b, show that Ihe maximum pha~e shift has increased 10 9"',
whereas the voltagemagnitude change has.l ..c~..Jto 1-4%. A:J l!lfI
extension of Ihis case. and stalling from point C (i.e. when minimum
0: has been reached). further phase shifts can be achleved by delaying
0
angle from 180 -a) to (90 + 4. The results. plolted between
points C and D in Figs. So and Sf). show Ihat the maximum phase shift
can be extended from 9" \0 I!". and thai the voltage magnitude
increases bY'0'7% al point D (this point requires continuous boosting
operation, I.e. with switch S, permanently on and switch Sa
penmmently off).
Fig. 4
Computed walleform,
e Primary vohaa./(C
b Vollase on the Hcondary I1de
tbe m::l.)n traodormef
e Voltast' 8t the undinl end of trensmb:aiolA liM
d i\eceivlnl-cn4 vottal_
or
4.2.2
Qu.d,o'IJ,e """,ling voll ...~

f Current on the "rlmarY .Ide bf the main eransfonner
I. Cuntlu on the leC'undary side of tb .. ma;n "$nJlormlff
Ii CUNeo. on 1he st'cotlduy aide of the &.cries .,andormer"
I Curten1 on the .ertiar), aidr of the main Il'IInsf08fPft
It
Camp'uter results
4.1
Wav.forml
The mathematiclll model described in Section .) hIs been

pfogrammed for numerical solution III l!l digital computer. Owing to
the frequent topological chanllH (30 switching instants per cycle for 13
3phue system), the solution requires vllry small steps and, consC!
quenlly, much computing time.-A large proportion of the time is used
in eliminllting the mismatch which cxists between the sinusoidal wive
forms initially assumed and the actual distorted waveforms. However,
once l! lei of realistic initi~1 steady.state wneforms has been obtained.
these can be llsed for subsequent dynamic c~s on the same system.
The leU system under consideration is illustrated in Fig. 3, and the
relevant
are given in Appendix 9.3.
wlivefonns. cakullted with contre! angles a'" I2S" and
e
, liITe illustrated in Fig. 4. Waveforms (11) lind (d) Ire the
sinuwidlll \toluses It the terminal luubars 1',. l!lld
respectivel:
(assumed to be connecled to very strong 5y:1tems). Wavefonlli (b) lind
fc) correspond 10 "'ohagn I:Hlfore
and lifter VB the series ifl!llS'
fOlll'ler; the effect of ~omm!ltaliorl$ Is clearly visible in these W<lveforms. The boosting 1/ollllge IIr Icrms thl: Iccol\(bry winding
the
series Ifl!lniformer ii illustrated by wlIIlleform (c). The f:ummt wave
forms 00 the primary; iecondary and tertiary ;ld!:1 of tbe 3.winillng
(g) and (0, respectively. Md
lilliliformer are shown in waveforms
wlIVdoM1 (iii) illustrates the cUllenl on
Mcondmry side of the Mnn
"J\l.
v.,
or
tfl!llilfOl:imllf.
Harmonic content
The sendiog.end voltage on the line side or the series 113nsformer shows considerable dislortion (Fig. 4c). The harmonic con lent
VlInes with the firing lI.IJgles 0 and t", and the maximum leveb
(expressed IS II percentage (Jllh" fundamental voltage). calculated by
the faSI fourier Iransrorm for Ihe lest eKample, art illustrated ill
Fig. 6 for the Iwo cases discussed in Section It2.1.
elise (b) shows considerable increase in harmonic content oVllr case
(/I). This is explained by the larger voltage jumps caused by the firing
delays of the short-circuitiog Ihyrulon.
The only sourcc I f triplen harmonics is the tertia!)'
(clearly illustrated by the voltage and current waveforms Lt. fig>.
and 4i). For the test exam!,I!:', the maximum levels of third and ninlh
harmonic currents in Iht tertiary windings are 310 mil I
respec;li"ely. (or 39?( and I J% of the nominal fllndamental-componell\
filling).
No triplen hamlOnics 1m: present in the unding. or
'In''..:f,(I
~yst"ms as II result of the delta...:onnccled transformer winding:;.
is. however. intern:!! circulalion of triplen harmonics in the deh;
winding;. The maximum levels for the ca~ under consideration 1111:
3'3% Md 1% of third- lind llinth.IJarmonic Cllrrents, respectively, in
the primary windings. The corresponding levels in the secoilduy
windings IIrt 48% and 1-6'J:.
Other imporunl maltimum harmonic currents ill the Iti1iuy
windinp :lIfe liS follows:
roT.nu. ,
.<<,. ..
(11) 5ih - 23%

(1/) 71h '6IJ.
(c) 11th 9%
(.I) 13th 8%
It must be poinled out, however, that the brger.IJarmoruc contents

in the tertiary winding coincide with reduced conlent or fundllmen111l
oompllilmt.
241
4.3
PmAmv trml'lafllf
'The complex power IIi the receivinll-end busbar is obtained

from the expression S" VI, where V Bnd lare the Im.s. fundamentHI
<l:omponenll obtained from the fourier analysis. The IIlctlve IIJId
luctivc.po"er Illlws per phue for the two cases (11) lind (b) discussed
In Section 4.1.1 are illustrllted in fi~. 7& IIJId 7b.
With rderence to fig. 7IJ, the power transfer can be increased by

20".f> for case (a) (line AIl) and by 25% for case (b) (line AC). If case
(b) is extended b)' furlher delaying f. as described in Section 4.2.1t
the power trllnsfer can be further increased up to a maximum of 3091(line CD).
With reference to fig_ 7b, case IJ causes I 7% maximum variation of
reactive power al the receiving end (line AB). The rI!3ctive'powl:r
requirements of the transmission line increase substantially in case (1'.)
115 indicated by lines AC (65% variation) and line CD (135% variation).
44
so
44'
40
.....'"
4 5
31\
0:
;[
Hi
.,
~
34
I.-I.
4- 2
<!)
:112
.",.
..
~-----Ji.
100
120
11.-0
] tI
0::1
140
160
36
1110
[Onlrol angle ... deg

160
140
120
100
3
1110
control angte "'-, deg
(j
control angte
2
100
<IJ(.
leg
160
IU)
120
11)0
:0
>'"
""
II:
,.,
-1
;[
..
-10
-1'4
-2
-I-II
"
",. -2':
-3
OJ
-:;
100
120
t.J
160
control anglli! B<. deg
140
.."
11\0
-2-6
-]. 0
~~
I
I
01
fill.!lii
FunJamen',,' polt: Is lor 1(6th rated series tram/ormen
Powertrom/er
formers
a PhUfNBnsie Incfelllse (deareH)
Celie A: I~ne A .. R/Jncre8H for variable o. fiBed fl = S

Clue B: I~e A..cl..lncfl~au' for var1ablr Q. variohlte fl
furlher Incruse for variahle (f hcyund Vltin' C
Volts." ma.",'tud.
('Il)
Casr A: Une A-8llncrgmse for vBllable
Q.
tiKed
fl
= (I ROC! - Q)
= (900) ... 0)
lin~
C-'fj
SOD
emMB: line A.c o Ineresut' for variable a. vAriable =(190 -1J) line C .. O.
FUilher Increulll ror variable c b=vond poin. C == (90(l) ... @)
..
...
..
!i
II.
'Ie"
<l
<!)
@
g
I)
fl;.~
"/"JlimlAm yol'IJle-harmon/e <:om.,,,, 411 I'll! FOR 1/6,,,

""'''/OrMerR
.
Cue II: Vwimbh CI. fiati'd ffl lie 'i!>
Cun B: V~bk fl.V@ltablceJ;;.::(lIMl!' """"ill)
,,,,ed seri",
receiving elld lor I/Illh ra,cd uries
At.'liv4' pnw~i' (MlA' P"" phi~)

CDEr A: line ,AU. Im'rt'a.;.\' rur 'I:.lri;.&hIL'
LII.
liBltd ((
irQ",
= ('
Csse 11: line A"(\ Incn:a.\>e fur v:ariahlt' 0:, v;tri:able tl == (160 - a) lind (>1,
Furlher incn:Dlc for v.riahl~ If heyomJ point C = (90~ i- 0).
D Reaclivc power (MVAN. Pie, phillie)
Co.n A: lin~ A8. Increast! for variahle 0, fixed (I = '!t
C\!I'Ulf' flJ: line A...c, Incrg,u4' for varliahle G. variBhle 4'':; (IHO!l'l
~ a) line (" .. D.
0
Fur.hlli' increase for variahle f heyond point c: = (90 -+ 0.)
4.4
I}
;f.
(jJ
~'ariorion
Discussi@!'O
The results illustrated in Sections 4.1 to 43 demonstrate Ihllt

it is possible 10 implement a continuous variation of phasacshif! and
thus achieve lIel)' fasl power transfer conlrol. The relative variation @f
the liring delays at the boosting and short-circuiting Ihyrislon givn
rise to different control strategies. and ii is possible 10 operate al;my
point within the shaded areas of figs. 5 and 1.
lFig. 1IJ illustrates that most of the real-power transfer .... riation can
be achieved by using the control outlined in caSe Cal and Figs. 71'. IIJId
6 indicate that both the variation of reacthe-power fequircment lind
the harmonic content lire kept to a minimum using this control
strategy.
for a modest increase of the power-transfer capability, case (b)
increases consillcr~bl)' the h3l1nuni.: content. Moreover, in the tnt
example under discussion this case I!ivl!s rise to consider:!ble variation
in the reactive-power requirements of the line.
The extra power-transfer control possible outside the shaded mrn
(line CD in Fig. 1) can only be achieved with unrealistically high Ineh
of reactive JXlw.er. This result cannot be generalised, however. and
may b<! quit~ different when Ihe linite short-circuit npacity of the
rea:iving-end system b laken into consideration.
242
AppendixGs
1).1
Implicit integration .,f mi!'! stlilte
~eC,l)f
Becllus~ of the thyri5lor Iwilchinp. the topology Ii under~oing repeated ("h~ng"" IIml the network equillions must therefore be
lIolved by II ',inglestep method, which is sdrsUrting.
Expressing the statevector differential equation in the following
form:
f(w)
then, by using the trapezoidal rule,4 the lillie \lector
lin integration step of length h is given by
!/I
lit the end of
and. by substituting from eqn. 10, we get
ob,." = 1/1, + i t-Jlf"RMii' ~, - JIf"RMir' Ib,+"
Fig.S
OSt:ilIog'l1ffla of typical voltage (mil CU'Ti""
..... velom"
41: Voltage on IJrimM}I !.ide or main transformer

b Volta,*, oft nne side of "tin transformer
t: "ottilIe &(TO!3 acc:ondary windi"l of "riEi lfaniformer
d Line current
All "' V,,'"
Experimentalllerification
An 82S kVA. 400/200/66 V. J-winding )phase transformer.

with its tertiary windinp connected to three 1S0VA (per phase)
66/25 V series transformers wa used to verify cxperimentlllly the
thcoreticlll waveforms described in preceding Sections.
The transformers and thyristor switches were connected a shown
in Fig. 3, and II set of typical voltage lind current waveform:nml
shown in Fia. II. The waveforms illustrated in Fig. 8 were obtained
with firing delays of 120 and 4S for the boosting 11/ lind shortcircuiting !hyriston, respectively.
Oscillograms So, b, t: and d show the primary voltage VI', the
phaseshifted voltage VB. the voltage across the secondary winding of
the series transformer I'T lIIId the line current I. respectively. In
particular. the Similarity of oscillograms lib and c with the theoretical
waveforms Va and 1fT of Fig. 2 iIIustrllte the feasibility of the
proposed switching sequence.
Conclusions
It has been demonstraled that the phase Ingle of the power

frequencyvoltage component of II transmission line can be varied
continuously by using thyristor-controlled quadrature boosting. The
maximum phase shift obtainable is only limited by the ratio of the
quadrature booster transformer. Such variation, in tum, provides II
corresponding region of continuous powertransfer control. TIle speed
of response is similar to that of the thyristor.controlled rectifier, II
properly which could be exploited to improve the transienl-!ltabilily
limits of the interconnected systems.
Besides causing phase shift, quadrature booster controlliffects the
voltage magnitude lind int roduces harmonic distortion. Regions of
controllability lind the levels of active reactive power and harmonic
content have been defined. The luger proportion of power control
lability hu been shown to produ~ \loltllgehamlonic levels within 3%
of the fundamental Yolillge.
+ Milt', + Mult,." l
By rearranging, lind making
. Acknowledgments
The lIUlhOB are grateful to P.W. Blakeley, General Mmager
of New Zealand Electricity ~nd to the technical stafr of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Centre of the University
of OlJlterbul'}' (or their help.
i M"R,',Lil
the following expression resuits:
!/I, + Ail
Mu(,
+ ,u)
(U)
,."
Within each integration slep. the values of 1/1" , :and

are CO/1
sideredconstant. finally, the flux linkages !/I" lire small quantities in
the system being modelled, and the numerical accuracy is gready
improved by using W!/lll as the stale variables,l.e.
.
I, = xiNw\lll/)
The stability of the numerical soluHon depends on the accuracy or the
initial conditions. Approximate initial conditions for II particular
study can be obtained from the load-flow solution in the absence or
thyristor conlrol (i.e. with switch S, permanently open and switch !OJ
permanently closed). HowevfOr, the load-Ilow solution is expressed III
terms of pure sinewaves, whereas the actual waveforms are distorted.
As 1I result of the waveform mismatch, the dynamic simulation under
thyristor control requires a very long computer run to reach steady.
state conditions.
9.2
on/off detec:1ion of thyristor switching
Every thyristor switching elluses a topological change in the

system. The state of each thy ristor is determined at t he beginning of
every integration step, and the current through the thyristor b then
calculated assuming this particular Uate throughout the complete inte.
grlltion step. The ulue of this currenl is then used to indicate the
state of the thyristors for the nut integration interval.
The thyristor mooelused requires the following information:
(o)anooelo..;alhode voltage "AIr; lilt level '&' for
forwardbiased
device
fb) anOOeto..:athode curreRI 1M!:: :lit level 'I' when larger than. the
holding current.
(c) the thyristor operating state (C)immedialely before the Integratioll
5tep; at level 'j' when the devi~ is on
(d) presence of gate pulses (G) b indicated by logic level 'J '.
The sllte (S) of Ih. thyristor iI thus ginn by Ihe following
expression: $
R.,ferenC!!i,
ARRIU.AGA. B.,
."dVOVOS, KA.: "Thy.I.lo,-oonl.ollcd
fel"!.'i,,, Ir.n.ro,,,,~, f"r
Qli.JIllI iIooJlins',lI'mf:. lEt:. 1916, fU,
(lO).pI'. '005 -1009
2 AIUliLLAGA. J., AI.KHASHAU.
J.G.:
'Go"",.1 form"liu;"n ro, Ily .... ",\<:
IlIslie
"" .."",tc....lbltl. ~911, U4,Ul).I'P.
II ('(l('IlI'tAN, VI.T.,
<!!I" <d
: 'Whot 10 the
IEE, 1961. 55, pp. 16~-1614

.
.Ii OORW. "'S., .nd McCRACKEN, D.D.: 'WumnigJ
",illl "'etlian IV
ClIO. . . . .d."' Uobn WlMy" S""., Inc .. i9ll" 1'1'. nl-2U
~ SEAnn;. WI: and MONTfiTH. W.: 'Dj,j:ilolm<><l.II;"s I>r" tllyrilll",,',
1I'mf:.1. 1913, no, (1J. PI'. 1119-1110
_1"<><1.
Il'si~al
s=
The thyrilltor turn on is predictable because Ib firing instllJlU are
decided by the control 5yslem. In this case. the inlef!lation 5t~p length
elln be adjusted so that the firing instant coincides "'"ith the bfl!inninl!
liteI" The iirinlt inSl:!!nt is related to the zero croililing of me
referellC'll 'ifoILl!e, Ihis referen~ point :all be delermlned by linell1
inlerpolation without the need for lIny chan!!e in the intes.ation step
length.
.
An ~rate tum off clln only bI: predicted II the tllpenHl of
glowing' down the tOOlllpulltion. Sufficient alccur;u:y U nomlllliy
or
24
llI.::hleved by detecling Ihe urn orf liner II occur. ~nd Iheillnlproviilg

Ii by linear Interpolation. The !lIlli/of( ioshn! thu. obtained b then
u~d
il):S
:n60
:!i5l
:lSi
Comptlillf Utldy p.illrlll'lMl1ln
The primary VI" Mel receiving end ".!it busban were both
considered to be I.:onnecled 10
l,Yiilems. The ph~se.'lmgle
difference 8 belween the l!endinR
receivinll"nd Vl\! bluban
"'115
12900
to interpolate (01 all tht olher variabl;:;s.
initiilly 32".
The main transformer consisted of three singltphil!e IInib coone.:

ud deltIlJdelta/.12r. willi the following cbarllclerisiits:
The Ihree independent hoo.lillg Iransfonneq (with their primary

windings in l!eries with lhe respective phues of the trllnsmisslon line)
had the following characteristics:
Rating: H MVA.O76/13BkV.
Winding reaclmcel:
Ralin~: 6-6 MV '" (per phMe) 33/6<6/2-4 kV (phll!e 10 ph~).
Self and mutual winding reaclanceS (calculated in JI.. per ph~.

from Ihe manufacturer's open-circult lind lilorl-circuil tests):
Each phase of Ihe transmission line was represented by
impedance orOISl + j2-ofl..
Ii
HriU
244
APPENDIX 14
TRANSIENT
PARAMETERS
Base MVA
450 MVA
Generator
transient reactance
0.2 p.u.
inertia constant
4.0 kWs/kVA
Large power system reactance
0.004 p.u.
Transmission line res
0.05 p.u.
0.5 p.u.
reactance
Transformers:
The main
con
units connected
of three single-phase
I
with
following
characteristics.
Ratings - 150 MVA, 15/110/11 kV (phase-to-phase)
From the equivalent c
0.08 p.u.
0.02 p.u.
'-----0
15 kV
11 0 kV
11 kV
Assuming
1%
, 1% losses and the equal divis

the windings the
of 1
{in ohms
phase} were
24
Tertiary
0.015 + j150
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
j1100
j190
j1100
0.807 + j8067
j1396
j190
j1396
The three
transformers (with their

phases of the
primary windings in
transmission line), had the
Rating - 30 MVA, 15/11 kV
):
Winding impedances (ohms
Pr
0.003 + j30
Primary
Secondary
j22
j22
0.002 + j16
For the transient stability

the quadrature booster/bucker unit was
es impedance of 0.01 + jO.1 p.u.
as a
The quadrature and
current at
in-phase tap settings were varied by inj

each s
1
of the transformer.
of
The transformer
are shown in Fig. 9.2.

state operating condition
the
1.0 p.u.
(with
to
voltage Vs )
20.3
450 MW
11.67 MVAr lagging

A Thyristor Controlled Regulating Transformer

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

A Thyristor Controlled Regulating Transformer

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ATHYRISTOR-CONTROLLED

One goes to school not for knowledge so much as for

for the habit of attention, for the art

of expression; for the habit of submitting to censure and

person's thoughts quickly; for taste, for dissemination,

THE PROPOSED CIRCUIT

In-Phase Boosting and Bucking

Proposed Quadrature Boosting and Bucking

Thyristor Gate Pulse Requirements

Gate Pulse Requirements

Gate Pulse Requirements

THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL

The A.C. System

Electric Network Relationships

Voltage and Current Relationships

Solution of Electric Network Equations

Change of State Variab

Thyristor Turn OFF

DIGITAL MODEL PERFORMANCE

Validation of Harmonic Analysis

Validation of Transformer Model

the Network Equations

Load voltage Regulation

A Combined Voltage Boosting

POWER TRANSFER ' CONTROL

Quadrature Boosting with

Case (a) - Mode (i) Operation

Fundamental Voltage Vari

Case (b) - Mode (iii) Operation

tem Damping Improvement

System Damping Improvement

G.E.C.R. FIRING CIRCUIT

G.E.C.R. FIRING CIRCUIT CALIBRATION

CONVENTIONAL PULSE TRANSFORMER

"MICRONE" PULSE TRANSFORMER

MATHEMATICAL MODEL - INCLUDING CAPACITORS 203

THE RESPONSE OF A CURRENT TRANSFORMER

VOLTAGE HARMONICS ON THE

A STATIC ALTERNATIVE TO THE

D.C. MOTOR-DRIVEN SINE WAVE

TRANSIENT STABILITY STUDY

Basic Quadrature Voltage Booster

Theoretical Waveforms - Mode (i)

Theoretical Waveforms - Mode (ii)

Theoretical Waveforms - Mode (iii)

Theoretical Waveforms - Mode (iv)

Theoretical Waveforms - Mode (v)

Theoretical Waveforms - Mode (vi)

Theoretical Waveforms - Mode (vii)

Theoretical Waveforms - Mode (vi

Mode (i) Operation with

Mode (v) Operation with

In-Phase Voltage Booster

Booster Operation Logic

Bucker Operation Logic

Boost/Buck Switch Connections

Simple A.C. System Representation

Alternative A.C. System Representation

Transmission Line Representation

General Flow Diagram

Control of Thyristor Switching

Two Back-to-Back Thyristor Switches

Thyristor Turn OFF

Effect of Changing KYl