BIOLOGY

REPORT
FILE

By Sourabh Meena

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Drug
Addiction

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INDEX
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Certificate
Acknowledgement
Introduction
Drugs
Classification of drugs
Some harmful drugs
How Drug Addiction Begins?
Social Disease
Harmful effects of drug
Tobacco
Effect of Nicotine
Components of Tobacco smoke
Alcohol
Impact of drinking Alcohol
Case study

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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that BIOLOGY project titled DRUG
ADDICTION has been successfully completed by SOURABH
MEENA of Class XII-A in partial fulfillment of CENTRAL
BOARD OF SECONDORY EDUCATION (CBSE) leading to the
award of annual examination of the year 2014-2015.

INTERNAL EXAMINAR

TEACHER IN-CHARGE

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude towards
our Biology Teacher Mrs. Kanishka Kumar for her
guidance, support and encouragement throughout the
duration of the project. I would like to thank Mr.
Ramakant for his devotion towards this project. Without
their motivation and help the successful completion of
this project would not have been possible.

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Introduction

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Drug abuse, also called substance abuse or chemical abuse, is a

disorder that is characterized by a destructive pattern of using a
substance that leads to significant problems or distress. Teens
are increasingly engaging in prescription drug abuse,
particularly narcotics (which are prescribed to relieve severe
pain), and stimulant medications, which treat conditions like
attention deficit disorder and

Drugs

narcolepsy.

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Drugs
Any substance, other than food, used in the prevention,
diagnosis, all aviation or treatment of a disease is called a drug.
Drug is also known as a medicine. Generally, the term drugs
applied to any stimulating or depressing substance that can be
habituating or addictive.
A drug, broadly speaking, can be categorized in many ways;
hard or soft, uppers or downers, addictive or non-addictive, most
harmful or least harmful, legal or illegal.

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Classification of Drugs
There are a large number of drugs on which people become
dependent. These are classifies into four major groups: sedatives
and tranquillizers, opiate narcotics, stimulations and
hallucinogens.
Type of Drug

Effect

Examples

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1. Sedatives and
Tranquillizers

2. Opiate Narcotics

3. Stimulants

4. Hallucinogens

Dep
ress CNS activity give feeling ates,
of
Calmness,
relaxation,
drowsiness.

Barbitur
Benzodiazepines.

Opiu

Suppress brain activity and m,

relaxed pain
Morphine,
Codeine,
Heroin.
Mak
e a person more wakeful, alert tamines,
and active, cause excitement. Cocaine.

Ma
ke a person more wakeful, ,
perceptions.
psilocybin,
Ganja,
chares,
Hashish.

Amphe
Caffeine,

LSQ
Mescaline,

SOME HARMFUL DRUGS

1. Heroin:
Commonly used as smack Heroin is chemically
diacetylmorphine which is a white, odorless, bitter crystalline
compound. This is obtained by acetylation of morphine which is
extracted from latex of poppy plant Papaver somniferum.
Generally taken by snorting and injection, heroin is a depressant
and slows down body function.

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2. Cannabinoids:
Natural cannabinoids are obtained from the inflorescences of the
plant Cannabis sativa. The flower tops, leaves and the resin of
the plant are used in various combinations to produce marijuana,
hashish, charas and ganja. Generally taken by inhalation and
oral ingestion, these are known for their effects on
cardiovascular system of the body.
3. Cocaine:
It is obtained from coca plant Erythroxylum coca, native to
South America. It interferes with the transport of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Cocaine, commonly called coke or crack
is usually snorted. It has the potent stimulating action on central
nervous system, producing sense of euphoria and increased
energy. Excessive dosage of cocaine causes hallucinations.

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How drug addiction Begin?

There are many factors that lead people to drug addiction.
1. Curiosity: Frequent references to drugs by public media create
curiosity for having a personal experience of the drugs.
2. Friends pressure: Frequent appreciation of drug experience by
friends allures others to start the use of drugs.
3. Frustration and Depression: Some people start taking drugs to
get relief from frustration and depression.
4. Desire for More Work: Students sometimes take drugs to keep
awake the whole night to prepare for examination. It is not
desirable as it may cause mental breakdown.
5. Looking for a Different World: A wrong notion that the drugs
open up a new world tempts some young pupils to start takingdrugs.
6. Relief from Pain: A prolonged use of pain-relieving drugs with
physicians advice at times leads to addiction.
7. Family History: Children may take to drugs by seeing their
elders in the family.
8. Excitement and Adventure: The young take to drugs to satisfy
their instinct for excitement and adventure.

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Social DiseaseSmoking, Drinking and Use of Drugs

Smoking and drinking and use of drugs frequently or regularly
are social diseases. Young people take to these habits for fun,
show off or curiosity, as an adventure or feeling of freedom, or
as a gesture of defiance against the elders who themselves
indulge in these activities but check the youngsters. Temporary
escape from the life problems and mental relaxation felt on
taking the drugs in the beginning increase peoples interest in
them. Soon they become habitual and find in difficult to leave.
The daily dose to get the desired effect increases with time.

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SHORT-TERM EFFECTS
Loss of appetite
Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body
temperature
Contracted blood vessels
Increased rate of breathing
Dilated pupils
Disturbed sleep patterns
Nausea
Hyperstimulation
Bizarre, erratic, sometimes violent behavior
Hallucinations, hyperexcitability, irritability
Tactile hallucination that creates the illusion of
bugs burrowing under the skin
Intense euphoria
Anxiety and paranoia
Depression

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Intense drug craving

Panic and psychosis
Convulsions, seizures and sudden death from
high doses (even one time)

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LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Permanent damage to blood vessels of ear and
brain, high blood pressure, leading to heart
attacks, strokes and death
Liver, kidney and lung damage
Respiratory failure
Infectious diseases and abscesses if injected
Malnutrition, weight loss
Auditory and tactile hallucinations
Sexual problems, reproductive damage and
infertility (for both men and women)
Disorientation, apathy, confused exhaustion
Irritability and mood disturbances
Increased frequency of risky behavior
Delirium or psychosis
Severe depression
Tolerance and addiction (even after just one
use)

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Harm caused by Drugs:

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TOBACCO

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Tobacco
Sources:
It is a native of South Africa, where the Red Indian first started
smoking. Now the tobacco plant has spread the world over. It
has large, quote to Lancelot leaves and terminal clusters of
tubular, white or pink flowers.
Modes of Use:
Tobacco is used for smoking, chewing and snuffing. Its main
stimulating component is poisonous volatile alkaid nicotine,
which causes addiction. Nicotine synthesis occurs in the roots of
the plant but it is stored in the leaves. The leaves contain 2 to
8% nicotine. Inhaling tobacco smoke from cigars, cigarettes,
biddies, pipes and hubble-bubble is called smoking. Cigar is a
roll of tobacco leaf. Cigarette is cut tobacco wrapped in paper.
Bidi is tobacco wrapped. In a piece of leaf. Tobacco smoke is
drawn directly from pipe and through water is hubble-bubble.
Smoking may give some temporary relief to the strained nerves
but in the long run it proves a dangerous health hazard. The
quantity of nicotine contained in one cigar may prove fatal if
injected intravenously into a person. When smoked only 10% of
the smoke is inhaled. Hence, no immediate ill effect is observed.
Smokers may develop a physiological craving for nicotine and
then they cannot give up smoking.

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Effect of Nicotine:
Nicotine is a low concentration.
(i) Stimulates conduction of nerve impulses.
(ii) Relaxes the muscles.
(iii) Releases adrenaline, increasing heart beat rate and pressure.
(iv) Increased blood pressure due to smoking chances the risk of
heart diseases.
(v) Retards fetal growth in expecting mothers and
(vi) Causes tobacco addiction. High concentration of nicotine
paralyses nerve cells.

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Harmful components of Tobacco Smoke:

Besides the poisonous nicotine, the tobacco smoke contains
carbon-monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and tar.

Other Effects:
(i) Smoking affects economy:
A smoker not only waste money, but also runs risk of burns and
fires.
(ii) Smoking mars personality:

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Teeth may become stained. Lips may get discolored and breath
becomes foul. A person with a cigarette hanging from the mouth
look odd.
(iii) Smoking is annoying to others:
Cigarette smoke is quite annoying to non-smokers. It may prove
even more harmful to them. A smoker should avoid smoking.
When in the company of non smokers. A smoker makes the
nearby people passive smokers through inhaling smoke released
by him.

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Tobacco use in INDIA:

(All values in laks)

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ALCOHOLISM

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Alcohol
An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol,
commonly known as alcohol, although in chemistry
the definition of alcohol includes many other compounds.
Ethanol is a centrally-acting drug with a depressant effect.
Beer is an alcoholic beverage and thus has the
same harmful effects as other kinds of alcohol,
depending on the quantity consumed.

Reasons for drinking:

Psychological factors are curiosity, poor stress
control, escape from reality, poor impulse control, low self
esteem, positive attitudes towards alcohol, to get rid of
problems, to overcome loneliness, relief from tension and to
gain courage.
Social factors are peer pressure, modeling, easy availability of
alcohol in the market, party culture, family environment
(Parent/s drinking alcohol), lack of family support, to keep up
social norms and to show their masculinity.
Biological factors are genetic vulnerability like family history
of alcoholism in parents or near relatives and to get sleep.

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Impact of drinking alcohol:

Unlike other foods, alcohol does not require digestion. When
one drinks, alcohol is absorbed directly into the bloodstream
through the walls of the stomach and the intestine.
Once alcohol enters the bloodstream it circulates throughout the
body. Alcohol is metabolized in the liver and is changed to
carbon dioxide, water and some calories of energy which gets
converted into fat. A small amount of alcohol goes out of the
body through breath, urine and sweat. Regular, excessive use of
alcohol causes acute and chronic problems related to health,
occupation, family and social relationships.
Health Problems:
Alcohol can damage every system of our body.
Gastro intestinal system (stomach and intestines): Increased
acid secretion leading to acidity, ulcers, gastritis, and cancer
Liver: Hepatitis, jaundice and vomiting of blood due to
cirrhosis of liver, liver cancer, acute liver failure.
Pancreas: Pancreatic damage due to inflammation of pancreas
and acute pancreatitis leading to sudden death.
Central nervous system: (brain and spinal cord): Permanent
damage of brain resulting in memory disturbances, other
nervous problems, fits and mental illnesses.
Cardio vascular system: High blood pressure, increased
tendency to heart attacks, enlargement of the heart.

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Hangovers: Excessive drinking can lead to hangovers, thus

causing problems like headache, nausea, vomit and body aches.
Weight gain: alcohol consumption in larger quantities can lead
to weight gain, because alcoholic beverages are usually high in
calories.
Weak immune system: alcohol consumption makes your
immune system weak, thus making your body more susceptible
to infections.
Cancer: alcohol when consumed in excessive quantities puts
you at a higher risk of developing cancer
Fetal alcohol syndrome: Drinking alcohol in pregnancy may
cause the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (physical abnormalities,
growth retardation and developmental delay).

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Sources:
Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, flammable, colorless liquid having a
penetrating odor and burning taste. It is one of the products of
the distillation of fermented grains, fruit juices and starches with
the help of yeast enzymes. It is the principal constituent and the
in toxicating principle of wines.
Modes of Use:
Alcohol is taken in low concentration, as the beer, toddy and
wine and in relatively high concentration as arrack, brandy,
whisky, rum, gin, vodka etc.

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News Clippings about Drug Abuse:

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Addiction to the youth:

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Ideal village penalizes drugs:

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