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R.D.Barree
Barree&AssociatesLLC
Inthissession
Whatarethedominantprocessesof
modeling?
Whataretherequirementsofagooddesign
model?
Whatmodelsareavailable?
Whataretheirassumptions?
Howshouldyouselectanappropriatemodel?
2009
WhichModel&Why
If you are taking the time to design or evaluate a frac job,
shouldnt you make it worthwhile?
SimplisticModels:
Easytouse
Requireminimalinputdata
Takelittleornotime
SophisticatedModels:
Requireinputtodescribe
thereservoir
Accuratelydescribethe
fracture
Allowformakinginformed
decisions
2009
FractureDesign:
Understanding&ModelingDominantProcesses
Fracturegeometrycreation
elasticproperties,plasticity,porepressure
modelassumptions,rockshearandslip
Fluidleakoff
pressuredependence,wholegel
Fluidrheology
Proppanttransport
rheology,localizedleakoff
causes&remediesforscreenouts
2009
DesignModelRequirements
Describe/Includethebasicphysicsofall
importantprocesses
Abilitytopredict(notjustmimic)jobresults
Providedecisionmakingcapability
Understandwhathappened
Isolatecausesofproblems
Changenecessaryinputs
Predictresults
Ifyourmodelcantdothis,whyrunit?
2009
ModesofFracture
Mode I: Tension
2009
AvailableFracModels
2DModels
PerkinsKernNordgren
(PKN)
Khristianovich
GeertsmaDeKlerk
(KGD)
PennyFrac
Pseudo3DModels
MFRAC
StimPlan,eStimPlan
FracCade
LumpedParameter
Models
FracPro
FracProPT
3DModels
GOHFER
NStimPlan
TerraFrac
2009
AllFracModelsStartWith
AWidthEquation
Considerthedisplacement
causedbyapointload
onthesurfaceofa
semiinfinitehalfspace:
Thedisplacementofthe
surfaceisgivenby:
P
2009
TotalWidthResultsfromSurface
IntegrationofDistributedPressure
Thedeflectionofthesurfaceofasemiinfinitehalf
spaceactedonbyadistributedpressureis:
ThissolutionwasdevelopedbyJ.Boussinesqin1885
2009
DistributionsofTensileStress
attheFracTips
Distributedstressallowing
smoothclosureatthefracturetip
Concentratedstressapproaching
asingularityatthefracturetip
2009
CompositeProcessZoneModeled
byApparentStressConcept
Net Stress Negative:
Internal Fluid Pressure
Less Than Closure
Damage Zone = 1-6 ft
Tensile Stress in Rock
2009
PlaneStrainSolution
Appliesforcracksof
largeaspectratio
Widthisafunction
ofnetpressureand
characteristic
length
Widthisconstant
alongfraclength
2009
SneddonsEquation
forWidthofaPlaneStrainLinearCrack
Sneddonsequation(1945)foran
infinitelength(planestrain)crack,
withcracktipsat+candc
Simplifiedgeometrysolution
assumestwodimensionalplane u =
strainbehaviorwithanimplied
stresssingularity(infinitestress)at
thecracktip
2(1 )p 2 2
c y
E
2
Most2DandPseudo3Dmodels
useaformofthisequation
2009
GeometryAssumptionin
2Dmodels
All2Dmodelsrequiretheusertoinputconstant
fracheight
Lengthandwidtharecalculatedfromcompliance
andleakoff
Called2Dbecauseonlywidthandlengthare
calculated,whileheightremainsfixed.
Two2DmodelsarePKNandKGD
BothwerepublishedbyRoyalDutchShellresearchers
inthe1960s.
BothusetheSneddon linearcracksolutionfora
planestraincrack.
2009
DifferencesinGeometry
AssumptionforPKNandKGD
Fracture width at the mid-point (y=0) is given by Sneddons equation for
two common 2D models:
PKN
The total
fracture
height
(H) is 2c
KGD
2 1 2 Hp
w = 2u =
E
4 1 2 Lp
w = 2u =
E
The crack
half length
(c) is
given by L
Notethatthesearethesameequationssolvedwithdifferent
characteristiccracklengthsandassumeaninfinitestressandzero
displacementatthecracktips.
2009
ResultsControlledbyAssumptions
inSimplisticModels
0.04
10000
0.03
1000
0.025
0.02
100
P_PKN
P_KGD
Width
0.015
10
0
100
200
0.035
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0.01
1000
2009
Pseudo3DModels
Calculatepressuredropalongfracturelength
Calculatewidthandequilibriumheightateachsegment
Mayhaveproppanttransportmodelsrunsequentiallywith
geometry
2009
ExampleofStimPlanOutput
2009
LumpedParameterModels
Upper Height
Frac Tip
Lower Height
Modelgivespositionoffracatthreepointsonly
Fracgrowthisdrivenbyverticalandhorizontalpressure
gradientfunctions
Fractureoutlineisconnectedwithconcentricellipses
Mayhaveseparateproptransportmodelsthatmayor
maynotinteractwithgeometrydevelopment
2009
ExampleofFracproPTOutput
2009
Available3DModels
NStimPlan
GriddedwidthandflowsolutionsimilartoGOHFER
Fullycoupledelasticfiniteelementwidthsolution
GOHFER
Griddeddeformationandflowsolution
Sheardecoupledformulation
TerraFrac
Finiteelementsolution
Requiresremeshingwithtime
Singlefluidentrypoint
Linearelasticsolution
2009
ElasticallyCoupledDisplacement
Whatisactually
ObservedintheField?
Fracturewidthsareoftenlessthan
predicted
Highnettreatingpressuresarecommon
Heightcontainmentisoftenbetterthan
expected
Shearfailureoccursintherockmass
(microseisms)
2009
DisplacementWithShear
ShearPlane
ShearSlipModel
Nodisplacementtransmittedacrossafreely
slidingshearplane
Noinfluencefromanyloadsappliedon
oppositesideofshearplane
Integrateappliedloadoverasmallarea
Nostressconcentrationatfractureboundary
Verysmallfracturewidths
2009
FracExtensionwithShearSlip
Fluidpressuremust
penetraterockand
exceedclosurestress
Fluidpressureentersexisting
crackandgeneratesastress
concentration
2009
Containment
DecoupledSystem
2009
ActualFractureinCoreSection
2009
MicroseismsAfterWaterInjection
2009
FractureHeightContainmentThroughShearSlip
atBedBoundaries
2009
WhichModel&Why
If you are taking the time to design or evaluate a frac job,
shouldnt you make it worthwhile?
SophisticatedModels:
Requireinputtodescribe
thereservoir
Accuratelydescribethe
fracture
Allowformakinginformed
decisions
SimplisticModels:
Easytouse
Requireminimalinputdata
Takelittleornotime
2009