Dr.

RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA

NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY,
LUCKNOW

Economics
Synopsis
Soil Pollution: Causes , Effects and
Remedies
SUBMITTED TO
Prof. (Dr.) Madhuri Srivastava
Visiting Professor (Economics)

SUBMITTED BY
Anshul Yadav
Roll no. :-22
Section A
Semester-I
B.A. LL.B(Hons.)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
I would like to extend special thanks and gratitude to
my teacher Prof. (Dr.) Madhuri Srivastava who gave me
the

golden

opportunity

to

work

on

this

wonderful

research topic " Soil Pollution: Causes , Effects and Remedies

which has helped me gain a lot of perspective about
the

evolution

of

present

day

environmental

scenario.

Throughout the research period I have been time and

again

guided

my

by

teacher

whenever

faced

any

hurdles or was in a state of stupor not being able to

figure out the intricacies of the subject.
I would like to thank my university Dr. Ram Manohar
Lohiya National Law University for giving me the chance
to be a part of a unique research oriented curriculum
which indeed boosts the understanding of the subject.
I would also like to thank my parents, mentors and well
wishers who have been a constant support and have
time and again reviewed my work and have provided
their insights on the matter.

-Anshul
Yadav

2 | Page

TABLE OF
CONTENTS:
Introduction.....
.......4
Objectives of study....
...............4
Research Methodology.....
............4
Introduction to Soil
Pollution....................................................................5-6
Soil
Degradation.......................................................................
......7-8
Soil
Erosion...............................................................................
.....9-13
Causes of Soil
Pollution...........................................................................14-17
Effects of Soil
Pollution............................................................................18-19
Methods to Control Soil
Pollution...........................................................20-21
3 | Page

Conclusion.................................................................................
...................22
Bibliography
.....................23

INTRODUCTION:
Soil pollution is defined as the build-up in soils of
persistent toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive
materials, or disease causing agents, which have adverse
effects on plant growth and animal health.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:

The purpose of this document is :
1. to present a brief account of what Soil Pollution in
its purview is .

4 | Page

2. to understand the causes of soil pollution

3. to understand its effects (both ecological and
economical)
4. and to demarcate the remedies.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
Research Methodology in the making of this Project will
be Doctrinal Research Methodology.
This Methodology will be best suited for the Topic of the
Project. A detailed study of economic hazards caused by
soil pollution is done and analysis and conclusions have
been made in order to understand the problem and
devise apposite solutions to the same.

INTRODUCTION TO SOIL
POLLUTION:
Soil Pollution or Soil Contamination is caused by the
presence of xenobiotic, i.e., Human made chemicals or
other alteration in the natural soil environment. It is
typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural
chemicals, or improper disposal of waste. Contamination is
correlated with the degree of industrialisation and
intensity of chemical usage. The most common chemicals
involved are petroleum hydrocarbons, polynuclear
5 | Page

aromatic hydrocarbons ( such as naphthalene and

benzo(a) pyrene ), solvents, pesticides, lead, and other
heavy metals.1
Soil is naturally removed by the action of water or wind:
such 'background' (or 'geological') soil erosion has been
occurring for some 450 million years, since the first land
plants formed the first soil. Even before this, natural
processes moved loose rock, or regolith, off the Earth's
surface, just as has happened on the planet Mars. In
general, background erosion removes soil at roughly the
same rate as soil is formed. But 'accelerated' soil erosion
loss of soil at a much faster rate than it is formed
is a far more recent problem. It is always a result of
mankind's unwise actions, such as overgrazing or
unsuitable cultivation practices. These leave the land
unprotected and vulnerable.
Then, during times of erosive rainfall or windstorms, soil
may be detached, transported, and (possibly travelling a long
distance) deposited. Accelerated soil erosion by water or wind
may affect both agricultural areas and the natural
environment, and is one of the most widespread of
today's environmental problems.
It has impacts which are both on-site (at the place where
the soil is detached) and off-site (wherever the eroded soil
ends up).More recently still, the use of powerful
agricultural implements has, in some parts of the world,
led to damaging amounts of soil moving down slope
1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_contamination.
6 | Page

merely under the action of gravity: this is so-called tillage

erosion. Soil erosion is just one form of soil degradation.
Other kinds of soil degradation include salinisation,
nutrient loss and compaction. Soil erosion is when the
soil is blown away by the wind or washed away by the
rain.
Soil erosion is common in areas with steep slopes, where
trees have been cut down, in droughts when crops and
other vegetation grows poorly and in rural areas which
are overpopulated.2 Nepal, in the Himalayan Mountains, has
severe problems caused by increased population density
and steep slopes. Soil erosion can be reduced by
building terraces on hillsides, irrigation schemes to
overcome droughts, planting more trees to bind the soil
together and make wind breaks, and using fertilisers in
overpopulated areas to make the soil more fertile.
It is very important that the farming techniques used do
not damage the structure of the soil, as this makes it
easily eroded. Good farming techniques include contour
ploughing, crop rotation and keeping the soil rich in
humus. An example of poor techniques was the "Dust
Bowl" in the mid-western states of the U.S.A. in the
1930's. Farmers exhausted the soil by monoculture and
left the soil bare after harvesting. Soil erosion is a
problem of the developed world as well as the
developing.

http://www.ecifm.rdg.ac.uk/erosion.htm.

7 | Page

Soil Degradation:All activities which involve destruction or disturbance, to

a greater or lesser extent, of natural and semi-natural
ecosystems uses land. Almost invariably, however it is
these ecosystems which in equilibrium with their
environment provide protection to the soil which in turn
provides support to them. One of the most major
consequence of destruction and disturbance of the
ecosystem is that of Soil Degradation. It is defined as
decline caused in the soil quality caused through its
misuse be it by human activity or other reasons. More
specifically it refers to the decline in soil productivity
through adverse changes in nutrient status, structural
stability, organic matter and concentrations of electrolytes
and toxic chemicals. The environmental problems
incorporated by degradation are somehow all interrelated,
like that of erosion.
Soil Degradation is not a new phenomenon. Evidences
given by archaeologists suggest that it has been going
ever since the first agricultural activities were started on
the earth, i.e., since the beginning of the settled
agriculture several thousand years ago. The decline of
several famous civilizations like that of the
Mesopotamians of the Tigris, Euphrates valleys in Iraq, the
Harappans of Indus Valley in Pakistan are part to soil
degradation. Even at that time although minor but
degradation of soil was going on.

8 | Page

Going with the stats collected in the Global Assessment

of soil degradation project, about 15% of the global land
area between 72 N and 57 S is degraded. Under this
the land distribution is 113 million ha for deforestation,
83 million ha of inappropriately cropped land and 75
million ha for overgrazing.
It has also been noted that the global rate of soil
pollution in recent decades has increased dramatically
and is likely to increase even more in the near future. In
1993 it was estimated that the amount may be
somewhat around 5-7 millions hectares and is set to rise
beyond 10 million hectares by the year 2003. 3
Taking considerable note to the effects of the soil

3 Eugine, T., Environmental Economics, Vrinda Publications, New

Delhi, Ed. No.-I, 2007, pg.-188.

9 | Page

degradation we will find that its effects are not restricted

to the soil alone, but have a number of off-site
implications. For example Soil Erosion is many times
associated with increased incidence of flooding, situation
of rivers, lakes and reservoirs and deposition of material
in low lying areas. The areas where infiltration capacity is
reduced are more likely to comprehend this kind of
problems.
There are several factors over which extent to which soil
is eroded depends. Many of these factors are
interrelated , namely soil characteristics, relief climate, land
use and socio economic and political controls are
overlooked or not examined.
Management of soil degradation has become a hotspot
topic both at global as well as regional and local scale.
It is clearly a complex issue and represents one of our
most challenging environmental problems. Therefore there
is a need to put emphasise on sustainable use of land
rather than exploitative land use practices. But this calls
for a commitment by governmental agencies and those
who are using those land to manage the use of the
land for long term advantage rather than merely wasting
it for short term expediencies. The problem thus requires
collaborated and coordinated efforts of all environmentally
conscious people.

Soil Erosion:Soil erosion occurs when the rate of removal of soil by

10 | P a g e

the means of water, wind, etc., exceeds the rate at which

soil is being formed. It has been observed that the rate
of soil formation is generally very low. The profiles
usually develop at a rate of about 1 cm every 100-400
years. There is also need to understand the difference in
the erosion caused naturally or backward erosion and the
erosion which has been accelerated largely as a result of
human activity. Usually, background erosion rates are
often similar to that of soil formation although in
mountainous areas they may be considerably high. The
less plateau areas of China and the Himalayan foothills
of Nepal are the places where some of the highest soil
erosion rates have been observed. Even in India around
800 ha. Of land is lost as a result of gully erosion every
year.
The soil loses materials from it mainly in four forms
gases, solutes, particulate material and vegetation
removal. However, the processes as in the case of
additions can be divided into surface and subsurface
categories. Surface losses generally include gases released
to the atmosphere during organic matter decomposition
and also solutes which are provide to the vegetation for
nourishment and then lost when the vegetation is
removed.
For example, by harvesting crops or removal of trees,
particulate material which is lost by water or wind
erosion, and the upper parts of profiles which may be
removed by erosion or human activity. 4 The losses of
11 | P a g e

gases and solutes via surface depends on the extent to

which they are dissolved and lost by subsurface
drainage; which in turn depends upon the use of land
and climate.
Removal of particulate material by wind is found to be
most effective in the case of soils with a high silt or
fine sand content. This is because this size of material is
more easily entrained than the larger ones and also
from the heavier or small clay particles which resist
being entrained due to their greater aggregation. Organic
material is also found to be more vulnerable to the
erosion by wind and its lower density which is relative
to the mineral materials also implies that 5 larger
particles can be more easily carried.
Low moisture content, poor aggregation and sparse
vegetation covers will also enhance susceptibility to
erosion. Small particles (<0.05mm in diameter) are
transported by aerial dispersion and may be carried to
elevations of several thousand metres. Particles of
intermediate size (0.05-0.5 mm) are transported within a
metre or so of the ground surface by the process of
saltation. In contrast, large particles (>0.5 mm) are moved
along the ground, largely as a result of impacts from
saltating particles, by the process of creep. Saltation is
the most important process of wind erosion in terms of
4 supra note-3 at pg. 190.
5
12 | P a g e

the quantity of material moved, and it is estimated that

55-72% of wind eroded particles are transported in this
way. In the case of erosion by water, soils with weak
aggregation and low vegetation covers are with weak
aggregation and low vegetation covers are particularly
susceptible because the aggregates can be easily broken
down by direct raindrop impact. This can also result in
surface compaction and sealing to form a crust which
may be several mm in thickness which impedes
infiltration, therefore, enhancing the loss of material by
surface runoff.6
Thousands of hectares of good agricultural land in many
country have been destroyed due to erosion of land
caused by wind and water. The best known of such
destruction and disaster is the famous dust bowl which
formed in parts of Central United States of America in
the 1920s.7 The widespread practice of continuously and
extensively cropping the land which earlier had been a
part of grassland or forest was the main reason for the
development of the dust bowl. More recently , erosion
has caused even greater casualties which followed up
ploughing up of grassland on the plains of the erstwhile
USSR. It is even pointed by some pundits that the
occurrence of occasional wind erosion on peat soils and
on some sand lands are nothing but the beginning of
6 supra note-3 at pg. 190.
7 supra note-3 at pg. 191.
13 | P a g e

such troubles.
Erosion losses can also occur, for example by glacier ice,
if there is some major change in environmental
conditions. There are several ways by which losses of
materials can be caused by human activity, the most
prominent being associated with the removal of top-soil
for use as resource or for construction work. For
example, the capabilities of the soil elsewhere can be
improved by extracting organic rich soil from it. The
construction of roads and buildings or any other
landscaping programmes is also often associated with the
removal of soil.
Subsurface loses can occur in both solute or solid form
and can involve any of the products of addition and
transformation, along with those materials undergoing
transfer where conditions for total redeposition within the
soil do not occur.8 The extent of solute outputs
prominently depens upon solubility of material involved
along with temperature, which controls the rate at which
the reaction occurs.
Apart from these it also depends upon the speed of
water movement, which will determine the time available
for reaction to occur. Only those materials will occur with
any significance in solids containing large pores or other
forms of passage ways which are lost in solid
particulates form. Particulate losses are mostly associated
with soil pipes which usually range from few centimetres
8 Id.
14 | P a g e

upto several metres, though in coarse-textured and

uncompacted soils, the pore spaces are found to be
considerably large which may allow the soil material to
move out of the soil into the drainage channels.
These are usually found in the soils prone to
experiencing cracking, due to the occurrence of smectite,
a highly expandable clay mineral, or high organic
contents and also which contain subsurface layers of
restricted permeability.
Soil Pipes allow large volumes of water to pass rapidly
through them which results in the removal of both solid
particles and dissolved material.
The extent to which soil erosion has been caused
depends upon several factors. The ones with particular
importance include erosivity of the eroding agent,
erodability of the soil, slope steepness and length, land
use practices and conservation strategies. These factors
are summarised in the universal soil loss Equation :
E= R.K.L.S.C.P.
Where E= Mean annual soil loss
R= rainfall erosivity index
K= Slope erodability
L= Slope length
S= Slope steepness
C=Cropping factor
P= Conservation practice factor
Although widely used, this model has been the subject of
15 | P a g e

extensive criticism.9 For example, it assumes that a

vegetation cover is always protective for the soil which
is not always implicit. Erosion on that land which has a
greater cover of crops planted in rows can be
considerably greater as compared to some other land
which is sparsely covered with vegetation. Another
criticism is that it is only applicable to the cases of
water erosion and thus cannot be used in the other
areas like those which are affected extensively due to
wind erosion. Its applicability universally as to the tropical
soils has also been questioned often. Erosivity is a
measure of the potential of the eroding agent to erode
and is commonly expressed in terms of kinetic energy. 10

9 supra note-3 at pg. 192.

10 Id.
16 | P a g e

CAUSES OF SOIL
POLLUTION:
Soil pollution is caused by the presence of man-made
chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil
environment. This type of contamination typically arises
from the rupture of underground storage links, application
of pesticides, percolation of contaminated surface water
to subsurface strata, oil and fuel dumping, leaching of
wastes from landfills or direct discharge of industrial
wastes to the soil. The most common chemicals involved
are petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, lead and
other heavy metals. This occurrence of this phenomenon
is correlated with the degree of industrialization and
intensities of chemical usage.
A soil pollutant is any factor which deteriorates the
quality, texture and mineral content of the soil or which
disturbs the biological balance of the organisms in the
soil. Pollution in soil has adverse effect on plant growth.
Pollution in soil is generally associated with :
Deforestation
Indiscriminate use of pesticides, insecticides and
herbicides

17 | P a g e

 Indiscriminate use of fertilizers

Dumping of large quantities of solid waste

Deforestation:Soil Erosion occurs when the weathered soil particles are

dislodged and carried away by wind or water.
Deforestation, agricultural development, temperature
extremes, precipitation including acid rain, and human
activities contribute to this erosion. Humans speed up
this process by construction, mining, cutting of timber, over
cropping and overgrazing. Forests and grasslands are an
excellent binding material that keeps the soil intact and
healthy. They support many habitats and ecosystems,
which provide innumerable feeding pathways or food
chains to all species. Their loss would threaten food
chains and the survival of many species. 11 During the
past few years quite a lot of measureless green land
has been transformed into deserts. The precious rainforest
habitats of South America, tropical Asia and Africa are
coming under heaviness of population growth and
enlargement (especially timber, construction and
agriculture). Many scientists believe that a wealth of
curative substances counting a cure for cancer and aids,
11 http://www.bcb.uwc.ac.za/Envfacts/facts/erosion.htm.
18 | P a g e

recline in these forests. Deforestation is slowly destroying

the most prolific flora and fauna areas over the globe,
which also form vast tracts of a very precious sink for
CO2.

Indiscriminate use of pesticides, insecticides

and herbicides:Plants on which we depend for chow are under molest
from insects, microbes , rodents and other animals, and
have to compete with weeds for nutrients. To kill
redundant populations living in or on their crops, farmers
use pesticides. It was during World War I that they came
into extensive use.
Insects soon became resistant to DDT and as the
chemical did not crumble readily, it persisted in the
environment. Since it was soluble in fat rather than
water, it biomagnified up the food chain and disrupted
calcium metabolism in birds, causing eggshells to be thin
and fragile.
As a result, large birds of prey such as the brown
pelican, ospreys, falcons and eagles became in danger of
getting extincted.
Pesticides not only bring toxic effect on human and
animals but also decrease the fertility of the soil. Some
of the pesticides are quite stable and their biodegradation may take weeks and even months.
Pesticide problems such as resistance, resurgence, and
19 | P a g e

heath effects have caused scientists to seek alternatives.

Pheromones and hormones to attract or repel insects
and using natural enemies or sterilization by radiation
have been suggested.12

Indiscriminate use of fertilizers:Soil nutrients are vital for plant growth and development.
Plants obtain necessary amounts of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen from air and water. But other necessary nutrients
like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium,
sulphur and more must be obtained from the soil.
Farmers by and large use fertilizers to correct soil
deficiencies. Fertilizers pollute the soil with impurities,
which come from the underdone materials used for their
manufacturing. Assorted fertilizers often contain
ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3),phosphorus as P2O5, and
potassium as K2O.

For instance, As, Pb and Cd present in traces in rock

phosphate mineral get transferred to super phosphate
fertilizer. Since the metals are not degradable, their
accrual in the soil above their toxic levels due to
unwarranted use of phosphate fertilizers, becomes an
imperishable poison for crops. The over use of NPK
fertilizers reduce amount of vegetables and crops grownup on soil over the years. It also reduces the protein
12 supra note 11.
20 | P a g e

content of crops like wheat, maize, grams, etc., grown on

that soil.

Dumping of solid wastes:In general, solid waste includes garbage, domestic refuse
and discarded solid materials such as those from
commercial, industrial and agricultural activities. They
contain increasing amounts of paper, cardboards, plastics,
glass, old construction material, packaging material and
noxious or otherwise hazardous substances. Since a
noteworthy amount of urban solid waste tends to be
paper and food waste, the majority is recyclable or
biodegradable in landfills. The portion of solid waste that
is perilous such as oils, battery metals, etc. and organic
solvents are the ones we have to pay particular
attention to. These can in the long run, get deposited to
the soils of the surrounding area and pollute them by
altering their chemical and biological properties. More
than 90% of hazardous waste is produced by chemical,
petroleum and metal-related industries and small
businesses such as dry cleaners and gas stations
contribute as well.13 Toxic chemicals leached from oozing
storage drums into the soil beneath homes, causing an
bizarrely large number of birth defects, cancers and
respiratory, nervous and kidney-related diseases.

EFFECTS OF SOIL
13 supra note 11.
21 | P a g e

POLLUTION:
Not unexpectedly, soil contaminants can have significant
deleterious consequences for ecosystems. Some of the
major effects are listed below:-

1. Effect on Health of Humans:- Considering how soil

is the reason we are able to sustain ourselves, the
contamination of it has major consequences on our
health. Crops and plants grown on polluted soil absorb
much of the pollution and then pass these on to us. This
could explain the sudden surge in small and terminal
illnesses.
Long term exposure to such soil can affect the genetic
make-up of the body, causing congenital illnesses and
chronic health problems that cannot be cured easily. In
fact, it can sicken the livestock to a considerable extent
and cause food poisoning over a long period of time.
The soil pollution can even lead to widespread famines if
the plants are unable to grow in it.

2. Effect on Growth of Plants:- The ecological balance

of any system gets affected due to the widespread
contamination of the soil. Most plants are unable to
adapt when the chemistry of the soil changes so
radically in a short period of time. Fungi and bacteria
found in the soil that bind it together begin to decline,
which creates an additional problem of soil erosion.

22 | P a g e

The fertility slowly diminishes, making land unsuitable for

agriculture and any local vegetation to survive. The soil
pollution causes large tracts of land to become
hazardous to health. Unlike deserts, which are suitable for
its native vegetation, such land cannot support most
forms of life.

3. Decreased Soil Fertility:- The toxic chemicals present

in the soil can decrease soil fertility and therefore
decrease in the soil yield. The contaminated soil is then
used to produce fruits and vegetables which lacks quality
nutrients and may contain some poisonous substance to
cause serious health problems in people consuming
them.

4. Toxic Dust:- The emission of toxic and foul gases

from landfills pollutes the environment and causes serious
effects on health of some people. The unpleasant smell
causes inconvenience to other people.

5. Changes in Soil Structure:- The death of many soil

organisms (e.g. earthworms) in the soil can lead to
alteration in soil structure. Apart from that, it could also
force other predators to move to other places in search
of food.
6. Economic Effects:- When approaching the issue of
soil degradation from an economic perspective, it is
puzzling why farmers, as the main users of soil, would
employ practices that contribute to soil degradation, while
23 | P a g e

they will be the ones who suffer most from the

consequences of degradation. Instead, it should be in the
economic interests of farmers and other soil users to
avoid soil degradation. Whatsoever it may be but it is
true that though the environmental problems are mainly
due to the imperfect working of the market mechanism.
It is quite hard to evaluate many environmental
resources and commodities and thus they can be hardly
charged for through the mechanism of market price. This
economic background seems to shape conditions under
which the present ecological degradation may take
place.14

METHODS TO CONTROL SOIL

POLLUTION:
Since the population and urbanization can be held
responsible for land use conflict, unless the bleeding
away of land to urbanization , desertification policy will
project the Eco-System from the devastating effects of
deforestation and from conversion of land into deserts. 15
But this may not be adequate. Regulation of the use of
land is necessary to limit the increasing urban sprawl
and the unnecessary encroachment on agricultural land
which subsequently results to degradation of the soil. It
14 supra note-3 pg.-67.
15 supra note 3, pg.-206.
24 | P a g e

has also been observed that most of the conflicts

related to land use are derived directly or indirectly from
sub-urban growth, thus it can be implied that only
controlling and limiting the aspects of metropolitan
growth will help in moderating and balancing the
demand for land use. Distributional aims such as making
land available to the whole community along with the
surety that the benefits reaches the community can only
be catered using an efficient land use policy.
There can be several methods by which this degradation
and pollution of soil can be controlled like:Environmental Monitoring Programmes:- The quality and
quantity of the pollutants released into the environment
can only be assessed by the use of some Monitoring
Programmes.
Conserving Ecofriendly Traditional Practices:- It has been
noted that many a times it is because of the shift of
people from a traditional occupation to a modern one
that the pollution related problems arise.
For example, in earlier days the traditional farming
system was independent of the use of synthetic
chemicals, fertilizers and pesticides. But today a shift can
be observed from the traditional farming practices to
modern ones which are helping people to understand the
importance of the traditional farming practices. They are
shifting from chemical dependent agriculture towards
25 | P a g e

organic farming, which is no doubt more eco-friendly and

in accordance with the principles of sustainable
development. Hence, banking on traditional knowledge and
innovating to make it suit present needs is one way of
preventing pollution.
Technological Solutions:- Technology has always helped
man to evolve new methods for pollution control as well
as its prevention. One such innovation is that of
Biotechnology. It has significantly helped for improving
waste management methods, degradation controlling, etc.
Several other technologies like ISTD, Electrical Resistance
Heating (ERH), and ET-DSP, etc. have also been used.
Bioremediation and Phytoremediation:- In bioremediation,
the contaminants are removed by the help of microbial
digestion. Techniques used in bioremediation include
landfarming, biostimulation and bioaugmenting soil biota
with commercially available micro flora. In
phytoremediation plants such as willow are used to
extract heavy metals from the soil.
Other Important Measures:- There are several other
effective ways that have recently trickled down into the
preventive measures like excavation of soil and disposing
it off away from the inhabited areas. Apart from this
aeration of soils at contaminated sites, thermal
remediation by introduction of heat to remove volatile
contaminants by vapor extraction, etc. are also used.

26 | P a g e

CONCLUSION:
It is almost implicit that for economic growth to be
accomplished, the resources of the nature are definite to
face exploitation. The population boom across the globe
is posing even greater threats to these resources. The
increasing rate of population causes unintended increases
in the production costs which may lead to market
imbalances. Pollution can cause a deviation in the private
and social costs of production. Private costs are the
normally calculated costs while social costs include any
third party costs which may arise during production like
that of due to the pollution.
The situations are expected to get even worse because
of the increasing zeal of people towards the principles of
Distributive Justice according to which everyone have an
equal share in the natural resources. But, it should be
understood that this is possible only when we use our
natural resources wisely and in accordance with the
theory of Sustainable Management.
Thus, the need of the hour is to understand that the
distributive justice can only be accomplished when the
natural balance of the resources is maintained because
The Nature has got enough for everyones need but
quite less for anyones greed.

27 | P a g e

BIBLIOGRAPHY:Books Used::
1. EUGINE, T., ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS, VRINDA
PUBLICATIONS, NEW DELHI,ED. NO.-1, 2007.
2. CHHOKAR, KIRAN B., MAMATA PANDYA, MEENA RAGHUNATHAN,
UNDERSTANDING ENVIRONMENT, SAGE PUBLICATIONS,
NEW DELHI, ED. NO.-VI, 2009.

Web Links::
1. http://homeguides.sfgate.com/brief-introduction-water-soil2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

pollution-79210.html
http://www.education.nationalgeographic.co.in/
3.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil#Characteristics
http://42explore.com/dirt.htm
http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/brian.oram/soilformingfactors.html
http://www.scalloway.org.uk/phye6.htm
http://www.bcb.uwc.ac.za/Envfacts/facts/erosion.htm
http://www.ecifm.rdg.ac.uk/erosion.htm
http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/87-

040.htm#Erosion%20by%20Water
10.
http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/87040.htm#Erosion%20by%20Wind
11.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_erosion
12. www.uni-graz.at/geowww/hmrsc/pdfs/hmrsc4/ZhEA_hm4.PDF

28 | P a g e