small

Construction

yacht

and

Rigging.

Tacht

Small

Construction and
LINTON

By

Illxistrated

by

Rigging

HOPE

Complete

Two

Designs

OLfid

N\iix\ero\is

FOREST

otnd

DioLgroLins

AND

STREAM
NEW

PUBLISHING
YORK

1903

CITY

DetoLils

COMPANY

COPYRIGHT
X903

BY

FOREST

AND

STREAM

PUBLISHING

COMPANY

OF

TABLE

CONTENTS.

PAOB

Introduction

;;

PART

BUILDING^

L"

CHAPTER

'-.j

I.

Tools

13

t~-..

2)

CHAPTER

n.

Materials

17

CHAPTER

\-''

Laying

Off,

Making

the

HI.

Moulds

and

CHAPTER

,"

Cutting

the

Rabbet

and

Fairing

Setting

Up

the

Frames.

23

IV.

the
5

Moulds

37

OF

TABLE

CHAPTER

CONTENTS,

V.
PAOB

Timbering

46

Planking

and

CHAPTER

Shelf

Floors,

Deck

and

Beams

57

CHAPTER

Centre

Case

VH.

VHI.

CHAPTER

the

Laying

Etc

Coamings,

Deck,

CHAPTER

Caulking,

Stopping

and

Keels

and

Centre

IX.

81

X.

87

Plates

CHAPTER

Rudders

70

Painting

CHAPTER

Lead

65

Trunk

Rudder

and

VI.

XL

98

TABLE

OF

CHAPTER

CONTENTS.

XII.
PAGE

Spars

103

CHAPTER

Deck

Fittings

and

Iron

Work

I15

CHAPTER

Cabin

Fittings

for

No.

Etc.,

and

Fitting

CHAPTER

Bending

and

Setting

Rigging

Gears

144

n.

158

HI.

163

Rigs

CHAPTER

Reef

I.

Sails

CHAPTER

Various

126

n.-RIGGING.

CHAPTER

Blocks,

XIV.

Design

PART

Ropes,

XIII.

IV.

169

INTRODUCTION

SO

that

of

that

the

highest

little

which

will

the

so-called

He

he

beginning,

therefore,

right,

till

again

over

before

if

even

The

Be

he

he

has

make

can

maxims

that

sure

be

to

all

half

borne

some

if,

the

he

he

over

should,
will

it

do

attempts.

boat-building
(2)

correct.

are

the

at

work

and

in

many

by

fruitless

mind

vessel

out

do

measurements

your

why,

than

that

dozen

in

natural

build

to

mind

his

up

very

reasofi

no

job;

good

years
the

discouraged
to

most

scarcely

some

turned

has

make

make

to

be

is

better

are

and

wood,

starting,

chief

(i)

spoils

only

which

however,

not,

able

probably

and

boats"

must

be

the

out

has

is

at

several

turn

he

there

not

him,

to

to

however,

should

he

it

spending

him

sense,

**cheap

firms.

small

common

credit

If,

of

although

hope,

hands

their

one

'"*'"d'*""*""

and,

try
is

abolit

enable

to

work.

practice,

to

up,

care

skill

and

be

take

can

would

rater

patience

v;ith

are:

of

wish

small

and

generally,

who

yacht

admirable

boat

practical

on

penters'
car-

of

Kemp's

Boat-building

man

requisite

class

talent,

amateur

any

those

boats.

own

Dixon

yachtsmen

to

of

use

knowledge

late

hints

few

interest

hobbies

Jicquiring

and

will

their

fascinating
likely

sure

the

some

the

to

assistance

some

building

of

feel

building

yacht

have

thanks

designing,

be

and

tools,

books,

understand

nowadays

amateurs

many

-'

in

work

Always
both

and

square

keel

and

boat

is

your

to

wood

There

moulds

being

level

plumb
so

built.

l.w.l.,
this

to

that

they
(4)

be

and

line.

(3)

Keep

Shore

possibly

cannot

your

the

sure

tools

moulds

and

are

stay

your

while

move

and

sharp,

the

keep

dry.
are

two

general

types

of

small

craft

now

in

Maxima

cwef
^

use,

Boat-

buiidinar

lO

INTRODUCTION.

which

be

may

classified

boats.

The

round-bottomed

as

first

tomed
hollow-bot-

and

comprises

the

modern

which

are

nearly

of

deeper-bodied

and

centre-plate

Types

bulb-fin
the

boats

second

class

linear

and

first

because

built

the

of

(Design

No.

has

far

less

will

make

in

good,

useful

the

come

will

work

1901.

much

and

river,
deck

be

less, in

be

than

her

boats

c.b.

ft.

22

best

the

to

of

the

as

yacht's

shown.

be
to

have

keel

of

the

be

easily

All

that

the

centre-board

place

to

and

with,

other

altered

would

be

boat,
and

with

for

to

the

coast

running

carried

on

lead

this

bulb

forward,
below

ft.

of

about

be

this

of

amount

shaped
at

is

however,
requires
housing

in.

very

in.

is

plate,

the

and

bottom
in

much

large

completely.

of

built

with

ends,

lead

and
the

to

expensive

more

slot
In

in

the

either

the

boat,

the

form,

has
the

total

The

the

bulb

the

as

therefore,
the

design.
advise

plates,

riveted

weight.

of

be

centre

intermediate

required

but

the

would

steel

method

keel,

in

then

i^-in.

two

in.,

shown

that

great,

of

ft. 6

of

draught

too

both

gear.
i

cwt.

bicycle

two

side

one

only

than

more

draught

filled

to

be

total

at

the

would

worm-wheel

by

would

plate
The

increased

frame

of, say,

the

housed.

be

not

similarly
to

lift of

shaft

actuated

of

means

which

wheels,

fore-and-aft

being

by

of

purpose

further

dropped

raised

sprocket

over

shaft
of

amount

If

the

instead

for
ft.

plate

be

would

single

this

would

or

if

cutter,

bulb-fin

necessary

cigar-shaped

bulb

chains

could

She

type.

sailing

case

f-in. rectangular

plate

case,

she

as

Bnlb-fln

The

boat

sailing

start

either

boat,

sailing

used

could

design

plc^te

would

be

portion
pro-

omitted.

This
the

also

can

also

and

sections,

are

tackle,

to

:;entrebo"rdB
a

cruisers,

beginner

and

whilst

boat.

will

which

i),

for

rules

parts

flat)

seagoing

the

keel

the

various

the

head

this

for

easier

of

the

of

size

the

quite

or

A.

R.

Y.

new

form

weights

Under

be

simpler

the

to

the

the

to

will

type

the

to

of

consists

raters

The

owing

(many

ballasting,

space

This,
and
of

advantage

centre-board

case

II

INTRODUCTION.

be

must

and

of

made

time

be

high

the

plate

and

and

to

suit.

of

the

chain

but

iron

plate would.
action

effective

l.r.

24

Y.

new

R.

should

A.

the

built

could

be

better

than

the

of

of

area

of

that

ballast-

centre-plate
will

it

case

galvanic

this

the

shallower,

vanized
gal-

bronze

creating

not

used

no

The

together.

of

being

as,

In

Bnib-nn

made

specially

more.

^exposed

excess

the

will

be

less

it is much

at

the

build,

to

to

he

fair

boats

centre-plate
easier

if

once

able

with

complies

difficult

more

flat-bottomed

as

being

be

2)

and

first.

at

or

see

No.

(Design

She

up,

can

besides

is
the

to

making

good

moulds

better

and

work,

the

at

get

should

of

job
when

the

setting

frame.

The

second

type,

troublesome,

as

deal

in

of

work
and

garboards,
one's

than

up,
that

just

and

require
The

ten

designs

have

is

counter,

bit

more

good

about

especially

too,

the

built

being

turn

rather

the

trying

The

dozen
shown

24

l.r. fast
to

men

are

old-fashioned

the
to

get

boat.
when

over

in

easier

round-bottomed

weight.
a

of

tuck

bottom

to

or

the

are

frame

stern

planking,

usually

are

of

and

stem

The
at

boats,

first.

at

the

awkward

shape

keel,

them.

boats

side

hollow-bottomed

or

the

patience

These

very

The

in

attempted

bottom

seams,

up

used

advantage

cruiser

fast

round

builder

right

be

bulb.

rules.

be

not

All

to

metal

drawings,

far

galv^an-

chain

considerably

cost

slightly

be

be

course,

be

must

to

adopted,
would

further

lead

have

Of

same

form.

The

up

the

the

in

the

have

be

must

shown

be

yellow

witii^the-

plate

would

work

the

at

house.

to

iron

sprockets

the

and

case,

plate

all

were

which

and

the

probably

plate

material,

steel,

the
and

would

bronze

same

should

chains

of

top

of

admit

to

as

allow

to

bicycle

If

the

to

enough

the

height

fixed

being

spindle

ized,

such

turn

taken,

They

they

get

cruiser,
her
not

at

over

so

when

this

would

larger,
for

way,
way

also
both

instance,

as

be
to

would

safely.
much

as

being

ideal

Method*

of

INTRODUCTION.

12

in

boats

any

boats

sailing

for

They
.ods

to

will

for

used

The

but

the

be

also

construction

yachts

in

now

sufficiently

carvel-built

popular

general

typical

boats
up

three

in

representing

as

types
and

use,

of

suitable

build.

most

first

building,

explain

small

and

amateur

an

chiefly

but

way,

will

chapters
the

subsequent
of

apply

chapters

boat

of

each

illustrate

to

to

ten

type

meth-

of

carvel

tons.

all

to

the

sorts

shall

endeavor

side

by

to

side.

PART

Rigging.

and

Gonstractlon

Kacbt

Small

BUILDING-

I
"

CHAPTER

I.

Tools.

turn

TO

of

set

good

order,
does

not

they

allowed

to

it

If,
is

in

kept

proper

one

them

however,

quite

that

sharpening

blunt.

bit

gapped,

and

fault

only
and

steeper,

and,
it

show

will

it

as

the

the

they

impossible

the

make

not

of

not

actual

of

but

the

to

is

chisel

often

is.

that

are

make

they

should

sharp,

yet

it

as

{See

Cuts

been

angle
it

following

"

are

have

cutting

The

cut.

is

they

that

edge

clear

edge

be,

after

is

the

tools

long

stone

consequence

though

should

amateurs'

with

oil

an

on

section

is

gets
steep

so

diagrams

should

be,
and

and

on

14.)

page
I

of

blunt

of

have

to

experience

own

my

drudgery

least

the

get

get

ground,

are

the

common

sharpened

about

by

be

always

must

know

essential

absolutely

is

job.

good

that

though

it
which

tools,
I

care

moment

work

good

out

many
the

do

not

excellent

various

to

propose

tools

books

the

teach

on

requisite

use

the

subject,

for

the

13

work

of

the

but

tools,
I

before

will

as

give
us,

and

there

list

also

tooi?******'

SMAIX

if

useful,

exceedingly
marked

which,

tools

extra

some

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

with

AND

though
the

absohttely

not

is

expense

RIGGING.

not

are

necessary,

too

these

great;

are

asterisk.

an

^z

total

The
7o"t

of

of

cost

all

tools

the

which

are

Tool*

will

to

come

$25,

about

including

not

List

half

rip

fine

*I
I

turning

saw.

with

saw,

with

saw,

compass

half

sizes.

different

of

blades

dozen

spare

chisel.

inside

bevel

jack
of

dium
me-

gouge,

sweep.
small

shipwright's

draw

knife.

spokeshave,

adze.

with

ble
adjusta-

mouth.

medium-sized

List

bench.

firmer

"

blades.

with

necessary

of

cost

extra

really

Tools.

\"

saw.

panel

small

of

the

tenon

saw,

ratchet

stock

and

of

set

bits.

teeth.

fine

plane.

of

set

twist

pat.

bits,

-^^

Tool"

plane

smoothing

rabbet

(iron),

plane.

round

for

hollow

for

ing
work-

gold

maker's

line.
low
hol-

plane.
\V
I

*i

four

of

set

ers.
pierc-

gimlets.

four

bradawls.

screwdrivers,

large

and

small.
a

2-lb.

ball-pened

\"

and

boat-builder's

of

set

stock

hammers,

chisel.

firmer

of

set

plane,

3" circle, spar

to

Archimedean

ments.
adjust-

various

with

"

(wood).

plane

smoothing

i".

light

boat

engineer's

hammer,

and

-builder's

eting
riv-

hammer.

(This
may

chisel.)

be

dovetail

"holder-on,"

or

head.

rooving

punch.

small

maul

SMALL

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

AND

15

RIGGING.

Iii"t

In

addition

be

made,

be

used,

less
be

top

rising
the

at

left-hand

handy

very

and

Note.

The

Mi.

one

fir

planks

end

loose

rabbeted

permanently
plug

or

door.

large

stuff

falling planing

stop

and

nail

some

box

chest

steam

"

the

long

very

end,

also

and

at

can

joints

blocked
The

or

and

up
boiler

bench-

wooden

and

racks

tool

held

not
work-bench

should
fitted

vise

be

should

of

top
vise

iron
be

may

will

which

the

with

wide,

Tool*

should

bench

planks

longest

ft.

flat.

end,

that

so

the
2

quite

left-hand

end,

flush

and

long

firm

really good

take

to

fir, and

the

at

other

ft.

in.

li

tools,

enough

25

say

fitted

the

be

long

than

these

to

of

in

both.
in

fixed

at

the

"

will

drawers

two.

be

well
and

may

of

made

screwed

the
be

four

9-in. by

i^-

together,

with

fitted

with

other

end

any

sort

of

kitchen

steam

Chest

copper

The

gallons.
steam

even

or

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

lid

large

kettle

must

be

RIGGING.

AND

of

capable
made

holding

two

and

tight,

steam

or

fitted

pipe

three

ObMt

from

or

way

and

the

boiler

small

two

up,

let

so

the

sufficiently
of

good

to

bars

as

to

steam

keep

the

sawing

horses

All

it.

with

tight

be

to

round

red

or

good
chest

steam

wood

the

all

chest.

steam

across

get

steam

stout

the

lead

trestles

inside,

and

must

joints

one

half

bottom,

the

be

can

canvas.

also

fit

to

about

off

steamed

the

is

plan

be

made.

made

couple

II.

CHAPTER

Materials.

the

got

HAVING
timber,

workshop

suitable

is

thing

next

the

get

to

necessary

material.

other

into

going

Without

the

and

nails

and

bench,

and

shed,

building

or

tools

of

question

the

the

quantities

exact

Materials

for

required
well

as

consider

to

suitable

for

Keel.

first

the

of

of

are

all

woods

various

most

American

or

are

the

be

will

it

boats,

proposed

used

elm

at

but

times,

pine,

pitch

are

any,
mahog-

not

so

good

two.

Stem,

knees,

stern

and

post

English

frame,

counter

Steel

required.

shape

to

grown

oak

elm

English

and

as

These

English

these

qualities

the

work.

the

of

either

building

knees

be

may

used

in

oak,

place

oak.

Shelf

or

pitch
Bent

pine

or

beams

and

or

elm,

American

hogany,
ma-

pine.
elm.

oak

English

(rectangular

Deck

Oregon

American

frames.

stringers.

bilge

and

timbers.

Floor

forgings

inuuile

bars,

angle

carlines.

unless

crooks,
well

Oak,

they

are

steel

galvanized).
pine

Oregon

or

Kauri

pine.
Transom

and

centre

Teak,

case.

mahogany

Kauri

or

pine.

Planking.
pine,

American

Teak,
spruce,

American

mahogany,
red

pine,
17

white

elm,

pine,

larch

Kauri

cedar.
or

elm.

l8

YACHT

SMALL

Deck.

Cedar,

Coamings.

Oak

dose

American

should

grain,

Avoid

open-grained,
it is well

that

with

and

all
it

of

is

red

deck

It

named.
wnth

teak

quite

to

up

stands

be

weather
and

fairly tough,

possible

as

knots

and

planking

and

in

greenish

but

color

first

its

durable.

or

weight,

great

It

cut,

colored

lighter

is

as

woods

when

craft.

racing

etc.,

other

strong

so

planking

in

the

The

is not

teak

skylights,

of

any

grain.

are

is

varieties.

many
in

got

and

color
than

lighter

be

can

see

course,

of

for

tops,

than

fairly light

well,

clear

wood

cabin

as

use

There

it should

curve.

be

can

easily

ft.

50

or

40

Mahogany.
best;

to

it from

bars

quite

such

hea\7^,

objection

of

white

as

quite

and

marked

so

required

and,

be

durable

most

slightly

strongly

only

obtained

be

the

fine

wood.

weather

by

should

is not

The

and

with

cut,

sap.

should

showing

fittings,

fairly

which

best

affected

less

Elm

brownish

dark

is the

sorts

free from

grain

any

Avoid

Teak

oak,

Canadian

or

hardly

shakes.

reddish-colored
and

spars.

winter

following

seasoned

American

hollow

and

spruce.

teak.

or

or

grown

Oregon

or

mahogany

possible

as

RIGGING.

pine

bamboos

English

nearly

as

Kauri

elm,

sticks,

be

AND

pine,

yellow

Sprucc

SpaTs.

MMeruoA

CONSTRUCTION

up

fine

teak

to

Honduras

and

and

35

is

the
It

clear-grained.
the

at

ft.

40

time

same

by

long

ft.

wide.
Cedar

l)oats,

as,

than

absorb

the

the

yellow
nile

dark

more

principal

wood

strength

and

and,

like

market,

stands

as

As

its

the

It

wide.

the

for

in

wood

work

is

weather

in

for

use

durability,

than

it
is

mahogany,

better

planking

pine,

is

lightest
long

very

and

racing

the

is

as

easy

and
to

pine.
the

red,
water

cedars

light-colored
but,
and

though
lose

softer
their

lighter

are

and

color

easier

very

to

soon

in

work,
when

weight
they
nished.
var-

of

which

resin,

grained

much

Kattri
but

for

its

clear-

with

durable

and

not

It

mahogany.

difficult

to

get

in

is

very

boat

work,

and

ing,
plank-

weight

pared
com-

for

better

is

so

size.

any

very

heavy

it

that

lighter

Still, it is

durable.

so

but

pine,

pitch

to

not

weight

almost

Pine,
rather

rather

and

light-colored

as

wood

and

weight,

obtained

be

can

it

durable

very

Material*

similar

and

tougher

and

Pick

is

It

full

being

work,

to

quickly.

very

heavy.

Pine.

color

in

tools

the

rather

wood

unpleasant

very

possible.

as

Oregon
both

clogs

but

tough,

and

is

Pine

Pitch

I9

RIGGING.

AND

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

its

and

fairly cheap

long

decks

for

tough

very

is

for

wood

unless

lengths,

whole

but

wide,

very

is

log

bought.
Yellow
but

strength,
it

is

Pine
is

obtain

to

easy

colorations;
little

or

it

is

clear

of

suitable

by

to

jobs,

in.

Larch
for

good

is

decks,

as

dis-

and

knots
should

It

deck

is

for

is to

but

be

hard

; it

show

not

to

as

get

lot

in

the

more

ft

35

of

either

as

in

lining

with

covered

to

up

not

rule.

and

flooring

is

and

got

clear

so

though

pine,
be

can

planks

with

wood,

strong

planking,

is

enough

which

very

in

comes

but

wood,

yellow

spars

Spruce

or

good

than

small

and

wide,

soft

light,

tougher

and

Pine

but
for

or

far

planking

15

two,

is

grain,

Archangel
last

of

scrubbed.

when

is also

Spruce

for

12

white

very

for

used

clear

lengths

long

little

with

wood,

frequently

most

in

soft

grain.

no

American
so

wood

the

and

light

the

plain

canvas.

of

grain,

south

of

and

very

England;

it is durable.
Ash
and
or

is

is
almost

durable.

English
keels,

the

deadwoods

toughest
equal

It

Elm

American

to

should

be

may
and

English

elm,
without

white,
be

bottom

wood

used

under

planking,

in

used
but

any
water

but

not

boat-building,
quite

so

dark

very
for
it rots

very
very

supple
grain.

heavy
quickly

20

SMALL

between

wind

wood.

and

Be

careful

of

AND

and

is

wych

elm

water,

light-colored

The

obtain.

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

coarse-grained,

is

and

rotten

RIGGING.

the

difficult
which

patches,

sappy

common

but

best,

to

often

MaterlaU

go

half

through

way

Note.

The

those

which

England.
knees,

stem,

bilge
oak

stern

stringers
is

pine

boats

light

of

oak

white
been

built, but

were

been

w^ays

work

light
Georgia

of

made

is

lighter

construction

seldom

used
for

deck

planking

the

the

outer

for

used

used
spruce,

is

of

Oak,

in

Nails

copper

boat

gauge,

for

and

nails

the

will

to

are

Spars,

either

larger

vessels,

be
and

be

required;
5

or

solid,

of

in.

lbs.

by

of
12

while

always
or

canvas

teak,

are

of

made

are

pine

stock
10

say,
lbs.

almost

Oregon

good

double

pine

with

is
hold
foot-

of

case

occasionally

when

"

deck;

covered

hollow

Etc.

gaining

is

for

but
Teak

white

pine

and

mahogany,

Screws,

planking

White

they

of

for

planking

wood,

the

al-

but

chosen.

In

made

generally

mahogany.

coamings.
except

is

whether

bright.
for

skin

work.

grade

have

For

surely

erally
gen-

frames

strength,

are

it is

although

are

floor

other

mahogany

In

Heretofore

purpose.
any

oak.

beams

great

and

because

is

than

the
Deck

its

than

and

high

on

inner

decks,

finished

desirable

planking,

finish

one

of

this

is used.

used.

keel,,

although

timbers

which

every

cedar

for

often

is

answers

more

elm
of

because

oak

spruce

pine

steel

now

sometimes

pine,

bent

or

for

inwale

or

lengths

in

yachts

oak

shelf

for

longer

material

the

white

use

reason

chapter

of

Georgia

frames

the

oak

of

in

procured

construction

also

has

be

foregoing

The

The

selected.

can

to

made

rule,

as

the

construction

the

frames.

and

post

are,

of

made

in

in

it is customary

occasionally

Georgia

mentioned
used

are

America

In

log.

woods

"

are

is used.

flat-headed

i-J in.
gauge

by
and

14
5

SMALL

lbs.
of

in.

in.

12

by

12

in., i^

and

centre

in.

and

case

in.

and

and

by

of

lbs.

suitable

have

in.,

floors

and

gauge

should

nails

for

gauge,

fastenings,

stern

by

heavy

scarph

nails

be

they

pounds
and

stem

these

all

MateriaU

of

each

gross

will

screws

fittings

of

for

burrs;

or

internal

various

in.

21

couple

gauge,

fine

brass

in.

knees;

10

roves

RIGGING.

AND

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

in.,

for

handy

should

be

the

stem

the

fairly

stout.

Copper
keel,

scarph,

suitable

rings

boat's

boat

is

and

white

lead
To

the

shape

the

required

it is

linseed

and

and
of

of

rumber

of

plank

being
say

the

planks

of

about
there

get
also

ready

longer

the
three

are

than

of

seven

at

the

wood
times

equal
as

Get

best

the

quality

under
of

parts

natural

sufficient

shown

the
and

red

for

either

applies

the

after

it

the
the

the

cut

out,

required

and

which

has

been

ers,
string-

section,
of

the

width

of

decided

there

and
boat.

the
take

the

similar

on,

finished
will

so

length,-

and

get

required

required,

mid-section,

side,

is

length

planking

the

right

over-all

No.

the

shelf

give

to

for
of

suit

to

thickness

plank

to

to

sawn

crooks

keel

of

plank

planks

till

got

required

elm

be
the

and

putty

cream.

The

of

amount

aside,

planks

do

to

etc.

shape

to

the

estimating

enough

lead,

of

timber

follows

American

bought
ft.

of

and

This

depth.

in., with

painting

thick

moulding.

an

to

be

of

as

frame,

templates,

be

be

not

for

made
oil

as

stern

necessary

about

be

proceed

bent

can

and

will

should

should

quantities

siding

only

in.

white

priming
be

boiled

and

paint

good
may

out

red

it; it

joints

the

and

which

Then,

the

cut

thickness,

breadth

for

ready

and

of

is

design

number

the

stem

the

In

but

boats,

two

should

wanted;

estimate

Keel,

that

of

and

balls

dozen

stock

in

f in., :J

and

deck.

strained.

scarphs

bolting

on.

nearly

well

and

of

be

be

Half

and

Etc,

will

paint

it

Cotton.

for

required

should

clench

to

planking

Paint,

be

and

etc.,

Caulking
a

will

rod

each

plank.
be

seven

planks

large
be

than

on

bent

taken,

and

and

them

waste,

it

the

is

to

finish.

the

be

it

best

is

and

counted,

beams

to

cut

sufficient

estimated

allowing

they

cut

of

planking

for

one

the

out

curve

of

the

the

the

other.

set

the

out

of

thicker

planks

The

the

longest

size

required

them

counting

by

thickness

required
wider

i^-

may

required.

the

to

-^^

or

length

are

getting

planks

lengths

the

number

in.

-^

the

estimate

RIGGING.

finished

two

deck,

requisite

Deck

length.

as

be

the

get

which

should

then

and

must

then

of

each

For

plan,

timbers

AND

planking

rough

deck

out,

of

out

The

cut.

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

22

the

plank

to

the

cut

less

CHAPTER

Making

Off^

Laying

III.

Moulds

the

Setting

and

the

up

Frame.

the

WITH

first

thing

size

not

ofif

floor,

boarded

the

whole

profile

of

stem

is

it

is

If,

quite

and

on

done

floor.

design,

the

be

to

the

on

ofif

lay

ofif

of

sheet

for

paper

has

without

body

the

full

design

workshop

work

to

the

start,

the

the

however,

lay

for

ready

to

possible

only

large

all

materials

required

laying
and

plan

the

ft.

22

the

board
centre-

boat.

In

tj'pe,
to

the

full-sized

the

end

has

be

the

there

from

rule

ofif

all

from

the

the

line

letting

it

of

the

snap

other

on

for

the

l.w.l.

must

but

we

then

chalked

leaving

up

clean

by

and

in

setting

end

one

middle

the

line

the

diagonals

from

cord

it

pulling

with

done

buttocks

and

breadths.

correspond
is

main

the

taken,

half

the

This

lines,

as

are

ofif

exactly

to

water

floor,

the

the

setting

working.

are

shop
work-

boards

floor

measurerrients

board

and

with

start

stretching

and

centre

size,

line

you

the

and

is

which

fectly
perLiayinar

and

straight
are

parallel

decimals

for

to

one

inches.

can

be

another

fio

floor.

vertical

or

distances

to

full

if

mould

temporary

suitable

Mould

floor

clean

head

stem

ofif, and

laid

long,
a

from

profile,

be

some

make

centre

floor

whole

the

keel

fixed

hollow-bottomed

should

all

which

the

ofif

aft

from

which

and

design

is

laying

fore

Then

to

the

of

floor,

together

line,

of

counter,

boarded

no

When

of

the

suppose

base

boats

drawing

of

clamped

will

of

case

in.

penciled
and

Decimals

that

are
23

Be

you

generally

all

sure

have

not

used

your

lines

mistaken

throughout

Ofl

the

with

""Ay

Off

the

along

CONSTRUCTION

inches

would

be

in

used

floor

being

ruled

body

plan.

Set

oflF half-breadths

line

from

horizontal

each

construction

the

with

correspond

to

RIGGING.

AND

the
of

vertical

the

ing.
draw-

design,

start

mid-section

the

taking

line,

centre

Pimm

the

utmost

mark

that

care

of

the

keel,

at

the

half-breadth

line.

intersect

each

Having

set

be

should
ill

so

by

some

round

the

whole

round

it, exactly

to

as

these

section.

till

From

thickness

of

the

to

the

or

buttock
from
where

points

line

flexible

planking

the

is

been

has

line

parallel

batten

and

spots,

line

clear

this

above

distances

thin,

all

l.w.l.

above

plan.

through

nails

bottom

each

the

line

body

deck

crossed

points,

pass

wire

the

the

the

heights

taking

by

for

the

section

vertical

on

all

vertical

off

centre

section
off

bent

position

the

the

the

set

are

of

Then

correct.

line

centre

height

and

where

l.w.l.

intersect

the

the

deck,

on

absolutely

are

on

l.w.L,

diagonals

they

they

the

the

The

where

distance

below

below

distances

the

vertical

the

depths

be

to

kept

drawn
is drawn

used

the

Off

iMTtmm
SMecr

but

design^

The

UlTlBff

YACHT

SMALL

24

other

mmd

sections

in

drawn

are

the

Then

manner.

same

sheer

the

Proflle

and

profile

design.

small

In

half-breadth
it
of

case

perpendicular
Use
and

line,

well

as

sections

really

not

the

as

sheer

lay

by

the

off

the

necessary

to

and

body

plans,

but,

always

done

in

is

and

accuracy,

checked

and

of
the

vessels.

off

lay

these

it is

toward

helps

larger

To

the
the

to

l.w.l.

tlie

line

of

set

off

tlie

the

of

shape

correct

it is

when

transom

not

transom

the

on

half-breadths

on

sheer

deck

plan
and

as

l.w.l.

centre

right

at

Off

lAylnar
the

lx)ats

plan,

course,

from

taken

are

TrmnMom

angles

to

wuth

it

it

of

from

them

the

all

centre

be

should

transom

above

heights

perpendicular
the

their

of

points

intersection

plan.

and

l.w.l.

cuts

line, taking
distances

sheer

line

line, from

centre

new

the

on

The
till

this

line

to

at

produced
l.w.l.

Lzi\l,, and

right

angles

downward

marked

setting
to

the

this

on

off

line

their

of

the

LAY(NC

OFF

CURVED

25

RIGGING.

AND

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

TRANSOM.

liaylnv
A

''*V*

^...^**''
...

A. ".C.Aftf

MQvAUrn,
r#

*;*"".

fJrr,""

rtt

'T
"

'

t'

or

o-

I-. * O';- ft*

mt

*r

'""""""

...""

""r*4

from

the

point

of

mAf^XotA.

4ertf4i.

tf^rn'^ffX

MT..V

1.

Fig.

transom

r-t

or

ourt-'tt

*':

"

rUt\N

nxn

T*nntr"ef

,*"

w/Tm

ao,^ts

-r-t

t^m

eatrmtLmt.
HALf.B"i*on,

^noM

fiAH.ttr

0*onrArn
nvr:m.

I'-^'^moMt

i..v""

antt^

of

intersection

the

heights

above

Iw.l.
If

the

transom

is

curved

as

well

as

raked,

as

in

No.

2,

Transom

Olf

26

It

SMALL

is

laid

usually

only

drawing
half-breadth
To

JjtLylng
"

Off

CONSTRUCTION

off

in

get
be

AND

foregoing

shape

first, but

manner

if

as

RIGGING.

it

had

no

such

curve,

all

the

of

the

incorrect.
of

drawing

true

the

the

gives
being

must

curve

YACHT

shown

forming

it

from
of

plan,

this,

section

which

first

the

drawing

Curved

is

Tvmnmouk

elevation.

an

To

obtain

right

angles

plan,

to

This

is

this
from

the

where
the

of

section

the

the

centre

transom

of

depth

the

line

of

and

planking

line

of

half-breadth
this

line.
The

Monldii

the

(See

moulds

cheap

any

the
Nakinv

and

of

Fig.

of

the

on

at

meet

be

set

at

the

sheer

the

deck.

off

the

on

the

the

through

angles

right

at

of

drawn

curve

off

set

mtersection

of

point

to

the

i.)
be

of

made

about

wood,

transom

must

and

half-breadth,

should

shape

exact

the

deck,

the

distance,

the

2.

from

transom,

line

point

centre

or

the

the

and

curve,

Fig.

centre

take

curve,

section

in.

or

to

the

in.

and

thick,
it

board,

boards

floor

common

some

is

transfer

to

usual

to

lay

of

the

the

of

tacks

of

the

row

inside

The

nails

or

plank

object

of

on

the

with
the

their

heads

section.

nails

is, that

(See
when

along
Fig.
the

the

line

2.)
piece

of

board

SMALL

YACHT

CONSTRUCTION

RIGGING.

AND

27

to

be

used

over

with

the

drawing

for

the

mallet,
on

the

mould
the

floor,

is placed
heads

of

and

half

over

the
into

the
nails
the

nails
are

wood

and
driven
for

tapped
half
the

all
into

mould.

28

SMALL

leaving

YACHT

clear

quite enough
of

shape
the

them

the

sheer

{See
Then

the

let

Fig.

cut

Mould

fit

till it is

say,

big

too

mould

and

finish

the

the

moulds

piece

same

and

the

station

fasten
deck

so

line

number

don't

but

greatest

to

it

cut

each

with

square

each

to

is

that

care

is

as

that

depth;

keel,

centre

mould

the

you

as

same

it

square

The

along

keel

marked

should

accurately
and

plan,
the

At

each

on

the

taking

drawing

on

the

scarph

for

templates

the

(not

both

the

knee

transom

prepare

line

centre

wood

it

little

able
suitmark
the

outside

trimming

with

up

accurately

as

on

on

it to

round

for

spare

Cut

the

or

and

way,

Saw

drawing

lay

all

tern,
pat-

ble,
possi-

as

carefully.

similar

design,

of

and

pencil

depth.

wooden

full-sized

moulds,
a

thin

the

drawing
or

bit

the

as

moulding

make

from

stem

oak,

have

out

finished,

way

spokeshave.

Get
No.

the

to

as

and

Keel

the

at

the

it; also

the

crooked

of

so

plane

the

the

of

curve

line

BfarklitflT

that

to

centre

and

l.w.l.

proper

in

take

that

are

of

template,

floor, in

the

its

to

and

on

Stem

the

it

it.

or

the

l.w.l.

the

at

rough

half, and

each

on

keel

rabbet

the

and

the

keel

sure

line

of

the

Be

sheer

When

Shaping

edge

the

is

fit

carefully

Mark

battens

section

with

is accurate,

l.w.l.

deck

cross

over

flush

first.

at

two

the

Flnlshlnff
the

the

the

out

saw

then

exact.

which

curve,

7^.)

out

mould

and

duplicate,

of

height

the

Now

by.

till it is

RIGGING.

round

all

it out

saw

in

with

AND

dents

section

together

level.

to

section

of

line, and

of

print

guide

the

curve

CONSTRUCTION

wood

the

distances
the

along

horizontal

all

stations

the

moulds

the

construction

of

sheer
the

of

edge

top

spacing

the

marking

cases

for

the

in

finished.

when

from

it, measuring

(for

design)

in

bottom

frame

stern

No.

before,

and

have

now

for

as

top

and

keel

the

keel

sections).

Out

of

the

keel

spots

of

line,

centre

and
and

stations

these

stern,
a

fair

as

etc.

line

shown
A
drawn

off

set

in
batten

the

the

half-breadth

should

through

half-breadth

be
them

on

each

drawing
bent
from

through
end

to

side
of

the

these
end

of

SMALL

the

keel,

and

then

which

may

planed

be

now

out

for

ready

up

cut

little

setting

Fit

the
and

two,

scarph

between

bolting

them

keel

and

line
the

to

bolts,

clenched

made

in

in.

inside

few

and

wood,

riveting

minutes

rod

copper

on

about

making

hammer.

{See

in.

Riveting

Keei

copper

head

than

off

the
end

one

on

The

4.)

Fig.

bolts

cutting

longer

good

These

rings.

inch

an

vise, by

the

four

4.

copper

in

between

painting

about

with

together

Fig.

of

scarphing

stem,

BOtT

this

than

larger

and

up

29

RIGGING.

AND

etc.

stem,

the

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

other

be

can

of

pieces

the

total

thickness

with

the

end

should

small
be

^"r^

5.

no.

slightly pointied,
the

hole

line

on

the

to

the
The

the

bolt

bored
not

outside

on

the

be

careful

Be

alternately
in

not

must

driving.

and

of
inside

the

small,

too

to

driven,

carefully

the

get

scarph,
(as

in

holes
but

Fig.

the

or

much

bolt
out

of

and

to

punch

but

bend

will

them

cant

5),

fairly tight;

the

in

centre

each

side

the

heads

cut

out

keel.
transom

of

the

centre-board

boat

should

be

in

cutting
Transom

tlie

same

manner

as

mould,

bitt

from

single

piece

of

ma-

the

hogany
to

the

Maklair

drawing

edges,

the

thick.

in.

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

30

It

that

so

the

inside

is

RIGGING.

carefully

be

must

floor, and

the

on

AND

with

cut

in.

planed
about

larger

in.

all

and

up

fitted

bevel

round

on

the

than

the

Trmmuouk

It

drawing.
level

Fit

but

this

in

knee

is

those

it

case

should

transom

nails

copper

keel

and

or

its

joint

must

keel

with

three

line

centre

the

to

keel,

the

moulds;
transom

bolts,

similar

three

The

stout

Cut

the

in.

with

square

stem.

to

first.

painted

perfectly
the

fasten

to

The

with

deck-

the

also

like

in.

knee

with

plumb

and

being

be

must

than

watertight.

joint

the

it

screws;

higher

the

be

fastened

be

of

end

scarph,

stem

in.

afterward,

up

the

the

to

the

least,

at

over

the

bolted

in

be,

trimming

for

allow

to

shores.

the

should

the

slot

for

stti^
Pig.

the

centre-board

in

the

keel,

o.

also

and

the

rabbets

each

along

Cvttlair
Centreboard
Slot

it for

of

side

the

of

sides

the

Before

case.

setting

and

Rabbets

in

its

section

the

set

out

from

to

the

stem

as

after

frame,

or

be

out

of

case

be

cut

be

must

carefully

very

finished

the
to

keel
the

shown.
In

the

rabbets

these

place

up

end
horn

the

the

before,
of

the

body

plan

keel,

the

(No.

of

Fig,

is

2)

the

keel
and

half-breadth,

and

there

{See
to

boat

instead

but,

timber.

according

keel

fixed

6.)

drawings

and

transom

stern-post
The
and

and

stern-post

should
bolted
knee

on

counter-

should

specification,

and

SMALL

scarphed

YACHT

the

to

When

bolts.

keel

where

stern-post

CONSTRUCTION

the

cutting

by

they

AND

keel

31

keel

the
them

securing

and

stem-post

half

away

and

cross,

RIGGING.

the

four

by

properly

are

half

and

in.
and

scarphed

Stern-

Flttlnv

dead

the

fastened,

wood

be

must

roughly

the

to

cut

thickness

of

No.

its

largest

post,

Trim

it

with

after

its

full

that

to

-roughly

on

the

fitted

bolted

well

leave
See

part

and

st"rn-post

and

bolts,

with

the

adze

edge,

and

to

and

stern-post

as

and

the

thickness

till

at

the

both

are

keel
in

keel

top

stem

the

shown

to

the

the

along

of

angle

in.

thickness

the

the

and

post

for

Dead^roods

Fig,

the

7.
the

bottom,

but

are

up.

with

plumb

Boat

stern-

of

moulds

each

jyfKiimr

Fio.

other,

and

often

as

not

happens

Cut

given

in

round
or

and

the

three

post

one

are

out

the

the

drawing,

in.

counter

the

other

starboard,

to

to

cut

the

which

it

moulding

rough
the

inner

end
be

must

the

sure

against

the

and

siding

well

angles

template
frame

carefully

when

bolted

of

it and

of

keel,

it is

to

by
the

fit
two

stern-

stern-post,

ready

to

bolt

together.
It

ill be

is

easier

after

the

to

fit

boat

Fitting
^**""'**''

make

laying

frame,

counter-

frame
and

to

bolts, but

right, by

and

port

first.

at

stern-post,

to

over

7.

the

rudder

is

planked,

trunk,
as

would

or

case,

be

now

the

than

procedure

it

*''*"*

SMALL

32

with

YACHT

craft.

larger

mahogany
with

in.

ij

This

Kauri

or

CONSTRUCTION

made

is

pine

AND

like

planks

centre-piece

with

side

after

the

on

box

each

on

RIGGING.

of

two

the

side.

in,

stern-post,

The

latter

is*

Rudder

Flttlair

rabbeted
the

the

into

frame.

counter-

All

the
be

etc.,

must

lead

before

(See
like

joints,

boats'

of

scarphs

the

rabbeted

are

and

stem

with

painted

and

three

into

thick

stem-post"

red

and

white

together.

bolting

Both

all

8.)

Fig,

the

fitted

well

and

sides,

two

and

keels

frames

are

ready

now

to

set

but

up,

Jlec^/^40.

Fio.

they
will

will
be

be

treated

built

Starting
Bettlnff
the

Moulds

different

in

bottom

and

up,

with

8.

keel

the

downwards.

keel

boat
draw

centre-boarder,

the

centre-boarder

the

as

ways,

chalk

central

Up

line

floor

the

on

midship

section

the

will

make

over

keel

sure

the

mark

exactly
be

the
line

and

about
centre

on

the

all

with

square
3

ft.

line
floor.

of

above
the
Fix

Then

sections.

the

the

central

it, using
mould
the

set

is
mould

the

line,

plumb

vertical
in

and

place

the

up

that

so

line

to

right
with

centre

which

post,
is

edge
cleat

fixed

to

This

post

must

stayed

fore

and

posts

will

be

line.

centre

floor

the

well

and

RIGGING.

AND

be

should

the

on

on

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

the

33

mould

that

so

be

one

nailed

aft

to

in

keep

to

a
Braclnff

vertical
the

position.

should

from

checked

l.w.l.

the

centre

the

along

the

on

the

keep

to

necessary

Mould

9.)

apart

be

jiow

of

height

Fig,

distance

exact

moulds

side

{See

level.

mould
The

the

Two

midship

to

floor

centre

mould

noted,

height

above

the

of

centre

line

and

all

as

the
SpaclitflT

other

moulds

They

will

all be

and

fore

aft,

vertical

their

be

must
set

the

in

up

that

so

levelled

they

foregoing

plumb,

Fio.

and

long
the

tedious

work

depends,

over

it, and

come

to

work

Work

for
fore

the
The

their
side

object

which

would

of

edge,

the

fore

of

to

as

floor

level.

This

not

the

all

extra

line,
is

of

rest

and

care

time

when

move

and

is

avoid

to

required
shown

on

the

you

by

if the

centre

the

sketch.

side
the

on

of

of,

edge

moulds

floor

after

after

the

to

forward

bevels

forward

moulds

central

the

on

the

the

place

say,

each,

this
be

will

and

section,

places

of

stayed

centre

accuracy

little

they

of

edge

midship
is

that

so

its

on

stint

not

well

Moulds

them.

the

the
that

others;

them

on

to

including

mark

fix

do

so

the

floor.

9.

but

business,

the

l.w.l.'s

and

the

and

manner

with

square

are

lines

centre

this

to

each

(See

line
of

the

edges
were

Fig.

so

of
that

just

comes

after
of

and
the
the

on

moulds.

the

moulds,

taken

instead

10.)

fJ^A^ofd^eTei

34

SMALL

Fia.

YACHT

la

OONSTRUCTION

AND

RIGGING.

Fig.

U.

SMALL

YACHT

AND

CONSTRUCTION

FiQ.

12.

RIGGING.

35

36

SMALL

YACHT

Check

the

CONSTRUCTION

of

squaring

RIGGING.

AND

the

moulds

by

from

measuring

the

Cliecklnflr

of

centre

Moulds

the

level

the

each

on

side

each

them
PlaclnflT
the

moulds

and

the

to

curve

till

moulds

screwed

each

the

the

all

exact.

for

the

the

drawing,

is

mould

keel

seen

and

stem

do

sheer

this

tween
be-

bent

be

to

be

to

the

at

then

same,

are

it

when

first

the

are

ready

now

to

of

they

see

are

of

outside

and

of

pair

The

the

to

stem

fair

over

and

correct

then

must

transom

Keel

be

in

stayed

similar

from

plumbing
be

should

the

floor

central

stretched

through

line

all

before,

as

moulds

the

and

squaring

moulds,

the

to

manner

and

and

l.w.l.,

the

at

line

PlaclnflT
Sheer

Batten

carefully

levelled.

moulds

the

at

while

The
the

fixed

by

the

floor

keel

Keel

and

frame

from

the

from

in.

the

exactly
frame

set

fixed,

is

not

in

place

roof

in.

them

be

place

in

fixed

firmly

Fig.

(See

centre-line

clear

stocks

The

keel.

the

and

stocks,

the

edge,

but

first,

up

walls.

on

as

set

on

and

deal

angle

same

will

up
the

by

hold

and

the

round

nailed

ii.)

boat

are

stays

them

Fig.

keel

be

should

fair

(See
the

and

batten

to

cut.

for

made

When
Hettlnar

is

shores

at

sheer

level

moulds

after

best

deck

rabbet

the

are

12.)

marked

be

must

to

Up
Boat

keel,

along
for

the

be

set

the

to

in.

The

the

and

and

the

if

or

fixed

walls,

and

being
sheer

the

they

that

from

the

fixed

batten

is

on,

the

right

high,
to

stern,

stayed
and

rabbet

the

on

moulds

now

moulds

square

as

The

are

too

stem

and

manner

same

boat.

that

except

be

moulds

in

frame,

counter-

centre-board

roof;

must

it

on

the

before,

deal

roof

the

places

of

from

stayed
by

marked

case

as

up

and

stern-post,

moulds

in

line

stem,

plumb
should

fore

w^ay

well,

from

floor

the

now

can

and

and

stations

and

up

laft

secured

that.

in

be

their

cut.

proper

in.

CHAPTER

Cutting

IT

is

of

the

rabbet

they

into

the

the

method,

work,

more

cut

the

it

can

it

is

rabbet

for

be

can

most

and

stem

the

work

J^^"{J^|,^^

moved

easily

and,

safer

frame

is

of

knowledge

much

whole

the

at

get

considerable

consequently

after

to

attempted

be

keel

cut

working.

requires

safely

to

the

easier

which

positions

however,

before

before

much

pieces,

separate

builders

boats

is

Moulds.

the

professional

it

as

convenient

most

trade

to

place,

in

are

This

for

centre-board

of

in

up

Fairing

and

practice

set

are

when

Rabbet

the

common

IV.

for

set

ing
entail-

though
the

amateur

and

up

properly

^
Fio.

fixed

RABBET

13."

in

its

at

and

up,

the

exact

hard

inch

an

planed
to

of

and

one

thickness

B,

A,

when

he

of

section

starting

piece
half

place,

each

Before

small

GAUGE.

the

thick.

One

B,

thickness

plank.

of

the

see

angles

exact

squared

planking
37

long,

A-B,

edge,

be

must

gauge
inches

two

correctly
the

angle

easily

rabbet,
about

of

right

quired
re-

rabbet.

wood

end

can

the

on

B-C.

it

out

inch

an

l)e

must

to

cut

and

{See

of

wide.

carefully

marked

Fig.

off

13.)

Making

the

Rabbet

Gaugre

38

SMALL

Fig.

The
cut

the

of

use

rabbet

this

at

Rabbet

fi.

14."

to

ascertain

also

to

RIGGING.

plank.

of

ihicJLness

and

part,

any

is

gauge

Vsliiff

AND

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

the
if

see

depth

proper
the

inner

angle

'

to

is

e"

the

Gauffe

the

correct,

Fig.
and

14),

side
and

A-B
the

being

placed
end,

square

the

on

B-C,

flat

showing

of

the

the

(see

rabbet

proper

depth

angle.
This

gauge

should

be

kept

Fig.

in

15.

convenient

pocket,

to

try

YACHT

SMALL

rabbet

the

of

strip
four

three

or

show

the

keel

is

which

of
be

must

In

and

section,
mould
side

the

of

this

to

each

with

continuation

in

round

rabbett,

the

addition

in.

by

bend

to

39

RIGGING.

cut.

in.

used

back

the

being

elm,

long,

of

angle

it is

American

feet

stem,

or

while

continually
a

gauge,

AND

CONSTRUCTION

the

curve

to

of

the

of

the

mould.

Having:

prepared

the

"

batten,

and

gauge

off

set

rabbet

the

e"

Off

Setting

line

on

of

tion

the

keel

and

the

lower

of

edge

each

at

stem

the

rabbet,

the

taking

mould,

from

the

posi-

proper

sheer

the

Rabbet

half

and

breadth

plans
of

types

boats

No.

I,

the

No.

2,

it is

is underneath

sectional

side.

safe

only

rabbet

of

line

(See
to

way

drawing
x

the

keel,

Fug.

15.)

stem

keel

stem

the

those

boat,

careful

mark

and

station,

at

two

keel

make

to

each

the

in

centre-boarder,
in

is

at

and

the

while

it correct,

or

much

very
; in

the

get

keel

the

on

varies

consideration

under

the

on

This

station.

now

rabbet

The

the

each

at

points

as

ready
al-

drawing

stated,
a

few

inches

follow

the

the

so

of

moulds

that

the

and

at

each

fore

the

of

Fig.

cutting

quite

cut

show

how

the

to

this

to

care

is

full
done

16.)
is

cut

at

and

long

and

spots,

places, taking
to

will

touches

just

end

ft.

12

these
not

rabbet

the

about

batten

of

sketch

(See

the

through

and

mould,

2.

section

stiff

line

accompanying

When
take

fair

rabbet

the

curve

the

depth;
at

of

the

each
it

tack

of

over

rabbet-line

the

moulds,

the

moulds,

the

on

at

stem

Cnttlns

the

deck

bet

in

the

level

the

under

same

to

stem

sheer

the

as

way

the

depth

this

about

batten

before,

letting

of

rabbet,

the

cut

; now

the

as

end

of

shown

bit

of

the

the

batten

by

the

rabinto

rabbet-

gauge.

Repeat
end

of

the

batten

lies

the

batten

over

keel

angle

correct

the

the

first

mould.

till the
flat

on

the
for

the

six

every
first
the

moulds
rabbet

inches

mould

moulds

is
and

down

the

reached,
fits

in

the

various

at

all

points

the

stem

taking
rabbet

positions,
from

the

and

fore-

care

that

;
to

bending
get

stem-head

the
to

tbe

Rabbet

40

When

including
post

YACHT

SMALL

and

these
the

CONSTRUCTION

sections

transom

counter-frame

been

have
of

the
of

AND

correctly

centre-board

tlie

keel

RIGGING.

boat,

cut

at

lx)at, and
the

each
the

intermediate

ninuld,
stern-

por-

SMALL

VACHT

CONSTRUCTION

AND

RIGGING.

41

SMALL

42

tions

of

the

section

to

^^^"^
and

where

No.

2.

undersidc
it

of

the

done

joint
I

with

have,

moulds

by

here

is to

perhaps,

rabbet

roughly

the

moulds

before

and

in.

by

spaced

evenly

nails, and

wire

fastened
When

into
the

the

the

is

must

taper

keel

the

bent

sharp,

tapered
be

boat.

and

as

the

little, to

quite

fair

As
all

that

and

fit

on.

in

dealing
the

fairing
usual

then

to

cut

fair

to

up

pine,

other

able
suit-

boat,

with

the

as

centre-board

They

should

nailed
all

round
the

enable

very

of
them

be

fairly

the
the

to

gradual.

in.

being

moulds,
of

edge

boat,

it with

to

the

fore-ends

and

or

the

over

the

and

to

nailing

long

for

in.

carefully

in

and

by

as

mould,

rabbet,

horse

it is

Oregon

least

the

various

at

goes

but

done

of
at

midship

stem

be

may

for

then

curve

they
but

on

and

trying

rabbet.
is

18)

is

way

shape,

to

of

i,

in

boats,

method

depth,

the

f in. by

say

the

off

ribbands

knots,

in.

full

in

only

plank
the

battens

its

Fig.

long

of

the

or

nearly

(see

of

section

square

ribbands

both

each

turns

No.

directions.

all

nearly

before

cart

stem

battens

in

transom

the

rabbet

the

large

as

it.

continually

in

the

counter-frame

cases

transom

transom

finishing

eight

clear

wood,
*^

or

rabbet

explaining

to

fairing
six

moulds

and

put

of

means

the

the

cut

before

the

the

past

plank

using

fair

to

run

the

This

and

these

before,

as

the

the

to

on

of

each

sections

will

rabbet

the

In

17.)

moulds,

between

to

of

side

the

the

with

along

in

where

to

part

flat

hollows

or

section

every

batten

are

stern-post

battens,

the

planking
be

the

small

and

over

need

ULe^Mouids

Fig,

keel

the

off

runs

gauge

angles

of

cut

to

parts

the

lumps

from

up

testing

plane,

no

RIGGING.

faired

laying

are

difficult

plenty

rabbet

the

there

and

cut

also

that

AND

rabbet

and

and

(See

cut

chisel

most

^^^

be

may

batten,
see

The

to

the

and

rabbet,

CONSTRUCTION

rabbet

with

gauge

ra^Keli Boat***

YACHT

transom.

tens,
bat-

upper

easily,

bend

(Sec

Fig.

19.)
If
be
too

the

made

full,

to

or

battens
do

so,

do

by

by packing

not

touch

either

up

with

all the

cutting
slips

moulds

away
of

wood

fairly, they
the
on

moulds
the

must

that
slack

are

places.

SMALL

YACHT

CONSTRUCTION

AND

RIGGING.

43

44

SMALL

YACHT

CONSTRUCTION

AND

RIGGING.

This

is

of

one

the

that

seldom

both

errors,

in

and

floor,

them

up;

that

is

to

if

the

in

cause

at

Also

see

ends

is

curve

ribband

it

if

ribband

the

is

it

is

needed,

fastened,

not

cut

to

will

either

its

be

moulds

full

is

be

attempt

to

and

depth

or

ends

the

start

rabbet

and

to

rabbet.

make

more

the

tens
bat-

is

to

of

the

ends

moulds

till

timbering

once

than

the

the

ends

very

required
sudden

Each

before

boat

timbers

slight

and

reached.

have

you
the

got

the

being

latter

are

the

at

very

are

not

large.

too

mid-section

fair,
the

is

ribbands.

the

till

boat,

fault

that

l^'ioJi^,

find

fastened

of

to

merely

the

or

than

see

cannot

the

say,

upper

first

and

from

unless

the

mould,

or

you

small

too

thoroughly

finished

ting
set-

station,

if

curve

fastened

of

and

spacing,

see

occur,

toward

be

each

to

difficult

not

pulled
should

and

either

in

away

to

greater

fore

with

found

If

well

that

the

fairly.

other,

pinned,

should

the

in

or

get

is

into

in

ribbands,

moulds,

which

the

on

drawing

that

at

the

at

forced

as

successively
Do

then

this

should

then

it

mould,

is

error

bend

these,
then

other

moulds;

the

by

and

an

itself,
to

be

to

sure

right.

put

failing

is

ter
mat-

no

are

fairing

measurements

mould

of

any

that

so

the

It

drawing

the

careful

by

when

the

over

end

one

some

fairing,

in

in

be

can

from

moulds

only

there

full-sized

the

quiring
re-

eye.

correct,

and

made,

work,

correct

absolutely

design,

is

it

batten

the

been

whole

the

and

are

the

errors

is

through

at

that

carefully
error

^rst

so

rule

good

go

the

making

these

moulds

original

in

of

parts

judgment,

have

they
the

also

the

all

carefully

how

and

patience

great
very

difificult

most

45

RIGGING.

AND

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

in

alterations

place
in

CHAPTER

V.

Timbering

IN

it is

that

foot

grained,

the

into
of

siding

ribs),

in

given

the

see

shakes

from

lengths,
timber,

longest

the

having

By

up.

free

convenient

length

and

planing

planed

and

planks

Timbers

then

job,

it

is

well

Before
chocks

and
Planlngr

widths,

the

the

tion,
specifica-

wood

cut

in

apart

stop,

the

to

each

pair

bench,

V,

that

so

hold

of

cleats

the

are

of

end

or

same

timber,

finished

the

the

mill.

the

at

they

of

tedious

very

pairs

two

width

to

charged

up,

the

as

into

cut

them

plane

screwed
ir

shillings

is

of

labor

the

save

this

as

and

timbers,

the

can

and

extra

to

of

you

timber

each

worth

be

end

an

Up

of

thickness

exact

proper

starting

must

distance

the

sides

two

the

to

up

into

sawn

planing

the

than

and

for

Material
the

to

the

Getttngr

(or

timbers

the

sawmill

moulding

for

allow

close

at

cut

longer

the

for

elm

color,

it

in.

i8

over

YB"

in

Get

or

i^-

and

American

white

knots.

or

say

the

choosing

Planking.

and

timber

the

Timbers

All

firmly.
finished
of

the

should

the
first.
The

the

breaking,

badly,

Fig.
of

and

and

half

spoil

The

spacing

sheer

batten,

inch

lower

than

plane.

The

first

an

the

of

length
pair

chocks

they

would

keep
most

of

is

do,
care

it
of
the

according

to

and

planed,

Great

to

the

second

the

these

being
as

clear

to

as

of

eighth

an

the

similar

the

pair

timber

longest

beyond

distance

20.)

manner.

carefully,

and

{See

so

about
and

stop,

while

usual

be,

be

object

bench

and
the

end

be

must

will

timber

chocks

from

these

to

if

hold

the

simply

should

be

laid

on

taken

otherwise

sharp,

doubling

them

prevent

it

firmly

timbers

to

will

the

set

bench

the

on

up
in

plane

tear

the

elm

along

the

keel

it.
timbers

to

must

the
46

be

set

specification,

off

taking

care

that

tioiie"of
frttti: the

them
stem

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

just

come

to

No.

the

on

AND

will

mould

At

mould.

found

be

47

RIGGING.

the
to

bow
be

the
much

distance

greater

a
5

CQ

along
spacing

the

sheer

were

batten
the

same

than

on

it is

both,

on

the
there

keel.
would

if the

Therefore,
be

gap

on

the

tfe^T?mbe"i

48

SMALL

sheer

YACHT

Datten

the

spacing
^^^^

^^^^^

the

near

the

on

^^^

AND'

CONSTRUCTION

keel
of

curve

with

stem,
is

timbers.

no

sHghtly
and

stem,

RIGGING.

To

reduced,

the

obviat

especially

spacing

the

on

this,

where

it

sheer

batten

spactiiff
the

Timbers

spaces
the
to

both.

on

timbers
the

The
almost

are

deck.

line, like

In

No.

and

extent,
As

timber

of

or

notch,

simple

in

in

form

the

not

is

way

in

timbers

to

to

boat

fan

with

from
of
but

bow

bluff

the

of

scarph

stem

and

stem

it is there

deck

to

some

spacing.
be

to

the

these

let

of

top

into

the

the

for

each
and

width

right

dove-tail

cheap

keel,

rabbet

the

joggles

two

get

number

same

curve

are

in

cut

get

the

apparent,

for

is

set

easy

very

the

and

of

an

allowed

heels

fit into;

to

depth,

be

must

the

is, that

with

is

to

as

so

result

boats

this

2,

joggle,

small

ot^vrnmen^into

increased,

correspondingly

about

saws,

Keel

six

or

inches

seven

handle

off

Now

one.

of

of

each

of

^ in. "gutter"

Before
less

the

distance

same

the

the

through
three

is

of

the

when

of

amount

depth

In
and

to

in

alteration
back

cutting
the

it

get

keel

as

the

to

run

boat,

which

they
of

as

of

sides

down

joggles

used

deep,

too

centre-board

the

exact

for

room

used,

of

be

the

which

course,

pass
hold

all

saw.

at

will

once;

the

stop

w^ood.

an

should
this

to

joggle

gauge

two

at

will

single

line

gauge
as

of

the

the

and

to,

firmly,

up

the

depth

the

will,

bolts

slightly

between

as

pair

of

wood,

parallel

saws,

two

both

saw

the

it be

the

can

hard

ends

ironmonger's.

any

timbers,

screwed

they

cut

of

the

of

at

with

side,

the

both

through
by

bought

of

when

they

cutting

keel

the

to

side

of

The

cut.

you

impossible

Before

teeth

that

means

cutting

saws

the

them

piece

siding

and

so

slip

bottom

drilled

be

can

the

be

wood,

this

it is

let

to

together,
By

screw

up,

the

above

joggle

and

them

and

blades,

and

hole

knock

and

handles,

straight

in.

bolts, which

than

thickness

in

set

get

blades,

screwing

saw

long,

sort,

guide

extra

be

the

along

cut.

owing

to

There
to

the

side
late
reguis

no

small

rabbet.
the
cut

joggles,
started

on

the
the

points
angle

of
of

the
the

saws

back

should
rabbet

be

and

side
is

of

down
of

the

sketch.

(See
One

angle

before

The

of

each

fit these

to

cut

are

of

inner

the

on

of

angle
of

pair

part

the

notch,

wedge-shaped

it
the

angle,

rabbet.

with

cuts

saw

when

that,

angle

an

deepest

49

RIGGING.

move
Renarrow

as

the

Fitting

in

shown

the

Keei

21.)

Fig,

end

the

the

such

at

the

cuts

have

you

AND

saw

at

between

that

so

the

depth

just

saw

wood

the

chisel,

full

its

to

point

holding

keel,

the

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

timbers

the

it will

and

joggles,

should

be

save

lot

the

to

cut

of

proper
if

time

they

steaming.

timbers

keel

and

being

according

prepared

going
fore-

the

to

Steamlnv

instructions,
timbers

the

put

soft,

start

get

with

the

the

in

steam

half-an-hour's

for

in

up

the

When

of

middle

chest,

steam

or

steaming.

in

longest,

kiln,

the

they

boat,

*^"

and

Tlmbera

are

taking

A^/

END

v^

Pig.

each

21."

joggle

in

the

firmly,

but

the

ing

from

all

the
be

the

ample

boat
be

cut

length

be

its

properly
it

through
place

cut,

inside

should

make

to

the

into

it

hold
then

sure;

the

ribbands,

which

the

workBending

to

the

sheer

but

see

that

before

and

is

heel

th.e

keel

to

it

driven

into

gently

is

if

which,

the

fitting

and

kiln,

KEEL.

THE

INTO

TIMBER

THE

the

must

nailed,

battens

The
should

nail

FITTING

from

keel,

timber

should

OP

quickly

one

pull

method

TIMBER.

OF

for

ready

the

required

width.

every

the

nailing

now

batten,

end

to

timber

is

the

sheer

to

planking:
thickness,

Before

the

the

ready
planking

end

outer

fairly touching
batten.

material
for
is

use,

for
and

started,

this
of
the

Tlmbera

50

SMALL

of

widths

all

and

stem,
may

the

iMYimm

do

the

at

of

turn

the

time

same

and

bilge
safe

fairly

to

is

off

them

get

the

the

as

to

point

case

of

amount

tience,
pathe

at

round

enough

narrow

avoid

to

have

to

fair

running

quarters

rule

take

mould,

midship

the

on

counter-frame,

will

planks

the

off

set

and

correctly
of

any

be

must

RIGGING.

AND

stern-post

this

avoid

and

planks
; or

To

to

ends,

the

transom

be.

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

splitting.
planks

narrowest

the

at

om

bilge,

and

strake

out

where

they
be

must

wide

and

ready

to

plank

be

for

make

is

be

must

removed

fit the

seam

frame

in

the

builders
2

type,

is

seam

batten

boat

they
in

curv^e

the

the

work

to

in

way,

junction

with
the

the

twist

of

the

till

angle

the

rabbet
run

it has
be

sure

the
the

on

the

it
be

to

and
the

with

between

past

If

it is very

and

the

planks

boat

band
rib-

case

stern-post

here,

have

planks.

the

ribband
will

in

be

till you

off

you

now

No.

ing
mov-

but

next

or

fastened,

and

and

seam,

entirely

of

over

moulds

this

stem-

garboard,

crosses

timbers,

the

placed

be

the

remove

ship
mid-

stem,

on

other

the

spacing

in

the

on

also

with

mention

comes

let

No.

should

all

not

the

sharp

dispense
and

lx)at, and

ribbands

carefully

There

the

the

width

impossible

planks

it if it

to

mark

jiist at

the

start

do

By

all, except
same

sharpest
be

on

the

and

to

plank.

come

No.

of

nailed

replaced

fit unless

Most

to

shape.

moved

counter-frame.
to

come

and
of

the

is to

any

the

as

marked

plank,

on

2,

plan

you

take

out

should

is, it

as

No.

line

good

not

timbers

your

fair

very

do

you

till the

and

of

of
No.

in

of

then

turn.

widths

transom

ribband

each

are

the

counter-frame

timbers.

short

the

counter

it would

and

deck,
a

the

strake,

top

such
off

and

points,

sure

the

at

set

mould

the

in

about

be

and

of

ends

forward

should

but

stem,

at

o\'er

Having

The

top
below

one

bilge,

the

to

narrower

garboard,

the

just

plank

these

and

meet

is

get

the

than

wader

The

keel.

the

next

little

garboards.

narrowest

transom

post

the

to

garboard

usually

is

gradually

strake

top

the

at

plank

they

widen

widest

sheer

or

it, and

the

the

cult
diffitwo.

counter

stern-post,

and
deal

get

to

if

counter-frame,

where

But

the

for

and

difficult

it is very
The
the

It

keel.

the

of

fitted

be

to

as

this

on

To

boat.

the

the

is
the

generally

is

fitted,

bottom

leak

hole

exposed

an

should

plank
there

occur

much

depends
the

of

the

be

strength

of

shape

exact

that

or

should

difficult, and

most

get

strake,

garboard

the

tiie

edge

iiiiiiiiii

the

the
in.

plank

and

wide,

strake,
the

moulds

of

boards,

to

say
decrease

against

the

spilings
IS

the

three

every

called,

at

six

every

right

angles
at

of

till the

of

to

right

the

keep

rabbet,

the

board,

angles

of

turn

between

the

series

to

one

and

or

the

With

the

leg

stem

be

careful

"spiling
rabbet

the

edge

the

passes
com-

the
and

comes,

(or
of

an

along

spots

spots

the

about

between

of

over

in

other
them

rabbet.

garboard

tacked

and

set

gap

the

off

Always

edge

and

widest

prick

spacing

inches.

not

edge

inches,

inner

dnd

the

the

each

overlap

compasses

than

distance,

rabbet,

about

wood,
of

length

the

they

thin

for

rabbet

fit the

to

of

the

of

that

inner

have

pieces
half

of

pair

the

this

will

end

so

wider

and
to

set

there

inch

board

the

to

take

an

fit each

PLANKING.

THE

two

than

timbers,

Now

eighth

take

more

cut

and

middle.

of

rather

roughly

FITTING

keel, which

length,

its

ffsrt

OF

the

next

of

whole

22.-METHOD

Fro.

of

Planks

stop.

plank

carefully

most

of

first

to

if

and

leaking,

and

between

fitting

perfect

requires

it

tlie

fitted.

well

very

leaving

plank,

Off

liaylns:

previous

the

frame,

the

on

the

through

in
not

it is

amateur

passes

if

flat

the

through

cut

prevent

to

lies

merely

hole,

the

frame

next

is

rudder

inside

joint

plank

the

as

good

saves

an

shown

caulked

be

can

seam

left,

is

for

but

rudder

the

where

This

frame.

the

weight,

some

rabbet

the

because

sketch,

also

tight joint

of

line

centre

and

trouble,

of

easier

the

along

meet

SI

RIGGING.

AND

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

"spilings")

the

compasses
to

mark

batten"
line.

the
it

as

The

ac-

cfrboard

52

SMALL

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

sketch

companying

shows

AND

how

this

RIGGING.

should

be

{See

done.

Fig.

22.)
If

the

round

spiHngs

but

curve,

sharper

would

them
them

the

off

the

up

in

have

you

boat

good

joint
fitted

they

like

rigid
and

laid

edge

and

shape

the

the

nail

that

so

try

plane

till

with

the

Then,

rabbet,

other,

and

spots

small

rabbet.

the

each

with

take

boards,

spiling

edge

into

carefully

the

on

the

to

along

round

the

centre

and

both

They

the

but

spots,

off

and

end,

can

them

they

the

gether
to-

quite

are

of

eighth

an

the

drawn
in

plank
with

the

batten

inch

an

boat

the

being

line

fair

off

line

of

width

in

it

taken

pencil

sweep

cut

be

now

planking,

Mark

edge.

each

at

these

outside

lines.

the

in

avoid

same

be

must

care

the

its

place, tapping

and

the
the

off

planed
The

It

is

must

have

some

thick

varnished

coat

varnish

boat,

and

hammer

along

mark

both

in

of

and

red
an

other

old
is

can.

more

to

lutely
is absothe

inside

carefully

be

places

to

edge.

outer

to

and

of
its

also

marked

should

be

along.

fair

sides

fastening

the

these

all

shot

plank

found

be

will

it, and

be

either

the

the

greater

than

by chalking

the

to

fit, but

plank

.shoring

it

chalk

and

for

out

but

the

is done

but

batten;

perfect

of

fitted

and

place

edge

touched

plane,

of

ensure

should

ready

now

to

its

spiling

fitting

the

edge
jack

the

with

it has

till it shows
outer

as

removed,

are

where

with

width,

it close

shores

chalk

final

in

up

the

cramping

Garboard

When

of

more

The

required.
rabbet,

only

not

away

of

tried

manner

used,

cutting

be

should

plank

rabbet

by

of

piece

fitted

The

FIttlngr

plank.

single

on

through

of

the

Out

Garboard

Pinal

similar

off

pricked

fitting

overlap

of

shape

circles.

the

all

rabbet

the

to

true

of

curve

all

are

cut

again,

where

tike

and

place

smaller

angles
the

give

concentric

two

right

at

never

spilings

battens

spiling

Ilarklngr

give

like

turn,

When

would

they

curve,

taken

were

the

to

plank

place,
lead

white
The

durable.

and
and

latter

the

correct

planed
the

up.

rabbet

varnish,
is best

for

or

SMALL

Before

place,

the

be, it

marked

plank

carefully

shore

into

the

boring

Nail
not

get

about

five

about

three

the

inner

edge
the

from
times

into

plank
and

be

it

is

tried

in

up

fairly good

board

its

and

of

na!ils

the

the

than

the

site
oppo-

the

at

with

fore

"J^*Garboard

end,

er's
boat-build-

the

close

be

spaced
the

along

rabbet,

the

to

does

plalnk

apart
and

keel,

stem.

the

along

the

should

plank

the

up

that

care

nails

The

shored

ing
driv-

before,

as

nails.

first, taking

of

place

nailing

start

depth

plank

and

cramped

if

and

another

on

thickness

the

it should

place,

S3

it.

rabbet.

the

times

in

boat,

thickness

the

nailing

be

must

laid

full

the

to

smaller

After

be

rabbet,

little

away

the

the

piercer

of

ofif from

and

Cramp
tight

can

RIGGING.

AND

plank

side

other

it should

it

the

fastening

on

fit, as

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

the
and

timbers,

edge

outer

nailed

to
.

with

each

of

taken

these

that

plank

it

or

four

every

times

the

For

f
can

with

be

flat

on

be

off

the

taken
batten.

this

number
in

of

edge
It

away
with
To

batten,

without
last
be

will

the

compasses

get

long

as

the

from

the

to

straight

timbers,

taken.

inches

line

also

but
of

thin

wide,

placed
be
of

grain

rule

of

must

being

nail

spaced

or

the

mediate
inter-

the

planks

good

be

care

the

^ in. planking,

planking

edges,

the

on

using

the

should

timl^er,

same

very

width

itself

straight

set

In

the

in

the

batten

spiling

in.

in

In

in

of

rest

batten

spiling

using

inches

each

at

all

not

nail

thickness

total

the

eight

thickness.

the

the

longer

plank

increased

are

than

intermediate

split.

may

nails
for

the

are

in.

An

timber.

middle

the

in

copper

and

plank

nails

over

and

of

the

last

erased

batten,

spiling

it

done

which

plank

before,

would

difficulty,

instead

that

the

all

not

of

quite

is

to

are

several

spilings,

come

using

turn

ing
touch-

spilings
it

by

with.

just

places
; so

in

laid

and

the

some

the

be

must

by

in.

when

edgewise;

in

about

plank

from

but

plank,

each

twist

that
of

for

fit

to

necessary

lx)at, and

the

then

plank,

this

be

spilings

the

found

as

not

edge
as

any

edge

it will

on

the

if

the

com-

^e^^anks

54

SMALL

taken

at

the

from

jight angles

to

batten

the

on

distance

the

passes,

write

is not

it down

the

to

"j^,

while

^^^

rf it is under

the

and

of

the

the

last

be

plank
foot

which

or

of

is

sign

Where
it is

inch,

just

or

usual
the

over

it would

be

"hard

or

is

written

taken.

an

sixteenth,

nearest

batten

and

so,

"full,''

meaning

the

to

it is

sixteenth

till

getting

before

writused

off,"

and

chalk

is well-fitted
and

spiling,

fastening

time,
the

boat

tight

careful

by

got

each

plank

plank,

new

of

times

several

RIGGING.

touching.

only

can

the

every
on

Another

secret

great

these

planks

is

edge

The

the

"bare."

or

"

IT

line

3tV,

of

batten,

exact

an

thus

AND

edge

the

"

where

setttns:

the

alongside

distance

to

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

marks

off

the

trying

the

chalk
all

edge

up

the

chalking

them,

planing

seams,

edge

marks

along,

the

on

plained
ex-

as

previously.
If
outside

in.

is

the

seam

and

tight

planking,
of

outside

thin

such

the

the

on

inside,

without

would

left

the

For
for

enough

builder

only

the

on

open

caulking.

wide

fit the

stopping,

any

is

first-class

all, but

at

hold

inch

an

be

must

to

as

so

of

though

seam,

it

caulked,

sixteenth

planking

watertight

be

to

would

perfectly

each

varnishing

caulk

not

edges

two

the

as

seam

it is fitted.
This
done
to

by
caulk

is

one

From

the

but

that

and

the

plank
the

spoiled
far,

planks,

bilged

no

boat

we

in

and

powers,

builders,

so

it will

seen

several

plank

will

have

been

in

even

like

though

it will

is

only

be

best

will

there

easy

would

be

to

while

very

spoiled

other

the

few

first
;

something,

some

in

care

the

be

planking
be

seldom

boat,

after

teaches
for

tant
imporof

matter

sure

the

considering
this

are

in

come

how

even

failure

each

always

long,

dingy,

be

really

planks

as

but

piece,

it is

skill

great

consequence,

one

and

seams,

than

overcome,

are

was

best

very

description

good

more

is of

So

the

foregoing

make

patience

difficulties

amateur's

an

seams.

it is to
and

of

two

or

all

beyond

rather

if

as

case

part.
each

with

short,

planks

all
hard

with-

SMALL

YACHT

scarph,

out

be

too

be

cut

in

out

ends

that

split
and

for

the

extreme

the

The
difficult

be

be

would

to

run

the

across

be

would
be

also

plank

it could

if

short

and

to

sure

great,

very

such

for

spiling

accurate

an

the

even

so

would

wood

take

but

weak

very

of

waste

boards,

the

of

"sny,"

or

curve,

grain

would

plank

nailing.

in

of

widths

piece,

one

it would

an

curve.

these

For
the

the

the

55

RIGGING.

AND

would

only

not

as

great

CONSTRUCTION

in

plank,

"sny,"

or

curve,

the

it

reasons,

is

exceeds

following

usual
width

the

of

The

manner:

all

scarph

to

the

after

where

planks

widest
half

of

part

the
Scarplitiiv
tlie

of

the

is

plank

fitted

in

it, the
that

place,

known

as

forward
for

half

about
fit

each

being

let

into

plank

in

the

end

the

after

on

the

plank.
is

joints
are

lead,

finer

than

used

not

should

to

"butt''

leaky

be

made

they

only

with

used
the

half

an

scarph

iron

well

put

plane,

painted

of

rest

of

the

inch

the

plank,

from

with
The

planking,
as

the

the

edge,

row

and

the
half

should
nails

the

timber;

those

clenched

inside

be

fully
care-

should

to

to

edge

the

so

plank

after

nailed,

being

scarphs

small

is

preparation.

the

end

through

all

be

in

go

is difficult

scarph

must

scarph

the

that

similar

some

split

of

feather

this

the

off

half

the

is

half

tapered

of

end

the

will

scarph

after

the

according

more,

of

end

forward

the

fore

scarph

very
All

right.
and

when

thick

and

should

and
of

they

red

nails

such

great

care

nails

scarph

about

be

inch

an

less.

or

Where

on

or

those

be

apart

or

the

of

end

carefully

edge

when

fore

or

the

feather

that

fit

and

of

form
after

of

inch

finally nailing

this, the

are

end

about

important

as

good

white

and

end

should

to

so

of

most

fitted,

after

planking,

tapered

on

It

the

other,

the

ends

two

best

in

overlaps

The

timber,

fore

the

the

of

on

plank

before

but

The
and

scarph,"

other;

being

come

"butt
the

end.

the

on

inches.

thickness

cut

of

to

as

is

scarph

described,

previously

as

the

there

is

quarters,

sharp
the

turn

planks

in
for

the

timbers,

these

parts

as

at

should

the

bilge
be

cut

Planlai

56

boards

from
the

The

be

to

thicker

is

hollowing

with

done

fit

to

the

on

the

the

the

of

correspond.

to

which

plane,

of

centre

curve

outside

soled

round

allow

to

rest,

inside

rounded

be

also

the

the

on

RIGGING.

AND

than

hollowed

it will

and

section,

little

plank

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

is

easily

lolloifvlnv
tke

Planks

made

from

face
of

and

of

As
the

the

moulds

and

will

have

the

rounding

by

about

in.

to

in.

stem

and

stern

fastenings,

and

when

To

turned

off

clenching

removed.

be

be

do

keel

over,

this

the
but

down,

stocks.

boat

the

before

finished,

to

to

the

on

turning

the

on

is

have

remain

can

Before

Pamlns

will

boat

other

of

curve

planking

the

as

centre-board
the

into

plane,

iron.

soon

nails,

iron

the

grinding

width

smoothing

wooden

small

all

over

of

the

the

boat

of

stays
be

must

the

moulds

adrift

cut

from

tlie

Boat

Oirer

their
of

the

floor

Four
cleats

is

the

directly

moulds

fly

will

she

boat

the

This

trestles.

of

edges

with

be

the

top

beam,

her

to

inches

must

clear

spauls,''

in

several

out

removed.

are

the

lifted

two

on

"cross

over

hold

to

be

can

over

called

fitted

be

she

turned

wood,

moulds,

done

not

of

should

the

done,

and

men,

strips

ends,

between

this

four

light

their

on

strake
if

five

or

about

by

is

that

at

each

done

on

as

side
both

boats.
The

Removlngr
tlie

cut

moulds

them

can

in

across

be

now

places

two

or

one

easiest

the

removed;
with

if

but

saw,

is

way

they

to

are

Moulds

to

out

be

retained

for
and

whole,

future

great

Note.

small

"

is
of

wide,
very
the

be

must

care

be

will

taken

job

longer
not

to

to

injure

or

them

get
the

ing
plank-

timbers.

and

in.

it

use

and
useful

plank

in.

to

when

of

piece
with

thick,

fasten

trying

hard

up

in

nail

stout

side

the

on

wood,

of

place,

the
and

3
or

long,

by

the

centre,

in

screw

to

hold

shifted

as

stem,
is

in.

the

i-J

ends

required.

CHAPTER

Shelf,

Floors,

clenched

of

drawing,

the

their

The

over

the

all

floors

shown

are

tions
posi-

from

off

set

the
F-F-F

marked

usually

are

the

burrs,

be

should

ings
fasten-

through

or

roves

stations

the

else

or

and

timbers

floor

drawing.

construction

on

properly

the

Beams.

Deck

and

finished,

being

planking

THE

VI.

in

drawing

the

on

places.
A

skin

and

either
for

wooden

thin

keel,

in

or

each

at

etc.,

steel

made

station,
oak

natural

centre-board

the

is

template

from

and

bow

the

floor

the

latter

and

of

inside

the

it

The

crook.

and

boat,

fit

to

made

is

the

simplest

floors

in

is

stern

the

the
Fitting

keel

boat

and

easily,
be

bevd

the

steel

require

can

but

floors,
would

wood

on

the

sides

angle

of

the

keel

blocks

show

must

at

be

must

each

the

as

let

the

and
the

at

about

the

width

exact

angle

by

to

the

if

the

These

forging,

with

planking

of

from

arms.

finished

the

blocks

places,

the

floors

shows

four

the

obtained

it

small

of

will

steel

nailing

end

of

of

bevel

or

These

template,

done

template

garboard

ordering
well
the

All

as

smith

ironwork

oak
the

iron

the

have

floors

are

the

look

be

cut

of

the

at

fitted

being

proper

always

drawing

before

edges

work,

full-sized

must

countersunk
The

giving

usually

is

of

the

be

not

fasten.

to

from

could

latter

the

on

the

and

template

point.
When

holes

smith

This

required.

crooks

difficult

very

any

amidships

suitable

as

be

by

made

sections

hollow

give

each

in

piece,

where

place

and

place

it

correct

if

and
is

plate,
tem-

to

drilled,

sible
pos-

go.

and

the

galvanized.

roughly
bevel
57

to

when

shape

from

sawing

the

out

template,
the

crook.

**""

fioop"

58

should

They
inside

be

the

skin

and

and

the

floor

the

previous

described

LHttber

should

keel

and

Cnttlnar

in

it is fitted, the

when

in

keel,

exactly

angle

for

partly

cut

leave

the

in

place
the

manner

the

and

planking

water

be

planks;

of

junction

to

away,

should

station,

fitting

the

at

the

its

fit, the

fairly good

of

to

chapter

sharp

be

floor

the

fitted

if

and

place,

at

RIGGING.

AND.

or

course

Holes

"limber

hole."
but

is
for

sound,

out

floors.

The

the

and

be

of

Even

with

and

the

limber

remain

lost

strength

the

the

the

joggle

the

or

two-thirds

of

top

holes
the

in

be

of

the

keel

the

at

height
joggle*

width.

in

amount

of

much

would

to

large,

be

cannot

the. angles

in

too

cut

boat

in

the

floors,

of

angles

the

small

tity
quanbut

timbers,

that

helped.

equal

two

and

at

the

the

half

and

moulded
times

of

sizes

two

or

the

and

planking,

for

rule

good

siding

plank

these

will

water

be

the

be

boats

most

lie

and

clean

kept

the

course,

always

away,

be

to

ers,
build-

by good

even

is

boat

water

not

cut

that

the

will

must

for

inside
twice

cannot

of

will

if

water

limbers

omitted,

constantly

proper

no

and

dry,

about

of

two

is

proportion

from

is

essential

most

keel

the
fair

This

if there

pumped

over

Slse

tried

then

of

chalked,

-CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

half

depth
the

wood
times
the

on

siding,

floors

is

thus

for

be

in.

the

thickness

the
of

top

make

to

keel

the
in.

of

the

two

or

planking,

the

Floors

floor

top

in., according
the

stoutest

the

lightest

of

the

if the
of

the

the

to

floors

to

floor

the
is

All

ends.

or

in.

In

and

small

boats

about

half

it would

be

the

boat,

and

we

thickness

the
of

are

floors

are

of

now

the

floors

in

form

dealing
planking

the

section,
in.,

the

with,
the

flat
and

from

the

at

bearers

turn

so

that
ends

for

depths

of

at

and

fairly

moulded

usually

2^

or

stations.*

to

up
taper

by

amidships,

run

in.

greater
are

and

square
i

by

diflferent

should

arms

sided,

Steel

as

the

the

step

in.

i^

to

should

be

platform,

such

floors

should

at

mast

which

No.

proportions.

the

at

required

strength

end,
i

should

keel

being

the-

at

arms.

flooring
these

the

bilges amidships,

keel

the

of

the
than

section

in

should

be

keel,

with

SMALL

YACHT

width

of

about

they

would

be

of

the

four

Paint

in.

by J

half

to

arms

in.

the

times

thickness.

For

keel, and

at

59

RIGGING.

AND

CONSTRUCTIQN

in.

would

planking,
ends

the

to

taper

dimensions.

those

well

under

each

shelf,

which

is

floor

before

the

fastening

in

same

place.
The

varies

boats,

some

according

in.

boats

by

in., spaced

in.

i^

were

boat

by

planking

and

the

would

or

i by

planking
of

the

is

than

the

of

thrpugii

beams

too

to

thin

method

these

two,

have

full

their

to

the

inwale

touches

the

deck

directly

to

tie

the

to

fasten
the

skin

deck

adopted
the

to

shelf

but

the
the

is

and

deck

edge

other

the

No.

being

top
i

is little
boat.
side
in-

deck,

all, while

the

heads
half

only

dovetail

By

planking,

both
with

together,
usual

in

let

as

way

way
ing
bethis
of
such

they
by

strake.

design

flus'.

area

the

beam.

the

the

of

necessary

in

dovetails

the

top,

This

each

it at

depth,

and

of

in.

to

fastened

the

timber

of

centre,

light

the

level

into

the

to

shelf

be

for

it.

to

in

in

the

at

bottom

at

let
all

the

screwing

or

The

of

nothing

inwale

light material,

in

in.

though

the

the

being

not

would

let

fastened

are

nailing

boat

thickness
to

the

both

timbers

the
the

method

the

than

with

sectional

would

below

placed

that

the

nary
ordi-

an

centre

the

that

however,

more

but

great,

of

inwales

In

say,

and

as

area

boat,

away

light

tapered

are

cut

the

flush, and

sectional

if it is

and

beams,

times

bers
tim-

i^ in., tapered

is to

in

f in.,

by

beam.

by

thick,

as

seven

heavier

be

not

inwale

which

the

timbers,

deck

than

in.

2^

That

times

in.

5 in.

spaced

or

ends.

three

more

in.

the

at

nearly

of

it would
the

about

in.

bent
the

centre,
to

the

instance,

with

dimensions,

same

timbers,

in.

aft

ft.

the

to

of

rest

For

planking,

in.

and

and

o.a.

the

to

small

in

inwale

boat.

the

centre

fore

of

be

double

shelf
the

ft.
boat

in.

25

by J

-^

barely

tapered

in.

in.

timbers

more

The

of

class

in.

built

strongly

in.

about

being

shelf

of

light

very

the

to

the

as

proportions

its

in

considerably

scantlings,

known

also

with

is

the

compromise
deck,

with

tween
bethe

or

inwaie

6o

SMALL

beams

timl"ers

the

work

term

only,

"inwale"

in

from
is

is

of

shall

it here

shelf

of

the

suitable

most

the

Shelf

built

lightly

when

easily
The

cut

its

where

several
beams.

both

the

former

though

it

is

soon

as

and

section
the

of

planed

the

round

shelves

will

To

steamed
the

strake

top

cut

in

deck
for
is

as

ness,
tough-

in

Oregon

pine,

the

to

out

usually

are

frames

cramped

correct

fore-ends

the

at

they
floor

the
and

split

it

but

the

steaming

save

in

the

to-it

equal

time

before

used

split.

to

are

require

boat.

and

up

bent

of

pair

they

taper,

curve

being

the

sort'

substitute

work,

than

likely

less

and

bad

not

heavier

were

probably

of

class

this

of

so

beams.

of

pine

very

fly

and

work

all

not

timbers

not

while

elm,

considerably

durable,

more

As

is

either

American

the

as

and

in

it will

dovetails

the

mahogany

woods

for

pine

of

inwale

as

the

free

quite

Oregon

the

Oregon

between

especially

in

struction
con-

word

required.

be

reason

in, it would

let

are

light, tough

expensive

out,

timbers

if

is

should

better,

elm
but

expense;

the

places,

grain

method

for

of
the

in, using

that

let

to

American

to

and

weight

cases

to

across

is

elm

the

objection

only

is

American

boat

let

; but

woods

Material

tor

"

shelf

for

and

of

class

forrn

the

other

the

heavier

the

to

not

are

that

grain,

short

or

it,

through

way

denote

to

when

important

most

half

and

applied

usually

use

RIGGING.

it.

timl^ers

the

place

knots

one

is

which

in

It

being

depth,

into

"shelf*'
but

AND

their

let

not

The

half

it for

into

let

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

fitted,

are

nailed

lightly

or

cut

SteamlnK
the

Shelf

in

place

to

set

Occasionally
in

which

steam

to

take

the
the

Before

lot

left

ends

all

set

other

in

planed

down

to

of

careful

w^ork

and

the
a

they

be

correct

well-trained

it off
is

of

edges
sheer

being

the

long

well,

boat

enough

likely.

hardly

the

as

end

one

taking

steam-box

is

wanted.

are

steamed

separately,

the

shelf,

time

to

before

night

the

be

have

which

length,

the

by

done

unless

end;

putting

will
be

must

to

whole

shape

proper

after

they

and

to

must

the

case

steamed

their

to

the

line, and
eye,

or

top
this

there

strake
takes
will

be

YACHT

SMALL

"lumps''
fairly

CONSTRUCTION

in

"straights''

or

first, and

at

coarse

occasionally,

as

you

plane

you

cannot

AND

sheer.

the

well

get
the

Use

Be

jack

to

away

edge.

6l

RIGGING.

plane,

set

look

at

the

sheer

you

get

the

sheer

sure

p^j^j^

right

as

now,

touch

the
When
the

inside

boat

will

hook

and

be

filled

Get

the

shelf

the

in

the

keep

it

of

it

against

the

above

inch

shelf
the

breast-

plank

and

planking.
with

firmly

three

and

stem,

of

level

the

the

of

shelves,

between

as

when

end

fore

stem,

hold

and

an

whole

ends

that

so

steer

up.

fore

the

other,

material

tight

half

top

the

space

same

place

driving

cramps,

each

to

faired

are

fit

place,

composed
the

beams

*^"

Don't

afterward.

deck

afterward,

with
with

up

much

in

and

stem,

block,

planking,

carefully

boat,

the

solid

shelves

the

fitted

is

it

till the

transom

of

hook

breast

four

tiie

fastening

against
the

of

top

alter

or

for

No.

the

under

p^^^^^

sides
the

of
inside

if the
of

the
of

beams

the

be

latter

the

top

top

strake.

from

in

alternately

For

the

the

sheer

line.

shelf,

at

the

If
No.

and

the

the
i,

other

every

top

of

top

beams
the

keep

fastening

through

In^fac"

round

example,

level

in

as

putting

shelf,

and

is fitted.

ends,

forward,

all

marked

the

the

of

the

timber

being

each

timber,

bottom

of

edges

shelf.
When

it

i^ in. below

at

be

can

shelf

the

be

fastening

fastening

before
moulded

with

plank,

level

"

in.

with

Start

the

boat

would

level

through

the

flush

This

beams.

are

shelf

to

are

deck

fit

to

the

within

tightly

fore

shelf

it bend

the

against

the

must

if

required,

the

in

There

is

often

long

counters

get

lot

like

it in

to

of

the

som
tran-

the

ends

in

twist
of

that

as

No.
it

place, nailing

it at

thinning

cut

manner

tied

shelf,

the

same

be

will

to

of

end

It

used
and

after

stem.

in

be

the

transom

knee.

especially

care

of

feet

few

against

quarter

here,

timber

every

to

at

make

easily.

The
their

and

design,

fits

end

with
the

bilge

length

stringers

being

equal

are

to

the
that

next

of

to

the

go

boat,

in, and

they

owing
cannot

to

well

62

fitted

be

after

of

shelf;

inside

the

shelf,

they

where

Biiare

and

timbers,

with

width

the

allow

at

the

Where
the

internal

the

flat, but

the

stringer
room,

in

and

The

ends

be
Like

other

every

of

turn

may

timbers.
at

plank,

depth,

the

which

the

the

all

slightly
be

not

cutting

would

edge

on

it will

for

made

Out

Cutting

fastened

depth
the

the

top.

shelf.

right

the

on

base,

depth.

the

floors,

flat

thoroughly

Before

Beams

the

lie

to

placed

the

the

cut

away

the

shelf,
and

timber,

floor.

each

be

be
of

with

as

the

of

of

the

Unlike

the

thickness

one-third

to

manner

ends

the

boat

moulded

to

the

at

at

are

be

one-quarter

should

stringer
be

to

they

times

wider

are

would

equal

same

the

over

should

they

the

five

or

base

stringers

bilge, just
to

in

than

of

end

to

section

in

strength.

and

edge,

on

section

equal

edge,

taper
The

the

at

top

would

four

to

end

tial
essen-

very

similar

from

timbers,
the

These

place.

longitudinal

placed

for

equal

worked

give

the

proportion

amidship,

at

often

in

somewhat

are

are

to

touch

they

good

it,

RIGGING.

AND

are

frame

the
like

are

beams

deck

the

portions
the

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

of

any

in

can

be

cut,

placing

one

for

the

beam

longest

beams

stouter

strong

so

out

interfere

much

too

be

may

with

worked

on

its size.

deck
the

beams,
and

boat,

drawn

out

from

must

this

plate,
tem-

boards

the

on

mould

from

Deck

which

they

next,

so

that
is

the
not

in

an

moulding

bit
but

up
The

of

the

is

sound

object,
with

the
of

it

same

as

ends

of

being

about

the

headroom

strength

ends

planking

of
at

that

less

four

the

deck.

of

may

greater

be

the

care

headroom

the
the

they
be

than

of

taking

and

thin

times
of

wanted,
case,

beams

depth

thickness

is

in

the

and

Where

grained.

make

to

hollow

the

possible,

as

clear

best

inside

one

wood

and

is

the

should,
the

little

as

amidships

being

make

waste

wood

section

every

to

as

be

to

are

deep
the

middle,

siding,

the

ter
lat-

If, however,
in

square

sectional

area

tion,
sec-

to

required.

the

beams

the

stations

are

fitted

shown

carefully
on

the

to

the

construction

inside

plan.

YACHT

SMALL

when

they

in.

rest

beam

into

in

No.

shelf

the

shelf,

with

shelf.

the

I,

the

on

the

over

CONSTRUCTION

ends

long
the

this

nail

they

case,

the

the

through

which

shelf

checked

are

down

method,

at

63

RIGGING.

driven

other

off

cut

are

in

and,

In

AND

and

is

adopted

dovetailed

into
FittinflT

it.

When

beams

depth

cut

the

places

they

allow

should

laying

long

planing

off

all

also

top

strake

the

When

the

looks

chalked

are

batten

and

difficulty,but

shaped
and
and
in

for

the
the

The
and

of

case

moulded

quality

be

depth
of

the

below

the

sheer

below

the

deck

to

the

etc.,
the

level

of

beams

by

the

most

and

either

side.
it

transom

beams

high

off, and

should

be

fit the
at

the

great

no

the

knees
end

templates
from

them

out

and

patience.

beams,

wooden

the

by

of

must

the

oak

the

and
the

pit,
cock-

be

made

crooks,

Knee"*
as

stern.

hook

is

least

at

will,

In

level,
level,
end

the
and
of

thickness

the

of

top
will
the

of

case

the

have

deck.

boats
breast

in

the

to

depend

extent,

some

knee

important

in

equal

to

oak.

the

and

if

done

beam

and

planed

tair, there

the

to

but

surplus

the

thin

cut

the

time

faired

beams

is

boat,

every
to

their

This

the

if it is moved

er
deep-

in

is

of

touches

the

in.

level.

end

to

fair,

are

of

lot

these,

breast

should

they

carlines

all

knees,

of

some

and

from

pieces

the

of

are

off, which

end

them

they

deck

the

over

get

until

fixed

Beam*

beams

rest

about

out

when

them

line

laid

to

takes

it

Having

first

then

tried

again

tiie

not

half

the

Beams

half

must

The

as

cut

batten

the

sheer

the

job

dovetail

same

above

from

until

is

hopeless

and

them

on

at

batten

depth,

"fair"

to

lumps

the

be

in.

wood

batten

the

the

aft

for

dovetailed

beams.

should

molded
stand

enough

just

and

dovetailed.

carlines

specified

but
the

fitted

are

and

beams,

fore

the

place,

being

ends

across

way

being

beams

than

to

joints

all

The

half

in

are

end

two

carline

to

beams

fitted, the

the

than

shelf

beams,

main

are

into

more

from

the

carlines

or

their
be

all

on

where
hook

packing

the

boat,

shelf.

the

The

grain

and

the

shelf

will

also

piece

on

it

is
be

up

64

positions

The

construction

plan,

as

least

YACHT

SMALL

the

three

planking,
through

CONSTRUCTION

shapes

and

and

all

or

AND

of

trifle

fastenings

be

will

these

stouter

in

knees

the

about

each

they

arm.

RIGGING.

shown

are

the

should

the

on

same

all

ness
thick-

have

at

VII.

CHAPTER

Case

Centre

THE

cruiser

The
the

the

before

centre

their

after

to

set

the

keel

trunk,

is

planked,
keel

the

l.r.

24

should

it

be

however,

may

finished
between

joint

the
of

out

go

and

be

must

else

or

rabbeted

be

can

fitted

partly

be

also

may

say,

the

up.

design

and

boat
and

edges

lower

is

case

the

is

No.

that

Both

cut.

fixed

and

case

stage,

same

slot

of

and

described,

been

frame

the

of

trunk

rudder

the

fitting
already

has

done

at

of

method

Trunk.

Rudder

and

leak

and

shape,

afterward.
the

Taking
from

process

the
side

each

on

centre

first,

case

and

commencement,
of

the

will

we

in

slot

start

by

as

described

keel

the

the

through

go

whole
bet
rab-

the

cutting
in

Chapter

HI.
The
of
be
and

it

of

the

the

on

of

width
sides

set

be

be

should

full

depth,

edge

of

exactly

in

roughed

and

the

finally

finished

chalking

case,

before

with

out

in

at

the

must

starting

to

chisel
time

same

and

fitting

The

insides

them

centr?

should

caae

width,

keel,

and

be

fully
care-

it

cut

to

nearly

as

the

each

to

ness
thick-

its

the

It

narrow

half

slot

throughout.
keel

the

the

the
and

case,

about

be

with

depth

of

rudder

or

should

depth

on

one-third

be

case

parallel

and

pencil

should

centre

Its

width

out

and

the

edge.

uniform

of

outer

must

rabbet

this

out,
its

lower

other

till
cutting

should

paint

be
with
While

and

is

joint

good

fixed

obtained.
with

painted

of

plenty
they
into

are

the

oil

in

it

drying,
keel,

of

coats

two

and

before
the

end

the
red

good

fixing

when
65

of

in

*^*******

and

sides

pieces

white

lead

place.

stanchions
the

side

two

be

can

of

the

cut

case

out

arc

66

SMALL

the

ready
varnish
the
IttinflT

YACHT

rabbet

as

in

thick

keel

the

as

AND

the

RIGGING.

filled

be

must

cream,

sides

can

place

by

cramps

then

white

with

stanchions

the

mixture;

same

CONSTRUCTION

being

be

driven

lead

and
with

covered
into

home

the

the

mnchiona

and

keel,
to

the

should

stanchions

slot, having

going

the

on

ends,

holding

them

stanchions.
The

the

in

kept

too

shoulder

far

be

in.

^
the

through

in.

thicker

on

each

side

when

slot

than

the

to

driven

width

of

prevent

them

their

places.

in

^Uw.

XMmr

0^^

fUU

i
Fig.

The
the

sides

the
Case

Fit

stanchions.
have
should

of

previously
be

the

the
been

dovetailed

lead

keel

the

Fig.

sills

in.

stanchions,

white

in

{sec

shown

rabbeted

are

through

up
as

screws,

case

bedded

and

Screw

entre

the

thickness

extra

rabbeted,

aatenlngr

of

23.

over

and

into

23),
the

so

and
ends
the

cut

off

to

into

the

sills.

end,

each

at

all

that

take

to

joints

are

varnish.

the

sides

the

screw

of
side

with

the
of

oak
the

long

sides

into

floors,
case.

brass
the

which

They

SMALL

YACHT

These
suitable

sills

the

to

boats

they

the

extending
keel

side

and

of

strips
whole

of

the

67

RIGGING.

AND

flat

merely

are

wood,

fitted

CONSTRUCTION

mahogany,
of

length
In

case.

other

or

the

and

case

built

lightly

some

the

Fastening

for
web

for

carried

are

the
The

comes.

this

distance

some

keel

along

fore

ends

and

case,

the

fore
that

and

the

be

of
fastened

well

stiffening

of
the

Case

tending
ex-

case,
a

most

forward

Centre

centre

forming

where

go

would

of

aft,

part

would

sills

ends

the

beyond

the

strain

mast

all

in

step

the

along

keel.

They

be

must

screwed

the

to

bedded

in

and

fastened

case,

Fig.

nails.

copper
on

the

each

slot

of

The

the

the

are

required

last

is

the

on

bolt,
of

in

keel

with

stout

fitted

metal.

sheet

the

another

and

same

the

pair

the

at

Fig.

{See
but

manner,

of

stem

sills

the

over

the

rudder.

No

case.

of
be

should

paragraph,

plate

rudder

sides

the

at

be

take

to

the

closely

KNEE.

CASE

being

varnish,

and

should

fitted

fore-end

the

knees

latter

case

at

the

at

the

case,

OF

knees

case

rudder

The

of

lead

through

24.-SKETCH

pair

is wider

knees

the

of

sides

end

24.)

white

the

centre

of

made

mentioned

case,

wrought

iron,

in

steel.

or

Knees

and

galvanized,
floor

regular
put

directly
wide

and

on

should

timbers,

for

in

they

them
the

in.

to

inside
thick

or

rest

of
at

either

else

on,

the
the

as

be

short

they

planking.
angle

of

fitted

should

case

should
and

the
be

must

be

never

They

of

one

timber

extra

the

on

placed
be

keel,

in.
the

centre

on

case

68

SMALL

being

arms

.Bcea

entre

each

be

screwed

The

and

long

with

brass

stout

RIGGING.

tapered

and

case

screws

sill,

long

as

in.

-^

by

in.

to

the

against

arm,

upper

them

to

foot

AND

must

possible;

as

on

Case

but

of

floor

about
than

the

bolt

should

it,

and

above.

between

it and
The

should

beams

It

have

When

fore

end

level

of

fit

being

the

and

top

of

but

on

away

to

the

pin
is

case

of

be

must

If

it

is

be

placed

boat,

insure

this,

the

deck,

till after

with

up

it

them.
side

each

on

the

not

case,
cut

deck
let

to

form

necessary

to

to

the
lower

aft,

the

to

allow

lift

an

inch

to

the

and

to

between
the
the

the
rudder

rudder
at

it

is

and

the

case

deck.

under

side

friction,

and

bottom
for

bearing

if

stronger

this

the

reduce

block

pass

the

on

the

turned

case,

in

on

the

wood

the

show

at

above

it is both

stem;

at

teak,

or

into

keel

rests

deck

rudder

but

up

not

placed

into

the

plate

rudder

plate,

be

away

pulls

be

on

mahogany

of

does

and

should

fixed

both

head

the

case,

entirely,

through

should

the

rudder

only

the

of

blade

the

closed,

and

plate

end

through

go

to

top

about

of

part

rudder

washer

tiller

metal

the

metal

the

remove

if

by

after

the
is

block

small

allow

in

raised

being

case,

cut

of

it

which

the

the

fore

plate,

plate,

up

stout

metal

deck

simpler

held

place

the

to

bolt

faired

the

centre-plate

centre-board

of

be

can

along

is in

the

is desired

ledge,

or

rudder

gun
of

it

when

place,

lighter

watertight.

and

level

the

bit

should

the

deck,

knock

to

the

bolt-hole
of

has

used

into.

the

circular

above

-} in.

fillet,

deck

the

to

in

are

must

screw

about

the

leather

case,

the

to

let

to

the

rather

or

watertight

left

be

make

at

be

may

be

fitted

of

piece

to

case

trunk,

fitted

be

the

the

rudder

sufficiently

fastened,

boat

should

is

which

out

if

they

nails,

copper

knees

the

The

case.

stout

Extra

case

but

knee

swelled
it is

the

along

The

be

timbers.

much,

ground

before

must

all

with

fastened

floor

the

through

quite

go

through

timber

the

on

not

and

planking

each

must

be

must

arm

through
at

they

course

lower

adder

least

at

end.

at

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

the
to

of

the

rudder,
lift.

all, owing

to

SMALL

boat

the

being
of

piece

This

YACHT

tube

soft,

kept

afloat,

solid

drawn,

be

must

rudder,

and

CONSTRUCTION

should

it

will

save

brass

in.

have

AND

for

inside

larger

work

to

of

stem

end,

use

trunk.

rudder

the

each

on

gas

of

the

than

thread

lot

tube

69

RIGGING.

the

the

lower
Tube

for

"

end

being

side,

screwed

while

hard

the

wood

tightly
end

upper

block

the

into

projects

and

metal

tightly

This

but,

is

the

of
course,

on

simplest
the

the

to

and

rudder

top

best

can

of

above

the

form

only

tube,

of

be

off

flush

and

trunk,

removed

to

and

with

above,

to

then

out-

deck

the

referred

plate,

gun

screwed

in.

filed

and

keel

the

leaks,

never

from

deck.

below.

"'

^'^

CHAPTER

Laying

is

etc.,
before

the

awkward
Put

but

hie

Deck

boat
in

laying

letting

it,

of

of

line

of

afterward.

under

side,

of

the

cockpit.

which

must

found

the

and

ends
and

of

and

sides,

and

edge,

and

also

be

trimmed
in

grooves

painted

coats

No.

the

can

keep

may

of

boarding,

deck

well

the

subsequent

deck

to

the

line

boat

match

tongues

two

in

working

course

have

and

The

These

of

is

there

centre-board

in.

and

and

place;

done

cramped

very

be

decking.

unbroken,

in

is

required,

overlap

all

that

cases,

is

afterward

be

the

line,

boards

that

it

will

quality

the

are

fastened

this

centre

See

match-boarding
are

best

from

start

ends

the

inside

off

made

may

after

or

work

space.

flooring

and

before

be

of

inside

but

small

that

details

seats

either

will

the

the

rudder

as

inside

the

all

and

better,

deck,

bulkheads

The

douc

such

in

any

etc.,

chapter.
be

work

in

the

until

centre,

more

the

decked,

"c.

deck

floors,

The

under

light

to

cabin,

is

the

on

knees,

as

finished.

boat
less

only

not

start

to

such

work,

Coamings,

Deck,

the

attempt

not

DO

VIII.

the

before

they

beads

the

the

on

before

paint

it

is

fixed.
Drive

planking,
of

the

about

beams

the

to

with

tight,

up

on

shores

both

from

the

and

edges

in

shelf

the

or

middle

plank.

to

round

the

all

draw

screwed
also

nail

and

When
with

joint

each

knife
it

in.

or

about

the
below

is

deck

saw,

every

inside
the

of

the

on,

and

planed

three
the

edges
to

inches

cockpit.
the

surface,
70

be

must

fit
all
Now

screwheads

the

off

trimmed

being

planking,

around

punch
being

the
the

edge,
nails

counter-

sunk

to

fair, finally going

the
of

red
and

nail

of

coat

white

rubbed

thin

obtained
The
of

enough

deck

to

lead

to

varnish

and

thick

as

as

well

canvasing.
is

either

which

in

can

piece.

one

possible

as

be

deck

deck

thickly

as

all

places.

sheeting,

whole

the

cover

^^^^

planking,

for

the

cover

**""

coat

stop

and

ready

cotton

covered

be

must

white

used

and

stopping

deck

unbleached

stout

wide

the

dry,

forgotten

the

out

good

is

deck

or

over

go

generally

or

between

joint

it

this

take

to

paper

and

smooth

give

When

leaving

dry,

material

and

"holidays"

no

should

when

linoleum,

coat

are

paint

down
The

be

there

care

glass

carefully,

the

deck

whole

coarse

priming.

and

holes,

screw

taking

lead

white

and

it

Dust

marks.

plane

with

it

over

the

RIGGING.

AND

plane

distance,

similar

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

with

and

cream,

while
On

Puttlngf
i

it

the

along

in.

it

as

line

the

to

down

when
th^
solid

the
is

the

three

or

and

cotton

ciotii

Deck

cioth

Decic

men

with

cockpit

whole

to

get

of

work

tightly
and

cockpit

any

all

cut

and

it

the

over

the

out

tacking

hole,

them

if
to

and

deck,

nail

turning

like

inches

the

as

creases,

the

three

from

out

you,

across

every

careful

any

help

to

once

bubbles,
Be

out

at

deck

air

card.

on

to

the

rubbing

always
rid

sides

both
of

edge

boys

centre
were

you

it

stretch
when

it

round
the

the

outer

through

the

is

the

edges
edges

used.

white

this

is

lead

used,

deck

piece
require

painted

and

cockpit,

into

The

boat

strong

or

men

the

nailed

the

cotton

the

two

as

of

centre

tight

of

stretch

stern,

and

over,

and

of

other

photograph

stretched

the

as

ends

the

it around

sides

all

equally

the

along,

go

mounting

edge

at

tacking

you

deck,

the

at

several

get

starting

boat,

of

stretch

; or

tacks.

copper

and,

not

linoleum

line

centre

Now

if

the

on

pull it, tacking

can

lay

wet

is

,.

deck.

with

any

will
the

and
and

join
wood

further

varnish
another
the

coat

deck

painting

will

soak

coat

of

the

underneath,
when
after

it

paint

same

and
but

dry;
is

cotton,
over

become

one

linoleum

nailed

on

will
to

the

til

y2

If

deck

wrinkles

it

but

for

wood

it should

way,

afterwards,

dry

RIGGING.

AND

this

in

bubbles

getting

depends

all

and

deck,

the

show

not

any
the

on

plenty

using

paint.
deck

The
is

covered

is

and

stretching,
of

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

laid

in

pine,

centre

board

deal

difficult
used

deck

this

size,

is

the

the

out

in

the

of
the

that

the

canvas

costly,

first-class

be

it

leum
lino-

entails

besides

being

deck

be

can

but
for

work

on

the

as

of

boats

useful.
board

covering

deck

use

or

desired,

if

seams

in

but

boat,

cruiser,

the

or

glue.

canvas-covered

l.r.

it will

treat

than

plank

and

as

same

more

The

24

of

width

and

beams,

the

much

method

usual

the

kauri

or

outside

marine

centre-board
is

the

description

Set

the

in

the

but

canvas,

pine

hidden,

better

watertight.

well

equally

far

and

labor,

make

to

laid

on

of

of

and

are

is

with

yellow

filled, with

or

looks

deck

nails

decking

and

vessels,

covered

great

of

best

of

plank,

All

payed,

method

large

king

teak.

covered

is not

planks

or

of

being

This

design

tapered

the

with

caulked,

are

No.

narrow

covering

all

of

if

as

and

there

plank

king

were

openine^s

no

Ei"K

Deck

rlnff
a

Desiflrn

for

the

beam

will

be

and

shaped

any

in

joints

screwed

below

and
The

diameter

king
of

the

it

being

plugged
plank
the

to

mast,

in.

for

about

brass

the
the

should
and

of
be
it

its

being
2

in.

should

in

holes
of

It

of

top
be

the

tersunk
coun-

with

plugged

coveripg

the

centre.

boat.

should

the
in

as

the

being

the

thickness

the

which

with

the

own

to

amid-

aft,

around
and

rest

butt-scarphed
instead

about

screws,

surface;

board

and
wide

beam

About

on.

inches

all

planking,

temporary

covering
fore

deck

rough

widths

the

inches

match

in

the

out

project

each

teak

of

pieces

to

the

if

putting

set

width

should

outside

stout

in.

to

stern,

board

with

f
small

the

screwed^into

planking,

top,

taper

round

inch),

be

must

cabin

suitable

covering

(say

should

it

piece

opening

the

across

ship,

and

cockpit

inches

The

board,

planking;

but

nailed.
wider

taper

amidships
to

in.

than
wide

the
at

It

each

end.

deck

is on,

into

its

the

of

divide

into

one-half

parts,

as

near

ij

between

end

which

Bend

the

so

into

plank

its

the

Now

bore

horizontally
the

not

of

the

so

as

held

IS

nailed,

to

or

When

diagonally

the

flat

else
all

the
the

through

on

it

but

and

least

at

nearest

the

edges

an

may

horizontal
the

inner

edge

are

of

the

edge

with

slight

in

the

manner

of

nail

the
boat.

the

edge,

till

care

the

taking

be

top.

chapter,

parallel
placed,
driven

covering

several

nails

the

same

exactly

the

keep

cut

on

to

of

plank

centre

edge

copper

by
not

the

up.

first

seam

the

to

bead

positions

previous

should

into

beams

to

kept

long

inch

from

holes

it

out

planed

the

and

in

in

also

in.

for

it

cut

it the

on

board,

is

These

beam,

go

fit

covering

down,

plank.

deck

each

of

or

up

and

width
and

being

caulking

through

sides

planing

described

being

edge

run

surface

ptank

bead

leave

place

planking,

with

enters

to

as

beams

exact

have

beam,

marks,

these

the

batten

the

deck,

and

each

at

fi^ek^pianks

beams,
and

beam,

widths

correct

board

the

the

off

Then

stiff

all

on

board.

for

mark

into

bow,
a

every

both

boat

other

the

way

amidships,

the

possible.
two

covering

edges,

as

line

this

on

the

and

off

to

edge,

In

between

space

Bend

the

planks

planks

bead

outside

the

each,

the

tightly

driven

the

and

stern.

shown

lower

Set

no

the

does

of

rest

of

parts

beam

pencil

narrow

edge

bit

the

part

the

in

planks

covering

has

be

will

the

these

the

on

boat.

required

beams.

to

the

the

of

of

deck

and

long

one

one

bevel

all

width

on

next

divide

in. -each

midship

marks

of

enough

worked

the

be

equal

it and

plank

greatest

Take

of

set

of

the

between

of

ending

number

same

deck

Get

as

equal

to

each

the

widest

way

end

the

the

each

through

fixed,

is

at

the

half

board

covering
plank

way

from

the

must

and

plank,

closing

king

the

number

of

it is the

till all

fitted

place.

and

other

be

73

RIGGING.

AND

however,

cannot,

as

When
it

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

to

one

bit
the
tween
be-

through

board.
while

cramps

the

The

being

place.
in, drive

plank

into

skew
each

nail

beam,

Fastenins

the

74

SMALL

the

punching

and

firmly,

The
nailed

each

Bvttfl

be

to

of

be

surface.

be

seam

cut

bead

the

planks

should

of

edges

shows

must

the

on

bruise

to

the

sketch

with

ing
caulk-

screwed

of

under
the

from

the

that
it

partly

comes

exactly
Flttlns:
Kins

fitted

planks

the

to

into

do

screws

butt

below,

taking

has

care

HTML

Etc.

DECK,

not

of

side

and

through,

come

that

beam.

deck

tightly

driven

the

on

the

After

the

of

points

OF

and

plank.

unattainable,

up

shape

to

the

side

being

out

on

inner

SECTION

25"

plank

The

HsnizowrTKtm

no.

the

25. )

planks

kept

not

both
the

on

RIGGING.

care

hold

and

Fig,

and

long

to

it

made,

{See

be

nails

nailing,

way,

always

taking

shows

deck

the

same

If, owing

FittinsT
tlie

the

must

them

glue.
of

rest

in

of

method

marine

and

of

sets

two

AND

in, and

well

neither

this

explains

CONSTRUCTION

head

These

edge.

top

YACHT

the

between

gap

its

fixed,

are

king

two

sets

screwed

and

place

the

plank

planks,

of

down

the

to

be

must

and

beams

Plank

like

the
it

planks
they

tight,
will

all

for
be

laid, and

are

pieces,

board.

covering

one

at

each

the

where
cut

the
end

oflF

king
of

plank
the

inside

inches
will

boat.

no

and

cabin-top
few

be

should

There

be

put

difficulty
cockpit
the

in, in

in

the

come

opening
two

ting
get-

as

tapered

SMALL

Trim
for

the

top,
8

off

get

in

either

in.

or

carlines
of

wood

the

and

roughly

above

the

to

the

The

halves,
at

bead

pieces,
round

of

sides

in

as

inches

front
the

it is

same

in.

teak,

and

mark

parallel
side

to

the

of

the

suitable

piece

and

edge,
the

angle

edge

top

off

set

be

to

COAMINGS.

OF

This

down

planed

be

will

the
in

brass

cabin-top

and

and

their

inside

in

at

No.

edge

before

be

screwed

boat

being
boat's

other
least

require

two

ing
steam-

places.

must

in

in.

ing,
steam-

every

screws.

piece
the

in

put

will

they
to

lower

be

will

place, they

stout

as

boat

fitting

semi-circular

way

deck

on

lower
enable

to

forward,

fitted

the

the

No.

the

on

with

it

shoring
(or

under

to

about

go,

flare

edge

Lay

ENDS

before

worked

reach

cabin-

the

fixed.

point

finally

five

the

ends

be

when

The

that,

fore

the

should

or

in

meeting

and
four

of

coamings

the

to

to

are

round

high.

too

openings

wood

and

lower

round

of

common

curve

place.

AT

of

the

level

when

shape

correct

cut

deck

in.

pencil

in

the

sides

or

they

to

as

down

26.-J0INTS

about

cut

where

and

pencil

Fig.

place

when

run

heights

piece

enough

low

beams

and

run

template

level, but

coamings,

position

then

of

hatches.

thin

the

proper

the

on

bend
into

deck),

level

deck

its

the

75

RIGGING.

sides

the

to

etc.,

various

of

shape

wide

AND

ends,

the

boat,

into
the

its

plank
and

the

in.

it well
with

all

cabin-top

To

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

foot

will

be

steamed

in
and

coamings,
wide,

it will

three
bent

except

require

ciamSi*''*
Cuaminilffl

76

SMALL

hands

several

of

plenty

The
the

ends

be

after

ends

the

be

The

cab^top

all

to

be

made

it is
the

at

and

after

the

coamings

bad

so

bulkhead

taking
underit looks.

as

similar

end,

after

the

of

formidable

nearly

not

chock

to

deck.

the

looks

design

but

boat,

the

in

mitred

Small

26.)

in

put

piece.
be

small

Fig,

hatchways

amateur,

an

and

be

can

will

with

it cools.

front

the

coamings

{See

while

place

of

coaming

No.

on

handling,

straight,

ends

boats'

inside.

fitted

building

both

thwartship

should

mould

^^

of

it in

nearly

the

to

RIGGING.

careful

very

keep

to

scarphed

cabin-top
for

and

place,

cramps

screwed

also

must

AND

pieces, being

must

wood

same

side

of

it in

get
and

two

and

cold,

to

shores

The

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

the

to

cut

used

those

to

same

on

Ho.

oesiffn

fixed

for

the

the

shape

are

in

shown

simplest
is

all

cabin

the

the

of

at

one

end

one

round

the

of

minor

the

running
will

small

three

be

it

of

nails
the

axis.
round

drawn,

in

and

passing

then

placing

the

boards
Tie

axis.

minor

By
at

the

into

full

through

pencil

stretch
the

ends

of

arc

each
of

inside

the

of

the

string,
two

right

at

of

and

circle,
foci.

focus,

string

nail

the

piece

called

the

the

in

radius,

are

piece

withdraw

and

as

at

half

as

suitable

an

one

particular

ellipse
a

which

across

sides

centre

describe

points,

two

on

axis

major

the
centre,

as

axis

nails

three

half

axis

minor

its

that

the

axis

major

width

the

of

curve

through

axis

with

major

the

cutting
Drive

the

the

Draw

it; then,

to

the

draw

The

moulds,

cross

of

axis

heights
end.

the

above

centre

having

centre

the

all

of

moulds

made,

forward

taking

major

the

the

at

minor

the

for

curve

be

two

the

as

the

approach

as

Then

and

end

mould

height

manner

wood,

one

each

flatter

semi-ellipses;

them

axis.

minor

angles

of

be

be

must

it must

these

must

but

proper

and

When

moulds

mould

centre

cabin-top,

plan.

they

the

aft

the

mould,

as

get

the

following
of

at

top
and

ellipse,

mould
to

make

to

of

sheer

after

the

each

way

the

and

intermediate

to

at

fore

length
in

two

curve

less

mould

whole

place,

similar

get

this

; from

shape

at

tightly
the

string,
an

axis.

and

end
and

ellipse
The

YACHT

SMALL

will

diagram

show

simpler

much

other

many

the

got

moulds,

boat

and

battens,

When

Fig.

and

is

but

27),

it

useful

very

in

27.-METHOD

the

OF

of

bending

these

is

for

beams,

DRAWING

AN

the

moulds

and

battens

that

ELLIPSB

WITH

in

out

the
lar
simi-

timbers

of

top

the

inside

side-pieces.
the

through

THREE

fore

which

on

or

holes

rough

cut

over

and

beams
the

panying
accom-

battens

is carried

into

the

mould

to-

the

ends

their

four

after

work

the

in

or

similar

of

and

shown

as

the

means

rest

letting

bending

Pio.

the

steaming

manner,

the

{see

three

to

framework

built, and

was

ends

By

got

place,
bend

28),

their

fasten

now

in

moulds

cabin-top.

have

you

done

describe,

to

(^see Fig.

and

the

of

than

is

77

purposes.

sketch

end

do

RIGGING.

AND

this

how

to

Having

the

CONSTRUCTION

cen-

AND

NAILS

STRING.

tral

fore

below

and

at

of

area

the

plank
are

mould

the. ribbands

sectional
let

aft

of

rest

it.

over

kept
the

low

projecting
Plank

working

Be

and

As

beams

in. bead

soon

as

the
for

otherwise

the

end

right

run

their

to

tops
the

you

of

the

of

the

the
but
and

opening,

beams

thickness
will

twice

hatchway;

the

across

places

proper

beam,

stouter

the

at

allow

ends,

down

in

put

that

to

the

them

others,

careful

beyond
over

an

the

enough

sides

also

the

let

to

moulds

and

of
have

the
the

planking
planking

sides.

beams
on

all

with

one

the

edge

of

planking

in.

narrow

each
is

spruce

plank
on

and

to

or

show

cedar,
neath.
under-

fastened,

cut

Ho"Je*Be"m"

78

SMALL

YACHT

CONSTRUCTION

RIGGINC^.

AND

fiQ

away
twice

the

moulds

the

siding

hatchway,

and
and

letting

battens,

moulding
them

over

then
of
the

fit
the

fore

beams

beams,

and
at

and

aft
the

carlines

sides

through

of

of
the

fasten

YACHT

SMALL

them.

The

the

to

bulkhead

after

ends

off

sawn

the

carlines

The

The

after

and

cabin

the

of

hatchway
of

side

the

the

and

hatchway,
be

now

the

out

sawn

and

beam,

stout

fastened

been

have

can

stretched

of

No.

it and

over

boat

off,

cleaned

be

will

top

calico
deck

the

as

flush.

side

each

at

will

planks

the

the

to

inside

off.

cleaned

and

of

ends

after

79

RIGGING.

AND

CONSTRUCTION

in

painted,

done;

was

and

stopped,

the

moulding

painted;
same

way

being

nailed
CoT-erinar

the

over

calico
the

of

inside

the

the

at

with

lined

hatchway

the

between

joint

top

teak

to

and

sides;

match

the

slide.

over

the

MKTCH

and

"^"*"*n-"op

COAMlM"

ctkRLtNe

29.-SECTI0N

Fio.

Teak
calico

for

runners,

side

each

at

CABIN-TOP.

hatch,

the
the

of

OF

be

must

brass

with

hatchway,

screwed

plates

the

on

siiainsr
**^^^*^

top,

to

in

extend

the

as

should
rails

shown

let

but

the

the

slide

A
w^ide

up

and
the

band

f
inside

the

whole

open

to

the

half-round

of

thick,
of

the

sketch.

length

plates

runner

in.

sectional

of

should
full

{See

the

cabin-top

only

brass,

should

be

sides,

along

or

worked
the

far

go
of

extent

Fig.

the

under

They

form

to

enough

hand

forward

hatchway.

galvanized
from

29.)

the
side

iron,

in.

beams,

deck
of

the

stout

8o

beam,

hatchway

deck

band

beams,

beam,

it

Where

the

ovai^HatciE

in

deck

the

with

hatch

in

neat

four

small

strip

the

of

of.

the

finish.

hatch,

will

the

on

similar

keep

to

the

to

top

form

of

strip
everything

is

under

the

on

inner

the

in

opening

in

steamed

to

thicknesses

two

should

thickness

for

rabbet

shaped
side

out

of

the

thickness

under

place,

be

must

be

in

inner

hatch

the

screwed

brass

and

of

rim

and

pieces,

the

and

thickness

outer

The

be

together.

the

must

should

sides,

over.

coaming,

hatch

rim

above

fit

to

solid

in.

of

to

hatchway

hole

the

coamings

They

the

to

firmly

fore-end

and

opposite

on

and

required,

the

inside

the

structure

is

cabin-top,

from

sides,

beams

deck

the

to

screwed

whole

as

way

side

and

the

scarphed.

joints

the

stand

the

well

hatchway

same

and

curvc

tie

oval

the

for

be

then

an

other

cabin-tops,

will

RIGGING.

AND

the

must

carlines,

and

framed

down

and

This

again.

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

side

and

of

the

the

hatch.

of

the

of

the

make

CHAPTER

Caulking,

THE

iron,

so

as

to

at

one

starting

bruise

the
the

place

the

seam,

or

made

seam

about
is

free

and

driven

but

found

or

it

will

is

very
not

These
the

is

used

of

to

deal

good

at

much

for

of
first

small

knack

but
If

use.
81

as

be

and

prepare

of

in
it
the

seams

well-

planking.
possible

as

by
and

the

cotton,

the

in

care

hardening

where

it

be

can

It

work.

is

use.

be

done

are

it

and

caulking,

should

not

along

hard

yacht

to

level

avoided

the

ened
hard-

Do

even

seams,

for

in

will

it

of

iron,

whole

which

starting,

large

suitable

not

tedious
be

when

the

planking.

be

only

can

seam

loops

surface

should

cotton

trouble

more

There
be

the

short

working

the

the

over

stopping.

for

the

it

the

to

cotton,

of

surface

below

inch

is

tightly,
much

smooth

the

drive

and

seam,

not

care

draw

in

first

when

the

in

iron,

ready

an

Oakum

be

in,

show

Then,

into

and

driven

through

cotton.

driving

to

seam

caulking

taking

each

it

in

cotton

evenly.

ship

the

small

cotton

yarn

force

lumps.

the

is

which

from

the

and

between

tightly,

too

that

from

placing

also

of

important

hollow-edged
the

should

eighth

an

with

the

in,

the

then

are

may

it

appears

yarn

in

you

use

When

slack

leave

cotton

drive

narrow,

drive

across

little

loops

and

cotton

latter

cotton,

for

receive

to

seam.

iron

with

down

drive

the

the

caulked,

boat,

you

of

first

be

the

as

These

the

of

edges

at

seam.

it

end

caulking

that

so

with

ready

sufficiently

it

open

leaving

seam,

balls

to

seam

lightly

it

twisting

It

the

over

caulked

be

the

when

deck,

fitter.

yacht

or

and

should
in

Painting.

and

planking

obtained

be

may

Go

the

canvased,

not

chandler

Stopping,

of

seams

IX.

will

carefully,
to

be

payed,

J^^^J^JJ

*^*

82

or

filled, with

in

naphtha;

marine
but

then

used,

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

putty
is

of

the

be

should

white-lead

or

the

oil

RIGGING.

caulking-iron

ordinary

linseed

raw

the

glue,

if

AND

best

is

stopping
the

keep

to

dipped

iron

from

sticking.
When

all

caulked,
be

must

teams

ud

they,

on"

hammer,
For

painted

is

to

bearing

in

the

if

seam

with

explain

is

glass
to

the

wood

it

is

heavy

should

but

sticking

the

plain

or

well

stopping

rub

day

of

it

with

over

it.

to

the

with

rubbed

speaking
deck

(always

next

be

first

before

paying

and

night,

where

putty,

surface

the

ing,'
prim-

some

age),

the

be

the

places

get

with

off

the

or

must

varnished

Force

stopping

painting,

be

to

stopping

and

dry

darken

scrape

harden

the

of

the

through

varnish,

all

is

coat

will

which

prevent

of

pass

oil

or

into

painted.

it to

method

if

and

paper,

for

this

be

to

Leave

ready

now

the

hole,

or

whitening,
is

it

each

end

and

stopped;

are

rubbed

well

wood,

that

wood,

while

the

where

paint,

holes

When

the

mind

putty-knife.
down

be

go.

match

putty

into

to

pre-

the

inside

nail

sorts,

been

of

punch,

work,

priming
and

must

all

head.

of

seams

of

having

the

the

properly

are

surface

let

to

with

varnished

or

coat

the

stopping

colored

nail

holes

roved,

are

it

again,

and

held

being

in

deck

the

nails

hole

and

nails

the

below

on"

it up
the

all

the

have

varnish,

or

white

When

used,

cracks,

in.

"holder

or

before

heads,

about

should

all

is

given,

the

in

against

planking

stopping;

clenching

rove,

nail

with

punched.

"holder

putty

all

hammer

is

the

and

punchcd

heavy

nail

seams

filled

viously
a

the

The

work

this

will

with

marine

yacht

lers,
chand-

boxes,

from

which

required.

It

seams

glue.

it

marine

and

must

melted

care

Jeffery's
is in
be
in

being
if

solid

broken

an

iron
taken

over-heated.

is

glue

in

mass

with

pot,
that

or

it

sold

by

small

hammer,

pitch
does

all
wooden

as

kettle,
not

burn,

and

ship

over

as

it

is

then

slow

fire, great

will

spoil

pletely
com-

work,

as

day.

It

the

pitch

ladle,

ladle

along

and

dipped

is

and

them

over

or

sharp

the

in

gaps

scraping,
with

plane
A

well-laid

scrubbed,

done

often

it.

teak

the

and

varnished,
scrubbed

painting
and

paint
work,

yacht

form

black

and

pine,

When

will

the

of

sticking

be

better

final

bottom

the
it.

to

should

be

cannot

be

varnish

to

be

well

kept

white

the

to

Glue

seams.

boat,

the
be

should

which

after

contrast

the

varnishing

or

stand

in

"holidays"

should

deck

good

glue

varnish,
to

the

iTltli

any

scrubbing

it will

white,

about

work
it

it

keep

to

if

but

Payingr

water

superfluous

described,

have

varnished;

not

enough

All

best

and

as

from

glue

out

runs

the

the

rubbing

the

pour

again;

over

the

such

deck,

for

deck,

prevent

to

carefully
these

pay

whole

the

up

naphtha

kept

and

glue,

plane

Look

scraper.

all

spouted

glue

payed,

off

cold

drawing

the

are

scrape

on

long

seam,

that

seams

and

them,

each

pace

the

all

harden

to

with

glue

When

with

pot

into

than

this

for

possible

longer

melting

such

at

seam

it.

the

much

carefully

poured

the

fills

just

of

out

if

chosen

fluid

keep

will

glue

be

should

day

dry

warm,

83

RIGGING.

AND

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

but

none

use

specially

the
for

prepared

water.
PaintinsT

At

least

priming
and
it
is

four
and

coat

varnish
will

six

false

very

boat,

for

wood,

it

if

she

can

must

down

and

dry
apply
Paint

brush,

rubbed

fine

brush,
the

and

finisliing

right

or

be

as

laid

on

smoothly

to

be

varnished

and

paint
the

of

weather

only,
and

on

gets

varnuiiin*

paint

or

surface,
varnish

paint

varnish,

or

and

whitening,
dust

it

with

over

varnish

varnish,

and

the

over

it

new

into

the

the

last

again.

with

paper;

used

of

body

and

coat

wipe

paint

the

got

over

glass

should

stint

be

coat

is

good

bare

on

final

gets
be

putting

with

clean

once

never

be

get

to

should

work

the

to

economy

Before
coat

If

coats

varnish
with

stopping,

mixed.

take

of

coats

at

off

well

thoroughly
chamois

damp

rubbed
with

leather,

once.

thin

and

and

with

well

as

rubbed
few

brush

in

with

the

marks

as

Seams
Marine

84

SMALL

YACHT

but

possible;

CONSTRUCTION

varnish

be

must

AND

laid

RIGGING.

and

thickly

on

rubbed

then

in

with

brush

the

is laid

above
is

all,

is

dust

no

to

will

though

into

run

and

about,

it

or

but

moved;

allowed

be

never

damp,

or

be

hardly

can

there

see

cold

not

it

it must

thickly,

on

and,

till

that

streaks,

the

phere
atmos-

with

dry

never

it

good

gloss.
The
with

above,
Palntlnff
Boat's

of

bottom
but

three

be

should
of

instead

coats

primed,

the

Over

one.

described

as

priming

the
Bottom

there

should

be

There
I

last

recommend

The

best

these

anti-fouling

paints,

"Algycide"
like

applied

are

it

properly

put

on,

bright

of

copper

powder

is

of

and

these
position.
Com-

Jesty's

or

ordinary

been

like

and

paint,

best

copper

with
at

leaf

rubbed

varnish

is

is

put

to

oil

and

keeps
The

color

and
after

say,

When

surface.

smooth

the

to

on

to

copper

use.

perfect

good

that

down

to

sheathing,

any

is

fresh,

or

like

water,

gold

water

troublesome

bought

and

primed

of

be

can

salt

and

exactly

salt

in

just

all, for

expensive

it is

itself

is used

of

coating

but

coat

Applying

composition.

Blake's

either
of

powder,

has

anti-fouling

of

well.

very

and

of

kinds

many

are

should

coats

two

Both

Bronse

boat

the

shop,
bottom

the

surface,

height

thin

which

to

it

is

Po^Fder

intended

to

dry,

or

soft

brush

the

carry

"tacky,'
till

the
all

brushed

all

over

surface

is

obtained,

is

coat

same

be

all

Black
but

and,

it

for

of

of

is

so

does

course,

enamels

racing

boats,

the
of

and

third

is

almost

pad

it

when

is

and

varnish,

metal.

is

put

applied,

on

boat

6t

softly
smooth
first

the

When

coat

properly

coats

in

the

should

months.
in

applied

hardly

Various

three

three

into

with

applied

covered;

sheet

varnish

the

is

is

second

with

lead

has

varnish

like

hard,

and

right

the

when

powder

copper

till it is worked

quite

way,

then

copper,

good

the

look

not

and
but

same

way
it

surface,
so

black

they

well,

as

is

not

are

used

anti-fouler,

an

much

require

powder,

copper

though

varnishes
all

the

lot

cheaper.
for
of

the

toms
bot-

attention.

SMALL

and

do

have

not

fine

very

and

working

sell

them,

have

been

well
that

broken

in.

paint

the

and

hours

air.

cold

the

shallow

have

to

skin

open

air, unless

the

will

moulding:

be

paint

there

or

are

it is

the

which

plane.

The

two

and

dew

drying

is

erly.
prop-

boat

the

bulwarks.

gfroove

fine,

about

after

round

no

too

lumps.

varnish

line

not

thoroughly

spoilt by

or

gold

they

and

varnish

or

if

but

thick,

vamisiiinv

to

it, and

from"

narrow

if

in

painting

second-

ones,

free

any

board,

covering
hollow

oil

of

into

got

persuaded

new

fairly

work

prevent

can

brush

good

be

than

more

paint

the

buy

to

is

in

not

or

will

is usual

It
under

Frost

and

do

sunset,

lot

it

paint

to

is

large

as

little, and

if he

plenty

that

and

day,

before

has

use

used

plan

they

on.

always

painter,
a

muslin,

attempt

dry

warm,

worth

through

Never

good

local

are

turpentine,

strained

A
the

they

as

See
much

from

put

been

has

order.

brushes

hand

that

one

though

growing,

freshly

varnishing,

or

85

RIGGING.

AND

barnacles

or

when

gloss

painting,

possible,

good

weeds

prevent

When
as

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

just

It

is
in

worked

in
the
Putting

strake

top
with

as

guide

with

To
work

it

the
to

the

pad
when

it for
the

surrounding

gold
the

to

is

painted

size

"tacky"

whitening
of

cotton

it is
Gold

all
leaf

the

prevent

is

in

dry

size, but

is.

It

is

wool

or

hard

and

dry.

be

bought

can

not

soft

in

the
is

paint

down
the

and

yellow
is

boat,

lightly

into

the

and

the

the

with

When

and

the

with

adheres

boat

hollow

to

part

ochre.

surplus

books,

varnish

over

and

applied,
of

small

or

dusted

rest

brush,

acts

rubbed
of

"^o"d

out

batten

rest

the

to

rubbed

of

leaf

gold

be

sticking,

size

gold

marked

this

the

gilded

leaf

is

gilded.

whole

be

gold

with

nearly

gold

the
to

part

like
is

it

dry

and

should

primed

gilding

line

planking

groove

and
and

hard

the

The

plane.

is all

prepare

gilded

to

glass-paper,

whitening
be

round

tacked

the

to

when

small

batten

long

smooth
and

with

where
with

dusted

each

oflF

leaf

on

*-*""

the

86

on

sheet

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

of

waxed

paper,

AND

to

enable

it

RIGGING.

to

be

handled.

easily

liess

coat

of

varnish

considerably.

preserves

the

gold

leaf,

but

spoils

the

bright-

CHAPTER

Lead

HE

lead

Keels

keel

but

of

drawing
When

the

to

in

the

it

as

make

it

solid

block

full-size

sections

in

worked

from

and

the

parallel
be

not

it.

to

parallel

it

side

which

is

to

make

to

others,

at

the

of

series

fit

from

tudinal
longithree

every

next

longitudinal

boat,

the

to

will

sections

"

l.w.l.

the

simpler

is

made

be

to

same

from.

have

the

the

together

must

should

These

(Note.

to

keel

the

on

moulds

in

it

pattern

from

out

upper

the

the

and

design,

the

sections

inches

of

nailed

deals

tried

them,

the

moulds

patterns,

keel,

small

Making

of

the

be

can

on

up

made

are

as

large

very

cut

to

it

plates
tem-

instead

but,

section,

that

in.

drawing

the

to

hollow

These

the

for

of

set

design.

so

but

of

out

planked

enough

large

the

inside

is

series

cut

In

foundry

exactly

made

moulds

made.

built

is

of

out

fit

pattern

boat

the

as

the

in

outside,

fit

being

is

first

building

to

to

and

used,

way

made

is

pattern

are

as

be

at

cast

builder.

shown

made

being

boat

the

be

must

pattern,

way

it

were,

the

Plates.

should

design

pattern

sections

same

template

No.

by

making

Centre

and

wooden

the

X.

right

at

nor

angles

the

to

cross

sections).
A

of

sufficient

be

must

stations

the

the

in.

should

deal

width

joined
for

drawing,
horizontal

to

make

be

planed
the

section,

along
interval

the

piece

top

Draw

together.

each

up,

between

of

the

the

in

take

of

sections,

such

and

all

the

as

be

cannot

two

line,
to

top

it

one,

centre

remembering
line

if

and

pieces
off

set

shown

the

of

distances

lead,

got

and

on

not

the

the

88

SMALL

Set

design.
line

through
Mark

off

the

the

spots,

and

out

of

which

Having
the

sections

with

leel

Pattern

be

the

each

at

will

slab

be

like

adze

up

upper

surfaqe

the

pattern,

mark

Be

each

on

careful

to

first, trying

at

little

in

at

place

till the

The

pattern

glass

paper,

must

be

when

pattern,

batten

lies

is

perfectly

it

dry,

be

then

it

in

plane.
of

and

try

the

cut

be

rubbed

off

planing

fine

all

of

and

holes
and

priming,

and

down

and

plane

cracks

coat

bent

direction.

and

for

batten

angles,

with

off

temporarily

with

every

smooth

too

away

planing

pattern

up

finished

ready

should

the

the

rake

times,

various

at

fairly

now

is

fair

and

and

it

stopped;

fix

fit, then

keel,

till it is

that

all

must

several

templates

they

boat's

planking

lumps

any

till

the

on

the

over

time

the

centre

the

the

much

tudinal
longi-

steps,

and

side,

not

the

of

series

shape.

their

with

with

fair

of

each

fair

required

to

together

faired

section.

the

all

trimmed

draw

station,

to

in.

them

result

roughly

templates
tnisliinff

fasten

must

it out

saw

RIGGING.

each

at

similar

the

AND

breadths
and

cut

coinciding;

angles

half

and

sections,
lines

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

the

sent

to

cast,

and

foundry.
Most
is

usual

keel

shrink

metals

nearly
to

it is

poured
Do

with

will

insure

to

the

they

making

the

pattern

the

get

bolt

heavier

expanding

contraction

be

may
bolt

holes

holes

it

the

sand

in

the

as

is

lead

when
extent.

some

lead,
the

but

boat;

places

proper

it

calculated,

mould

to

inside

their

but

than

cast

in

being

are

ignored

from

auger

loidnff
lolt

when

out

shell-pointed

cooling

weight

in, the
try

in

comes

immense

not

them

this

always

the

owing

for

allow

to

in

bore
this
with

Holes

regard

Boring
properly
is

quite

break

in
when
When

floor

the

to

sharpened,

the

is

lead

the

useless

frames.

for

hole.

boring
boring

or

tedious

it will

lead,
Use

job,

stick

and

will

plenty

of

in

the

stick
oil

or

and

requires

hole.
at

auger

twist

A
and

once,

soapy

an

water

auger

probably
a

cant
lubri-

boat,

great

as

lead.
these

bolt

holes,

from

inside

the

that

so

the

hole

is
A

and

start

few

lead

help

keel

be

close

i;^

place,

the

done,

first

heavy
is

the

to

it

and

the

over

be
it

metal

and

driven

tightly

through

keel,

the
fair

the

Take

Paint

of

of

time

the

lead

boat's

of

holes

wood,
wood

lead

the

be

fitted

lead

the

keel

tapered,

should
in

lead

of

piece

long,

They

the

should

fairly easily.
to

is

on

and

dubbed

together.
keel,

the

up

of

form

whole

the

bolted

fairing

the

out

carry

when

up

blocks

for

plane.
if the

with

bronze,

wood

over

between

well

This

and

bolts

drive

planed

on

(with

but

of

the

it

laying

below.

bolts

the

and

adze,

much

is

it

wood.

lump,

The

from

keel,

after

plenty

depends

let

fitted

the

with

wedge

before

with

small

Tobin

filling pieces

are

and

but

fit the

afterward

hammers

or

wood

to

end

to

dents).

prevent

enough

The

single handed,

position,

in

the

once

wrong.

go

levelled

by

sledge

Bull's

heads,

large

with

of

square

it

lead.

the

and

about

boring;

reduce

straightened

to

be

adze,

and

often

lead

should

be

an

will

striking

be

of

centre

plumb,

move

tion
direc-

proper

Fittinar

with

can

the

for

ready

must

part

upper

hammer

bent,

keel

to

place

to

the

cannot

auger

heavy

obtained

wood

in

upright;

exactly

show

perfectly

the

too

will

hole

auger

far

plumbed

boat

the

deep

is

must

the

get

your

inches

it

is

to

boat

89

RIGGING.

AND

the

get

inside

auger,

to

sure

to

line

plumb

for
Be

taken

be

must

care

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

as

this

on

speed.

the

keel

wood

and

lead

the

and

all.

joints.
For
the

those

hints

following
to

anyone

get

good

and

be

make

design,

obtained

no

cast

their

cast

of
at

requires

use,

lead

own

but

I should

foundry,

good

keels

deal

of

of

the

advise

strongly

it is

as

bulbs,

or

care

some
trouble-

very

turn

to

out

casting.

To
No.

lead

to

be

may

the

business,
a

wish

who

from

cohesion.

for

mould
about

two

are

keel

loads

cart

foundry,

There

lead

ordinary
two

methods

size

moulders'

of
sand

of

being

making

required
sand

must

useless,
the

for

ing
hav-

mould,

the

Keel

first

(and

deeper,
be

best)

and

cast,

to

This

box

of

the

lead

it

filled

the

the

sand

round

and

requires

furnace

either

is

special

melting

or

in

or

whereas

pot,

the

burst

trough

in.

bottom.

or

pattern

the

of

box

to

to

round

top

liable

in.

pattern

sand

the

but

ground,

the

strong

about

ground
than

build

to

without

lead,

the

moulding

but

the

the

the

is

RIGGING.

wider

sand,

in

from

in

foot

with

up

with

hole

hole

way

the

AND

and

second

is
the

weight

Keel

filling

contain

as

way

digging

longer,

The

deals

CONSTRUCTION

by

foot

pattern.

Hakinar

YACHT

SMALL

90

same

with

the

shoot

for

the

other

Mould

form

of

the

mould

lead

simply

flows.

The

simplicity,
against

as

the

or

must

Whichever
will

mould

with

deep
;

with

be

solid.

the

top

of

of

the

the

first;

and

handling

method.

ting
get-

mould

The

the

ness,
cheap-

are

safety

using

which

along

these

of

stand

to

of

ease

second

on

box

mould
strain

enormous

end

with
the

be

held

pattern,
the

place

and

must

tightly

above
level

the
the

groove

in

as

it is

level
sand

or

the

exactly
gutter

position,

for

top
to

the

of

the

the
lead

six

hard

of

each

side

top

after

and

main

to

of

run

than

is

the
into

rest

it should
;
round

full

the

Support
ramming
and

trowel

pattern,
the

after

the

sand,

Take

pattern.

surface

exactly

the

piece.

mould

whole

in

end

in

pour

sand,

Before

rammed

being
the

whole

directions.

wider

is

ble
possi-

of

keel,

scarph

and

inches

as

bed

this
wood

all

the

till the

the

before

in, till the

put

of

in.

about

depth,

the

in

making

as

on

to

of

fill up

sand

removed

be

next

the

the

while

exactly

pattern

with

level

and

fit

carefully

in

pattern

sand,

wood,

of

in

the

in

to

it

levelling

block

pattern,

is

down
inch

an

say

box

or

rammed

wooden

the

which

face,

pattern

of

layer

hole

the

well

sand,

method

the

chosen,
Fill

Place

and

the

is

same.

each

is

placing

the

moulding

horizontal,

the
made

plan

ramming

mass

it

mould,

sand,

and

possibility

with

strongly

each

strength

the

and

floor,

very

of

the

lead.

the

of

of

casting,

brick

be

perfect

and

in

cut

gutter

advantages

portability

out

wood

has

mould

bit
and

and
at

cut

the

SMALL

thinnest
have

end;

Before

screw

it

lifting

loosen

pattern

of

couple

to

the

in

it

can

out,

the

it

tap

the

all

and

sand,

QI

but

removed,

be

now

in

eyes

RIGGING.

AND

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

Hft

to

top

it out

of

with

sharply

over

first

then,

should

it

sand.

the

hammer,
loose

the

removing

Removinar
the

block

from
to

the

pattern

in

of

plate

sharp

edges

removed

is

gap

scarph,

lift

the

injure

not

left

the

each

iron

is

now

placed

is

firm

and

level.

which

taper,

and

sand.

Bull-shaped

this

is

moulding,

for

iron

if

mould,

melting

of

hold

till all

patterns
from

in

pot

the

halves;

two

it

as

requires
skill

the

furnace

or

iron

an

least

at

contain

to

to

considerable

and

consist

will

enough

scarph,

in

casting.

should

which

apply

make,

to

sand,

the

the

have

rest;

sand,

mould

power

the

withdrawn

easily
in

than

with

only

cast

will

fit

Pattern

as

When

scarph

to

in

covered

be

must

end

so

mould.

wider

fore

be

slowly,

the

the

in.

the

can

the

This

in

instructions

such

prepared

possible, large

sand

amateurs'

out

choice),

block

and

These

of

angles

at

gap,

contain

constructed.

be

the

up

keels

turn

Having

and

therefore

to

to

the

most

boxes

of

and

carefully

out

loose

bent

over

beyond

special

the
side

sheet

it

whole

(wrought

pot
of

ton

must

lead,

but,

required,

amount

Meltlnar

and

few

in

set

for

it

have

all

pot,

possible

melted

of

lead

the

with

pour.

in.

clay
A

more

for

first, larger

increases,

till

hole

pouring

in

plug

gutter

to

is

be

should

knocked

made

from

out

this

coke

fire

be

hole

in

the
to

lead
the

the

the

hole
the
is

;
an

will
the

pieces
of

mass

melted,

from

stopped
when

small
the

fixed
of

round

as

is

consist
is

have

as

amount

should

tap

or

in

added

being

and

and

lead

at

draught

large

under

with

whole

which

diameter,

hours,

filled

create

piers,
a

case,

pigs

and

possible,

fire-brick

some

the

to

or

the

bottom
or

pipe

outside

ready

runner,

the

be

must

pot

openings

two

top

on

either

be

should

melting
or

one

three

In

it.

which

if

pot

about

round

at

is full.

pot

several

maintained

be

to

with

on

This

waste.

bricks,

stand

simply

melting
as

fire

firing, and

may
fire

open

for

extra

of

ring

bottom

or

cwts.

to

or

Lead

in

groove,
the

the

melted
If

of

the

the

fast

the

spoil

it

casting

from

the
hand

get

all

dross

the

denser

run

IS

of

at

should

resin

hours

many

The
other

thin

wood

is

should

be
also

given
stating
buckled

or

by

an

The
should

and

carried

harder

the

plate

quite

is

entirely

just

before

ton

the

be

must

will

take

to

four

with

absolutely
and

with
of

template
all

and

holes

instructions

sharpening

useless,

as

smith

Particular

to

as

more

full-size

it.

little

running

the

drawing,
on

than

heavier

lead.
from

and

the

which

antimony,

pure

ordered

at

run,

pour.

or

part

; also

hole

casting,

bit

hot

very

when

the

pot

than

order,

plate

direct

be

is

just

work;

the

such

cast

from

only

one

to

is

and

possible

run

will

of

clearly

with

is

out

of

made

it

occur,

running

as

lead

come

be

in

till

should

consequently

casting

marked

the
flat

cannot

be

and

edges,
true

ened
straight-

smith.

ordinary

edges
be

be

it

the

metal

that

if

lead

must

heat

pour

obtain

keel,

quickly

the

much

to

will

by

lead

as

alloy

into

great

mould

to

as

the

into

An

plate

possible

hotter

and

the

that

very

etc.,

hand

the

flake

or

lead

well.

probably

cool.

should

edges,

avoided

thrown

iron

sharp

bent

when

centre

the

and

heat

to

lead,

parts

will

Torget

Don't

flux.

be
The

the

be

the

by

to

twenty-ton

mould

be

will

in

ladles

and

used,

employed

be

casting,

pot.

hot,*

be

that

so

cannot

tap

or

owing

it

hand

the

will

casting

very
run

one

into

the

is

fairly

out

scum

slope,

poured

division

though

pot,

run

and

bottom

the

means

be

melted

it

case

really good

fluid, and

and

must

of

turned

ladles,

hands

no

hole

and

work,

cools,

In

melting

To

partly

by

good

can

trying

keep

to

casting.

good

by

the

enough

if

in ; as,

pot

ladles,

very

several

fire, and

lead

all

is

on

pouring

cast-iron

This

mould.

the

with

pot

long-handled

in

out

being

freely.

common

RIGGING.

AND

whole

the

flows

melting

dipped

CONSTRUCTION

mould,

lead

obtained,

orderiBir

YACHT

SMALL

92

should
back

be

sharpened
on

the

to

plate

long

for

easy
distance

bevel,

which

equal

to

three

four

or

but

purposes;

it

unless

buckled,

saw-blade

expensive,

is

the

best

the

for

Do

steel

not

and

badly

metal,

mild

or

galvanized.

tor

Material

is often

this

to

all

badly

there

Next

buckle

for

very

light plates,

will

it

or

planished

be

to

Out

sent

plates.

very

are

steel,

saw

be

metal

plates

centre

often

to

getting
best

for

and

ordered

which

plates

galvanize

to

is

in

steel

heavier

the

the

into

Bull's

sharp.

too

material

is

delay

be

93

gradually

dying

cannot

specially

considerable

for

edges

bronze

Tobin

or

The

surface.

flat

thickness;

its

times

RIGGING.

AND

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

try
be

cannot

straightened.
The

above
and

form,

any

There
and
to

also

bulb

there

of

of

them

fins

under

come

in

other

or

general
In

types.

ballasted

and

one

blades.

now

general

of

plates

centre

rudder

plates

these

bulb

all

to

and

plates
centre

of

lifting

are

most

fin

types

modifications

these

equally

apply

to

four

are

many

which

remarks

addition

four

the

centre

plates,

centre

of

use,

main

types.
These

hoist,

(See

by

Fig,

the

by

(See

the

end;

plate,
easiest

or

and

very

or

slot

in

one

or

with

wires

mofe

pivoted

ical
vert-

chains.

or

the

at

fore

the

at

after

raise

to

and

lifted

by
(See

by

the

effective,

keel

the

its

and

end,

corner.

upper

the

Fig.
writer
but

from

now,

This

33.)
in

1894,

requires

arm

32.)

the

deep

the

long

on

plate
in

This

i -rater

case

and

is

the

upper
this

in

Sorceress,
slot

the

plate),

forward

introduced

was

of

rectangular

"dagger"
the

its

one

on

length

Fig.

called

lever

the

length.

(See

used

of

centre

handle

half

whole

weight.

the

by

only

(commonly

plate,
tackle

hoisted
be

may

generally

most

and

being
of

in

plate, pivoted

diameter,

inside

case

knife-shaped

country

rectangular,

chain,

or

semi-circular

edge

plate

corner.

the

;ii.)

the

4th,

or

plate,

wire

handle,

the

straight

handles,

triangular

Fig,
3rd,

of

means

ist,

are

30.)

2nd,
hoisted

classes

four

in

and
the

is

keel.

nmfm

94

SMALL

YACHT

CONSTRUCTION

AND

RIGGING.

Fio.90.

Fig

31.

SMALL

YACHT

AND

CONSTRUCTION

Fio.

32.

RIGGING.

95

96

SMALL

This

type

has

form

of

knife

and

drop

this

in

in

point
this

ft. 6

in.

the

rule

seen

with

the

of

vertical

of

does

whtre

from

lifted

the

well

the

in

use

vertical

or

when

even

like

end

to

is

plate

with

fore

hardly

compared

as

conform

used;

plate.
is

end

This

be

not

under

plate heavily,

size,

plate

nearly

not

ballasted

its

classes.

could

boat.

after

not

evades

type,

on

furthest

the

the

or

the
for

3rd

waters,

usually

from

and

and

edge

of

bulb

plate

essential

is

weight,

lifted

No.

ft.

rule)

plate, though

ineffective

ist

to

Italian

an

lifting

plate,

the

fore

it is

now,

is

pivot

verticaldrop

for

plate

weedy

very

nearly

form

class
like

and

the

it

in

only

shallow

French

plate,

used

area

taxes

as

the

rectangular

given

now,

on

used

type

the

rules,

only

was

best

4th

from

and

triangular

ever

rating

taken

the

the

(under

well,

which

is also
The

plate

of

original

of

plate

object

tax

semi-circular

for

rule

rating

the

The

first

effective

and

evade

plate.

very

The

so

the

The

to

the

from

shapes,

ft. wide

width.

in

RIGGING.

AND

many

and

drop

to

of

in

used

ft.

was

radius

the

been
6

case

Oemtreboarda

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

is

it
Xo.

the

type.
The

sharp
in

angle

direction

Of

shaped

^JJ^J"

of

the

clear

to

shoal

is

and

boat

waters

as

in

wlien
the

keel

be

tills

the
and

form,

form

being

wide

with

housed,
box

it

is

gap

raised

requires

bulb

of

By

long

keel

lx"at

that

tlie

unless

case

of

and
is

fitted,

with

cigar-

or

such

the

projects

very

edge

plate,

last
bal-

her

from

debarred
be

bulb
a

fore

carries

not

would

and

simplest

raking

means

she

while

the

pear-shaped

uncapsizeable,

bulb

is

which

to

leaves

unless

plates,

plate,

lead

fixed

plate
a

ballasted

weight.

made

it

course

edge,

cut

keel.

type

and

effective

most

the

or

Xo.

of

sometimes

raised:

fore

in

suitable

can

of
keel

the

but

when

the

to

is

type

weeds,

case,

slot

etc.,

section

its

of

the

the

Xo.

the

lifting bulbs,

weeds,

small
in

of

parallel

efPxient

most

rid

get

end

forAvard

case

of

edge

to

fore

the

in

fore

large
some

only
below
slot
form

advantage
disthe

is

cut

of

SMALL

self-closing
hold

sufficiently
the

slightly

when

the

for

of

top

is

only

spindle

be

the

plate

up

made

to

the

and

tons

requires

competent

ed
weightraised
i^iftinv

by

prevented,

hard

teak

wood,

depth

slot

the

through

in

done

till

case,

be

width

this

lifted

passing
of

By

may

be

should

top

gear.

several

by

their

plate

and

must

chains,

along

the

best

to

prevent

case.

as

worm-wheel

costly,

very

in

of

and

keel,

is

the

falling

blocks

twice

of

rising,

on

from

These

least

at

it

band,

down.

side

bottom

striking

bicycle-pattern

by
plate

the

at

keel

ballast

central

and

is

bronze

actuated

bulb

it

the

This

each

on

jamming

Such

the

and

from

link,

keep

in
gap

lowered.

is

97

RIGGING.

the

up

block

overlapping

choice,

them

to

bulb

it

wooden

loose

AND

stop

when

firmly

plate

having

by

to

arrangement

the

by

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

be

the

gearing
lifted,

good
engineer.

builder

by

sprockets

over

the

case,

of

the

to

on

latter

this

but

flat

two

being

sort,

whole

fit

it,

bulb

affair

and

can

CHAPTER

XL

Rudders.

THERE

in

now

to

of

out

the

it

rudder

of

trunk

rudder

the

second

rod)

split

into

latter

lower

the

fork,

be

of

form

has

thread

the

deck

the

tiller,

bearing;
with

is

requires
rudder

counter-frame,

liftable,

or

this

with

form

attached

this

of

to

flange

rudder

the

on

stem;

stern-post.
98

first

mentioned

deck,
when

is

collar

the

afl
the

the

rudder

and

on

in

tiller

and

method,

into

of

take

to

the

in

screwed

the

steel,
a

hold

being

end

square

to

the

tube,

of

piece

it,

than

As

solid

form

to

steel

blade;

upper

of

of

stem

blade,
the

tapered

above

nut

of

The

nut,

is

trunk.

plain

form

round

the

to

piece

flat

the

solid

side

stronger

small

very

trunks,

for

and

neater

large

good

very

metal.

or

large

and

of

each

with

thread

neck,
a

make

to

attached

on

above

and

is

plugged

it, with

on

It

place.

is

stem

it

wood

of

(or

tube

riveted

either

is

method

where

and

the

in

and

yachts.

steel

end,

is

make

clumsy,

necessitates

It

up

to

way

weak

also

It

the

make

to

and

be

to

post.

modern

thick

piece

thick

of

piece

simplest

very

likely

stern

cruising

and

of

may

this

or

larger

rudder

is

the

trunk.

thick

is

is

rudder

and

for

The

only

the

main

-blade

rudder

the

second

the

This

heavy,

rather

of

rudder

of

piece

being

method

oldest

bolting

side

blade.

such

enters

oak,

after

the

but

made

not

where

on

of

rudder;

if

the

on

area

of

construction

rudder

and

main

and

piece

first

the

use,

stem

solid

one

full

the

cut

wood

same

general

of

forms

principal

two

are

chapter
keel

the

trunk

quired
re-

is

not

SMALL

YACHT

CONSTRUCTION

AND

RIGGING.

99

lOO

SMALL

The
for
I

YACHT

rudder

of

non-liftable

in.

arms

the

No.

split
in.

It
the

at

AND

is

long,

be
of

composed

lower

which

RIGGING.

would

design

rudder.

diameter,
ft.

CONSTRUCTION

end
riveted

are

tube

steel

into

fork,

stem,

with

each

on

suitable

equally

two

side

of

an

Bvdders

in.

steel
A

blade

of

shaped

the

shape
of

piece

shown.

teak

Fig.

on

the

ring
of
and
to

deck

the

its

rudder

takes
the

the

of

top

the

the

stem,

rudder

of

weight

flat
the

fixed

85.

surface

upper

is

wood,

and

trunk,

to

form

rudder,

rests

it

when

the

this

on

is

metal

gun
for

bearing

which

nut

has

top

ring,

attached

not

stern-post.

The
is

in

into

let

the

at

suitable

other

or

which

method

clearly
the

of

the

constructing

shown

stern-post

on

the

drawings.

rudder

in

No.

rudders

The
2

of

both

only

design

the

signs
de-

particulars

differs

from

the

described

one

and

stem

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

is

above

it

that
the

blade,

hard-wood

AND

has

Id

RIGGING.

stouter

of

thickness

tube

for

which

is

the

equal
Rudders

to

of

that
inch

an

heel

the

or

stern

less

bearing,

post,

(see

after

the

on

fore

the

on

edge.

edge

and

It

also

of

34),^ consisting

Fig.

is

tapers
fitted

with

metal

gun

half

to

pintle

SBcnoNs
Cr

PORK

op

MiiDDtn

srtM

Pig.

into

screwed
in

the

is
blade
The

also
and
fore

plate

socket

metal

gun

There

heel

on

fixed

intermediate

an

let

in

edge

flush
of

in
the

3d

the

keel

of

the

bottom

strap

of

to

each
rudder

side

boat,

the
of

must

the
be

blade.

rudder

through

metal
of

the

working

and

hole

in

stern-post.
rounded

to

fit

I02

SMALL

corresponding
hole

for

ludder

in

groove

the

fore

AND

back

the

intermediate

rounded

the

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

for

the

bearing

strap

edge,

of

the

RIGGING.

stern

form

must

the

circle

travel

to

strap

and

post,

freely

with
the

as

turns.

Rvddera

The

of

bearings
of

details
in

as

take

rudder

the

fitting

detail

accompanying

the

for

JTiMP./f

No.

the

which

NALrWAf

MfTWtM

round
in

should

to

tube

into

with

piece

There
the

of
make

that

solid

but
of
than

rod

the
the

tube,
tube

split

the

same

blade

to

will

form

the

be

tened
flat-

be

stem,

in
will

but

should

gradually
in
the

blade

and

be

much

too

fork
is

for

in

place.
but

In

either

tube

as

three-quarters
It

heavy.
for

filled

rudders,

the

about

the

being

strongest.

to

heavier

from

riveted

fitting

substituted
diameter

not

taper

each

of

simplest

may

it

saw,

methods

the

it

tAHm^.MMTlt^m^,,

hollow
before

reduced

or

but

the

other
is

be

it must

with

wood

many

steel

is

The

37.

end,

ends,

hard

illustrated

stem,

of

steel

heel

37.)
be

plain

tube

MfL

TH9

done

upper

flat

are

one

boat

be

the

close

and

and
will

of

BEAHSNCi

Fig.

fork,

36

35,

method

strap

design

and

When

SSCT/0//OFSTMP

^Ua

Figs.

smaller,

wood.

the

the

intermediate

(See

fork

and

slightly

of

place

and

design.

stem

but

2,

the

No.

head,

No.

fork,

head,

show

drawings

is

given

cheaper

to

strength.

CHAPTER

XIL

Spars.

THE

of

spars

Norway

Bamboo

than

in.

are

sizes

to

Masts,
and

ft.

any

to

22

it

first

men

tell

In

is

when

down

may
omitted

in

put
the

be

usual

and

2^

in.

at

in.

to

ij

in.

at

33

to

in.

stock

ft.

to

3^

in.

at

18

to

and

butt;

and

butt;

well

this

the

35

ft.

18

novice

spar,
small

between

each

really
103

to

task,

and

knots

whipping
joint.
good

the

set

and

fectly
per-

Bam'boo'ispar

sympathies
few

shillings

wasted,

not

would

all

out

cracks,

enlist

bales,

the

pick

to

from

are

canes

from

work

free

while

worth

of

selected

dirty
all

are

and

case

"

to

two's

or

bamboo

on

spars.

carefully

where

smooth,
be

over

cane

preparing

rasped

butt;

at

in.

undertaking

turn

sound

which

It

who

lengths.

The

taper).

or

sticks,

foreman

the

long;

hour

an

small

and

should

straight.

in.

6J

or

parallel)

parallel

class

the

ft.

25

take

will

in.

yards,

canes

lighter

standard

weather.

hot

and

taper).

(fairly

long

in

in

for

and

raters,

"

to

booms,

These

and

in.

(either

long

be

at

stronger

are

obtained

be

split

(considerable

long

twine

obtained

small

for

they

only

to

follows

as

"

can

rough

of

form

be

can

suitable

diameter;
can

liable

Masts,

butt;

but

very

are

to

and

from

made

are

the

in

imported

sizes,

most

in.

others,

any

They

of

all

are

spars

of

spars

of

is

boats

merchant's.

timber

22

of

spars

and

yachts

which

spruce,

natural

ft.

small

most

they

as

not.

joints

or

or

This

cane,

should

binding

of

whipping
but

it

be

fine

may
is

yery

I04

SMALL

difficult

should

bamboos

on

lAinboo

them,
if

once

'reparlngr

when

tell

to

nothing

must

be

ferrule

split
be

should

plugs

all

of

whipping

would

and

The

ends

wire

or

pine

end.

the

on

The

not.

or

with

plugged

put

were

split

metal

light

RIGGING.

AND

will

cane

have

they

as

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

at

cut

Spar

to

fit the

on

them

bored
hole

inside

the

rest

to

all

through

exactly,

cane

the

on

inner

the

up

of

of

end

of

the

should

have

bamboo.

the

plug

the

webs

the

of

end

and

joints

hole

it if

lighten

to

down

shoulder

the

be

may

desired.

A
of

centre

the

^
D

^iAiTHOP

SBTXIMQ

OF

Fig.

is

cane

supposed

to

that

it may

often

cure

for

trouble.

bore
not

the

holes
attach

in

any

the

gear

shell

or

of

it is

split,

Keep

38.

bamboos
the

fittings

in
if

cane

to

proved

not

them,

it

it is

while

but,

splitting;

prevent

save

CNOOFA3PAfl;

THE

OUT

to

be

probable

positive

cool, airy place,

be

can

except

helped,
by

bands

never

do

and

or

wire

strops.
The

Canadian

hollow

spars

are

very

neat,

and

nearly

as

light

as

weight

SMAIX

YACHT

bamboos

of

as

the

bamboo,

CONSTRUCTION

up

size, but

same

to

AND

not

5 inches

or

RIGGING.

105

in

diameter

can

be

for

weight

strong

so

; their

great
Spara

advantage

bamboos

over

shape,

proportion

of

stock

the

taper

you

Both

bamboos

that

size, while

or

sizes

is

given

above,

they
bamboo

and

you

hollow

and

spars

but

avoid

to

any

up

topsail

or

to

built

about
or

also

this

and

I should

Norway

grown

jib-roller

than

splitting,

woodwork.

and

solid

possible

take

must

be

obtained

it with

ever
what-

kept

well

var-

MAST

yard;
22

for

spars

ft.

hollow-wood

cruising

bamboo

long,

as

applies
advise

not

makes
it

Of

gf^tfgtL

BAHO

spars

must

any

END

OF

all

be

only

can

of

get.

can

LOWER

nished

ordered

keeps

roller,

and

in
the

AtA"'F

use

'work,
the
its
is

less
of

degree
anything

except
best

shape

to

for

jib-roller
far

stronger.

better
The

io6

joints
SpAM

in.

bamboo

of

iron

rod,

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

to

rollers
the

end

Fig.

the

should

as

affair

whole

the

be

passed

done

weight

with
of

the

the

which

through
the

cane

rod

will

RIGGING.

knocked

generally

are

of

AND

roller

with

out

wire

is

long

attached,

and

40.

the
in

help

cane

from

vertical
to

break

end

to

position
through

end.
if

This

possible,

the

joints.

SMALL

and

it is

it would

When

knots

and

likely

more

be

YACHT

if the

to

bamboo

choosing
finest

CONSTRUCTION

through

go

bark

RIGGING.

middle

of

107

the

joint

than
Spara

horizontal.

were

Norway

grained

the

AND

spars
;

strip

pick
off

those

some

of

with

the

the

bark

smallest
and

see

io8

that
Svmru

the

very

SMALL

the

wood

spar

is

marked,

YACHT

is

clean

usually
and

CONSTRUCTION

color.

yellow

in

wanting
the

color

5
"c
-"

It
or

Q
o

Fig.

42.

AND

If

it is

toughness;
dark,

reddish

RIGGING.

very

but

if

dead
the

yellow,

white,

grain
the

is

spar.

SMALL

probably

though

the

possible,

so

is

tough,

the

rough

bark

butt

end

and

select

off

as

in

crossing

as

spar

with

be,

of

pair

at

the

shown

in

central

lines.

large

enough,

circle

of

as

the

of

the

the

to

other

nearly

to

avoid

the

of

finished
the

of

{See

38.)

Fig.

right angles
the

near

as

ameter
di-

of

center

describe

to

circle

in., then

but

two

the

size, the

if

rough

cumference
cir-

rough

is

spar
the

8-8,
to

the

was

spar

the

of

the

angles

containing

corners

and

and

y-y

right
the

5-5

lines

lines

is

spar

touching

more

at

the

as

two

just

and

would,

as

draw

and

exactly

square

proper

diameter

C-D,

lines

spar,

iS.

same

Draw

four

finished

the

at

center

as

A-B,

diameter,

form

possible

the

; say

circle.

These

C-D
X

part

outer

as

spars.

diagram.

point

size

JAWS

diameter,

other

the

out

set

and

With

compasses,

part

because

the

A-B

QAFF

largest

parallel

parallel

be

heavy

finished

the

near

and

Fig.

6-6

be

to

straightest

the

possible.

as

fROt^

to

109

RIGGING.

sure

also

the

diameters

two

spar

picked

waste,

the

draw

other,

each

be

toughest

all

this

do

avoid

to

as

Clean

on

should

spars

is the

spar

the

and

strong

AND

spars.
All

To

CONSTRUCTION

Spars

bluish

the

YACHT

required
chosen

square

as

will

absent.
To

get

the

octagon

as

shown,

containing

the

circle,

divide

the
Spars

of

diameter

lines

and

i-i

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

no

the

2-2,

circle
each

into

AND

equal

seven

-f-from

RIGGING.

the

of

ends

and

parts,
the

the

draw

diameter

A-B,

o
r

Ik

o
z

III

CO

and

manner

at

right angles
on

the

to

diameter

it ; and
C-D.

the

lines
The

3-3

and

points

4-4,
where

in

these

similar
four

YACHT

SMALL

lines

intersect

the

CONSTRUCTION

first

squares

AND

obtained

Ill

RIGGING.

be

will

the

the

of

angles

Spar"

octagon.
Both

their

to

manner

outside

the

on

of

ends

lines

the

the

be

distances
and

5-5

sizes,

from

the

at

course,

various

line

All
of

is then
to

spar

foregoing
marked

being

side

line
the

the

length.

each

on

of

in

out

its

chalk

end

one

Fig.

of

set
center

off, half

set

apart.

6-6

be

throughout

spar

should

correct

should

%pars

respective

of

diameters
their

all

the

this

ous
variline

struck
the

at

along
but,

other,

45.

diameters

for

the

different

of

parts

the

spar.
The
chalk

lines

done

with

squared
I-

off
as

1,

the

before;

the

and

4r4

no

plane
a

adze.

up

wood

all the

jack plane,

The

angles

spar
its

and

of

cut

eight

the

slabs

is convenient,

throughout

the
the

and

mill

saw

sizes

for

length,

then

saw-mill,

or

requisite

whole

first with

if

or,

draw-knife

3-3

in

put

now

off;

cut

to

2-2,

for

is

spar

the

finally

with

then

length,

with
and

the
finish

be

may

roughly

and

the

must

octagon

away
faces

this

is

the

outside

lines
be

set

draw-knife
the

hollow-soled,

ing,
round-

spar-

112

SMALL

AND

RIGGING.

lower

part

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

Spa

Vil"^

maker's

plane

which

The

glass

through

pass
and

and

must

taper

accompanying

deck

the
to

The

paper.

the

step,

detail

should
as

be

shown.

sketches

left

Fig.

Figs.

masts

in

octagonal

(See

{see

all

of

tion,
sec-

39.)
40,

41,

42

YACHT

SMALL

and

show

43)

CONSTRUCTION

the

various

with

the

AND

methods

of

II

RIGGING.

fitting

the

of

ends

the
Spi

different

spars,

is illustrated

sail, which

in

fully

the

for

roller

II, under

Part

roller

head
of

heading

the

Gears."

"Reef
The

of

the

there

boats

of

drawing

head

the

of

exception

in

mast

is

No.

design,

for

need

no

will

end

bowsprit

suitable

equally

and

for
small

such

in

that

except
iron

crantz

be

shoe.

Fig.

{See

44.)
Of

jaws

the
far

are

in

apply

the

No.

of

Turner's

46),

but

end,

of

the

reef
The

be

should

10

is

shown

solid

usual

the

are

but

spars,

diameter

greater

well.

each
would

yachts.
of

solid

ter
diame-

bamboos

and

spars
than

Fig.

at

cap

proportions

hollow

head

mast

{see

and

small

in

will

gaff

ends

very

booms

the
the

on

boom

answer

all

of

gooseneck

would

on

the

on

simple

gear

cent,

per

Masts.

Length

"

Diameter
masts,

of

spars

the

end

be
of

the
at

depth

other

end

If

and

deck.

than

deck

at

for

hounds

for

lower

pole
mast

or

contained

than

in

deck;

at

the

circle

than

half

the

step

of

the

lower

its

diameter.

point.
step

.016

X
gear

bamboo

at

be

should

reef

less

cent,

per

square

the

not

booms
the

after

less

diameter

the

taper
end.

at

should

boom

is used,

Ordinary

mast.

and

of

roller

possible.

the

that

15

Length

"

as

deck

at

less

cent,

per

at

step

largest

Booms.
or

diameter

10

diameters

at

mast

The

.022

topmast.

Diameter
should

hounds

at

equal

or

carrying

fore

45.)

end

the
hounds

the

made.

ready

in

saddle

steel

or

length.

same

to

Fig.

following

for

length

to

fitting

pattern,

advise

"

of

gear

same

Note.

sheeve

required,

not

obtained

be

cheek

{See

reef

if

strongly

the

iron

the

gaff jaws,

can

method

design.

and

best,

the

to

of

patterns

sketch

The
also

three

smaller
from

sheet.
be

as

end
the

For

ner's
Tur-

nearly

lel
paral-

must

be

next

sheet

to

at

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

114

Length

Gaffs,

AND

.018

diameter

RIGGING.

at

mid-length,

ing
taper-

"

to

the

at

end

outer

These

Bowsprits.

vary

"

diameter

length

to

be

can

Booms.

Spinnaker

and

at

jaws.
much,

very

to

at

each

Booms

Spinnaker

no

fixed

ratio

Length

.015

diameter

in

centre,

end.

on

Roller

Foresails.

Length

.016

"

.018

diameter.

Rollers

for

Head

of

given.

"

tapered

and

Sails.

Length
"

.014

to

.015

eter.
diam-

to

CHAPTER

Deck

ANY

of
from
of

catalogues.
w^hich

must

Fittings

the

There
be

sheeve
which

runner

for
takes

the
the

plates,

the

principal

PATENT

on

cable;

place
bobstay

boat

HOOK.

the

of

JIB

the

plate,

old
and
115

the

which
the

wooden
the

chandlers,

and

most

taken

from

parts

SHEET

for

strap

made

are

by

head,

stem

the

yacht

several

the

ready

purchased

illustrations

fit

to

be

can

however,

are,

made

iron

gammon

fittings

Work.

Iron

and

accompanying

BLAKE'S

the

deck
of

any
the

XIII.

local

the

iron

smith,

work
such

as

SHACKLE.

also
heel
bitts

pin

of

their

rail

carries
of

;
at

the

bowsprit,

the
the

chain

shroud
foot

of

and

mast,

ii6

to

SMALL

which

FitUnar*

be

must

YACHT

most

of

made

to

CONSTRUCTION

the

running

suit

the

AND

gear

boat,

and

is

RIGGING.

All

belayed.
fitted

their

to

these

place

fittings
by

the

smith.

The

are

following

only

being

for

suited

No.
for

deck
2

all

fittings

design
types

are

of

will
marked

small

be

required.
with

boats.)

an

(Those
'"',the

which

remainder

SMALL

YACHT

AND

CONSTRUCTION

"OLLA

MOOniNQ

OS

HBtL

S"SJ"

OR

STR^P.

^.-^^
CLEATS

RIGGING.

STMP

II7

ii8

SMALL

YACHT

iron

gammon
Pittimsa

CONSTRUCTION

and

AND

chain

sheeve.

pair

fair

on

bow.

leads,

"l
I

"l

heel

shroud

and

rail

pair

fore

sheet

fore

tack

lead

deck

plate

pair

fore

sheet

pair

fore

tack

plates.

of

mast.

fair

main

pair

*i

pair

*i

main

or,

leads.

fore

tack

cleats
cleats

iron,

main

sheet

main

*l

of

sheet

spinnaker

(A).

binnacle

anchor

and

chain

small

anchor

and

chain

pipe

tricolor

mast

band

and

semi-

or

pump,
pump.
and

spirit

pass.
com-

screws

warp.

deck.

lamp.

rod

Spars.

and

rigging

for

shrouds.

gooseneck.
main

on

cable.

BLOCKS.

on

bobstay,

l^ooni

horse.

rotary

(A).

rigging

lead

buffer.

deck

sprit.
set

sheet

chase.
pur-

Ironwork

cleats

sheet

flush

sign).
de-

VARIOUS

crantz

cleats

guy

blocks.

(No.

for

(A).

(B).

nmner

foot

at

cleats

runner

(A).

strap.

*i

pair spinnaker

winch.

bowsprit

pin

pair

left

bollard.

Mooring

set

and

*i

"Dufferin"
I

right

RIGGING.

boom

c^ooseneck.

screw

on

bow-

SMALL

YACHT

CONSTRUCTION

pair saddle-jaws

main

*2

peak
set

119

gaff.
Fittinvi

*i

for

RIGGING.

AND

bolt.

halyard

bolts.

halyard
of

Turner's

reef

gear

on

boom.

{See

illustration

of reef gears.)

LIGHT

SHEET

set

of

of reef
The

above

DECK

METAL,

end

fittings

gears.
list

LEAD

for

BLOCK,

roller

headsail.

the

fittings

PATENTED

SHEEVE.

{See

ilhistration

)
covers

all

in

general

use,

but

I20

SMALL

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

AND

mcTtom

jrc^#o"^

C.

0"CH

Ai/AC^Afifi.

POR

PLATE

CLOSED.

DIRIGO

RIGGINa

FOLDING

ANCHOR.

SMALL

YACHT

AND

CONSTRUCTION

-TACK

Miters

LMAOS

FAin

Lb

m
oecK

PfN

RAIL

In/ARP

GOVW
.OA

RIGGING.

P-AfH

LEAD.

CLEAT

12

SMALL

122

other

place

The

can

notes

may

with

iron

the

useful

when

chain

the

The

nut.

fit the

must

through

8s

of

the

nuts,

other

smaller

The

they
with

inside

stout

All

be

to

of

fittings

deck

the

fixing

hard

wood

or

and

/no

A/

the

and
of

top

should

at

be

tings
fit-

upper

stem,

and

clenched.

lead,

in

the

bolts

through

case

and

beam.
have

the
the

at

fair

by

should

oaken

an

ordinary
and

top,

timber

timbers,

and

fastened

through

bottom.

the

should

if there
should

tack

stout

between

cleats

and

beams,

to

bolted

nails

leads

fair

the

any
stock

fitters.

well,

secured

etc.,

planking,

through

copper

screwed

piece

the

be

screws

plates,

be

should

All

bolts

fore

(or

strap

large

very

shroud

worked

get
of

if

3 ft e ere

should

boat)

with

to

made,

yacht

stem

sheeve

two

CHAiA/

heel

bowsprit

or

able

smith.

from

C^MMO/^

The

ready

the

by

be

be

would

either

obtained

RIGGING.

pass

up

and

drawing
be

gammon

should
set

may

require,

following

in

AND

fancies,

to

above

The

CONSTRUCTION

own

made

or

illustrated

be

he

fittings

patterns,

bolt

his

has

everyone
Fittinffs

YACHT

is
be

well

be

no

beam

placed

under

secured.

at

the
the

They
proper

deck

may

place,
to

take

SMALL

YACHT

CONSTRUCTION

AND

RIGGING.

X23

"

\t/

o
o

"n

Io

"

""""

124

SMALL

YACHT

CONSTRUCTION

AND

RIGGING.

the

stout

The

or

take

else

the

and

its

the

deck

fixed

If

screws.

with

to

pair

bolts.

leading
fittings

of

This

blocks

that

fore

also

have

aft

and

to

very

the

the

main

winch,

heavy

ring's.

main

fitted

sheet

or

^trains

beam,

mast

to

beam

the

horse

capstan,
on

25

ened
fast-

through

over

carlines

the

to

be

clenched

through

go

applies
:

rod,

or

either

must

should

they

RIGGING.

AND

coamings,

nails,

copper

rail

pin
have

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

to

buffer,

or

and

any

them.

.*

of

CHAPTER

Cabin

bulkheads

and

work

be

As

is

interior

the

and

before

completed

any

work

all

this

of

the

the

are

of

part

the

fittings

can

would

other

and

will

there

be

fittings

this

chapter,
then

be

after

the

is

boat
till

before

done
and

light

more

left

better

are

be

should

but

decked;

the

of

rest

to

room

the
work

the

finished.
bulkheads
be

to

are

painted

all

round

the

If

there

is

point

that

fillet

The
of
should

be

center,

but

and

all

planks
usual

well

each

at

taking

look

care

beads

very

of

on

well

side
that

in

the

boat,

about
bent

screwed

well

tight

should

be

bulkhead,

the

in

side.

be
deck

bent

from

the

sides

are

(V

joints

and

match

boards,

in

or

side
in-

the

this

fit, and

planks

lining,

ledge

fastened.

the

and

round

and

to

part

head
bulk-

the

forming
may

of

hardest

joints

bulkheads

with

fillet

where

first, working

same

they

lined

wood

place

skin,

side

is

the

the

the

bulkhead

under

the

if

obtain.

the

the

the

and

perfectly

timber

to

planking

and

done

the

screwed

skin,

at

stout

extra

between

shelf

exactly

by

plate

to

of

skin

and

difficult

planking

the

angle
the

an

in

ensure

timber

and

which

to

not

fitted,

be

to

will

very

is

held

be

also

the

over

bulkhead

method

otherwise

is

be

between

This

which

and

lap

and

grooved,

should

they

should

around,

and

tongued

watertight

which

angle

both.

be

should

perfectly

cotton,

inch

an

at

Design.

ceiling,

or

previous

there

All

to

on

than

berths

Fitting

in

stated

deck

work

is

of

parts

lining

be

must

No.

for

in.

put

the

Fittings

important

most

THE

XIV.

to

the

vertical^
narrow

place

of

the

bead.)
For

plain

work,

ordinary

in.

126

if

picked

clear

of

knots,

shrink

will

do

go

out

and

Teak,

of

the

liable

and

rough,

very

to

shape.
kauri

mahogany,

bulkheads,

it is

but

well,

very

12/

RIGGING.

AND

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

being

latter

cedar,

and

pine

make

good

very

racing

for

suitable

and

light,

very

all

boats.
The
intended

looks

trouble

require

back.

The

covered

floors
and

ends

small
of

angle

beads

the

floor

and

each

end

it

screwed

be

can

nailed

or

wood.

ordinary

house

door

The

the

should

be

to

the

door.

should

up

about
less

after

than

the

i|

not

panel

of
take

the

such

as

the

but

the

stiles

good
others

job,
can.

only
be

hard

have

it

which

is of

cockpit

The

to

of

cannot

at

and

like

an

in

wood.

groove
is fitted

which

halving
as

panel

one

of

suitable

plain

sides

hammer

exactly

rails

the

this

the

together.

and

the

projecting

panel,

width

should

fit the

in

framing,

the

the

at

after-corners

left

door

is put

be
will

the

of

stuff, of

tenon,

in,

frame

framing

between

nearly
is

to

will

nish,
var-

and

If

framed

all

afterward;

the

of

as

pit
cock-

ends

to

holes

point

there

thickness

in.

and

the

the

edges

and

floor

is

properly

and

the

the

far

fillets

planking.

into

rails

the

joints

mortise

fit, though

that

inner

half

The
be

except

before

groove
be

not

their

on

be

bottom

the

take

thick

varniwSh,

of

to

so

or

is best

the

each

with

should

four,

of

and

top

ploughed

to

instead

thick

quarter-inch

the

to

doors

door,

if

over

cabin

into

tightly

turned

The

each

fitted
and

with

in

from

through

planking,

fitted

It

put

leading
be

easily

can

lead

in

and

fitted

be

white

linoleum.

first

should

floor

bedded

not

avoided,

be

to

are

are

watertight

floor, sides,

the

with

cockpit

pipe

cockpit
it

or

with

of

lead,

rabbeted,

between

covered

leaks
and

joints

be

drain

the

tongued,

of

ends

red

in

main

should

if

need

no

joints except

the

and

fitting

bedded

well

either

and

be

be

sides

is

there

so

of

forecastle

and

cabin

the

fitting

the

careful

most

should

the
but

in

watertight,

over

.concerned

are

joints

perfectly

be

to

much

very

bulkheads

ordinary

the
the

is much
be

panel
ought
size

of

framing
easier

wedged

cabm

c^kpit

128

SMALL

YACHT

Rabbeted

door-posts

form

to

shut

against

thus

forming

doors

made

at

the

"Sf"

the

end

of

door

the

of

off

the

any

also

laid.

by

This

or

for

small

all

come

bored,
down

at

one

after
The

painted

spaced

work

have

of

was

the

least
done.

it under

The

so

to

as

other

the

of

etc.

or

spruce
in.

must

good

coat

of
of

of

sized
the

paint
the

coats

lining

of

or

on

boat
best

resting

be

at

least

flooring

up

in.

too

These

so

to

as

be

screwed

be
side.

have

paint
of

take

should

holes

under

should

the

on

wet.

can

in.

on

ledges,

finger

should

to

when

with

ceiling

carry
is

floor

the

made

oil

in-

water-course

planks

the

to

and

stick

and

joint,

pine,

cut

ders,
fenthe

white

apart,

give

warps,

round

finished,

are

and

up

for

the

hatchways,

together

rest

The

it,

means

lift

to

through.

swell,

The

three

by

This

they

tw^o

inside

round

and

closed,

running

middle

fastened

end.
had

will

and

in

in.

two

keel

be

inside

rubber.

useful

ledge

ft.

they

or

all

with

fitted

very

doors
i

the

the

fitted

shipping

bulkhead

be

are

and

of

each

at

it

as

usually

rabbet

it is

should

come

usually

it has

with

cases

after,

are

the

groove

is

piece,

whole

and

to

one

all

slightly tapering

when

have

must

should

in

the

screw.

bulkheads

round,

up

in

looked

lined

cut

which

skylights

access

planks

two

sill,

between

but

back,

the

is

are

cockpit

may

; it should

easily

and

against

with

bearers,

in.

2^

timbers

kpit

the

with

place

lockers,

round

fitted

thumb

the

which

When

and

posts

way,

bulkheads

on

door

forced

opening,

fitted

is

into

seats

water

and

joint

carefully

cleats

two

the

or

side

The

etc.

side

is

in

the

to

access

of

tightly

seats

same

cockpit

doorway

button

The

the

with

the

door

cam-shaped

the

on

central

the

be

must

door

back

the

on

in

The

overlaps

cleats

be

but

doorway.

draw

doors

hinges,

which

in

outward,

sea.

Watertight
w^ithout

it

used,

The

head
bulk-

to

open

rabbet

the

fitted

should

the

joint.

watertight

is

perishes

soon

in

be

must

doors

rubber

watertight

rubber

where

of

strip

sill

the

RIGGING.

AND

and

doorway

be

can

CONSTRUCTION

the

been

before
cabin

well

any

side
in-

should

be

done

of

the

else

with

very

bead

is

need

no

in

hard

is very

boat

have

small

There

of

phnks

should

planks

in.

worked

the

and

In

nailed

lining

of

level

sofa

the

come

berths,

which

level

the

to

up

left
of

timbers

the

short

Lining

be

fitted

Where

top.

the

lining.

and

the

shelf

the

described

as

the

lining

the

below

just

over

Boat

nails.

copper

side

the

between

deck,

the

sides

the

place easily,

into

with

down

will

at

forced

be

can

carried

ventilation,
be

in

curve

the

the

be

always

must

of

should

for

space

of

the

unless

planks

lot

or

each.

of

edge

narrow

has

they

cases

inside

the

to

The

most

these

joint,

edges

'

cabin.

the

lower

the

and

bilee,

form

to

as

the

and

pine,

or

so

on

shape

of

bevel,

to

cedar

in.

I29

RIGGING.

AND

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

ing,
plank-

does

not

is

there

previously,

for

no"occasion

shelf

the

is carried

between

it and

if the

holes
The

each

each
of

cabin,

boat,

sides

of

the

same

way

in

the

sofa

to

cleats
bent

the

case

be

the

side

shows

of

fitting

be

is

in

the

cabin.

the

edge
oflf to

neater.

bulkheads

curve

them

and

is done

plank,

the

from

the

to

This
of

for
each

at

struts

fitted

in.

piece

one

by

in

method,

between

the

is cut

of

former

in

except

length,

correct

Fitting
^^'*

bent

and
till

into

the

of

take

spilings

at

the

taking
each

the

point
that
timber

it touches

forward

floor

between

place

of

part

some

be

its

the

bent

and

along

the

where

the

distance,
the

set

face

to

of

that

its

lower

is

oflf the
the

the

farthest

board.

boat
board

curve,

from

same

and

the

correct

edge

board

of

bulkheads

side

See

corner.

cabin,

on

the

each
from

distance

Having

pressed
;

this

any,

timber,
a

down,

will

is level
if

ably
prob-

with
and

the
then

starting

timber;

vertically
set

**"

space

tilation
ven-

holes

space

curve,

to

board

put

the

to

for

piercing

patterns,
can

boats,

many

space

The

have

end

for

whole

shelf.

will

of

each

by

required

any

keeping

screwed

to

described

as

the

berths

edges

at

then

ornamental

portion

floor,

by

in

if, as

either

or

of

in

lower

where

this

side

the

and

The

the

that

of

fastened

other.
the

under

deck,

done

lining,

arranged

fronts

the

of

the

is

but

the

to

up

This

of

the

are

side,

end

left.

plank

upper

ventilation

right

be

must

the

further

any

oflf

and
above

all

the

tbe
b""^""

130

SMALL

spilings,

cut

the

lower

edge

suit

the

curve

of

edge

to

When

the

ittinar

the

each

to

bulkheads.

CONSTRUCTION

boards

two

them

nail

YACHT

the

boat's

side

and

ends

fitted

not

to

the

ends

the

screw

are

nearly

the

skew-

cleats

the

on

bulkheads,

the

as^ainst

possible.

as

timbers,

to

the

bevel

to

as

fitted

correctly

are

timber,

If

remembering

them,

to

the

RIGGING.

AND

"fa
I

the

'

Berths
Cabin

small

frame

pine

halved

to

timber,

and

the

piece

giving

stanchion
about

be

made

seats

in
below

of

boat

the

edges

along

the

the

at

of

this

of

the

cross

movable

the

to

for

berths,
the

It

should

of

face

be

of

the

false
wood

of

front,

and

may

of

the

sofa

the

locker-top,
and

framing
must

be

of

the

or

berths

the

top,

and

they

the

to

ers
lock-

the

next

same

be

the

screwed
inside

them,
of

side

as

way

another

all

and

pine,

should

all make

be

give

about

berth

cupboards

is

be

the

forrning
should

which

the

the

used,

the

boats

and

these

nails

fine
of

the

to

panels.

contrast

the

to

thickness.

slipping
of
the
fitted
must

i^

in.

off, and

if

about

left

capping

usually
;

in

usually

joint along
are

good

cushions

with

appearance

-J in.
is

fronts

good

fastened

giving

prevent

larger

required

white

with

and

can

wood,

over

in

of

to

as

panelling

worked

Sideboards
ends

to

firm

lifting.

so

hard

some

the

and

piece,

frames,

moulding

fronts,

the

be

access

fitted

pitch pine,

or

desired,

front

The
above

if

and,

to

wood

mahogany

vertical

seat,

locker-top

in, in

fitted

in.

easy

the

when

pieces

large finger-holes
Teak,

and

edge

level

of

scribed

or

fronts,

the

inner

support

have

of

fitted,

the

of

giving

portion

piece

being

will

the

to

fixed.

usually

are

fastened

the

and
also

and

support

are

sections,
The

be

must

lower

front

locker-tops

sofa.

the

fronts

white

horizontal

the

frames

to

in.

fastened

point,

These

to.

by

securely

also

floor,

berth,

the

movable

that

the

each

and

edge,

at

in.

and

on

berth

front

along

or

short,

are

above

the

before

in

put

The

ft.

the

height

fasten

to

every

may

of

vertical

horizontal

parts

of

pieces

two

them

other

Both

the

of

one

the

width

giving

of

made

together,

timber.

same

be

must

the

hard

same

top.
at

one

be

or

framed

both
in

in.

in. white

prefer

Some
have

as,

useful

very

odds

small

the

on

if

the

as

front,

top.

The

has

ledge

ledge

small

most

venient,
con-

it, it is

divided

being

bottles,

others

round

rail

or

all

etc.,

with

hold

will

edge),

front

the

on

the

usually

interior

the

provisions,

of

is

fitted.

top

while

inside,

shelves

and
former

shelf, -and

ends

and

the

top

with

(each

shelves

at

and

sides

the

have

I3I

RIGGING.

AND

they

before

pine,

door

only

lid

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

easily

cupboard.

of

lot

^j****^"**,,^.
and

get-

at-able.

The

as

the

sides

of

and

framed

door

brass

on

Note.

All

the

hinges,
Any

and

of

amount

panelling

of

the

other

up,

in

making

knick-knacks

to

in

have

must

locks

having

iron

also, having

something
laid

and

locks

brass

so-called

front

made

the

way

same

with

doorway,

hinges.

hinges

"

Many

the

be

should

cupboard

the

bulkheads,

CANDLB-LAMP.

47.-8WINQ

Pio.

pins,

ornament

berths
do

in

and

winter

and

ends

the

steel
which
be

cabin.

entirely

springs

into

put

There

the

etc.,

and

pins,

mouldings
ways
is al-

there
the

no

need

to

is

boat
and

bookshelves,

racks,
is

and

after

evenings,
of

and

brass.

of

rust.

soon

sideboards,

the

odds
for

may

be

must

go

into

132

SMALL

detail
of

these

to

as

YACHT

also

of

set

in

those

have

while

and

fixed

will

be

the

to

tin

of

out

bulkhead.

Two

and

pair

useful,

always

case

the

that

say

are

chart

aneroid

and

to

except

carriages,
a

rack

clock

eight-day

good

items,

railway

small

RIGGING.

AND

small

bookshelves,

each

may

various

like

racks,

net

CONSTRUCTION

ulars
binoc-

the

way.

should

always

more

swing

or

be

vided
pro-

sticks
candle-

IttliiSS

and

upholstery
with

stuffed

(see

required

Fig.

is

about

Fig.

cabins,

yacht
are

life-buoys,

also
The

aller

paraffin
plates,

floor,
and

large
a

fresh

pipe

plug

screw

air

should

pump

in

be

of

the

is fitted

in

the

of

the
side

in

be
the

the

and
soft*

keep

wickless

utensils,

and

ware.

fitted

cabin,

cockpit.
of

and
double

enamelled

should

stop-cock
floor

for

cushion

seawater,

cooking

the

all

and

by

include

should

best

the
tank

water

and

48),

of

leather,

like

look

they

affected

not

are

fittings

(see Fig.

stove

with

hile

interior

other

etc.,

**Peg^moid/*

or

form

best

sary
neces-

"stove.

48

cushions

the

as

the

the

course,

"Pantasote"

bedding.

"Kapok,"

of

and,

47),

If

tank,

and

an

so

cockpit

the

under
a

filling-pipe
cle
bicy-

ordinary
that

it

can

be

SMALL

worked
the

YACHT

from

the

and

water

tank,

CONSTRUCTION

cabin,

of

pressure

be

may

AND

drawn

air

off

at

RIGGING.

be

can

maintained

in

when

will,

even

All

that

33

the

tap
^

Water

is above
that

the

the

tank,

that

by

all

and

forks,

own

ideas

his

be

racks

and

the

is,

required

bottom

which

air-tight,

should

be

fitted

utensils

cooking

these

from

is

is

of

Tank*

the

easily

cured
se-

well.

screws

and

on

tank.
lead

should

the

etc.,

the

should

pipe

all

lockers

of

top

joints

greasing

Proper

has

the

off

drawing

and

knives

of

level

points, they

but,

are

best

No.

i.

for

the
as

left

plates,

everyone

the

to

er's
own-

fancy.

SPECIFICATION,

All

material
free

sound,

used

frotn

be

to

best

well

and

sap,

of

quali
quality,

all

and

timber

to

be

seasoned

Dimensions.

L.

O.

L.

W.

B.

A.
L.
6

ft.

(hull)

D.

(plate)

ft.

17

D.

ft.

22

in.

in.

in.

=oft.

Sin.
ft. Sin.

=4

Scantlings.

KeeL

American

"

tapered

at

Stem,

in.

sided

Stern

ends

deck

at

Knee.
"

in.

moulded

moulded

at

at

rudder

Transom.
"

oak,
;

in.

sided

amidship;

\\

in.

ed
mould-

shown.

as

English

"

elm,

2\

natural

in.

case

Mahogany,

in.

sided

at

keel,

moulded.

English

throat;

crook;

well

oak,
in.

natural

crook;

moulded
fastened

teak,

or

at

upper

to

keel

elm,

in.

i^

and
in.

end;
transom.

thick.

sided;

\\

3
in.

No.

Desiarn

134

SMALL

YACHT

Timbers,

American

"

spaced
.^

in.

CONSTRUCTION

center

to

AND

elm,

f in.

RIGGING.

and

moulded,

sided;

in.

Steamed.

center.

.,

Floor

Deaiflrn

Timbers,

Oak,

"

No.
at

ends,

No.

sided,

and

moulded

in.

6.

and

No.

8.

ft.

in.

moulded

into

arms.

keel.

on

it is

which

in.

to

ij

joggled),

keel.

same

floors

moulded

in.

3^

(Half

7.

tapered

of

case.)

sided,

and

3f

sided,

and

3|-

in.

No.

as

5).

in.

keel.

on

No.

with

in.

side

at

floors

(Half

moulded

but

keel,

follows:

as

keel.

on

No.

keel.

on

floors

half

(2

5.

of

case,

moulded

of

top

2I

moulded

and

on

i,

and

of

end

in.

3 J

No.

as

sided,

(Fore

4.

No.
in.

i^

3.

centre

sizes
in.

in.

i|

ft. from

Same

2.

No.

stem)

arms

No.

in.

(from

sided,

in.

Nos.

as

and

6).

sided,

in.

keel.

on

end

(Aft

same

of

same

case,

No.

as

4)

in.

and

sided,

3"

in.

moulded

No.

keel.

on

9.

in.

sided,

and

2|

and

i}

No.

10.

in.

sided,

No.

II.

in.

sided

in

fore

of

end

rudder

Nos.

Note.

by

floor

the

boards,
of

width

the

Center

the

rabbeted

of

Length
ft.
bolt

6|

Length

in.
is 7

in.

in.

Sills.
"

of

are

floor

dovetailed

the

and
into

keel.

on

with

ft. in

on

top,

of

arms

length

pine

gled
jog-

arms,

bearers

form

and

be

will

regulated

Inside

i^

in.

of

top

of

the

side

lower
i

curve

the

width

of

of

the

keel.

thick,

of

keel
for

and

; the

half

the

fore

moulded
ends

their

of

slot, | in.

all

The

keel,
for

stanchion,

level

half-floor

moulded

at

hole

to

wide,

in.

ij

and

over

in.

by

case

case

edge

in.

sills

ft.

case,

thick
of

of

Length

inside

in.

and

5 in. thick,

mahogany,

or

ends

at

ft.

Mahogany,

timbers

the

case.

aft, from

from

up,

of

ends

slot, 5

moulded

flat

all

are

Stanchions

wide.
into

10

Cedar,

Case.

in.

10

keel.

on

flooring.

"

ft.

in.

moulded,

that

so

moulded

case.

to

"

for

and

in.

of

the
and

tops

timbers

depth.

YACHT

SMALL

Case

One

Knees.

These

are

across

the

of

in.

each

at

"

sheet

of

end

steel,

case

in.

floor

the

on

brass,

or

I35

RIGGING.

AND

CONSTRUCTION

timbers.

and

high,

in.

14

Specifications

in.

lower

inch

it forms

so

that

of

the

case

of

the

knee.
A

the

of

and

level
knee

lower

thick,

in.

w^hite

with

keel,

the

rest

of

of

the
of

the

pin

plate

of

bolt

or

of
a

end

the

should

sills, and

form

to

plate,

upright

bottom

the

as

the

the

the

timber,
the

take

on

so

bending

the

firm

boat,

base

for

be

to

and

planks

thick,

and

case

false
in.

floor

angle,

at

arms.

kauri

pine,

larch,

or

side.
American

and

tongued

the

to

in.

arms

upper

through

teak,
a

pine,

yellow

screwed

be

of

the

long,

fastened

should
end

ft.

and

grooved,

archangel

or

spruce,

covered

with

cotton.

Inwale

pine,

in.

pine, ^

painted

over

mahogany,

than

Cedar,

"

fitted

through

in. at

Cedar,

less

Deck.

be

knees

"

not

to

plate bolt,

being

These

planking.

Planking.
in.

fitted

the

the

arms

center

be

knees

these

take

to

to

of

the

fitted

and

on.

of

swelled

tapering

to

timbers,

top

floor

No.

metal

sheet

knee,
to

the

to

must

floor

the

arms

sills, the

knees

the

angles

on

the

by cutting

of

right

screwed

They

rest

to

The

being

resting

steel

with

size

base,
well

false

two

on

finished
at

plate.

center

and

made

are

bottom

being

pair

rest

the

the

at

they

the

than

deeper

extra

arms

2^

in.

underside
Beams.

wood,

if

Kauri

tapered

Oregon

or

ends,

at

pine, oak,

pine, Oregon

moulded

in.

amidships,

mahogany,

flush'

fitted

deck.

of

"

"

in.

li

elm,

American

Shelf.

or

in.

sided,

spaced

American

or

as

white

shown

struction
con-

on

plan.
Note.

If

beams

oak

to

The
and

is of
The

in.

main
oak
beams

X
beam

i\

in.
are

the

used,

are

"

scantlings

be

may

duced
re-

in.
at

the

moulded

only

X
let

is

mast

into

sawn

in.

the

and

steamed

to

shape,

sided.
in wales

or

shelves

for

half

Desiflrn

136

SMALL

their

YACHT

depth,

will

be

with

dovetail

half

only

cut

CONSTRUCTION

side

one

only

the

through

way

RIGGING.

AND

and

dovetails

these
of

thickness

inwale

the

tpedflcatlons
fo.

Desiflrn

shelf,

or

the

that

so

inwales

the

ends

Same

beams

material

"

do

7iot

right

go

through

inwales

the

as

in.

if

shelves,

or

in.

If

The
the

the

shelves.

or

Carlincs.
X

of

filling

coamings

be

may

Knees.

All

be

to

natural

Coamings.
shown

of

oak

and

American
of

in.

deck

the

and
of

and
of

thick,

and

carlines

breast

the

shown.

shape
and

height
of

depth

and

wood.

knees,

thick,

in.

of

worked

lodging

elm,

"

(add

end

light, easily

crooks,

thickness

fore

the

any

hanging

"

hook,

between

pieces

shape

carline

the

to

heights).
Case.

Rudder

Same

material

be

to

fixing

reduced

similar

to

Flooring.
edges
remainder

center

White
of

to

Seats.

be

screwed

Teak

or

"

Center

that

with

least

at

mahogany,

thick,

iron

shown

the

hole

and

the

for

tackle

to

consist

3^

of

in.

steel.

brass

sheet

split

the

Details

form
of

and
the

single

block

fork

head,

ij

tube,
on

etc.,

exposed

below

by
i

each
as

wire

the

thick

to

3
wire
at

in.
side

shown

the

of

the

the

pendant

to

the
be

to

tackle

and

and

to

block

plate,

keel

pendant

shackled

plate;

from

struck

treble

in.

as

circumference,

in.

block,
a

baling,

in.

edges

two

circle

double

pendant,

steel

in.

for

at

shown.

as

quarter

be

to

Shaped

material

same

the

lifted

be

case,

"

to

edg^s

to

of

from

is

w^ire

wire

the

Rudder.
stem

of
of

in.

6^

All

The

mast.

bolt

plate

plate

The

the

end

the

is

the

in.

hole.

after-end

the

of

the

sharpened.
from

on

bolt

this

corner

of

center

hung

of

used.

thick.

brass,

or

"

shape

in.

details

are

places

two

in.

Galvanized

Plate.

knees

ling
scant-

frames.

floor

to

all

All

etc.).

no

spruce

or

but

case,

sides,

except

pine

boat,

in.

(^

case,

"

side

to

third

one-

center

as

"

plate

spliced
reeve

the

on

into

through

mast.

outside
of
in

the

diameter,
blade,

previous

for

which

chapter.

is

the

in.

SMALL

Natural

Spars.
shown

sail

plan,

spars.

on

Sails,

Norway

and

diameters

(Jib

roller

union

Stout

silk

Standing

Rigging.

rope,

in.

Main

Rigging.

roller

cumference
cir-

wire).'

flexible

best

in.

rope,

wire

steel

circumference.
best

flexible

Span

gaff

or

on

sheet,

Jib sheet,
best
Main

the

plan.

wire
i

halyard,

"

Jib tack,

Main

steel

forestayand

in

given

^'"'

sail

; to

plow

Best

"

(i pair shrouds,
Running

cotton

or

"

lengths

the

proportions

37

bamboo.)

be

to

of

spars

in

RIGGING.

AND

grown

"

on

chapters

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

in.

flexible

steel

circumference.

wire

best

and

guys,

in.

rope,

circumference,

spinnaker

cotton

rope.

lifts,

topping

cumference.
cir-

in.

rope,

ference,
circum-

in.

manilla.

halyard

whip,

best

Roller

wire

best

yard,

i^

yacht

circumference,

steel

peak

halyard,

line, and

clew

outhaul

jib,

on

whip,

tack

ij

in.

manilla.

yacht

four-stranded

jib

and

laid

in.

cable

14

gauge,

nails

of

flax

line.

Fastenings.

Planking

"

and

deck,

in.

per
cop-

nails.
Floor

frames

and

knees,

12

gauge

copper

suitable

length.
Plank

scarphs,

Keel

scarphs,

Center
Deck

Fittings.

Blocks

Peak
at

Halyard.

No.

described

in.

nails.

stout

from

screv/s

As

and

in

"

for

i,

"

rod

copper

brass

nails.

scarph

gauge

in.

stout

etc.,
other

16

-^

etc..

case,

and

in.

in

to

previous

in.

ter.
chap-

Design.

single,

rope

strop,

patent

sheeve,

head.

mast

Throat
sheeve

sheeve,

for

Halyard.
wire

spliced

in
into

"

mast,

lower

i,

2^
i,

end

in.

2^
of

single
in.
wire

sheet

metal

single,

rope

halyard.

block,

patent

strop,

patent

De-iara

138

Topping
side,

each

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

Lifts,
in.

i,

in.

2,

"

single,

RIGGING.

AND

check

sheeves

in

sized

strop,

rope

head,

mast

on

of

bight

one

topping

Specifications
Mo.

Dealflrn

Hfts.
Sheet,

Main
bound

shackle

spliced

of

end

boom,

upper

in.

ij

Clew

Foresail

sheeves.

check

single,
sheeve

Outhanl.

boom,

as

in.

the

near

check

Center

shackle

end

sheeve
Plate.

thwart,

mast,

fore

end

in.

3^

i,

"

strop,

sheave,

patent

aft

on

of

end

of

2,

sheet

All

of

end

boom,

lower

free

sound,

from

of

end

double

sail.

side.

port
blodc

upper
of

clew

for

wire

internal

on

bound

sheeves.

No.

Cruiser

Fast

materials

Deslffn.

in

eye

metal

in.

aft

boom,

upper

in

bull's

single

sheeve.

patent

T.M.

4-TONS

rope

in. sheeve

SPECIFICATIONS."

No.

strop,

fore

possible,

as

on

lugs, patent

Specifications

rope

on

i,

"

internal

side.

starboard

I,

and

strops,

rope

single,

in.

2^

i,

"

in.

tack.

wire

Sheet.

Fore

single,

patent

2i

i,

"

in

all

lugs,

Tack.

Fore

in.

2^

5,

"

used

be

to

well

and

sap,

of

of

best

Design.

24

Linear

quality,

Rating.

and

all timber

be

to

seasoned.

Dimensions.

L.O.A

3150

Draught

L.W.L

22.50

Sail

26.00

Displacement

L.B.P.

for

tonnage.

3.70

615.00

area

Beam

2.85

6.00

extreme

Weight

of

lead
"

keel

Moulded
"

sided

8^
Stem,

in.

in.

and

amidships,

as

shown

at

scarph

amidships.
Moulded

"

1.25

Etc.

Scantlings,
Keel

tons

2%

in.

at

head

sided

2|

in.

at

head.

SMALL

Moulded

Sternpost.
sided

aft

in.

li

and

in.

fore

on

in., and

6^

heel

at

"

RIGGING.

AND

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

deck

at

39

in.;

2%

edge.
^

Counter-frame.
end

in. ; sided

Moulded

"

inner

at

Deadwood.

steamed

Transom.

or

or

to

sawn

Timbers.

in. ; sided

fit

to

in.
keel

thick

in.

"

of

and

shown,

shape

spaced

steamed,

in. ;

in.

6J

centre

centre.

Floors.
in.
at

the

up

to

width

ends-;

at

stations
the

thickness

iron;

Wrought

"

throat

at

shown

in., and

construction

on

in.

the

plan;

spaced

ends;

at

and

f in.,

throat

at

to

arms

run

bilge.
2i

Shelf.

in.

in.

"

Beams.

li in., through

"

Stringer.

in., through

Moulded

fastened

at

each

timber.

fastened

at

each

timber.

sided

in., and

"

in., mainbeams

sided

in.

Carlines.

Moulded

and

sided

be

to

dovetailed

each

to

other

and

Breasthook.

Oak

crook,

"

in.

in.

Knees.

ends;

at

Oak

crooks

"

in.

f
of

ends;

at

mast

pair lodging
Planking.

planking
floor

and

boards;

i"-

caulked

"

fore

tapered

with

plank

in.

and

to

be

aft,

teak.

not

cotton

kauri

Jeffrey's

at

pine,
secret

marine

throat,

at

main

to

and

or

shelf

to

both

of

mast

all

mahogany;

or

w^ake

in

wake

archboard.

sides,

exceed

in.

to

beam
in

to

pine

at

timber

every

in., except

at

gar-

stopped.
yellow

nailed,

glue

main

beam

kauri

on

throat,

at

at

from

fastened

with

knees

cedar,

widths

in.

2J

quarters

through

frame;

Deck.

payed

at

"

be

to

knees

in.

knees

pair lodging

in.

2^

arms.

hanging

pair

in.

in.

carlines

and

shelf.

into

ij

beams

in.;

"

8i

y^^

end

outer

n"-

outer

curve.

in.

"

at

at

stern-post.
Archboard

to

in., and

sJ

and

2^ in.,

end

amidships

Moulded
"

and

at

end

Specifications

inner

; the

pine,

caulked

covering

in

2i

with
board

in.

widths,

cotton,
and

and

tre
cen-

Destarn

140

SMALL

YACHT

Cockpit.
in.

teak

in.

sides

floor

pine

"

"

CONSTRUCTION

sides

and

floor

and

RIGGING.

AND

with

seats

made

be

to

under;

lockers

and

watertight,

"-

Speelfleatlons
No.

fitted

drainpipe

Deaiffm

white

floor:

in

bearers

made

Cabin
timbers

To

be

"

of

in.

beams,

of

and

the

in.

oak

galvanized

usual

thick,

with

Tiller.
rudder

head,

Lead

the

centre

piece

fitted

Keel.

the

bolts

end

to

the

fore

same

teak

the

teak

pine,
W.C.
"

fixed

seat

be

on

To

with

frame,

Entered
"

lockers

to

be

in.

be

in.

with

of

metal

gun

kauri

stem

receive

to

pine

in.

and

fonning

shape

and

to

bolts
and

as

be

tened
fas-

stations

others

iron
to

rudder

at

the

wrought

at

bearing.

shown,

so

brass

bronze

ends,

section

in

square,

square,

with

framed
and

candles

to

in.

in. ;

floors;

keep

any

weight

the

lid

of

by
pine.

teak

teak

and

under,

and

fitted

collapsible

fitted;

and

cedar,

or

lockers

with

be

pine

floor

with

table

of

to

in.

bearers.

movable

in.

in

ladder

of

consist

berths

be

to

in.

the

sofa

swing

two

and

lined

two

doors

Forecastle.
and

to

position.

companion

provided;

white

off

To

with

fronts;

hooks;
be

shown

as

to

bearing

f in. diameter,

aft

and

"

fitted

bent

thick.

Tobin

keel

sawn

Cabin.

Main

be

to

be

to

to

or

through

pass

weight

excess

in.

covered

be

tnmk

to

plate

cast

metal

heel

shown,

deck

be

bolts

in.

it with

to

To

Bull's

; the

and

coamings

oak,

be

below

trunk

ij

engraved

an

with

in.

brass.

top

to

and

rudder

shape

of

"

shown

in
the

arched

split

joint

strap

form;

and

also

capnut,

shown;

rudder

tube,

steel

; a

Steel,

"

in

fitted
of

entirely

with

as

the

The

Trunk.

mainpiece

the

be

to

"

"

canvas.

Rudder

of

in.

i^

carefully

teak

pine,

spaced

whole

the

teak;

painted

with

be

locks

and

hinges

all

Top.

in.

To
"

instead

of

Hatches.

and

watertight,

of

be

to

pine.
Companion

be

floor

the

pail

with

handles,

and

cabin;

floor

teak.

hinged

door

from

SMALL

Galley.
Deck

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

double

with

stove,

"

Binnacle

Fittings.

be

to

"

of

set

I4I

RIGGING.

AND

utensils.

cooking

fitted

fore

at

end

of

cock-

/
Specim^atlons

pit,

with

etc.,

at

all

spirit
foot

of

as

required,

as

shown,

and

leads,

warp

all

one

Pump.

bow

brass

and

cable

and

flush

lead,

etc.

one

also

each

on

and

deck-pump

of

fitted^imd

cleats

be

to

four

fitted

of

side

on

^""

and

plates;

be

to

leads,

stem

gun-metal

quarter.
suction

charging
dis-

pipe,

cockpit.

Tank.

iron

galvanized

"

with

leads

eyebolts,

each

shroud

spars,

iron

stout

"

into

floor

sheet

necessary

on

on

fair

horses,

bollards,

and

usual

including

mainsheet

pipe,

deck

on

All

quality.

good

chain

mast,

ironwork,

usual

and

jib

compass;

and

deck,

in

filling plug

tank,

water

to

be

draw-off

brass

under

fitted

pump,

air

or

pump.
A

Lamps.

be

to

screens,

Tackle.

hemp,

in.

Nicholson

with

brass,

close

link

steel

galvanized

chain

fathom

20

one

anchor,

pattern

anchor,

pattern

swivels;

and

complete

"

Norway

which

jackyard,
A
and

the

to

the

in.

20

with

(tested)
i|

dimensions

of

warp

of

set

best

blocks

ash

clean

gafif, roller, topsail

hollow

or

of

given,

of

exception
bamboo

are

complete

"

halyards

set

with

spars,

Block.
to

in

lamps

manilla.

or

and

Dirigo

galvanized

shackles

Spars.

yard

20-lb.

One

12-lb.

one

grown

anchor

"

galvanized;

usual

and

side

fitted.

Ground

fathoms

of

set

"

spars.

(patent

sheaves

sheets)
.

Rigging.

Standing
X

ij in.,

and

Sails.

in.

li
As

shown

brass

plan,

fastenings

"

yacht

manilla,

strand,

in.

of

to

stout

be

union

copper,

silk.

yellow

metal

"

or

screws.

Galvanizing.
good

sail

on

All

best

circumference.

in

"

Fastenings.

Of
"

All

ironwork

to

"

be

well

galvanized

and

of

quality.
Painting.

The
"

whole

of

the

woodwork

and

spars

to

re-

dcsikh

142

SMALL

four

ceive

YACHT

of

coats

stopped

CONSTRUCTION

best

paint

rubbed

and

RIGGING.

AND

between

down

and

varnish,

yacht

or

each

be

to

erly
prop-

bottom

The

coat.

Speellleatlons
No.

Desiflm

be

to

in

coatcd
hollow

Blake's

with

moulding,

be

to

Upholstery,
main

cabin

sote,

and

Bedding,

the

round

be

to

vessel,

gold

line,

below

the

with

bolsters,

Peak
for

Pegamoid

colored

Two

"

i,

in.

the

in

Panta-

or

pillows

blankets,

in.

sheeve

in.

in.

Design.

patent
2

i,

"

i,

"

wire,

No.

for

Halyard.

Halyard,

sheeve,

in

upholstered

Kapok.

Topsail Halyard,
Spinnaker

backs

and

berth.

each

to

sofas

"

properly

stuffed

^The

Etc,

Blocks

single

single

single

sheet

strop.

rope

block,

metal

spliced

strop,

rope

masthead.

in

patent

in

of

end

halyard.

wire

Throat
sheeve

Halyard.

for

wire,

i,

"

i,

in.

in.

sheet

single

single

patent

in

spliced

strop,

rope

block,

metal

of

end

halyard.

wire

Throat

Purchase.

end

manilla

of

shackle

whip.

Sheet

Topsail
single

Lift,

Topping
each

side,

i,

at

internal

in

spliced

strop,

rope

single

in.

2^

cheek
of

jaws
t^

2,

"

in.

i,

"

strop

rope

in.

i,

double

with

bound

becket.

and

lugs

in.

2i

i,

"

in.

worked

color.

copper

board.

covering

and

Algicide,

single

in.

rope

sheeve

gaff

on

end.

i,

2^

gaff.

cheek

sheeves

strop,

seized

in

head,

mast

on

bight

of

one

topping

lifts.

Main
and

Sheet.

5, 3 in. singles, patent

"

Foretack.

"

rope

strop,

single

rope

Fore

with

bound

internal

metal

bullseye

sheeve,

patent
strop,
Sheet.
"

spliced
i,

shackle

2i

spliced
in
in.

end

sheeves,

strops,

rope

lugs.
on

in
of

single

bowsprit,
end

of

wire

i,

in.

tack,

i,

single
2

in.

whip.
rope

strop,

on

aft

end

of

boom,

Upper

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

i,

in.

cheek

sheeve

of

end

fore

on

RIGGING.

AND

43

boom,

lower

side.

starboard

cations

Specill

Foresail

Clezv,

Outhaul.

i,

"

of

sail.

sheeve

i^

I,

in

fore

Runners,

in.

sheeve

end

of

2
"

No

blocks

required.

in

upper

bullseye

aft

boom,

fair-leads

end

in.

single

of

port

on

upper

rope

boom,

clew

in

strop

i,

side.

deck

for

hauling

parts.

No.

in.

Desiffn

PART

RIGGING.

n."

CHAPTER

Rope,

Blocks,

it

is

of

be

bad

best

the

to

few

The

lost

being

spar

many

save

wire.

or

rope

obtainable

quality

and

shillings

especially,

latter,
the

through

by

breaking

wire.
best

shillings

wire

wire

in

rope

for

more

difference

This
steel

of

Rigging.

Fitting

and

economy

second-rate

good,

The

Steel

be

false

very

using
should

Etc.,

should

rigging

ALL

I.

the

in

whole

market

outfit

than

is

quality

known

the

the

steel,"

only

cost

and

used

few

rubbish.

commonest

noticeable

especially

"plough

as

will

for

hard

in

the

all

standing-

VbTire

rigging.
be

and
size

nearly

original

not

much

is

even

any
with

the
been

and

bends

bent,

it

It

purpose.
little

Phosphor

is

easily,
usually

will

and

Never
like

wire,

in

india

the

through
back

to

it

its

to

bent.

being
some

tent,
ex-

should

be

which

steel,

which

wire

copper

rubber,

to

shape

inferior

very
use

and

same

wire.

coarser

or

shape

wire,

the

passed

after

its

stays

iron,

of

flying

released

of

fine

very

is

silky,

flexible

the

iron.

stretch

it

regain

composed

good

than

as

so

and

also

of

rope

when

being

on

should

much

wire

ends

be

hemp

as

bright

be

steel

so

touch

sharp

no

should

rope

the

to

immediately

worse

very

steel

should

stififer,

If
has

it

plough

but

it

be

and

shape

The

very

soft

as

should

there

fingers,

the

flexible

good

and

rope
then

for
break

weight.
bronze

wire

rope
144

is

excellent

for

centre-plate

YACHT

SMALL

tackles,
80

cent,

per

under

wire

oil

much

last

it

unfortunately

longer

if

splices

should

over

rope

is

not

in

seed
lin-

before

be

should

wire

thoroughly

be

sheeve

small

soaked

it is

calico

varnished

flexible

for

all

and

with

wire

sheeve

the

will

parceled

take

Never

but

durability

its

quantities.

varnished,

and

and

about

is

strength

steel,

flexible

with

small

rope

well

or

varnished

of

in

its

water;

sea

infinitely greater,

is

obtainable

All

by

compared

as

water

easily

affected

it is not

as

I45

RIGGING.

AND

CONSTRUCTION

serving.
;

diameter

the

least

at

times

ten

g^,^

should

be

the

in

wire,

fifteen

than

sheeves

for

while

plough

times

of

wire

the

made

usually

are

fo/wSe*

sheeve

the

diameter

the

but

better,

are

steel

wide

too

score.

In
be

the

less

not

larger

even

choosing

It

spring

no

work,

it

as

therefore

running

rigging,

from

free

selected,

strands.

or

of

diameter

the

fibres

loose

be

should

it.

is

smaller

in
It

neater.

silky

and

thick

rope

also

color,

is

usually
given

liable

less

and

in

for

used

the
little

have

yacht

than

]^"*"*

and

strength,

kink

to

should

manila

places

in

for

diameter

is

soft,

white

creamy

Four-stranded

in

three-

stranded.

Hemp
seldom
It

used

should

on

be

for

except

rope,

yachts,

it is

as

with

picked

bolt

sails

is

warps,
when

especially

thread

and

Hem"
^^

hard,

very

fine

as

of

ropes

and

wet.

smooth

as

as

possible.
Cotton
where

is used

rope

they

often

are

it is much
is

hard

very

when

kinking

it is

cotton,

easily
fact

get,
wet

very

in

hawser-laid

one

all

hard,

and

it

and

laid

useless

the

three

rope.

Really

of
In

the

Never

strands
them

of

are

hawser-laid

laid

layed;
be-

cotton

rope

and

either

cable-laid

get

sheets.

are

sheets,

being

badly,

up

for

for

good

hawser-laid

proper

rope,

boats

instead

hard.

too

the

small

hand

being

quite

from

in

manila.

of

cable-laid

cable-laid

the

getting

or

rope,

in

than

most

distinguished

that

forming

to

held

softer

deal

good

It

each

up
rope,

be

may

by

rope
of

^^2^

the
them

together,
used

for

146

"

i-i-I

"

YACHT

SMALL

CONSTRUCTION

llSAIL

PLAN

OF

No.

DESIGN.

AND

RIGGING.

SMAIX

YACHT

CONSTRUCTION

AND

RIGGING.

147

-^^^iffl

SAIL

PLAN

OF

No.

DESIGN.

S^^S**

148

SMALL

all

YACHT

running

of

CONSTRUCTION

the

rigging,

threads

or

and

yarns

AND

strands
of

not

RIGGING.

of

composed

are

laid

regularly

number

strands.

smaller

up

Etlsvins

When
of

splicing
strand

every
is

splice
manila

to

whip

itself

rope

This

boats

small

is

is

and

flax

about

6d.

2s.

not

the

at

bind

or

ends
the

where

point

with

important

so

the

either

is

twice

sailing

strong

while

pound,

is

cotton

does

cotton,

or

6d., and

is.

strong
stretch

not

manila

small

as

fine

very

It

used.

largely
as

canoes

manila

lod.

smaller

sort

IS.

In
of

addition

for

serving

either

tarred

The
of

are

gear,

blocks
trifle

angles,

in

and

suital:)le

for

shell

are

slightly

turned

not

blocks

good

especially
work,

as

the

wear

should

be

important
these

for

ends

the

bindings,

of

cotton

all

of

this

sort,

kind

of

outward,

steel

These

metal
metal
but

blocks,

to

as

are

tration,
illus-

the

to

and

rope,

gun

running

sheet

similar

so

or

sheet

purpose,

wood

work

yacht

hemp

or

best.
the

if the

edges

avoid

sharp

rope.

fitted

with

the

sHeeves.

roller

patent
and

halyards
reduce

sheeves

twine,"

"sewing

for

this

than

any

tarred

of

kind

country

the

are

of

also

will

or

For

Blocks

costly.

this

lighter

sails, etc.,

lacing

smaller

while

.for manila,

sheeves,

for

jobs.

strops,

rope.

rope,

whipping

small

are

All

heavy

flat

stronger

they

is

wire

large

more

the

This

for

for

used

used

suitable

still

required,

other

internal

are

not

are

ilocka

of

with

with

blocks,

is

chiefly

These
but

is

of

used

is

splices,

waxed,

blocks

ash,

metal.

and

various

and

ropes

"Houseline,"

ropes

or

kinds

foregoing

**marline,"

called

hemp,

the

the

to

line, called

hemp

and

the

always

hemp.

and

it is

to

also

cable-laid

much,
but

and

very

of

wire,

or

commence.

or

On
line

cotton

sheets,

labor

to

or

for

any
siderable
con-

very

extent.

Where

sheet,
a

score

internal

throat
for

and
a

rope

stopped
peak

blocks

halyard

strop,

should

are

unsuitable,

purchases,
be

used,

etc.,
and

ash
before

as

for

topsail

blocks,

with

stropping.

end

the

block.

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

of

the

If

be

should

rope

is

strop

rope

RIGGING.

AND

served

where
for

required

I49

purpose,

any

round

the

where

the

passed

it

Riararins

is

block
should

spliced

not

grommets

and

served

or

fitting

blacklead

strop,
Never

the

use

elm

or

beech

and

do

not

clean

be

used

accidents

of

at

in.

small

as

the

through

is

least

blocks

of

its

diameter

run

very

and

swivels

seen

color

badly

on

avoid

; also

badly
to

with,

start

big

The

clearance

when

have

liable

so

rope.

lead

bad

to

when

the

sheeve

holes

to

rope

rope,

is to

sheeve

the

to

in

; that

dry

x^in.

for

enough

or

have

diameter,

should

shell.

the
have

often

good

fully large

should

block,

so

unseamanlike

so

little

dirty.

when

blocks

nothing

in

should

blocks,

have

direction.

any

not

are

should

block,

holes

sheet

and

rope

they

as

choose

Always

strops

varnished,

blocks
wood

sheeve

in

iron

cast

well

up

well

rope,

if

main

freely

the

cut

blocks,

such

rope,

all the

and,
the

the

turn

small

they

wire

boat,

or

inside
for

to

as

of

end

steel

greased,

blocks

"so

boats

yacht

rubbed

leading

the

leathered.

and
be

may

The

fitted

out

withdrawn

pins

the

of

be

When

in

into

always

parceled

the

direct

say,

in

the

rove

hole
of

rope

block.
ciioo"inK
Blocks

Do

not

the

hauling

and

forget,

and

used,

is

power

block,

be

blocks,

hauling

only

doubled.
the

be

from

from
if

But

the

the

the

if two

Thus,

is

part

fixed

blocks

is

the

from

friction

the

are

then

block,
part

(minus

block,

traveling
single

hauling

is trebled

power

suitable

etc.,

forestay,
hounds
the

of

rigging
for

are

Standing

of

block.

standing

the

possible,

that

purchase,

the
of

the

etc.).
The

will

the

block,

traveling

if

blocks

the

arranging

should,

part

from

not

when

for

kept

with

All

small

in

be

if the

fitted
sizes

of

and

follows,

as

the

and

ropes

proportion.
"

these

over

eyes

manila

may

shroud

steel

plough

with
of

will

boat

separate

bolsters,

rigging.

boat

any

Rigging.

each

and

No.

masthead,

set

up

either

and

resting

under

grommet
be

side,

with

the

on

eyes

rigging

ISO

wire,

steel

screws,

varnished

well

the

flexible

in

sheeve
and

gaff,

it.

standing

is

this

desired,

heel

of

the

consisting
shackled

to

The

be

should

be
off

the

the

boom

pair

attached

boom
sail

cheek

fore
of

centre

is

of

the

on

and

end,

side

this
to

when

of

the

Two

as

to

of

is

lift,
the

or

the

the

of

use

of

more

in

play

all

should

mast

pulled

be

may

being
so

as

this

these

plate

leave

is

seized

it.

loose

being
spans

bight

in

light

the

span
the

under
to

may

on

through

rove

to

block

hang

to

thimble

revolving

through
as

block

loose.

rope,

rove

so

it

or

all

single

shackled

halyard

free

round

at

through

rove

and

allow

to

whip

centre;

lowered.

be

may

is another

mast-head,

mast.

topping

its

which

it is

piece

on

in

shackled

one

the

each

deck

the

which

peak

forestay,

if

are

and

the

at

under

manila,

The

strop

the

sail

are

bight,

about

at

of

the

sheeves

so

The

Lifts

Topping

sheeve

of

one

with

purchase

more

cheek

the

block

whip,

mast-head,

gaff.

thimble,

eye

by

if

or,

of

the

at

mast-head,

the

mast-head

The

under

placed

of

jaws

manila

block,

metal

the

purchase

be

will

rope-strop

single part

the

block.

the

to

rove

single blocks,

on

,the

wood

through

block

with

stropped

directions

is

span

sheet
to

thwart,

to

in

keel.

rope-strop
wire

is

mast

described

halyard

single

rove

the

Halyard

throat

shackled

block

in.

in

is

be

gears.

or

forward

led
of

eye

round

stropped

be

will

through

the

can

pair

an

wood

the

to

on

has

to

and

Peak

single

of

reef

end

this

fast

mast,

wire

main

One
end

end

roller

running

Through

part

marline.

be

should

etc.,

eyes,

yacht

and

The

mast.

other

All

"

rope

the

the

into

spliced
the

wire

the

headsails

Rigging,

steel

with

fitting

roller

on

Running

or

of

RIGGING.

AND

lanyards.

served

and

chapter

hemp

or

method

The

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

catch
be

used

the
if

desired.
The
hauled
form

Main-sheet

on

of

either
sheet

is

or

is

both

that

that

double-ended,

when

The

ends.
one

end

chief
onlv

is

to

say,

advantage
is

hauled

it

can

of

on,

be
this
the

SMALL

whole

YACHT

of

the
in

to

be

got

in

at

once,

CONSTRUCTION

of

purchase
quickly,

four

in

as

gibe,

blocks

single

is

if

but

used;

if both

then

IS

RIGGING.

AND

ends

it is

hauled

are

RlSSlnff

there'

The
claw

ring,

and

the

three

in

similar

of

centre

the

The

sail

round

fore

then

allow

foresail

is used

is

tack

whip

do

to

this,

for

the

outhaul,

upper

boom,

exactly
the

standing
of

be

and

small

to

the

and

block

long

off, when
is

the

through

rove

deck

or

plate,

where

canoes,

flax,

or

own

is

wire

eye-bolt

manila

its

single

whip

boats

its

passed

being

right

an

metal

gun

through

that

on

stemhead,

having

manila

fast

wire

and

shown

as

the

the

squared

of

main

reeving

used,

to

taken

part

the

horse.
of

boom

part

very

single

end

sheet

arranged

second
of

the
sail

the

sheet

boom

sheet

lead

the

only

not

can

can

right proportion

{See
is

Fig,
spliced

is
travel

to

of

clew

tend

to

upper

the

the

the

sail.

The

is

from

but

manner,

of

it, and

spinnaker.

Fore-sheet

clew

get

in

to

from

drawn

through

close

being

boom

the

is

deck

bullseye,

; care

stropped

are

the

without

any

purchase.

The

horse

case

merely

or

and

the

the

end

line

rove

lower

the

in

foresail

spliced

the

the
as

with
in

except

of

after

to

block

end

the

enough

the

eye

to

49.)

wire,

the

on

an

through

roller

stropped

two

methods

Fig.

single

aft
in

spliced

is

having

the

eye,

(if

bullseye

or

end

outer

{See

and

deck.

of

ends

various

raters.

plans)

fair-lead

the

show

Fore-tack

be

the

to

end,

being

other

the

on

always

through

mast

small

The
both

should

horse

the

fast

boom

the

speed.

the

are

on

on

it, while

on

eye-bolts

to

sketches

in

sheets

traveling

eye-bolts

plate
is

twice

boom

the

to

deck

on

and

purchase

revolving

blocks

manner

These

the

shackled

the

to

thimble

round

half

only

blocks

two

of

one

is

sail
be

itself

used,

By

rolled

up

of

in

end
the

be

perfectly

adjusted,

of

strain

the

on

also

means

after

the

about,

going
shown

as

on.

to

in

leach

the
this

of

ordinary
so

and

as

to

foot

50.)
round

thimble

traveling

on

the

horse.

152

5MAM

y.-."HT

C'.'l^hZsiVCTZ'.S

ASD

1_C
Fig.

i'J.-\\\iilO{:6

AKKANGEMENTS

'klGGl'Si

1
OF

M.UXSHEETS.

SMALL

and

is then

boom,

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

forward

rove

and

down

the

lower

AND

the

through
aft

and

through

RIGGING.

block

single
cheek

53

the

on

sheeve

upper

the

on

fore
Riararins

end

of
The

clew

outhaul
and

boom,

upper
of

clew
the

the

sail

in

sheeve
side

down

to

and

sheeve

in

boom

the

cockpit,

bare

the

on

the

on

of

end
cheek

another

(but

the

along

block,

or

through

the

to

traveling

bullseye,

lower

aft

ring

down

and

or

cockpit.

through

upper

lead)

the

to

through

forward
the

sheet

aft

spliced

aft

then

either

the

to

is

rove

boom;

upper

and

boom,

opposite

like

the

the

roller,

sheet.

The
aft

through
or

near,

The
of

Roller

the

deck,

goose-neck

Fig.

50.-METHOD

spinnaker
boom,

outside

end

of

this

arrangement,

hauled

the

after

each

at

boom

round

enough

slack

to

becomes

taut

when

down

wire

the

belay
the

side

on

boom

fore
the

spinnaker,
a

is made

tack

the

jamb
is

the
is

let

amidships

on

ing
pass-

eyes

and

itself

deck,
and

in

the

to

the

By

manner.

go,

overhauls
cleat

then

returning

same

end

fore

the

small

coamings,
in

to

fast;

two

tack

guy

fast

being

through

other

when
as

the

of

boom

FORESHEET.

endless,

and

lower

the

on

led

and

boom.

upper

ATTACHING

corner

the

on

of

seized

are

shrouds

the

the

OF

where

drum

thimble,
of

Giuys

the

to

or

eye,

the

on,

one

fast

is

screw

lower

aft

Line

the

sail

the
and

but
tack

leaves
at

once

hauled

again.
A

light pair

of

signal

halyards

should

be

rove

through

154

small

in

screw-eye

but

the

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

latter

is

RIGGING.

tlie mast-head,

thetop.of
clumsy

very

AND

on

small

through

or

boat

with

truck,

head.
mast-

stump

AtSffliiS

These
cover

other

the

standing

and

shackled

The

chief
of

that
on

They

are

No.

as

follows

Rigging.

shroud
One

so

cut

but

will

line

not

the

on

consequently

little

effort.

(See

Fig.
A

The

conse-^

the

larger

the

hounds

boat.

and
of

arms

to

foresail

two

the
arate
sep-

of

end

it

the

to

up

the

any

stretched

shroud-plate;
aft

along

to

haul

required
the

fully explains

led

and

runner,

the

the
small

runner-plate.

serves

to

These

rope,

and

fore

the

runner-plate,,

the

after

the

freely

runner-plate,

tightens

of
wire

and

which

to

attached.

are

inch

an

travel

the

band,

horizontal

right

sketch

parts,

screws

boat

through
aft,

runner

tension,

with

method

of

very

fitting.

51.)

topmast
and

to

rigging

No.

the

through

four-eyed

within
to

come

spliced

the
roller

the

will

shackle

the

of

from

side

runner-plate

the

sails

extra

with

from

shackled

between

bullseye

and

is

extra

of

end

two.

of

rigging

the
block

after

the

the

side.

reach

to

the

up

each

and

block

end

that

manila

as

the

on

treble

the

on

to

which

other

several

are

mast-head,

set

side,

the

fast

to

through

rove

shroud

"

are

runner

are

wire,

easily

block

block,

eye-bolt

being

and

metal

fast, the

or

there

the

plates

halyard

tightly

from

side
These

the

that

are

strain

cross-trees.

and

this

by

as

as

wire,

large

treble

between

greater

runners

fall

manila

the

shroud

peak

dry,

of

is made

differences

Standing
I

the

hauling
on

and

means

deck-plate

by

round

tackle

the
to

case,

quent

for

hooked

or

clean

kept

through

rove

spliced

of

part

centre

and

be

lifted

is

and

plate,

mast-thwart,

the

useful

very

it is laced

as

can

Centre-plate

of

being

foresail,

are

sail.

The
arm

halyards

foresail

roller

any

roller

the

up

means

signal

would

backstay
consist

should
of

also

light

be
steel

used

wire,

for
cut

racing
to

poses,
pur-

exactly

the

reach

end

lower

One

aft.

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

SMALL

of

Blake's

of

the

when

runner,

hooks

patent

is

155

RIGGING.

AND

the

latter

into

spliced

hauled

is

the

of

the

but

of

end

RiSSins

also

wire,

similar

The

in

not

when,

however,

the

the

suitable

is

line

for

is

boat,

larger
it

set

the

on

this

backstay,
be

cleat

again
For

in

in

the

very

taken
and

set

fine

by

the

runner

action

one

from

strong

cleat

plan.

This

the

24

not

be

would

be
the

taking

linear

put

the

si9e

the

on

method
rater

and

on

is

; as,

on

backstay

the

small

line

block

these

purposes

block

snatch
the

under

back

brought

it

cleat,
to

the

and

will

backstays

topsail

would

be

not

be

not

in

required,
except

use,

weather.
The
"

the

it

the

up.

spinnaker

Mast-head.
to

of

eye

51.

could

snatch

the

over

cruising

large

after

and,

sail

like

there

case,

on

the

craft

suffici.ent strain

up;

would

as

runner,

it is unhooked

required,

on

small

the

with

belayed

shown

as

off

Fig.

to

the

on

into

slacked

backstay

manila

coamings

hooked

kept

and

use,

the

and

runner,

only

is

backstay

when

that

to

size.

smaller

of

line

manila

hounds

and

fittings
bolsters

of

the

used

mast-head
in

No.

will,
i

boat,

in

consist

tion
addiof

156

VACHT

SMALL

the

following

i in. X

and

C0N5TRUCT10X

of

pair

in.

AND

American

in

section

mast

band

elm

the

at

RIGGING.

cross-trees,

ft

wide

centre.

wummimm

four-eyed

point

shown,
carries

band

with

and
the

resting
rivet

peak

on

in.
the

through
block,

halyard

shoulder

the

at

this

mast-head;

roller

the

and

runners,

foresail.
There

is

halyards,
above

large

sheeve

small

single

also

this
A

is the

short

slightly

was

shown

used

in

the

the

sail

Gaff.

^This

is

the

smaller

boat,

and

the

peak

and

both

halyards
of

The
boats
has

that

with

band

on

rigging
the

The
the

that

of

'

tack

mast

to

foretack

for

the

sheet

topsail yard

bent

the

to

The
the
clew
is

of

the

single

sail
manila

be

with

and

gear
short
made

rope

to

the

two

and

this

end,

bowsprit
small

two-eyed

is also

bullseye

set

up.

stropped

so

The

plan,
all

and

the

is set,

rolling

sail

the

on

running

extra

manila

mast.

single
side

opposite

as

the

keep

to

and

halyard

gear,
consists

and

ropes.
of

the

heel

sheet

o"
are

hitch.
of

piece

of

small

fast

to

the

of

forestay

some

in
of

all

consists

with

the

grommet

entail

sail

to

sheet

halyards,

gear

gun-metal

belayed

the

to

the

apparent

the

close

shackled

wire

tack,

which

yards

being

is

up

of

that

to

bowsprit,

be

may

topsail

boat

the

set

topsail

and

spinnaker

latter

and

the

smaller

with

which

to

stout

always

on

is

through

topsail

should
that

led

is

spinnaker

is fitted

angle

throat

to

gear

these

the

between

which

end,

perhaps.

two

for

the

bobstay,

of

different

for

as

boat

the

similar

wire,

as

with

the
"

rod

of

sheeve

differences

bowsprit

halyard,

The

are

fitted

haljrards

mast-head

the

either

and

cheek

are

screw,

bowsprit
The

but

steel

short

quite

of

larger

the

at

spinnaker

fitting

spars,
neater

has

other

only

are

to

these

of

the

slung

"

the

topsail

the

truck.

on

shows

for

mast-head
for

method

chapter

plan

block

and

pole

different

the

at

large

halyard,
manila

guy

lee

spliced

rigging.

spring

and

hook

The

sheet
into

the

halyard

spliced

into

SMALL

either

YACHT

and

end,

'the

CONSTRUCTION

cut

shroud-plates

such

to

AND

length

side,

each

and

RIGGING.

the

that

into

5/

reach

just

hooks

hooked

are

them

when
RlgrarlnflT

in

not

use.

The

hooked

into

into

also

guy

the

an

of

tack

In

eye

shackled

(as

of

to

in

cringle
the

of

the

of

cotton.

sail,

same

sail;

the

and

the

in

long

the

which

end,

is

and

boom,

spinnaker

of

best

of

centre

in

rope

sail

the

method

the

sheets,

used

for

plans,

or

they

of

doing

the

same

sheets,

automatic

jib-sheet

shackle

be

may

this

the

is

attached

to

clew

which

work

cringle

from

way,

be

should

they

through

the

exactly

the

to

with

sail

fittings),

the

the

the

on

clew

the

preferred

are

shown

made

sized

of

end

foresheets

among

the

the

hook

spring

sail.

have

into

illustrated

direct

in

ordinary

case

arrangement
either

the

has

should

strand

be

CHAPTER

Bending

HE

of

art

bending

little

very

Even

stretch
Most

the

on

sail

it

and

among

them

amateurs,

and

be

can

there

skippers,

is

properly

only

experience.

years'

many

spoilt

by

hauling

new

sail

bolt

the
be

should

stretching

after

yacht

spars.

till

Sails.

who

some

are

properly.

are

the

on

spars

laced

sails

acquired

sails

tight

too

Setting

professional

among

cannot

and

known

thoroughly

II.

slack

should

enough

and

foot

be

hauled

out

one's

admit

it

when

and

tight,

just

to

head

only

"hand"

is

rope

the

out

is

be-

finger

BeKdiKS
""*'"

the

tween

luff

the

of

is

the

and

stouter,
fear

no

To

bend

of

jaws

allow
well

gaff,

gafif,

haul

All

lot.

the

cringles

and

be

method
withoat

rove

as

of

is

it

cutting

the

jaws

vertical

is

when

gunter

drift,

the

to

to

as

so

is

gaff

the

mast.

lacing

described

as

lacings
sail,
the

the

through

off

the

like

little

movement

gafif, finishing

the

on

there

so

cringle

high-peaked,
with

and

the

put

roping

wire,

throat

the

very

hole

through

enables

is

lacing

the

on

sail

gently,

out

the

the

to

the

the

round

more

Shackle

of

peak

through

turns

sails

the

it.

the

cringle

the

and

if

or

down

Reeve

foot,

or

racing

Mainsail

amount

and

on

be

can

"

small

up

head

the

modern

most

Gaff

the

than

strain

More

rope.

overstretching
a

the

seize

lug,

sail

in
of

bolt

and

spars

or

else

and

to

be

splice.
158

half

spliced,

either

an

their

easily

detached

of

and

as

many
round

hitches

directly
in

one

from

into

end,
latter

This

eyes.

the
four

about

pass

eye-splice
own

end

the

cringle,
two

with

have

cringle

lacing

above

peak

be

must

in

hole

the

sail

SMALL

The
and

lacing

cringle,
The

and

to

drag

js

fast

hitch
Seize

the

through
foot

of

the

forwards
to

in

sail

side
in

way

roller

reef

round

and
marline

the

lacing

is

result

being

along

the

the
if

sail
mast

from

being

it from
When

is

the
should

boom

hoops

are

bolt

ing
reev-

and

eyelet,

this

at

eyelet

each

and

slowly
used,

on

each

on

the

foot
hoisted

they

On

but
and

the

lacing

of

the

by

simply
without

sail,
boom,

the

sail
the

passing

round

going

the

without

distance;

the

is

also

roller

of

Sl^JJ^g

rolled

the

foot

whole

without

this

in

eyelets,

round

side

done,

lacing

eyelet,

and

the

sails

for

eyelet,

eyelet

to

in, and

but

the

haul

of

lie

lacing
;

lacing

when

foot

along
for

was

groove

to

lacing
first

the

and

small

the
the

clew

boom

close

as

object

passed.

pass

head

through

turn

is

to

the

by

reef

backwards

the
the

the

down

head

rope

through

on

twisting

be

it

have

on

the

boom

the

round

lacing

alternately

head

in

mind

end,

the

round;

the

usual

same

round

if

lacing

should

it

Reeve
after

prevented

eyelet, repeating

sail

but

round

foot

used

the

next

boom,

the

passed

through
the

it

round

lacing

for

the

gear,

tending

the

eye

get

as

way

is also

which

and

same

and

the

to

the

twisting

boom

hitch

the

back

the

in

lacing

well.

up
on

round

from

This

of

head

boom,

roll

the

the

of

reefing.

upper
the

of

instead

all

if

that

whereas,

on

borne

wire

with

eye,

in

out

the

The

the

not

gear

turns

prevent

up

to

sail

the

l^assing

of

end

reef

strain

especially

mast.

cringle

it will

or

the

is

always

spar

done.

turn.

tack
fore

the

possible,

as

each

at

be

the

throat

usually

custom

59

yard,

the

to

it is

eyelet,

the

to

is

as

old

the

round

itself,

eyelet,

first

sail

laced

above,

as

from

the

should

round

the

at

gear,

of

This

lacing

lacing

the

to

cringle

equal.

marline

fast

the

fast,

departure

portion

to

luff

this

made

be

to

now

RIGGING.

AND

has

first

the

is made

that

is

eyes

be

to

of

lacing

sail

the

must

not

object

the

of

head

the

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

sail, and

the

venting
pre-

spar.

of

the
and

should

sail
the
be

are

luff
bent

bent

to

lacing
on.

the

rove;

There

spar,
or,
are

'

i6o

SMALL

methods

two

of

through

each

round

the

mast

and

through

the

mast,

and

form

of

on

sewing

cannot

roller, but
One
bend

be

it

other

they

are

neither

seizings,

and
third

halves
the

on

A
and

and

port

the

be

seized

the

hauling

of

strips

two

the

roller

the

sail

good

so

like

each

it at
is

this

to

sail, and

ordinary

eyelet

likely

sewing.

as

an

is

this

the

worst

between

the

betw^een

the

slack

get

the

to

roller.

slip

to

attaching

roped

luff

the

and

roller,

of

the

sail
it

screw

together

tightly

method.

bad

of

them

the

wooden

just

called

marline,

is

lacing

should

to

the

round

possible

sail

sail

plan

lug,

in

boom,

the
round

also

sewing

then

as

of
the

slip

gimter

of
it

of

sail

have

as

to

but

mast,

first

by

roller

methods

roller, seizing

method,

alternately

This

all.

the

the

of

side
at

on

ing
keep-

tight.

two

possible

two

closely

as

are

the

on

the

to

roller, and

too

is to

bent

is

the

luff,

w^ay

The

foresail

the

canvas

sail

the

thus

etc.,

spar

better

round

eyelet.

tightly along

There

Bendlngr

each

roller

travels

luflf of

the

the

round

being

back

fore

the

on

other

and

eyelet,

simply

being

the

eyelet,

second

lacing

undoubtedly

pull

to

at

the

first

eyelet,

to

first
and

eyelet,

the

to

eyelet

taking

lacing

A
luff

from

never

liable

side,

same

lacing

mast,

is

the

on

RIGGING.

the

lacing,

and

starboard

Foresail

luff

mast

it

Roller

reeving

AND

the

the

CONSTRUCTION

round

the

Bendlnar

YACHT

any

the

same

head
to

form

other

or

the

it

at

yard,

then

the

the

if

the

eyelet

each

"nettles;"

in

lug,

is bent

of

case

with

the

yard

that

balance

small

is chafed

one

to

gaff sail, except

the

as

way

to

of

stead
in-

lug,
of

pieces
between

through

Liiffsail

the
the

Bendlngr

will

sail

laced
head

and

yard

still

the

to

mast,

yard,

of

the

topsail

sail

all

right;

and

the

set

is

bent

but

at

this

in

will
if

sail

of

and

once,
way

to

used

to

affected,

be

not

chafes

lacing

adrift

comes

others

this

sort

is

merely
whole

the

asunder,

and

is useless.

both

yard

and

jackyard,

Topsail

but

in

this

unbending

case,

the

the

sail,

stops
as

are

in

all

large

save

yachts

time
the

in

bending

sail

is

and

unbent

YACHT

SMALL

time

every
the

No.

are

stowed

is

boat

bamboo,

of

it

side,

in
and

and

triced

under

being

spars,

and

them
in

up

bows

the

deck

the

of

that

as

round

right

close

the

; the

rolled

being

up

of

out

time

merely

end

one

sail

quite

it is

topsail

every

l6l.

RIGGING.

Such

use.

unbent

cabin

the

it is

that

be

not

the

AND

after

light,

very

boat
so

stowed

need

away

the

CONSTRUCTION

at

one

i*lJI"*

way.

Sails

To

set

Gaff

equally,
till the
the

throat

the

peak

mostly

is

taut

till

up

the

few

yards
hal-

horizontal,
and

peak,

set

up

Then

purchase.
from

show

peak

get
tack,

to

with

this, especially

overdo

not

the

the

wrinkles

small
; do

throat

with

less

or

belay

both

on

"

more

up

up

possible

as

right

Haul

type),

gafif goes

the

halyard

as

at

that

so

throat

(No.

Mainsail

new

sail.
To

set

Roller

the

when

sheet
the

sail

rules,

To
sail

and

set

with

haul

of

set

set

any

the

set

with

to

any

the

on

To

same

jaws

hoist
up

are

of

type

the

then

main

way,

right places.

form
sail

main
a

line

Club

rolling
taking

as

or

sail

is

not

end

of Lug,
high
tack

as

hitch

great

boom,
Shackle

it will

care

the
to

Bend

the

luff
the

"

sheet

get

tack

with

go,

till the

Topsail,
and

the

on

them

on

the
both

up,

ble.
possilittle

of

the

peak

be

tight

will

quite

is

as

if

sail

is

and

"

purchase,

Jackyard

the

then

go,

sail

off

over;

the

Hoist

taut

as

slack

all

enough,

the

these

"

till the

jaw^s,

fairly

sets

up

of

the

at

when

to

it will

lufif is

till the

purchase

i,

as

main-halyard,

or

the

No,

far

as

slack

attending

like

till it is up

the

on

trouble.

give

Sail,

and

sure

and

quite

By

use.

Gaff

; be

unrolling,

sheets

ily,
stead-

out

run

unrolled

w^hen

never

wrinkles

sail

is

the

in

should

till

the

line

not

throat,

the

sail

keep

halyard,

halyard,

either

To

yard

there

peak

and

up

the

on

up

and

high-praked

peak
on

away

from

set

a^

roller

up,

head-sail

the

If
the

rolled

roller

roller

the

till the

the

on

rolling
is

aft

sheet

strain

light

Let
"

hauling
keep

Foresail,

useless.
and

halyard,

halyard,

and

is taut.

halyard
jackyard
exactly

on

the

in

the

in

the

l62

SMALL

Hoist

the
take

halyard,
and

belay

peaked
the

To

the

hook
tack

the

well
the

sail

is

To

the

sheets

far

sail

stow

yard

is

but

it does

in

the

lace

it,

or

canvas

not

spring

the

the

with

the

yard
hal-

the

shipped

the

on

the

on

and

mast,

mast

and

guy

clew

halyard

then

Lower

resting

the

on

it will

of

the

bowsprit

the

the

on

set

of

head

halyard

boom.

to

such

In

covering
the
the

roll

neat

the

boom,

round

the

the

the

bunt,

racing

the
taut

as

up

as

sail, unhook
haul

the

sto\9"i

the

get

the

of

the

boom

is

take

boom,

firmly
and

halyards
aft

cover

peak

the

tyers

to

not

and

lace

halyards
"et

''

ii"
"

sail

sail

on

sail, aa^

taut.

the

body,

or

the
the

hooking

of

leach

jt falls

See

stow.

till the

halyards

it is best

sail

sail

; then

mast

take

lowering,

the

stow

make

Before

With

but

passed

boom

the

on

away

and

go,

snugly.

it, under
band

the

the

hook

the

on

home.

round

cover

tack

"

forward,

hook

the

and

to

away

into

boom,
up

fast
be

can

square

hook

Mainsail,

the

crutch.

the

the

on

as

along

leach

Hook

out;

till it stows

the

then

chock

it

outside

hook

and

sheet

jaws

deck,

sheet

forward

up

ready

and

possible

as

the

hook

guy

spinnaker
sail

"

sail

or

till the

Jib,

haul

gaff

of

spring

set.

and

To

the

the

end

the

and

the

side,

of

Haul

the

the

traveler

as

sail.

make

take

weather
end

^Unhook

shroud,

spinnaker;

the

forward

set

and

peak

"

weather

the

on

the

from

up

home

the

up

is

gaff

sheet

slacking

Boom,

Jaw

the

the

on

belay,
boom

the

run

of

eye
of

cringle
and

with
oft'

runner

into

belay,

taut

as

the

then

be;

mast

position.

halyard

and

it

till

halyards

should

and

can

the

sail, getting

peak

it

of

side

the

belay

and

fore

the

to

than

Spinnaker

the

the

RIGGING.

sheeve-hol"

round

on

you

as

the

side

higher

cringle

shroud

line

pull

AND

into

up

opposite

normal

set

head

the

tack

hard

as

its

of

hook

the

bit

topsail
to

chock

Take

up

again

sail

the

on

possible.

as

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

up

hand

to

CHAPTER

III.

Various

the

AMONG

the

boats

as

No.

in

shown

cruiser

No.

the

are

of

three

are

has

the

''Clyde"

yard

heel

to

do

to

keep

the

"Solent"

sail

is

the

racing

the

of

heel

of

the

combination

mast

rid

the

is, that
and
of

stop
this

very

as

jaws

has

was

old

"Solent"

occasionally

with

the

fitted

on

sliding
"gimter"
lug,
get

of

This

it.

mast

every
and

leeward,

to

alike

ward,
for-

heel

the

of

the

mast,

sail

the

only

of

and

the

of

always

yard

mast,

the

on

is

the

known

generally

after-side

it

of

improvement

that

get

the

that

so

after-part

lug,

the

round

from

sails,

forward

nothing

All

ment
develop-

of

piece
lug,

52.)

This

forward

small

very

place

developed

high-peaked

sail

the

and

mast,

hauled

of

"Solent"

the

about,

been

fishermen.

the

of

Fig,

sloop

in

lugs,

{See

have

of

type

Clyde

or

direction

only

the

being

the

the

stage,

this

great

by

No.

i.

and

by

used

the

No.

proportions

goes

on

and

To

in

is

yard

with

it

result

of

been

next

boat

the

?ide

its

away

fault,

still

having

lug

the

the

time

type,

arrangement

carried

Solent

alike,

lug

alongside

of

elaborate

of

of

sail

much

very

smaller

and

while

the

cruising,

or

two-sailed

simple

spinnaker

and

lugs

gaff

always

smaller

the

more

varieties

gunter

standing

old

the

or

large

and

allied

nearly

high-peaked

these

plan,

of

is

racing

either

and

yachts

small

on

2.

so-called

the

it

use

for

rig,

whether

sail

in

now

popular

topsail

Other

the

jackyard

with

types

most

sloop,

the

is

various

Rigs.

with

jaws,

both

tacks,
and

gunter

This

lug.
but

has

round

to

one

one

there.

annoying
163

habit,

various

plans

have

164

SMALL

YACHT

CONSTRUCTION

AND

RIGGING.

SMALL

been

tried,

yard

by

YACHT

and

CONSTRUCTION

them

among
wire

long

AND

the

fastened

span,

successful

most

the

to

165

RIGGING.

is to
and

jaws,

sHng

usual

the

to

the

RlVB

place

for

point

which

will

the

slings,

for

setting

the

correct

for

yard,

allow

the

by

method

to

{see Fig,
the

into

The

peak

gaff,

true

and

it is

attached
it

as

PO^

and

requires

halyard
in

gaff

reefing,

only

traveling
at

its

proper

up

to

the

angle

to

of

the

if

especially

as

to

use

with

the

same

long, tight,

throat
wire

in

shown

practically

it still has

the

mast

slings

lines, viz., the

two

which

is shackled

the

long

LUQt

better

peak,

gaflf sail, though

the

at

mast

position

proper

into

from

jaws

the

to

rhe

53.

considered

now

throat

halyard
the

but

53),

parral,
for

peak

used,

drawn

admirably,

answers

Fig.

are

its

it at

into

trom

than

line

parral

spliced

away

being

HALLIARDS

battens

sag

more

yard

shackle

inches

sail; the

place,

w^ith

yard

few

some

the

This

yard.

the

slinging

on

halyard
the
the

gaff
mast.

two

sketch

the

halyard

yards,
hal-

separate
the

converts

shape
wire
is

as

and
The

sail

before.

on

span
eased

and

up,

always
throat

the
the

ing
keephal-

l66

SMALL

YACHT

should

yard
gaff

as

they

will

be

take

the

and

the

till the

peak,

been

just

arrangements
rounded

head

in

"Solent-lug^'
allowed

to

boat

the
or

will

yard
the

and

is

brought

boat

will

will

not

but

lug,

proved

it

whole

only
of

the

heavy
fair

sail,
it

as

in
in

of

by

increased

On
No.

to

is very

inconvenient,

on

is

design,

of
other

sail, and

preferable
sail

working

snug

with

this

For

topsail

hand,
the

it is
extra

for

sails, etc.,

so

and

tioned.
men-

the

ing
cruisand

long

the

boat

ordinary

at

gaff

easily

can

when

lot

be
quired.
re-

close-winded
entails

because

boat,

spinnaker

quite

peaked

is that

the

which

large

not

of

larger

all,

at

others,

sails

an

life

more

previously

drive

to

plan,

and

high

sails, and

reason

in

the

the

gaff

sail

enough

is

ter,
gun-

of

deal

yard

account

gaff

the

no

sail

two

and

sliding

and

high-peaked
in

weather.

of

of

forms

the

carried

set

with

writer

the

by

than

if

good

is

gaff

more

This

development

these
be

to

means

the

of

any

true

lost

either

to

decreases,

in

the

the

with

sail

of

angle

fast.

so

hah-ard

the

while

has

the

moment

wind,

sail

tried

must

area

fine

No.

admits

the

sail

required

spars
pace

to

objection

this

purposes

well

inferior

but

water

logical

the

been

has

be

to

The

be

as

lug,
of

superior

efficienc\'

the

**Bermuda"

the

as

to

seem

the

far

an

the

experts

peaked

the

to

mast,

high,

verj-

and

to

yards
hal-

peak

angle
in

except

proved

gaff,

mast;

gunter

or

the

high

mast

the

to

through

go

has

close

so

close

point

extraordinary,
would

and

point

lug

versus

The

the

the

among

increased

gaff-sail,

from

round

the

mast-

identical,

design,

jaws

sail, the

the

of

the

to

arguments

have

now

mast

not

the

mentioned.

away

lo"* between

about

are

close

setting

gaff

gaff

ordinar\'

sag

twisting

of

the

Xo.

or

from

heated

merits

sails

two

as

into

gaff

RIGGING.

block

of

many

of

partisans

strain
the

respective

AND

them

whole

have

the

keep

to

holding

There
to

through

rove

possible

merely

as

CONSTRUCTION

as

more

gear.

Among

the

other

rigs

in

general

use

the

cutter

is

most

pop-

SMALL

for

iilar

and

racing

headsail

single

CONSTRUCTION

YACHT

of

cruising

in

yachts

sloop

being

too

the

of

167

RIGGING.

AND

over

unwieldy

in

the

in

the

T.M.,

tons

anything

over
RiSB

this

size.

No.

of

The

sail

sail

head

As

give

plan,

place

to

is

there

yachts,
A

is

yawl

two

is set

flying,

while

in

size

the

the

whole

and

but,

complicated,

more

carries

she

increases

topmast,

merely

mizzen

to

go

farther

cutter,

or

popular

cruising

enables

and

in

taking
really
no

boat

the

The

yawl

one

the

or

owner's

may
two

instead

sloop's

single

yawl

handled

have

any

headsails,

fancy.

The

of

be
small

to

matter.

short

and

boom,

for

inferior

the

foregoing

topmast,
size

of

etc.,
the

but

types

of

according

mizzen

sails,

headsail

may

and
is

gear,

is

there
to

cutter

very

setting

extra

decide,
to

working

of

this

to

is

and

trouble

after

taste

the

mizzen

the

This

of

size

under

looking

often

with

head.

the

individual
is

apply
the

would

would

gear

not

into

rudder

com.pensates

for

the

No.

54.

it reduces
be

of

mast

do

sloop,

the

of

sail, and

question
that

as

to

this

another

doubt

either
and

rig,

Whether

only.

aft

stepped

mast

the

as

way

every

headsails

of

details

Fig.

pole

these

as

occasion

no

same

stay.

on

vessel

the

sail

outer

is set

practically
that

except

the

and

one,

is

cutter

ward.
wind-

sails, and
to

also

size

in-

i68

in

crease

of

the

advantage

and

than

the

over

and

This

yawl

further

efficiency

be

may
into

and

much

carried

to

which

schooner,

still

than

looking

smarter

the

undoubtedly
of

Other

Fig.
sail

largely

(see

Fig.
and

small

The
is

used

sprit

vessels,

nothing

to

mizzen

all
is

get

and

is
when

foul

aloft

making
ward
wind-

to

schooner

sea-going

the

is

is

but

yacht,

boats

round

the

coast

dipping
and

flat-sitting

very

strong

and

useful
the

it is

for

sprit

can

bad

sail

heavy
boats
be

lower

used

the

on

boats.

ships'

with

sprit

the
the

on

lug,

on

sail

to

(see

balance-lug
raters;

watermen's
the

ketch.

Thames

upper

and

only

etc.,

efficient

less

are

parts,

requires

sail

boats

on

by

extreme

the

large

the

on

other

many

pressing

other

the

of

craft.

used

55),

balance-lug

The

size

55.

small

on

fishing luggers

large

but

in

used

54),

Thames

rig

place
rigs

for

best

further

is little

Fig.

out

in

only

only.

vessel

quite

less

its

under

sailing

is

it

ugly

reduction

when

ered
consid-

is

but

is very

and

ward
for-

mast

This

people,

some

yawl,

mizzen

ketch.

by

being

increased

headsails

becomes

the

the

of

labor

the

reduce

to

stepping

cruising

windward

to

mainsail

for

rig

sails,

other

rig

RIGGING.

AND

till, by

the

rudder,

ideal

an

the

to

big mainsail,

efficient

CONSTRUCTION

proportion

working

the

YACHT

SMALL

simple

gear,

spars.

going

alongside
leaving

removed,
windward

and

very

pressing.
The

gear

is

dipping-lug
simple,

but

it

is

the

requires

most

large

lifting
and

sail

expert

known,
crew

and
to

work

the
it.

IV.

CHAPTER

Gears.

Reef

reef

ROLLER
in

use

reefing

for

raters

by

roller

need

not

fully

described

shank,

in

when

sail.

key

aft

Bembridge

but

is

not

of

means

F.

been

is

is

Oertz,
best

3.

gear
Drum

roller

in

the
of

and
head-sails.

in

we

been

have

into

divided

This

the

best

kind

gears
The

both

by
boom.

and

by
has

and

Boat

Sailing.

type

in

just

been

form

on

form

yachts,

Nancy,

has

in

use

the

on

this

similar

an

turned

of

of

simplest
169

is

end

Lady

design

in

simplest

known

in

is

boom

the

Hamburg

about

Roiier

slow.

Yacht

gear

the

on

boom

introduced

Kemp's
the

strain

the

the

on

gooseneck

gear

very

cutter

7-ton

Dixon

is

first

the
the

doubt

no

it

been

well-known

line

by

hand

by

the

on

pulling

lever,

ratchet

this

key

which

and

course

improved

an

have

on

of

is
and

gears

to

illustrated

gear

the

seded
super-

turned

merely

rolling.

work,

to

winch

ratchet

by

and

boats,

easy

Marshall

fully

Max

be

may

forward

pressed

before

mast,

appears

but

by

use

by

disengaged,

Ratchet

D.

Turner's

very

therefore

reefing

of

being

position
is

Club

form

Mr.

the

The

boom

the

boom

very

2.

in

now

desired

being

from

the

This

the
the

The

inch

and

rapidly

sizes;

forms

ing;
cruis-

or

canoes

being

now

general,

books.

gears

rolling:

locked

and

racing

in

smallest

these

as

for

use

in

now

Hand

1.

in
is

the

canoeing

the

boom

roller

been

in

are

used

but

even

details,
in

classes

has

years,

gear,

into

go

The
three

many

sorts,

whether

yachts,

small

batten

small

various

of

gears,

brought

yacht

designer.

and

workmanship.

principle
of

to

this

the

gear

land,
Engout

It

nary
ordiis

170

SMALL

YACIir

CONSTRUCTION

AND

RIGGING.

SMALL

YACHT

CONSTRUCTION

AND

RIGGING.

171

172

SMALL

flange

single

line

small
Roller
Oear*

YACHT

CONSTRUCTION

ferrule

and

attached

fore

the

on

the

to

AND

luflf of

RIGGING.

end

the

sail,

of

the

or

to

with

boom,
the

and

boom,

Reef

coiled

on

is not

reefed.

to

the

slacked

shank

of

least,

other

must

be

and

the

along
reef

with

sail

the

result
the

claw

chain

ring

these
be

for

either

in

(where

other

is

according
the

on

described,

very
line

is

light,
led
to

to

the

the

and

any

to

as

can

the

an

be

wire,

which

would

be

and

the

over

sail

has

tion
objec-

illustrations
for

writer,

racing

to

to

steam

be

sails

aft

and

use

canoes

is

boat

the

taken

as

roller

blind

of

of

some

hurry.

fore

principle

either

part

roll

or

required.

power

worked

the

endless

fatal

as

if

to,

getting

in

the

such

in

ordinary

convenient

roller

line

general

same

or

reef

is

are

to

fit it, the

by

liberty,

at

vessels

largest

where

and

be

of

lower

designed

luff

sheet,

on

accompanying

the

the

hove

The

years

which
to

sail

often

sail.

usually

have

the

quently,
Conse-

be

and

is,

there

the

means

that

on

many

out

they

been

can

turn

boom,

as

must

the

single-handers,

the

to

for

the

rolling.

boat

wrinkles,

use

often

has

hand

one

winch,
It

just

smallest

up

used,

57),

and

the

only

steered),
are

56

bad

with

in

is

gears

that

; also

strain

no

lifts

as

shown

gear,

mast

to

reef

see

while

it is lowered,

which

craft,

reef

(see Figs,

though,

to

boom

the

or

in

in

free

halyards

required

sail

pointed

whenever

up

small

The

been

cutters,

objections,

rolled

roll

to

has

pilot

channel

little

and

the

halyard

revolving

the

up

the

topping

or

which

gear,

the

as

sail

the

of

foregoing

the

on

of

foot

being

in

ease

is

fairly

tendency

the

single-handed,

shaking

being

to

foot

when

boom

employed

attention

the

it,

all

to

is

is coiled

sail

pulling

when

jaws.

or

used

constant

the

The

gooseneck

flange

from

up.

at

to

to

the

the

and

led

by

rolled

hand,

creases

all

is

one

the

the

sail

is

and

spot,

objection

of

up

line

principal

is rolled

no

roller

luff

the

The

while

rope

The

the

up,

the

that

between

convenient

any

on

latter

the

other

boat
to

whole

; the

directly,
;

the

chain

endless

the

or

one

jaws

by

means

being

end
of

the

gear
of
tached
at-

gaff.

SMALL

YACHT

CONSTRUCTION

AND

173

RIGGING.

1^

174

SMALL

In

YACHT

large sizes,

CONSTRUCTION

line

this

would

AND

be

taken

to

RIGGING.

winch,

previously-

as

stated.
Roller

Reef

The

Gear*

first
for

suitable

canoes

slightly

The

ring

the

sizes,

attached

to

free

to

fore

through

rove

through

boom,

which

hoisted,

the

Before
is relaxed,

the

of

over

size,
the

except

as

The

being

acts

boom

as

of

the

brake

friction

in
sail

the

the

case

strop

is attached

bolts

wire
of

end

the

the*gaff

the

roller

wire

the

drum

on

tension

up

sail

is

roller

the

on

the

on

halyard,

the

the

tack,

of

the

drum,

set

up,

being

or

tage
advan-

The

of

not

the

rolled
the

as

is

on

being

strain

it is

when

locking
of

side

fore

of

This

is fitted.

one

wire

the

on

revolving;

stand-by,

luff

that

shown

groove,

where

tackle,

fixed

shank

the

up

trifle

up

the

that
drum

sail, the

the

if

of

rolled
the

be

itiay

usual.

seen

the

sail

the

is

from

jaws

off

of

slacking

by

tack

latter

the

larger

the

of

means

either

it

as

on

down,

unwound

unrolling

as

to

the

to

wire

block

preferred).

shackled

direction

or

is

hauled

tlie

or

the

rolling,

freely

it unwinds;

as

to

is

and

block,

on

attached

gaff

unrolled,

is

according

wire.

by

tlie

latter

block,

and

halyard,

it revolves

wire

the

metal

is coiled

of

it would

ring
be

the

as

pulling

sail,

will

turning

larger

weight

position

the

it

boom,

if the

always

of

center

and

spar,

flat

when

consequently,

luff

the

throat

or

pulled

as

of

end

(or gooseneck,

jaws

main,

the

revolves

sheet

the

illustrations

the

that

the

sizes,

all

the

for

w^hat

59).

points

same

is

against

the

in

strength

thus

matter

no

in

seen

and

ring

the

the

at

great

be

rim,

ring,

to

which

wire,

the

the
is

referring

the

in

is double

in

and

58

pattern

size

made

are

Figs.

same

ring

will

fixed

were

which

to

lower
the

forcing

block

On
roller

of

of

sheet

the

on

C,

small

sizes

larger
(see

the

claw

it

the

is of

rod

the

ring
the

part

proper

in ; instead

the

shows

56)

shown

57)

addition

claw

travel

to

the

In

of

Fig.
but

as

Fig.
of

form

this

(see

lifts.

topping

form,

exception

and

(sa?

dinghies,

or

different

claw

with

illustration

passingthe

in
and

vents
pre-

required,

breakage.
to

the

mast

by

lacing,

or

SMALL

YACHT

CONSTRUCTION

AND

RIGGING.

175