Bibliography of Resistance Welding, Compiled For The PDF

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BULLETIN NUMBER 17
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
RESISTANCE WELBIIG
A PUBLICATION OF THE /SSK
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 111


BULLETIN NUMBER 17
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
RESISTANCE WELDING

Revised and Reprinted January, 1963
BIBLIOGRAPHY
of
RESISTANCE WELDING
Compiled for the
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
by
E. J. DEL VECCHIO
This bibliography is prepared to present as nearly as pos-
sible a complete and accurate record of published technical
articles on all phases of resistance welding within the past
several years.
The first edition, published in 1952, included articles from
1946 to publication date. This, the second edition, includes
those articles and adds those which have been published since.
A few articles appearing before 1946 are included because of
their continued value and importance.
While the bibliography is intended to list only those technical
articles appearing in United States publications, several worthy

ones from the British press are included.
5?>^M Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association
ve / * Bibliography
NUMBERING SYSTEM
Each article is given a number which is composed of five
units with the following code being used, for example:
AF - 16 - AM - 50
1-2 3 4 5
1. Class (Material)
2. Type (Process)
3. Serial No. (A separate series for
each combination of Class
(1) and Type (2)
4. Publication
5. Year of publication
A Aluminum
C Copper and Copper Base Alloys
D Dissimilar Metals
J Miscellaneous or Undesignated Metals
CLASS
M Magnesium
N Nickel and Nickel Alloys
Q Used as a prefix where no class or
particular material is involved, as:
QLLaboratory
R SteelStainless
S SteelLow CarbonLow Alloy
T Titanium, Tantalum, Stellite; also
Refractory and other unclassified
metals
TYPE
B Brazing and Soldering
C Cleaning and Preparation
E Electrodes and Tooling
F Flash Welding
G General Resistance Welding
H Heat Treatment

I Machines and Equipment
J Controls
K Power Supply
L Laboratory, Quality Control, Instru-
ments
M Miscellaneous and Unclassified
N Power Factor Correction
P Projection Welding
Q Stored Energy Machines and Equip-
ment
R Radiography
S Spot Welding
T Three-Phase Equipment
U Roll Spot and Seam Welding
W Cross-Wire Welding
Z "How-to-do-it"
AS Assembly and Fastener Engineering
AT Automation
KM Electrical Manufacturing
EP AIEE Proceedings
EW Electrical World
FM Factory Management and Mainte-
nance
PUBLICATIONS
IA Iron Age
1W Industry and Welding
LO Ixd
MD Machine Design
ST Steel
TE Tool Engineer
^T/o ,{ '/*'
lib
WE Welding Engineer
WF Welding and Metal Fabrication
5.2 AB
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION iT<J
Bibliography
AB-01-WR-46
Electric Resistance Brazing of Structural
Aluminum Alloys
W. F. Hess, E. F. Nippes
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Welding Research Supplement, April 1946
8 pages, photographs, micrographs, charts
and tables.
This paper considers spot and inter-
mittent seam brazing of 0.040" 24S-T
Alclad and 75S-T aluminum alloys and
using various brazing alloys.
Considerable attention is given to sur-
face preparation, which includes both
electro-plating and metal spraying.
AC-01-WR-46
The Surface Preparation of Aluminum
Alloy Sheet for Spot Welding
R. A. Wyant, D. J. Ashcraft, T. B. Cam-
eron, K. H. Moore
Welding Research Supplement, Feb. 1946
12 pages with tables
This paper considers only the chemical
cleaning of aluminum alloys in terms of
contact resistance.
Except for the above, no welding char-
acteristics are involved or studied.
AC-02-WR-44
The Surface Treatment of Alclad 24S-T
Prior to Spot Welding
W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant, B L. Averbach

Welding Research Supplement, Aug. 1944
12 pages, photographs, charts and tables
The second of a series of reports on
chemical cleaning of aluminum prior to
spot welding. This paper deals primarily
with hot solutions.
The first paper (WJ-June 1942) de-
scribed the use of contact resistance
measurements as an indicator of weld-
ability
A third report is devoted to solutions
operating at room temperature.
AE-01-WR-57
Tip-Life Studies in the Spot Welding of
5053 Aluminum Alloy
Richard A. Davis, Robert C. McMaster
Ohio State University
Welding Research Supplement, May, 1957
5 pages, illustrations and charts.
The authors report on results of studies
on electrode tip life when spot welding
0.051" thick 5052 aluminum sheets on a
single phase machine.
AF-01-WR-46
The Flash Welding of Alclad 24 S-T
Alloy in the 0.064-in. Thickness
W. F. Hess, F. J. Winsor
Welding Research Supplement, Jan. 1946
11 pages, illustrated with charts, tables,
micro-graphs and macro-graphs.
The article outlines research work done
at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute on
flash welding specimens 1" wide. Some
work was also done on 0.081 X 1H and
5.2 AG
1-1-63 RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
AG-01-WJ-51
Welding Aluminum Alloys
G. 0. Hoglund
Aluminum Co. of America
Welding Journat, April 1951
16 pages, illustrations, charts and tables.
This paper covers fundamental consid-
erations in the welding of aluminum alloys,
including properties, procedure, inspec-
tion, design and applications. It covers
all welding processes, 6 pages being de-
voted to resistance weldmg. Numerous
applications are illustrated.
AG-02-WE-54
How About Welding the Aluminum
Alloys?
1 xyster F. Spencer
The Welding Engineer, June and July 1954
8 pages, illustrations, charts and tables
An outline of resistance welding alumi-
num and aluminum alloys, including
cleaning, with welding schedules and other
data for spot welding with single and three
phase (both rectifier and frequency con-
verter type) machines; also electro-static
iind electro-magnetic stored energy ma-
chines.
Data for seam welding and flash welding
lire also included.
AG-03-WF-59
High Speed Production of Light Alloy
Tube
C. W. J. Vernon

Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.),
March, 1959
3 pages, illustrated
The author describes a tube mill which
welds aluminum tubing at speeds up to
500 F.P.M. and 450 K.C.
Instead of using seam welding wheels,
current is applied through contact shoes.
AJ-01-EM-49
Resistance Welding of Aluminum
Ivar W. Johnson
General Electric Co.
Electrical Manufacturing, Nov. 1949
3 pages, illustrations, diagrams and tables.
The article deals with the advantages in
using slope control in spot welding alumi-
num.
AJ-02-WJ-52
Slope Taper Control in Spot Welding
24ST Aluminum
I. W. Johnson
The Welding Journat, July, 1952
8 pages, illustrated.
The author outlines the advantages of
taper control in addition to slope control
in aluminum welding.
AL-01-WR-46
Tension Tests of Single-Bow Spot-
Welded Joints in 24S-T Alclad Alumi-
num Alloy Sheet
R. Delia-Vedowa
Lockheed Aircraft Corp.
5.2 AL
Bibliography
Page 1
1-1-63
AL-12-WF-53
Controlled Spot Welding of Light Alloys
for Aircraft Production
N. K. Gardner
Handley Page, Ltd.
Welding <f Metal Fabrication, (Br. Oct.
1953)
10 pages, sketches, tables and formulas.
Continuing AL-11-WF-53, the author
presents design calculations and compari-
sons in both strength and cost against
rivets and other means of attachments.
AL-13-WR-61
The Hydraulic Bulge Test for Welded
Aluminum Sheet
I. B. Robinson, F. R. Collins, J. D. Dowd
Aluminum Company of America
Welding Research Supplement, Dec. 1961
6 pages, illustrations, sketches and charts.
AQ-01-WR-46
An Investigation of Current Wave Form
for Spot-Welding 24S-T Alclad
0.020 In. thick.
W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant. B. L. Averbach
Welding Research Supplement, Jan. 1946
10 pages, tables, charts, diagrams and
photographs.
This report considers principally the
effect of the wave form of stored energy
welders. At the same time comparisons

are made between chemically and me-
chanically cleaned stock.
AQ-02-WJ-46
An Investigation of Electrode Pressure-
Cycles and Current Wave-Forms for
Spot Welding Alclad 24S-T
W. P. Hess, R A. Wyant, B. L. Averbach,
F. J. Winsor
Welding Research Supplement, March 1946
14 pages, illustrations, diagrams, tables
and charts.
Report originally submitted to N.A.C.A.
February 1943.
This paper deals with the relative merits
of wave-form and dual-pressure or forging
cycles on electro-static stored energy
machines.
It points out that to obtain sound welds
in a single pressure system, high pressure
or welding force must be used, necessitat-
ing higher current value. As these values
are increased, indentation and sheet sepa-
ration also increase.
A satisfactory compromise is therefore
possible by using a lower force, conse-
quently, lower current for the weld fol-
lowed through a proper cycle by the higher
forging pressure.
AQ-03-IA-40
Spot Welding Aluminum by Hl-Wave
Welder
The Iron Age, April 18, 1940
4 pages, illustrations, tables and sketches.
5.2 AS
Page 1
Bibliography
AS-02-WR-45
Spot Weld Characteristics of Heavy
Gages of 24ST Alclad Aluminum Alloy
M. L. Ochieano
Lockheed Aircraft Corp.
10 pages, charts, tables, oscillograms,
macrographs and micrographs.
The paper outlines results of tests on
spot-weldmg equal thicknesses of 0.091,
0.102, 0.125, and 0.156 stock on double
impulse Federal electro-static spot welder.
Cleaning methods, strength consistency
and metallurgical considerations are dis-
cussed.
Machine settings with oscillograms are
shown.
AS-03-WR-46
The Spot Welding of Ten Aluminum
Alloys in the 0.040-inch Qage
W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant, F. J. Winsor
18 pages, charts, curves, tables and photo-
micrographs.
This paper compares many aluminum
alloys under similar conditions.
In particular, it treats of surface clean-
ing before spot-welding, and the effect of
this treatment on weld consistency and
electrode life.
AS-04-WR-46

Further Investigation of the Effect of
Spot Welds on the Sheet Efficiency of
Alclad 84 S-T
W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant, F. J. Winsor
Welding Research Supplement, July 1946
15 pages, tables and charts.
One of a series of papers on the subject,
whose title indicates its scope.
AS-05-WR-46
Some Observations of Spot-Weld Con-
sistency in Aluminum Alloys
W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant, B. L. Averbach,
F. J. Winsor
22 pages, tables, charts, photographs and
macrographs.
The paper deals with welding consist-
ency, particularly as affected by various
precleaning methods.
It also considers the wave form of stored
energy machines and their effect on the
weld-consistency pattern.
AS-06-WJ-49
Shear Strength Consistency of Spot
Welds in 24 S-T3 Alclad
J. C. Barrett
Glenn L. Martin Co.
The Welding Journat, Sept. 1949
11 pages, tables, charts and macrographs.
This paper outlines performance of
Electrostatic and Electromagnetic Stored
Energy Spot Welders.
5.2 AS
Pace 2
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 1-1-63
Bibliography
AS-16-WR-52
Fatigue Teits on Aluminum Alloy Spot-
Welded Joints
Marshall Holt, E. C. Hartmann
Aluminum Company of America
5 pages, illustrations, sketches, tables and
charts.
The paper gives a summary of results of
fatigue tests on single spots in lap strips
of 0.064 in. thick Alclad aluminum of
various alloys and tempers.
AS-17-WJ-52
Production Welding 24ST3 Aluminum
Using Slope Control
Robert E. Kemp
American Seating Co.
The Welding Journat, August 1952
5 pages, illustrations, charts, micrographs
and macrographs.
The author describes various procedures
(including cleaning) used in spot welding
the subject material to MIL specifications
using smgle-phase welders equipped with
slope control.
AS-18-WJ-53
Quality Control in Spot Welding Alu-
minum
Floyd H. Matthews
Boeing Airplane Company
The Welding Journal, Dec. 1953

The author gives rather complete details
of quality control procedure at Boeing
Airplane Company.
Instrumentation is described, as well as
maintenance procedures. Inspection ex-
perience is charted and methods for check-
ing surface resistances and various factors
of welding are given.
AS-19-WJ-53
Spot Welding of Aluminum, Aluminum
Alloys and Steel
W. J. Wilson
Kaiser Metal Products, Inc.
4 pages, illustrations, charts, micrographs
and macrographs
This is a paper at a resistance welding
symposium. It evaluates and charts test
results of varying the factors of Time,
Current, and Welding Force.
AS-20-WJ-54
Spot Welding Thin Aluminum
I. W. Johnson
General Electric Company
The Welding Journal, Aug. 1954
3}^ pages, illustrations, macrographs and
tables
This is a report on the spot welding of
aluminum alloys from 0.016-in. to 0.040-in.
thick with conventional single phase equip-
ment to Mil-W-6860 specifications.
The author states that with the use of a
voltage regulator and "up and down"
slope control, the welding current wave of
5.2 CG
Bibliography
CG-01-WJ-37
The Welding of Copper and Its Alloys
The Welding Journal, Feb. and March,
1937
10 pages, sketches and tables.
This constitutes a comprehensive work
on the welding of copper and its allocs in
all processes, including resistance. It is
also a complete review of literature in
English and the most important in French,
German, Italian and Swedish up to
January 1, 1936.
Several pages are devoted to the effects
of the principal alloying agents.
While this paper is relatively old, it may
be considered as fundamental to the weld-
ing of copper alloys.
CG-02-WE-52
Welding Procedures for Copper-Base
Alloys
I^ester F. Spencer
lenders, Frarv and Clark
The Welding Engineer, March and April,
1952
11 \i pages, illustrations, sketches and
tables
A general outline of all welding proc-
esses, including resistance, on the copper
alloys. Weldability table and some spot
welding practices are included.
CG-03-ST-54
How to Classify Copper Base Alloys
Staff Article

Sleel, Feb. 1, 8, 15, 1954
10 pages, illustrations and tables
While this article is entirely unrelated
to welding, it does, very simply and quite
completely outline the various copper
alloys and their grouping.
Since the resistance weldability of cop-
per alloys can largely be determined by
their chemical analysis, this article helps
in an understanding of the welding char-
acteristics of these alloys.
The article is adapted in part from the
chapter on copper in "Modern Uses of
Nonferrous Metals" by Dr. D. K. Cramp-
ton, Chase Brass and Copper Company.
CG-04-WJ-51
The Welding and Brazing of Copper
Alloys
J. Imperati, Ira T. Hook
American Brass Company
Welding Journal, Dec. 1951
7 pages, charts and tables
The authors describe all brazing and
soldering processes, including resistance,
on copper base alloys.
Less than one page is devoted to resist-
ance welding operations.
CG-05-WR-55
The Welding of Copper and Its Alloys
Ira T. Hook
American Brass Company
Welding Research Supplement, July, 1955
15 pages, photographs, micrographs, mac-
rographs and tables
5.2 DB
Bibliography
Page 1
1-1-63
DB-01-WJ-61
Resistance Autobrazing of Wires to In-
termetallic Thermoelectric Materials
W. A. Owczarski
Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory
The Welding Journal, May, 1961
5 pages, illustrations and sketches.
This paper describes a new technique
for brazmg or welding probes into thermo-
electric materials, specifically, chromel and
alumel wires to bismuth telluride, lead
telluride and zinc antimonide.
DG-01-WR-58
Joining of Zircaloy to Stainless Steel
J. B. McAndrew, R. Necheles, H.
Schwartzbart
American Research Foundation
6 pages, photographs, sketches and tables.
The authors report on attempts to join
Zircaloy heavy wall tubing to stainless
steel, both by flash welding and brazing.
Some success is reported, but in general,
the results were poor, due mamly to
thermally engendered stresses.
DP-01-WR-61
Inserted Shim Projection Welding of a
Continuous Rod Mat
Keh-Chang Wu, Richard E. Lewis
Water vliet Arsenal
Welding Research Supplement, Oct. 1961

6 pages, illustrations, tables, micrographs
and sketches
The authors report on research con-
ducted on projection welding FS-1018
steel rod (approx. A" square and round)
to nickel rod, using type 422 stainless steel
shims.
DS-01-WJ-46
A Method for Welding Sheet Aluminum
to S.A.E. 4140 Steel
W. F. Hess, E. F. Nippes, Jr.
20 pages, illustrations, charts, tables,
sketches, micro and macrographs.
The paper consists of two partsPart I
deals with the chemical and metallurgical
aspects of the joining of steel to alumi-
num, while Part H deals with spot weld-
ing considerations.
Successful results are obtained by silver
plating the steel and using a high resist-
ance strip between the aluminum and the
electrode to obtain heat balance.
DU-01-WR-50
Seam Welding Monel Metal to Steel
Ernest F. Nippes, Allan R. Pfluger,
Gerald M. Slaughter
6 pages, photographs, macrographs, charts
and sketches.
This paper reports on methods of scam
welding1 /ic" monel to low carbon steel.
5.2 JB
Ru63 RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
JB-01-WJ-52
Production Brazing
.1. Raymond Wirt
Deloo-Remy Div. G.M.C.
Wetding Journal, Sept. 1952
The author describes brazing opera tions
on various metals, such as, aluminum,
magnesium, nickel, cast iron, copper,
carbon and stainless steel, etc.
All of the commercial brazing processes
arc included in the report.
JB-02-WF-52
Industrial Brazing
E. V. Beatson
Joseph Lucas, Ltd.
H. R. Brooker
Johnson Mathey & Co.. Ltd.
March, 1952
7 pages, illustrations, sketches and tables
Phis is part of a comprehensive article
on brazing in general, but this part deals
largely with resistance brazing. Illustra-
tions and sketches show various electrode
arrangements.
JB-03-WF-52
Industrial Brazing
E. V. Beatson
Joseph Lucas, Ltd.
II. R. Brooker
Johnson, Mathey & Co., Ltd.

Oct., 1952
7 pages, illustrations and sketches
This is one of a series of technical
articles on brazing, but this deals specifi-
cally with resistance brazing. It describes
and illustrates incandescent Drazing, bench
mounted machines, as well as various
types of electrical applications.
JE-01-WR^0
Changes in the Shape of Spherical Spot-
Welding Electrodes
W. F. Hess, R. A. Wyant
6 pages, photographs, macrographs, tables
and charts.
This is a report of six series of tests each
consisting of about 1000 spot welds in
0.036" thick automobile body stock, all
made under different conditions with dome
type electrodes. It also reports on elec-
trode deformation under repetitive condi-
tions.
JE-02-WJ-42
Refrigerant-Cooled Spot-Welded Elec-
trodes
F. R. Hensel, E. I. Larsen, E. F. Holt
P. R. Mallory & Company
The Welding Journat, December 1942
15 pages, photographs, macrographs,
charts, sketches and tables.
The authors report on the effects and
apparent advantages of refrigerant-cooled
electrodes. While the tests were made on
5.2 JF
Bibliography
Page 1
1-1-63
JF-05-WJ-54
Flash Welding Aluminum to Copper
Tubing
W. F. Haessly
Taylor-Winfield Corp.
pages, illustrations, sketches and
macrographs
The author describes the equipment for
making the captioned welds, gives welding
schedules and illustrates good and bad
practice with macrographs.
Tubing sizes used were 5/16-in. and
7/16-in. O.D. with 0.050-in. wall.
JF-06-WR-61
A Solution Adopted in Some Difficult
Applications of Flash Welding
Evert Bylin
Technical Secretary, Swedish Welding
Commission, Stockholm
12 pages, illustrations, graphs, macro-
graphs, micrographs and tables
The author details procedures and tech-
niques in the flash-butt welding of cast
iron flanges to centrifugally cast iron
pipe; also creep and heat resisting alloys
m the range of 20% chrome, 70-50%
nickel, 5% iron and 5% nickel.
JG-01-WJ-48
Trends in Resistance Welding Here and

Abroad
F. R. Hensel, E. F. Holt
The Welding Journat, November 1948
10 pages, photographs, micrographs and
sketches.
The authors compare current American
resistance welding practices and equip-
ment with the European, especially Brit-
ish.
Particular attention is given to elec-
trodes and tooling.
JG-02-ST-52
Metals in the Jetomic Age
Dr. Allen G. Gray
Technical Editor, STEEL
Steet, October 13, 1952
6 pages, photographs and charts.
This article contains practically no in-
formation on welding, but is devoted to a
general outline of the physical properties
of the various metals used in jet engines.
It discusses briefly the weaknesses and
strong points of these metals and alloys
with the probable developments to be
expected.
As of the date of publication it is a good
articlesimple and non-technicaland
provides condensed information on the
subject. Due to fast moving develop-
ments, its value a year or more after pub-
lication is considerably reduced.
.IG-03-EM-47
Design for Resistance Welding
5.2 JG
iTlJ RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
JG-15-WE-54
New Method of Resistance Welding at
Ryan
J. R. Fullerten
Ryan Aeronautical Company
The Welding Engineer, Nov . 1954
The author briefly describes some of the
varied machines and techniques employed
at Ryan Aeronautical to obtain the most
advanced results in resistance welding.
JG-16-WE-55
1955 Bodies Have a Multitude of Welds
StalT Article
The Welding Engineer, Sept. 1955
2 pages with sketches
A brief description of two or three
assemblies on Ford cars containing a
great many spot welds made in multiple
electrode fixtures.
JG-17-WJ-54
Procedure Control as Applied to Auto-
matic Welding Processes
Warner H. Simon
Dresser Industries, Inc.
6 pages, illustrations and charts
While the article deals with all forms of
welding, resistance welding constitutes the
above mentioned coverage.
The article is concerned mostly on test
and inspection methods, particularly on
Hash welds.

JG-18-WJ-55
Automatic Percussion Welding of Tele-
phone Relay Contacts
A. L. Quintan
Western Electric Company
The Welding Journal, March, 1955
The author describes the percussion
welds, and equipment for making them,
which have been made on millions of relay-
contacts used in telephone service.
JG-19-ST-S3
Resistance Welding Shines as Volume
Producer
Jack Odgen
Fisher Body Division, G. M. C.
Steel, June 8, 1953
I! pages with illustrations and sketches
The author describes the advantages of
welding presses, both for projection welds
and multi-spot applications.
JG-20-WF-55
Significance of Recent Resistance Weld-
ing Research
J. E. Roberts
Welding and Metal Fabrication, (Br.), Feb.
& March, 1955
12 pages, illustrations, tables, sketches and
macrographs
This is a review of work done by the
resistance welding department of the
British Welding Research Association
over the past few years preceding the date
of publication. It is divided into four
5.2 JL
Bibliography
Page 1
1-1-63
JL-03-WJ-52
Resistance Welding Quality Control
Thos. J. Lepito, Robert M. Taylor
Pratt and Whitney Aircraft
The Welding Journal, August 1952
7 pages, photographs, sketches, radio-
graphs and macrographs
The authors outline methods of quali-
fying spot welding machines for Jet Engine
structures, and methods for maintaining
consistent quality performance.
JL-04-WE-53
How to Set Up a Program for Quality
Control
Peter G. Poetto
C. B. C. Welding Corp.
Ttie Welding Engineer, Jan. 1953
The author describes a quality-control
system applied to a typical large spot
welding job shop.
JL-05-WJ-53
Quality Control of Resistance Welding
by Statistical Methods
J. F. Radford, R. K. Waldvogel
Crosley Division, Avco Manufacturing
Corp.
The Welding Journal, June, 1953
This paper presents ways of studying
and interpreting variations falling within

an acceptable pattern, and discovery and
elimination of variations falling outside
this pattern. The paper deals specifically
with the frequency pattern in statistical
control for spot welding aluminum for
MIL-W specifications.
JL-06-WE-53
Quality Control of Resistance Welds
G. A. Covington
Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation
The Welding Engineer, Sept. 1953
An outline of quality control practice at
Consolidated-Vultee Aircraft Corporation.
JL-07-WR-54
The Significance of the Tension Test for
Spot Welds
E. R. Funk
Goodyear Aircraft Corp.
Welding Research Supplement, July, 1954
2 pages, sketches
The author points out weaknesses in the
Tensile-Shear test, and offers suggestions
for better and more realistic tests.
JL-08-WJ-55
The Macro-Etch System of Evaluating
Quality of Resistance Welding
D. O. Samuelson, F. G. Harkins
Solar Aircraft Company
The Welding Journal, Feb. 1955
7 pages, photographs, macrographs, tables
and sketches
The authors present data to support the
use of macrographs to determine spot weld
5.2 JS
iSw RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
JS-03-WR-48
Shrinkage Stresses in Spot-Welded Joints
Viktor Hauk
Translated from the German by G. E.
Clausen
Welding Research Supplement, Sept. 1948
4 pages with charts and diagrams.
This is a report from the Institute of
Materials Research of the German Air-
craft Experimental Laboratory, and it
outlines the measurement of shrinkage
stresses in spot welds by the X-Ray
method.
The article is also a review of the liter-
ature on the general subject, practically
entirely from the German.
JS-04-WR-49
Spot-Weld Consistency Studies
.1. Heuschkel, II. Bitzer
Welding Section, Westinghouse Research
Laboratory
7 pages with charts.
The authors discuss various means of
controlling quality consistency.
They break this up into two principal
factors: Materials and welding sched-
ules. One important conclusion is the
desirability of keeping weld strength at its
maximum, as this condition provides
maximum consistency.
JS-05-WR-50
Stress Distribution around Spot Welds

A. 0. Bergholm, P. W. Swartz, C. S. Hoell
Franklin Institute
Welding Research Supplement, May 1950
A study of the stresses around spot
welds when subjected to cyclic loadmg
sponsored by the Welding Research
Council.
The work was performed on specimens
made up from 2 bars lap welded with two
and three spots.
Tests and experiments with photo elastic
and stre8scoat enamelled materials were
used. Strain gauges were used for deter-
mining stresses on the spot welded speci-
mens.
JS-06-WR-50
Stresses Around a Spot Weld Under
Static and Cyclic Loads
Georges Welter
Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal
Welding Research Supplement, Nov. 1950
12 pages, photographs and sketches.
This paper deals with the measurement
of stresses taken at the interface of spot
welds under static and fatigue loads;
mild steel, stainless steel and aluminum
welds in untreated and hydrostatically
improved condition.
JS-07-WJ-51
Design and Operation of High-Speed
Production Tube Mills
Donald H. Fleig
American Electric Fusion Corp.
5.2 JV
Bibliography
Page 1
1-1-63
JV-01-IA-55
Metal Gathering: What It Is and How
It Works
W. E. Achor
Thompson Products, Inc.
Iron Age, July 14, 1955
4 pages, sketches, illustrations and dia-
grams
The author describes and illustrates the
principles and application of metal gather-
ing with the use of resistance heating.
Many kinds of metal have been success-
fully gathered, including low and high
alloy steel and titanium. Some work has
been on aluminum, but this requires
further development.
JV-02-IA-56
Resistance Heating Boosts Forging Ef-
ficiency
Staff Article
The Iron Age, Feb. 16, 1956
The article describes the resistance
heating and upsetting of automotive rear
axle shafts in Dusseldorf, Germany. Time
study and operation analysis is given.
JW-01-WJ-48
Resistance Welding Crossed Wires
Raymond C. Jones
Taylor-Winfield Corp.
The Welding Journal, Sept. 1948

12 pages, photographs, sketches, charts
and tables.
The author reports on a study of the
welding variables in cross wire welding.
The report deals in wire diameters of
y%" to H", of both cold drawn and hot
drawn (basic) low carbon steel. All sizes
were tested with "set-down" of 15%,
30% and 50%.
All experimental work was performed on
standard A. C. press-type welders.
JW-02-WJ-50
Variables in Cross-Wire Welding of Dis-
similar Metals
I. S. Goodman
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
The Welding Journat, October 1950
and tables.
A report of the welding of filaments in
electric lamps, radio tubes and other elec-
tronic devices. Various metals, including
iron, nickel, molybdenum and tungsten
are reported on, as well as the equipment
used. Considerable attention is given to
welding variables and defects, their causes
and cure.
JW-03-WJ-55
Cross-wire Welding with Multiple Elec-
trodes
Staff Article
The Welding Journal, Feb. 1955
2 pages with illustrations
The author describes and illustrates
Bibliography
MC-01-WR-47
The Chemical Surface Treatment of
Magnesium Alloy Sheet for Spot Welding
W. F. Hess, T. B. Cameron, D. J. Ashcraft
19 pages, charts and tables.
This is an exhaustive treatment of
chemical preparation for spot-welding,
and compares these methods also, with
mechanical preparation.
The basis of comparison is surface re-
sistance, rather than any spot-welding
tests.
ME-01-WR-47
Observations of Electrode Tip Pickup
and Tip Life in the Spot Welding of
Magnesium Alloy Sheet
W. F. Hess, T. B. Cameron, R. A. Wyant
9 pages, tables, charts and photographs.
This is one of the early papers treating
on this subjectparticularly of electrode
polarity. It correlates cleaning methods
with spot-welding practice.
micrographs and macrographswith one
page of comments by J. J. Riley, Taylor-
Winfield Corporation.
The authors discuss in considerable de-
tail the variables and their effect on mag-
nesium spot welds. Tables and charts are
given showing the effects of variations,
electrode force, frequency, post-heat and

forge. The article deals exclusively with
0.064-in. thick stock.
MS-02-WR-60
Spot Welding of Wrought HK31A, HM-
21A, and ZE10A Magnesium Alloys
Lloyd Lockwood
Dow Metal Products Co.
10 pages, illustrations, graphs, tables,
macrographs and micrographs
The author, by tables and graphs,
shows spot weld strength and quality for
various ranges of pressure and other
variables. He also repoits on effectiveness
of cleaning procedures and electrode life.
MG-01-WJ-53
Resistance Welding of Dissimilar Metals
to Magnesium for Electrical Connec-
tions
Paul Klain, H. W. Croisant
Dow Chemical Co.
Welding Journal, March, 1953
8 pages, illustrations, macrographs and
tables
The paper describes methods and tech-
nique for resistance welding wires to mag-
nesium dry batteries, also other mag-
nesium parts where electrical contact is
necessary.
Conditions for direct welding copper and
other wires to magnesium are described as
well as welding strips of zinc or coated
steel to the magnesium.
ML-01-WR-47
5.2 NF
Bibliography
Page 1
1-1-63
NF-01-WF-60
The Structure and Properties of Flash-
Butt Welds in Nimonic 75, 80A and 90.
F. I. Ball, D. R. Thorneycroft
Mond Nickel Co., Ltd.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, Sept. 1960
6 pages, illustrations, sketches and micro-
graphs
The authors give several flash-butt
welding schedules for the above grades of
Nimonic.
Micrographs show the grain structure
of these metals as welded and after heat
treating.
Physical properties of the welds are
also discussed.
NG-01-WJ-51
Resistance Welding of Nickel and High-
Nickel Alloys
R. M. Wilson, Jr.
International Nickel Co.
The Welding Journat, August 1951
rographs, figures, curves and tables.
This is a very comprehensive article
and covers all resistance welding processes
on all of the nickel alloys.
The following subjects are quite thor-
oughly covered:
1. Chemical, physical and mechanical
properties of the metals.

2. Cleaning.
3. Equipment and electrodes.
4. Recommended practices or technique.
5. Defectstheir causes and remedy.
6. Testing.
NG-02-ST-31
Welding Inconel "W" Sheet
Allen J. Rosenberg
Steel, Nov. 5, 1951
4 pages, illustrations, charls and tables
The author describes spot and seam
welding technique (also for arc welding).
Several macrographs showing weld
structure are included.
NG-03-WJ-62
Welding Nickel Base Alloys
R. D. Beemer, L. J. Mattex
Convair Div. General Dynamics
Welding Research Supplement, June, 1962
This paper covers all forms of welding
Bene. 41 and Hastelloy X, but consider-
able attention is given to spot welding.
NS-01-WJ-48
Spot-Welding Schedules for Nickel and
Nickel Alloys
Frank G. Harkins
Solar Aircraft Co.
The Welding Journat, Sept. 1948
8 pages, photographs, macrographs, micro-
graphs and tables.
Complete spot welding schedules for
Nickel, Monel and Inconel in all com-
5.2 QE
Page 1
1-1-63
Bibliography
QE-01-WJ-38
The Metallurgical Aspects of Resistance
Welding Electrodes
R. H. Harrington
The Welding Journat, Oct. 1938.
4 pages.
The author outlines the history and de-
velopment of alloys used for resistance
welding electrodes, and some of the con-
siderations affecting their choice.
QE-02-WJ-41
Thermal Gradients in Spot Welding
Electrodes
F. R. Hensel, E. I. Larsen, E. F. Holt
A general, but inconclusive, study of
metallurgical effects of spot welding oper-
ations on the electrode itself.
QE-03-IA-15
Electrode Tip Wear in Spot Welding
W. S. Simmie
Pressed Steel Co. Ltd., Cowley, England
The Iron Age, Feb. 1, 1945
4 pages, sketches and tables.
A study of tip wear for RWMA Classes
I and H alloys under various spot welding
conditions.
QE-04-WF-54

Electrode Materials for Resistance
Welding
W. J. Armstrong, II. D. Baer
Enfield Copper Refining Co.
Welding and Metal Fabrication, March,
1954
3 pages, tables and sketches
A simple outline of the functions and
performance of resistance welding elec-
trodes.
QE-05-WF-54
Production of Resistance Welding Elec-
trodes
Stall" Article
Aug. 1954
4 pages,.illustrated
An illustrated article describing the
manufacture of spot and seam welding
electrodes and components.
QF-01-WR-45
Production Technique and Quality of
Flash-Welded Joints
Dr. Hans Kilger
Welding Research Supplement, Aug.-Sept.-
Oct.-1945
This is a basic treatise on flash-welding.
Published as a book in German and trans-
lated by S. L. Hoyt and associates of
Battelle Memorial Institute.
While it deals basically with European
practices, which we consider inferior to
ours, it treats in considerable detail with
principles which must be taken into ac-
5.2 QI
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION R83
Bibliography
QI-05-EM-46
Storage Battery Welder Forced Compo-
nent Development
Frank Oliver
Editor
Electrical Manufacturing, May 1946
9 pages, photographs, charts and diagrams.
This is the best and most complete
article available on the electrochemical or
storage battery type of stored energy ma-
chine. Sketches and diagrams of the entire
mechanism are included, as well as phan-
tom views of some of the components.
QI-06-FM-47
How To Maintain Spot Welders
Fritz Albrecht
Glenn L. Martin Company
Factory Management and Maintenance,
Nov. 1947
5 pages, illustrations, radiographs, macro-
graphs and charts.
The author outlines the importance of
proper maintenance to keep machines in
operation. Single phase, electrostatic and
electromagnetic stored energy machines
are used, and down time averages less
than one minute per hour.
Oscillograms, macrographs, radiographs
and recording meters are all used to indi-
cate when maintenance and adjustments
are necessary.
QI-07-SP-48
Selecting a Resistance Welder

Ben R. Askew
Georgia Power Company
Southern Power and Industry, April 1948
A non-technical article dealing rather
loosely on resistance welders, their func-
tions and controls.
QI-08-FM-48
Causes and Remedies for Common Trou-
bles With Spot Welding Machines
Fritz Albrecht
The Glenn L. Martin Co.
Factory Management and Maintenance,
July 1948
2 pagesMaintenance Data Sheets.
Causes of troubles (defective welds) and
their remedies are given for single phase
and stored energy machines.
The following classifications of defects
are given.
Cracking
Cracking and spitting
Surface burning
Pitting
Strength too low
Strength varying
Strength too high.
QI-09-WJ-52
Maintenance of Resistance Welders in
High-Speed Assembly Lines
James F. Salatin, O. D. Etchison
Delco-Remy Div.G.M.C.
The Welding Journat, September 1952
5.2 QJ
lSra RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
QJ-04-WJ-50
Slope Control and Its Effect on Spot
Welding
J. L. Solomon
Sciakv Bros.
The Welding Journal, July 1950
2 pages, sketches and micrographs.
A discussion of the paper on Slope Con-
trol, QJ-03-WR-49.
QJ-05-EP-47
Functionalized Resistance Welding Con-
trol
C. B. Stadum, W. E. Large, E. C. Hartwig
Transactions, A.I.E.E., Vol. 661947,
Paper 47-64.
5 pages, sketches and diagrams.
An outline of new circuits in welding
controls designed on the unit, or function-
alized system. Basic principles are ex-
plained for all current types of syn-
chronous controls.
QJ-06-IM-49
Resistance Welding and Welder Controls
O. C. Kebernick
Westinghouse Elec. Corp.
May and June 1949. Industrial Sheet
Metal.
7 pages, sketches and diagrams.
A comparatively simple and not too
technical outline and explanation of the
functions of electronic controls in resist-
ance welding machines.

QJ-07-WJ-52
Increased Multispot Production with
Limited Power Supply
C. R. Whitney, Jr. Square D Company
The Welding Journat, Noveml>er 1952
The author outlines controls designed
expressly to suit multiple transformer
welding machines, with particular empha-
sis on independence of each transformer
from the other and keeping the power
demand at a minimum.
QJ-08-WJ-51
Trends in Electronic Nonsynchronous
Resistance Welding Controls
Stuart Rookafellow
Robotron Corp.
Welding Journal, Sept. 1951
2 pages
As the title suggests, this is a short
article outlining present practices and
trends in non-synchronous welding con-
trols.
QJ-09-WE-53
Current, Force and Time
Dean L. Knight
National Electric Welding Machines Com-
pany
The Welding Engineer, Feb. 1953
6 pages, illustrations, charts and table
The author defmes the three primary
\ariables of resistance welding and meth-
ods used in their measurement.
QJ-10-WE-53
5.2 QK
Bibliography
Page 1
1-1-63
QK-04-EP-53
Fundamentals of Electric Utility Rates
L. R. Lefferson
Ebasco Services Iuc.
A.I.E.E. paper presented at Summer
General Meeting, Atlantic City, N. J.,
June 16, 1953
6 typewritten and mimeographed pages
While this paper bears no direct refer-
ence to resistance welding, it does outline
the basic principles of rate making, and
serves as an introduction to
(QK-05-EP-53)
QK-05-EP-53
Why Special Utility Charges for Resist-
ance Welders
R. E. Young
Public Service Company, Division of
Commonwealth Edison Company
A.I.E.E. Technical Meeting, Atlantic
City, N. J., June 16, 1953
14 typewritten and mimeographed pages
with sketches
The author discusses the nature of the
resistance welding load as it affects the
utility system to which it is connected.
He also outlines some of the basic prin-
ciples of utility rate making, then proceeds
to illustrate by example some of the
methods employed to apply rates and
charges for resistance welding loads.

QK-06-EW-47
Measuring Voltage Dip of Resistance
Welding
F. W. Ruck
United Illuminating Company
Electrical World, Dec. 6, 1917
pages, illustrated
As the title indicates, the author out-
lines the measurement of voltage drop
with a special voltage drop meter and
oscilloscope.
QL-01-WJ-lO
Resistance Welding Current Measure-
ment
E. W. Clark
The Welding Journal, March 1940
4 pages, photographs, charts and sketches.
An outline for measuring primary and
secondary welding current.
QL-02-EP-40
The Measurement of Spot-Welding Cur-
rent
Wendell F. Hess, Robert A. Wyant, Albert
Muller
Transactions, A. I. E. E., March 1940
4 pages, photograph and sketches
The authors outline various means of
measuring both primary and secondary
welding current.
QL-03-WE-42
Current Measurement Improves Weld-
ing Technique
5.2 QL
f-Stt RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
QL-16-WJ-56
A Systems Analysis Approach to Air-
craft Spot-Weld Reliability
J. M. Peterson, E. R. Funk
(ioodycar Aircraft Corn.
The Welding Journal, July, 1956
5 pages, illustrations
The authors generalize on the current
status of quality control as applied to
aircraft spot welding. They feel that spot
weld quality control has not kept pace
with the industry developments, and sug-
gest that new thinking must be intro-
duced.
QL-17-WJ-55
Oscillographic Instruments in Spot
Welding Quality Control and Mainte-
nance
(ilenn Woodmaucy
Hoeing Airplane Company
The Welding Journal, May, 1955
8 pages, photographs, charts and oscillo-
grams
use of cathode ray and magnetic oscillo-
graphs on spot welders.
QL-18-WF-56
Production Control of Flash-Butt Weld-
ing
W. Glage, A. J. Walsh
Oct. 1956

The authors describe a system of triple
strip chart and indicating meters for trac-
ing functions of a flash-butt welder. The
three elements measured and recorded
are secondary current, platen travel and
platen force.
QL-19-WR-62
Fatigue Testing Resistance Spot Welds
in Shear
D. S. Kalbfleich
Budd Company
E. E. Weismantel
Beryllium Corporation
Welding Beseareh Supplement, January.
1962
5 pages, sketches, charts and photographs.
The authors report on the results of a
program on welded sandwich panels.
The report deals with cyclic transverse
shear loads and longitudinal shear loads
and plots those loads as a factor of the
number of spots.
QM-01-WE-53
Their Pay Went Up 25 % and More
Fred M. Burt
The Welding Engineer, Aug. 19515
An illustrated description of an incen-
tive plan instituted in a plant fabricating
(Welding) aircraft fuel tanks.
QM-02-W F-60
Capacitor Discharge Welding
Stan" Article
Welding and Metal Fabrication, April, 1960
5.2 QN
Page 1
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 1-1-63
Bibliography
QN-08-EM-46
Power factor Correction Is the De-
signer's Responsibility
Staff Article
Electrical Manufacturing, Nov. 1946
2 pages, sketches and tables
This is an excerpt or abstract of an
article on Power Factor Correction bv
Ralph B. Giles A.M.I.E.E. in the Journal
of the Institution of Electrical Engineers,
Vol. 92, Part H, No. 30, December 1945.
Methods of operating single phase flash
welders from 3-phase lines are described.
QN-09-EM-53
Power Factor Measurement
E. E. Moyer
International Business Machines Co.
H. E. Zieman
Mass. Institute of Technology
Electrical Manufacturing, July & Aug. 1953
Part one of this article relates to the
characteristics and principles of operation
for usual power factor instruments.
Part two contains the power factor
analysis for non-sinusoidal wave form such
as that obtaining on a resistance welder
load controlled by ignitron tubes.
QP-01-WE-60
Fundamentals of Projection Welding
Douglas D. Williams
Surrey, England

Welding Engineer, Nov. 1960
An elementary article on projection
welding including photographs of cross
welds on steel tubing.
QQ-01-WJ-40
Scope and Limitations of Stored Energy
Type Spot-Welding Equipment
G. S. Mikhalapov
Baldwin Southwark Div.
Baldwin Locomotive Works
C. N. Weygandt
University of Pennsylvania
14 pages, oscillograms, charts, tables and
sketches
A mathematical study of Electro-
Magnetic type Stored Energy Machines.
See alsoAQ-04-WE-40
QQ-02-WJ-45
Application of Capacitor Discharge to
Welding
H. J. Bichsel
E. Pittsburgh, Pa.
The Welding Journal, Nov. 1945
5 pages, illustrations, sketches and charts
A brief outline of Capacitor-Discharge
type of Stored Energy Machines.
QQ-03-WJ-46
Resistance Welding with Storage-Battery
Power
John D. Gordon
Progressive Welder Co.
The Welding Journat, Nov. 1946
Bibliography
QT-04-WJ-49
Circuit Analysis of Frequency-Changer
Welders
W. K. Boice
The Welding Journal, October 1949
11 pages, photographs, oscillograms and
charts
A. theoretical analysis of the electrical
phenomena of the transition of power from
a 3-phase source to a single phase output.
(With discussion from several com-
mentators in Feb. 1950 issue).
QT-05-IP-50
KVA Reduction in Resistance Welding
Clyde C. Bassler
The Taylor-Winfield Corp.
Industry and Power, July 1950
3 pages, photograph, tables and sketches
An outline of the 3-phase direct energy
welder, particularly from the viewpoint
of power supply.
QT-06-WJ-50
Spot and Seam Welding of Aircraft
Using D.-C. Current
J. H. Cooper
The Taylor-Winfield Corp.
The Welding Journal, November 1950
8 pages, photographs and tables
A series of case histories or applications
of rectifier type 3-phase spot welders in
several major aircraft plants.
QT-07-WJ-54
Balancing Ignitrons in Frequency Con-

verter Three-Phase Spot Welder
G. C. Woodmancy
Boeing Airplane Company
The Welding Journal, March, 1954
3 pages, with sketches
The author outlines the elTect of un-
balanced ignition tubes and methods for
obtaining balance.
QZ-01-WF-50
Production of an All-Aluminum Motor-
car Body
C. E. Slade
Philips Electrical, Ltd.
April, 1950
The article outlines the const ruction
and production of the Dyna-Panhard
aluminum body. Mock-ups, tests, equip-
ment, etc. are shown.
QZ-02-WF-50
Flash Butt WeldingAluminum Win-
dow Production
Staff Article
Nov. 1950
The article describes iu some detail the
Mash-butt welding of aluminum sash or
window frames. Preparation, finishing
and required equipment as used in Eng-
land are described.
QZ-03-WF-51
Production at the Pressed Steel Com-
5.2 QZ
Bibliography
Page 1
1-1-63
QZ-17-WE-54
Refrigeration Plant of Tomorrow
Stall' Article
The Welding Engineer, Jan. 1951
A portrayal of welding operations
(mostly resistance) in the I lot point, Chi-
cago plant.
QZ-18-WF-54
Production of an All-Aluminum Motor-
car Body
C. E. Slade
Phillip's Electrical, Ltd.
April, 1951
A well illustrated article describing piin-
cipal spot welding operations on the Dyna-
Panhard car built by Panhard and
Levassor, Paris.
QZ-19-WJ-54
Flash Welding Tubing to Forgings
Staff Article
The Welding Journal. May, 1954
1 page, with illustration
A brief description of Hash welding, and,
(principally) proof-testing of Aircraft
landing gear structures, at Cleveland
Pneumatic Tool Company.
QZ-20-WE-54
Shotwelding Santa Fe cars

Herman C. Phelps
The Welding Engineer, Aug. 1954
A description and illustration of shot-
welding operations on Santa Fe passenger
QZ-21-WF-54
Resistance Welding Developments at
Vauxhall Motors
Staff Article
July, Aug. 1954
15 pages, photographs and sketches
This is a comprehensive illustrated
report on resistance welding operations
with description of operation and equip-
ment, plant flow lines, etc.
QZ-22-WJ-54
Jet Rings
Staff Article
The Welding Journal, Sept. 1954
The article briefly and non-technically
outlines the forming, flash welding and
fmishing rings for Jet engines, as procured
and used by Ryan Aeronautical Company,
San Diego, California.
QZ-23-MK-55
High Production Applications of Re-
sistance Welding
C. D. Shultheis
Frigidaire Division. G. M. C.
Modern Machine Shop, Jan. 1955
16 pages, sketches and illustrations
An informative article on resistance
5.2 QZ
Page 2
1-1-63
Bibliography
QZ-37-WJ-59
Unitized Body Construction
Karl M. Sims
American Motors Corp.
Welding Journal, Sept. 1959
By means of illustrations, mostly cut-
away views, the author shows and de-
scribes the construction of typical unitized-
welded frame-to-body automobiles.
QZ-38-MD-60
Die Position Controls Helix Pitch in
Endless-Tube Machine
Staff Article
Machine Design, Feb. 4,1960
The article, by illustrations and sketches,
shows the manufacture of helically wound
endless tube or pipe.
QZ-39-WE-60
New Method Simplifies Fln-to-Tube
Welding
Staff Article
Welding Engineer, March, 1960
The article briefly describes edge weld-
ing fins to tubing with high frequency
inductors.
QZ-40-WF-59
Automatic Spot Welding on the New
B.M.C. Baby Cars

Staff Article
Welding and Metal Fabrication (Br.), Oct.,
1959
The article deals principally with multi-
spot and transfer type welding machines
used in the manufacture of British Motor
Corporation cars.
QZ-41-WF-59
Truck Cab Fabrication
T. J. Palmer
Welding and Metal Fabrication (Br.),
August & September, 1959
principal spot welding (with jigs and port-
able equipment) on Dodge Brothers,
(British) Ltd., truck and tractor cabs.
QZ-42-WF-60
The Production of Cable Chains
Staff Article
Welding and Metal Fabrication (Br.), Jan.,
1960
This article describes welded chain
manufacture at the plant of Brown, I>>nox
and Company, Ltd., England.
The complete plant for bending, flash
welding, trimming and heat treatment for
chain up to I 'm. diameter bar size is de-
scribed and illustrated.
QZ-43-WF-60
Fabricating Components for Commer-
cial Vehicles
5.2 RG
Bibliography
RG-01-WJ-46
Resistance Welding on Stainless Steel
Aircraft Engines and Accessories
Frank G. Harkins, W. L. Hales
Solar Aircraft Co.
The Welding Journal, January 1946
7 pages, photographs, macrographs and
sketches
The authors describe spot, seam and
flash welding operations on aircraft com-
ponents, such as, manifolds, heat ex-
changer, cowling, etc.
Inspection, testing and control pro-
cedure is also briefly outlined.
RG-02-WJ-52
Welding Characteristics of Materials for
Aircraft Oas Turbines
A. J. Rosenberg
The Welding Journal, May 1952
6 pages, photographs, micrographs and
macrographs
The author outlines, in non-technical
language some of the welding problems
connected with several high temperature
alloys, including, but not restricted to
Nos. 321 and 347 stainless, Timken Alloy
16-25-6, Inconel, Stellite and Titanium,
as well as some of the low alloys, such as
Yoloy, Corten.
RG-03-WE-52
How to Weld Stainless Steels
lister F. Spencer

Landers, Frary and Clark
The Welding Engineer, Oct. 1952
16 pages of welding, including five pages
on all forms of resistance welding, with
illustrations, sketches and bibles
Also attached is a staff article of five
pages of pre- and post-welding surface
preparation and finishing, including flame
cutting.
This is, as the Editor of the Welding
Engineer titles it, a short "Story of Stain-
less Steel".
RG-04-WJ-53
Resistance Welding Applications in Air-
craft Stainless Steels
D. O. Samuelson
Solar Aircraft Corp.
Tlie Welding Journal, July, 1953
9 pages, illustrations and tables
several interesting spot, roll-spot and seam
welding applications in stainless steel as
well as some other metals. Welding
schedules for some of these jobs are
tabulated.
RG-05-AS-60
Resistance Welding Stainless Steel
Richard E. Paret
American Iron and Steel Institute
Assembly and Fastener Engineering, June,
1960
5 pages, illustrations.
This is a general outline of the resistance
weldability of the various alloys and
5.2 SE
Page 1
Bibliography
SE-01-WR-58
Electrode-Tip Life Studies in Series Spot
Welding
li. F. INipi>es, W. F. Savage, S. M. Ro-
belotlo, K. E. Dorschu
Renssalaer Polytechnic Institute
8 pages, illustrations, sketches, tables and
charts
The authors report the results of a
study of electrode design in spot welding
auto-body stock, hot rolled, pickled and
lightly oiled. The conclusions indicate a
preference for this particular application
as being a tip with a 2-in. radius face.
SF-01-WR-45
Fatigue Properties of Flash Welds
I I. J. Grover, R. W. Bennett, G. M. Foley
Battelle Memorial Institute
19 pages, photographs, sketches, tables,
macrographs
The article consists of 3 parts:
1 bars |
2 plates 'All tests on S.A.E. 4130
3 tubes J
It details methods of flash-welding and
physical tests.
1 lowever, the study was rather limited
in its objective, but is detailed within its
scope.
SF-02-WJ-46

Flash Welding Alloy-Steel Rings
P. B. Scharf
Dresser Mfg. Company
The Welding Journat, April 1946
(Reprinted from "Iron Age", Aug. 16,
1945
4 pages, illustrations, micrographs, sketches
and tables
The article outlines procedures and re-
sults of the flash welding of large rings.
Of particular importance are the eco-
nomic advantages of flash-welding such
rings or hands over forging methods.
SF-03-WR-46
The Flash Welding of Hard-Drawn High-
Carbon Steel Wire
R. W. Bennett, R. D. Williams
12 pages, photographs, tables, sketches,
micrographs and macrographs
The paper details methods of welding
high-carbon wire and rod. It observes
that flash-butt welding is the best and
most satisfactory method of joining. It
also outlines "in-machine" heat-treating
to obtain maximum joint strength.
SF-04-WR-47
Flash Welding of Concentrated Areas Up
to 24 Sq. In. in S.A.E. 1020, NE 9440 and
NE 8620 Steels
D. Bruce Johnston
McPhee and Johnston, N.Y.C.
5.2 SF
Bibliography
SF-14-WJ-54
Flash Welding High Strength Alloy
Steels
W. G. Fassnacht
Bendix Aviation Corp.
The Welding Journal, Oct. 1954
The author outlines flash welding pro-
cedures for high-strength low-alloy steels.
Charts show machine set-ups.
_ The information and_ data relates prin-
cipally to aircraft landing gear structures
as furnished by Bendix Aviation Corpora-
tion.
SF-15-WR-55
Further Studies of the Flash Welding of
Steels
E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, G. Grotke,
S. M. Robelotto
This paper reports on the effect of cool-
ing rates m flash welds in AISI 1020 and
A1SI4340 steels, and brings out the effects
on these cooling rates of such factors as
die spacing, amount of flash and upset
distance, flash and upset currents, as well
as the flashing curve or pattern.
SF-16-WF-53
Flash Welding High Tensile Steel Tubes
H. Brooks
Royal Aircraft Establishment

May, 1953
7lA pages, numerous curves and charts
The author presents a report on studies
of flashing variables in steel tubing, and
the effect on the finished weld.
SF-17-WF-53
Flash Welding High Tensile Steel Tubes
H. Brooks
Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnbor-
ough, England
May, 1953
8 pages, sketches and graphs
This paper reports on a study of the
flashing phase of flash welds in alloy steel
tubes.
Principal consideration dealt with tem-
perature gradients during the flashing,
the effects on flashing rate from speed of
stock feed, secondary voltage and current.
Thermocouples were used to record
temperatures at various increments in
distance from the interface. The principal
material used was VA in. O.D. X 11
S.W.G. Steel tubes of the following com-
position;
C. MN. Si Cr. Ni. MO.
0.40 0.87 0.27 0.50 0.55 0.20
SF-18-WR-56
The Effects of Zinc Phosphate Coating
on FlaBh Welding of Steel Tubing
J. F. Young, A. Phillips
Douglas Aircraft Company
5.2 SL
1-U>3 RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Bibliography
SL-02-WR-55
Measurement of Shunting Currents in
Series Spot Welding 0.036-in. Steel
E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage, S. M.
Robelotto
b'A pages, illustrations, sketches and
tables
'Phis paper reports on an investigation
to find the distribution and magnitude of
shorting or short-circuit currents in series
spot welding of 0.036-in. low carbon auto-
body steel.
The effect on tho short circuit current of
such variables as spot spacing, electrode
geometry, stock preparation and electrode
force was investigated.
The apparatus used to measure the
shunting currents is fully explained.
SL-03-WF-52
Quality Control of Spot-Welded As-
semblies
A. J. llipperson
March, 1952
Part I4 pages, tables and charts
The author briefly and simply outlines
the general principles of spotwelding mild
steel and stainless steel. Typical machine
set-ups are given, with the effect of
changes or variations in set-up values.
(See SI>-01-WJ-52 for conclusion.)

SL-04-WF-52
Quality Control of Spot-Welded As-
semblies
A. J. llipperson
April, 1952
3 pages
This is the conclusion of SL-03-WF-52.
SI--05-ST-55
Weld Inspector Sees with Sound
1 .'"i J. Adams
Saginaw Steering Gear Division, G. M.
Steel, Dec. 5, 1955
2 pages, sketches and photograph.
The article describes the application of
ultrasonic weld inspection on a continuous
tube null. The device sounds an alarm on
the passage of a weld defect.
It is concluded that this inspection is as
good or better than all tests previously
used.
SI^06-WR-56
The Behavior of Spot Welds Under
Stress
John F. Rudy
Wright-Patterson A. F. Base
Roy B. McCauley, Robert S. Green
Ohio State University
7 pages, photographs, macrographs and
sketches
This is a report on research work done
U> determine the effects of various types of
5.2 SP
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION l-TIt'
Bibliography
SP-08-WF-53
High Speed Automatic Projection Weld-
ing
C. K. Slade
Aug., 1953
A description of a machine for stamping
the disc from strip stock and projection
welding to a small diameter shell.
SP-09-WJ-55
Design and Application of Edge-Ring
Projection Welding
Chester A. Czohara
International Harvester Co.
The Welding Journal, June, 1955
8 pages, photographs, sketches and tables
This paper deals exclusively with annu-
lar projection welding spring brackets used
on motor trucks.
Complete setup and quality control data
are given.
SP-10-VYJ-55
Lower Part Cost by Projection Welding
C. H. Burgston
Deere & Company
The Wetding Journal, Nov. 1955
11 pages, illustrations, tables, sketches and
charts
This is one of the best articles in print
on practical resistance welding. It. is fully
illustrated with many and diverse actual
applications.

In addition to illustrations and descrip-
tions of special jobs, useful data are given
for more or less standard applications as
well as test and inspection data.
SP-11-TE-55
Projection Welding
Ralph H. Eshelman
The Tool Engineer, May, 1955
10 pages, photographs, tables and sketches
numerous typical projection welding jobs.
SP-12-WF-53
Projection Welding Studs and Bosses
R. Bushell
Feb., 1953
3 pages, illustrations, sketches and macro-
graphs
As the title suggests, the author de-
scribes resistance welding operations of
prepared parts for weldmg. Suggested
projection designs are given.
SP-13-WF-53
Applying Resistance Welding to Produc-
tion
I. Jones
Joseph Lucas, Ltd.
June, 1953
many types of projection welds, auto-
matic dial feed machines and timing con-
trols.
5.2 SS
Bibliography
SS-05-WR-46
Selecting Spot-Welding Schedules for
Low-Carbon Steel
Julius Heuschkel
Westinghouse Research Lab.
graphs, and tables.
This is a very comprehensive report in 5
parts, in which the author builds up a
single spot weld through all its possible
variables to its maximum strength. He
then gives welding schedules and variables
for spot-welded joints.
Values for low carbon steel up to 0.015
carbon, 60,000 psi strength and 0.5" thick
are given.
All variables and possibilities entering
the welding schedules are considered and
discussed.
SS-06-WR-47
A Preliminary Investigation of the Spot
Welding of Scaly and Rusty Structural
Steel
W. D. Doty
Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst.
W. J. Childs
Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp.
Welding Research Supplement, June 1947
5 pages, photographs, macrographs, charts
and tables
The authors give the results of investi-
gation of spot welding scaly rust-free steel

and scaly, rusty steel.
Fairly satisfactory and uniform results
are obtained with the rust-free steel by the
use of a variable electrode force cycle,
while the results obtained from the scaly
stock are not so satisfactory. Also elec-
trode deterioration in the scaly stock is
more severe.
SS-07-WR-47
Some Metallurgical Aspects of Carbon
Steel Spot Welding
Julius Heuschkel
Westinghouse Research Lab.
23 pages, micrographs, macrographs,
charts, sketches and tables
This paper reports the results of studies
on heat-treated and untreated spot welded
specimens to determine the influence of
carbon content, thickness and initial
properties of steels up to H" thick and
1.09 carbon.
SS-08-WR-47
The Fundamentals of Spot Welding
Steel Plate
W. F. Hess, W. D. Doty
Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst.
W. J. Childs
Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp.
sketches, charts and tables
The following findings are reported:
1. Pulsation welding offers no advantage
5.2 SS
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION \-i-61
Bibliography
SS-19-WJ-52
Corrosion of Structural Spot Welds
B. Karnisky, E. Kinelski, E. Gruca
Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing
Company
Tlie Welding Journat, October 1952
14 pages, illustrations, sketches, micro-
graphs, macrographs and tables
1 his is a comprehensive study and re-
port on corrosion of spot welds, particu-
larly in low-alloy, high-strength steel, and
also, as encountered in railway service.
The authors stress the importance of
high quality welds to start with, followed
by proper protective sealing and adequate
mai nte nance.
SS-20-WJ-52
The Expression of Spot-weld Properties
Julius ileuschkel
Tlie Welding Journat, October 1952
Through the various data presented, the
author reasons that spot-weld properties
can be expressed in formula form, with the
principal basis being the known quality
of the material (analysis and physical
properties) and the diameter of the weld
nugget.
This pie-supposes relatively uniform
weld quality consistency.
The study relates to carbon-manganese
steel within the ordinary thickness strength

and composition ranges.
SS-21-WR-51
Static and Fatigue Tests on Spot-
Welded Trusses
Artemy S. Joukoff
(Abstract by G. E. Claussen)
2 pages, illustration, sketches and tables
This is an abstract of a report of a re-
search program on structural sections of
)i" thickness and under.
The research was subsidized by the
Belgian Institute for Scientific Research
and was reported in Revue de la Soudure,
Vol. 6, No. 3 (1950).
SS-22-WR-54
Series Spot Welding of 0.036-in. Auto
Body Steel
Ernest F. Nippes, Frederick II. Domina
9H pages, illustrations, sketches, tables
and charts
As the title suggests, the authors report
on series welding of 0.036-in. as received,
decreased and pickled auto body stock.
Such factors as electrode geometry elec-
trode force, weld time, spot spacing, etc.
are reported on, as well as shunt current.
Time-current curves are given.
SS-24-WF-54
Increased Scope of Spot Welding
Staff Article
5.2 SS
Page 3
1-1-63
Bibliography
SS-34-WF-50
Spot Welding
A. J. Hipperson
March, 1950
6 pages, charts and tables.
Tins paper compares British and Ameri-
can practices on spot welding mild sheet
steel. Actually the comparison is between
"Recommended Practices for Resistance
Welding." AWS1946 and the British
counterpart prepared by the British Weld-
ing Research Association1944-1948.
SS-35-WF-50
Formulae for Obtaining Optimum Set-
tings for the Spot Welding of Clean
Mild Steel
R. W. Humpage, B. C. R. Burford
Dec. 1950
8 pages, charts, sketches and tables
As the table suggests, the authors sug-
gest formulae for establishing machine
settings to secure optimum results from
spot welding variables in clean mild steel.
SU-01-WR-55
Seam Welding Low Carbon Steel
M. L. Begeman, Gene C. Walker
University of Texas
Welding Research Supplement, March, 1955
charts

6^2 pages, photographs, macrographs and
This paper is a report on a basic study
on the seam welding of low carbon steel
sponsored by the Resistance Welder Man-
ufacturer's Association. SAE-1010 steel
0.031, 0.049 and 0.078 steel is used.
All welding variables as well as test
results are fully discussed.
SU-02-WR-55
Seam Welding Dissimilar Thicknesses
of Low-Carbon Steel
M. L. Begeman, E. J. Funk
University of Texas
6 pages, macrographs, radiographs and
sketches
This paper is a report on a basic study
on the seam welding of low carbon steel
sponsored by the Resistance Welder Man-
ufacturer's Ass'n.
Welding variables and their effect on the
weld strength and quality are outlined.
SU-03-WR-56
Electrical and Metallurgical Character-
istics of Mash Seam Welds
E. J. Funk, M. L. Begeman
University of Texas
10 pages, illustrations, sketches, charts
and macrographs
This is a comprehensive analysis of
mash seam weldmg low carbon steel
sheets. Macrographs and charts show the
5.2 TB
RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION KKb
Bibliography
TB-01-WJ-53
The Brazing of Titanium
N. A. DeCecco
Illinois Institute of Technology
John M. Parks
Air Reduction Company
The Welding Journal, Nov. 1953
11 pages, illustrations, micrographs, mac-
rographs, sketches and tables
The article includes brazing by all prac-
tical methodsresistance, induction, torch
and furnace.
Ultimate shear strength tables show
streiigth for various lengths of resistance
heating time.
TB-02-WE-53
New Technique for Brazing Aluminum
to Titanium
Thomas A. Dickinson
The Welding Engineer, Jan. 1953
The author describes a method for
brazing by several heat sources, including
resistance, aluminum to titanium, par-
ticularly in thin gauges.
TF-01-ST-52
Titanium Alloys Flash Welded Easily
I. A. Oehler
American Welding & Mfg. Co.
Steel, July 15, 1952
Two pages, with illustrations
The author states that flash butt weld-
ing of Titanium alloys presents less diffi-
ations.

culties than some other fabricating oper-
Some machine settings for welding \$'
diam. bars are given.
The author also states that welded areas
of 2 sq. in. have been welded; also that
he sees no reason why areas several times
greater cannot be welded. Reference is
made to welds of titanium to aluminum
and carbon steel, which appears to give
satisfactory results.
Heat treating and cracking problems
are briefly mentioned.
TF-02-WR-55
The Flash Welding of Commercial
MolybdenumPart I
Ernest F. Nippes, Wen H. Chang
9 pages, tables, charts and micrographs
The authors discuss particularly the
temperature gradients during flashing }<j"
sintered and wrought molybdenum rods.
Apparatus, setups and test results are
given.
TF-03-WR-55
The Flash Welding of Commercial
MolybdenumPart II
E. F. Nippes, W. H. Chang
and tables
A report on the effect of bend ductility
5.2 TS
Page 1
Bibliography
TS-03-WJ-52
Forming and Welding of Titanium
Francis H. Stevenson
Aerojet Eng. Corp.
The Welding Journat, November 1952
7 pages, illustrations, tables and macro-
graphs
The paper is devoted principally to cold
forming and inert-arc butt-welding pure
titanium Ti-75A.
The results of one series of spot welding
tests on 0.063 in. thick stock is reported.
TS-04-WR-53
Effects of Carbon, Oxygen and Nitrogen
on Welds in Titanium
D. C. Martin
rographs, sketches and tables
The article deals with both spot welding
and inert-arc shielded arc weld. Weld-
ability tests were made on unalloyed iodide
and sponge titanium sheet and on ti-
tanium-oxide and titanium-nitrogen alloys,
using sponge titanium.
The article includes stock preparation
and test data.
TS-05-WJ-53
Spot Welding of Titanium-Carbon
Alloys
E. F. Holt

N. L. McClymonds
P. R. Mallory & Company, Inc.
F. H. Vandenburgh
Mallory-Sharon Titanium Corp.
The Wetding Journal, Nov. 1953
A report on welding techniques and re-
sults on alloys containing 0.1, 0.4, and
0.6% carbon and in stock thicknesses of
0.038-0.047 in.
Surface conditions and comparison with
stainless steels are also given.
TS-06-WJ-54
Resistance Spot Welding of Titanium
and Its Alloys
A. J. Rosenberg
The Welding Journal, April, 1954
5 pages, illustrations, tables and charts
The author charts shear strengths
against spot-weld diameters. Comparisons
are made between welds in Titanium
Alloys and Stainless Steel.
TS-07-WR-54
The Spot Welding of Titanium
E. R. Funk
Goodyear Aircraft Corp.
3H pages, illustrations, charts and tables
The author outlines the experience of
Goodyear Aircraft in spot welding ti-
tanium.
Materials used were commercially pure
titanium Ti-75A 0.020-in. thick annealed

This is one of a series of bulletins available through the Association
and issued in the interest of Resistance Welding. We suggest you
retain this in your files for future reference.
If you wish to receive other bulletins as issued by the Resistance
Welder Manufacturers' Association, please write to the office of the
Secretary, 1900 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa., and he will furnish a
literature order form.
Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association
1900 Arch Street Philadelphia, Pa.
MEMBER COMPANIES
ACME ELECTRIC WELDER COMPANY
Los Angeles 58, California
ACRO WELDER MFG. CO.
Milwaukee 3, Wisconsin
AMPCO METAL, INC.
BANNER WELDER. INC.
EISLER ENGINEERING CO.. INC.
Newark 3, New Jersey
THE ELECTROLOY COMPANY. INC.
Bridgeport, Connecticut
EXPERT. INC.
Detroit 12, Michigan
FEDERAL-WARCO DIVISION
THE McKAY MACHINE COMPANY
Warren, Ohio
* GOODRICH WELDING EQUIPMENT CORP.
Hudsonville, Michigan
HERCULES WELDING PRODUCTS COMPANY
Warren, Michigan
KIRKHOF MANUFACTURING CORPORATION
Grand Rapids 7, Michigan
LORS MACHINERY INCORPORATED
Brooklyn, New York
NATIONAL ELECTRIC WELDING MACHINES CO.

Bay City, Michigan
PEER, INCORPORATED
Benton Harbor, Michigan
PRECISION WELDER AND FLEXOPRESS CORP.
Cincinnati 9, Ohio
RESISTANCE WELDER CORPORATION
Bay City, Michigan
SWIFT OHIO CORPORATION
Kenton, Ohio
THE TAYLOR-WINFIELD CORPORATION
Warren, Ohio
TIPALOY INCORPORATED
TUFFALOY PRODUCTS
AIR REDUCTION SALES COMPANY
H. W. ULMER COMPANY
Oceanside, California
Printed in U. S. A.



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A PUBLICATION OF THE /SSK

RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 111

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Revised and Reprinted January, 1963

Compiled for the

RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

This bibliography is prepared to present as nearly as pos-

sible a complete and accurate record of published technical

articles on all phases of resistance welding within the past

The first edition, published in 1952, included articles from

1946 to publication date. This, the second edition, includes

A few articles appearing before 1946 are included because of

their continued value and importance.

While the bibliography is intended to list only those technical

articles appearing in United States publications, several worthy

Generated on 2015-01-30 15:48 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924005005867

ones from the British press are included.

5?>^M Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association

Each article is given a number which is composed of five

units with the following code being used, for example:

3. Serial No. (A separate series for

each combination of Class

(1) and Type (2)

C Copper and Copper Base Alloys

J Miscellaneous or Undesignated Metals

N Nickel and Nickel Alloys

Q Used as a prefix where no class or

particular material is involved, as:

S SteelLow CarbonLow Alloy

T Titanium, Tantalum, Stellite; also

Refractory and other unclassified

B Brazing and Soldering

C Cleaning and Preparation

E Electrodes and Tooling

G General Resistance Welding

Generated on 2015-01-30 15:48 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924005005867

I Machines and Equipment

L Laboratory, Quality Control, Instru-

M Miscellaneous and Unclassified

N Power Factor Correction

Q Stored Energy Machines and Equip-

U Roll Spot and Seam Welding

AS Assembly and Fastener Engineering

FM Factory Management and Mainte-

1W Industry and Welding

WF Welding and Metal Fabrication

RESISTANCE WELDER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION iT<J

Electric Resistance Brazing of Structural

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Welding Research Supplement, April 1946

8 pages, photographs, micrographs, charts

This paper considers spot and inter-

mittent seam brazing of 0.040" 24S-T

Alclad and 75S-T aluminum alloys and

using various brazing alloys.

Considerable attention is given to sur-

face preparation, which includes both