Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.2 million km2 (11.

7 million
sq mi) including adjacent islands, it covers six percent of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4 percent of the total
land area.[2] With 1.1 billion people as of 2013, it accounts for about 15% of the world's human population.[3] The
continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai
Peninsulato the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent
includesMadagascar and various archipelagos. It has 54 fully recognized sovereign states ("countries"),
nine territories and twode facto independent states with limited or no recognition.[4]
Early civilizations

Colossal statues ofRamesses II at Abu Simbel, Egypt, date from around 1400 BC.

The origins and spread of the Bantu languages c. 1000 BC to c. 500 AD.
At about 3300 BC, the historical record opens in Northern Africa with the rise of literacy in thePharaonic civilization
of Ancient Egypt.[32] One of the world's earliest and longest-lasting civilizations, the Egyptian state continued, with
varying levels of influence over other areas, until 343 BC.[33][34]Egyptian influence reached deep into modernday Libya and Nubia, and, according to Martin Bernal, as far north as Crete.[35]

Friday, 02 January 2015

The Order of adjectives in a series

It would take a linguistic philosopher to explain why we say little yellow house and not yellow little house or why
we say blue Italian sports car and not Italian blue sports car. The order in which adjectives in a series sort
themselves out is perplexing for people learning English as a second language. It takes a lot of practice with a
language before this order becomes instinctive, because the order seems quite arbitrary. There is however a
pattern.
The categories in the following table can be described as follows:
Word
order

Types of adjectives

Examples

I.

Determiners

articles and other limiters

(numerals, possessive adjectives,
demonstrative adjectives, etc.)

four people, the sixth

chapter, her story, this tool

II.

Observation

postdeterminers and limiter

adjectives
adjectives subject to subjective
measure

real, perfectinteresting,
beautiful, gorgeous

III.

Size and shape

adjectives subject to objective

measure

large, small, short, round,

square

IV.

Age

adjectives denoting age

young, old, new, ancient

V.

Colour

adjectives denoting colour

red, black, yellow, blue,

green, brown, orange, violet

VI.

Origin

denominal adjectives denoting

source of noun

French, English, American,

Spanish, Polish, Romanian

VII.

Material

denominal adjectives denoting what

something is made of

wooden, metallic, woolen

VIII.

Qualifier

final limiter, often regarded as part

of the noun

hunting cabin, passenger

car, book cover

Essays are generally scholarly pieces of writing giving the author's own argument, but the definition is vague,
overlapping with those of an article, a pamphlet and a short story.
Essays can consist of a number of elements, including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments,
observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author. Almost all modern essays are written in prose,
but works in verse have been dubbed essays (e.g. Alexander Pope's An Essay on Criticism and An Essay on Man).
While brevity usually defines an essay, voluminous works like John Locke's An Essay Concerning Human
Understanding and Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population are counterexamples. In some
countries (e.g., the United States and Canada), essays have become a major part of formal education. Secondary
students are taught structured essay formats to improve their writing skills, and admission essays are often used
by universities in selecting applicants and, in the humanities and social sciences, as a way of assessing the
performance of students during final exams.
The concept of an "essay" has been extended to other mediums beyond writing. A film essay is a movie that often
incorporates documentary film making styles and which focuses more on the evolution of a theme or an idea.
Aphotographic essay is an attempt to cover a topic with a linked series of photographs; it may or may not have an
accompanying text or captions.

Papa Francisco

Si Papa Francis (Kardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio, ipinanganaknoong 17 Disyembre 1936 Buenos Aires, Argentina)

ay ang ika-266 at kasalukyang Santo Papa ng SimbahangKatoliko Romano. Nahalalsiyanoong 13 Marso 2013
mataposang Conclave ngmgakardinalbungangpagbitiwsapwestoni Papa Benito XVI dahilsapanghihinangkatawan.
Siyaangkauna-unahang Santo Papa nahindinagmulasa Europa, mulasaTimog America at kauna-unahan ding
nagmulasaordenngmga Heswita. Siyaang dating Arsobispong Buenos Aires bagomahalalparamaging Papa.