Scatter Pattern Calculations and Determination

Performance Limitations of Existing Air Defense

Systems for Intercepting Hypersonic Vehicles
Evgeny Markin
Intellcom LLC
e.markin@ieee.org
Z

Ssh

~ is a magnetic
where ~n is a unit surface normal vector; H
s
field vector of an incident wave at S0 surface. Expression (1)
is an accurate one under the abovementioned conditions and an
approximate one in all other cases. However, this expression
can be used when target radius of curvature and geometrical
dimensions are much more than the wave length . In this case,
locally, the waves coming from the target illumination radar
and reflected from the target surface S0 can be considered as
the plane ones see Fig.1. Calculation of the far electromagnetic
~ ,
field is conducted with by using Hertzian electric vector Z
e
which is determined in the point of sight P with the known
volume current distribution V as follows:
Z
1
~ exp( jkr) dV,
Z~e (P ) =
J(q)
(2)
4
r
V

978-1-4673-0658-4/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE

X' ' O
A

fie
ld
ent

normal

q(xq; yq; zq)

Y0
h

S0

Inc
id

normal

>> hc

Rc

P(xp; yp; zp)

r
C(xc; yc; zc)

X0,1

Y'

Dk

Fig. 1.

I. F IELD S CATTER PATTERN C ALCULATION

M ATHEMATICS
In this case, an UAV is an object or a target for a radar.
In order to calculate a target scatter diagram, it is necessary
to obtain an expression for electromagnetic field intensity
provided by a target surface element and specified in R3 space,
and then to integrate the expression on all irradiated surface
of the target S0 . It is known that when an electromagnetic
wave falls on an infinite perfectly conducting surface, a surface
current density on it is described by the following expression
[1], [2]:
h
i
~
J~s = 2 ~n , H
(1)
s ,

Z0

Z'

Z1

ow

Y1
Sh
ad

Abstract The article describes a methodology for determination performance limitations of existing air defense systems
for intercepting a hypersonic vehicles. The methodology used
results of scatter pattern calculations for hypersonic unmanned
aerial vehicle X-51. A numerical 3D-model of the UAV was
developed by author on the basis of public sources. The surface
of the UAV is represented by a set of elementary flat areas with
linear dimensions much smaller than a wavelength of air defense
system. In accordance with the mathematics stated in this article,
there were designed original software for calculated UAV scatter
patterns. In these calculations vector of the electromagnetic field
reflected by the UAV is represented as a complex value in
3D space. The reflected field is calculated taking into account
scattering effect on the edges of the wings, on the edges of the
intake and in the intake cavity. Special software packages, e.g.,
WIPL-D, were not used.

where Z~e (P ) is determined in a spherical coordinate system,

~
J(q)
is a current volume density vector,
r=R

(3)

Rq cos #,

~ of a point of
where # is an angle between radius-vector R
~
sight P and a radius-vector Rq of integration point q. Using
a spherical coordination system XYZ with the origin in a
current existence region it is always possible to create such
transformation T which will enable to obtain coordinates in
any other coordinate system [4]. Considering that an airborne
or ground radar antenna is in the far region of the secondary
~ and ~r can be asscatter diagram, parallelism of vectors R
sumed. Taking this into account expression (2) takes on the
following form:
1
exp( jkR)
Z~e =

F~e (, '),
4
R

(4)

where
F~e (, ') =

J~e (q) exp(jkRq cos #)dV

(5)

is a vector complex scatter (directional) pattern determined

by electric currents. This can be written similarly for Hertzian

0481

~
magnetic vector Z
m
~ = 1 exp( jkR) F~ (, '),
Z
m
m
4
R
where
F~ m (, ') =

J~m (q) exp(jkRq cos #)dV

(6)

(7)

is a vector complex scatter (directional) diagram determined

by magnetic currents; J~m (q) is a vector of magnetic current
volume density.
Due to the fact that in such problem formulation the currents
are determined on elementary flat areas Sij to which the target
surface is divided, then expressions (5), (7) take the following
forms:
Z
~

Fe (, ') = J~e exp(jkRq cos #)ds

(8)
S0

F~ m (, ') =

J~m exp(jkRq cos #)ds,

(9)

S0

where J~e and J~m are vectors of the electric and magnetic current densities respectively. In case of simultaneous existence of
the electric and magnetic currents, the far field is determined
by the following expressions:
" r

j2
exp(
jkR)

~
E =

Fe + Fm' ~i +
4R

r
#

+
Fe' Fm ~i'

(10)
r h
i
~ = ~i , E
~ ,
H
(11)
R

p
where k = ! is a phase constant. Fe , Fe' , Fm , Fm' are
th and 'th components of vectors F~ e (, ') and F~ m (, ') in
the spherical coordination system and i~ and i~' of its unit
vectors. Assuming that a conductivity of each elementary flat
area Sij is infinite, therefore Fm = 0 and expression (10)
takes the following form:
!
r
exp( jkR)

j2
~

~
~
E=

Fe i + Fe' i'
(12)
4
R

Taking into account assumptions above, components of vector

~ from expression (12) can be determined by the following
E
expression:
Z
F~ (, ') = J~s exp(jkRq cos #)ds =
Z S0
~ ] exp(jkR cos #)ds,
= 2 [~n, H
s
q

(13)

S0

~ is a magnetic vector of the primary electromagnetic

where H
s
field created by the target illumination radar on the irradiated

978-1-4673-0658-4/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE

target part S0 . It is convenient to proceed to a rectangular coordinate system which origin is combined with the geometric
center of the target. At that the th and 'th components from
expression (12) are calculated by formulas:
F = (Fx cos ' + Fy sin ') cos
F' = Fx sin ' + Fy cos '

Fz sin

(14)

Amplitude and phase directional patterns of the Ground based

target illumination radar can be approximated by the following
function:
G(R , 'R ) = |G(R , 'R | exp(jargG(R , 'R )),

(15)

~ and
where R is an angle between the direction of vector |CO|
~
~
vector |Cq|, 'R is an angle between projection of vector |Cq|
~ At that, it is assumed that the
on plane XOY and axis OX.
target illumination radar creates an electromagnetic field with
linear (vertical) polarization. Using expression (10) the field
created at the target surface can be written in the following
form:
r
~ ~
~

Hs =
[ i , Es ]

)
r (
exp(jk)
~ ~
~
~

Es =

[i , [FRe , ~i ] ] + [FRm , ~i ] ,

(16)
where ~i = |~~| is unit vector
~. In accordance with expression
(13) and assumed field polarization:
F~ Re = |G(R , 'R )| exp(jk[argG(R , 'R )]) ~k
F~ Rm = |G(R , 'R )| exp(jk[argG(R , 'R )]) ~i

(17)

When expression (17) is substituted into expression (16), we

obtain
~ = 1 |G( , ' )| exp(jk[argG( , ' ) + k])
E
s
R
R
R
R

) (18)
r (
~ ~~

[i , [k, i ] ] [~i,~i ]

In the rectangular coordination system vector

~ points to the
center of an elementary area with coordinates {xq , yq , zq }.
In this case
~i = (xq xc )~i + (yq yc )~j + (zq zc ) ~k
(19)

q
2
2
2
= (xq xc ) + (yq yc ) + (zq zc )
(20)

Substituting expressions (19) and (18) into expression (16)

and after a number of vector transformations, we obtain
the expression for magnetic field intensity at the elementary
surface:
r
1
~

Hs =
|G(R , 'R )| exp(jk[argG(R , 'R ) + k])

(Hx~i + Hy~j + Hz~k),
(21)

0482

~ = [~
~
~ = [[~k,
~ cos(~n)].
where H
, B];
B
~],
~] + [~i,
~]; J~ = [H,
Substituting (21) in (1), we obtain the expression for surface
current density:
r
1
~

Js =
|G(R , 'R )| exp(j[argG(R , 'R ) + k])

(22)
(Jx~i + Jy~j + Jz~k),
where Jx = Hy cos(n, z)
Hz cos(n, y);
Jy =
Hz cos(n, x)
Hx cos(n, z);
Jz = Hx cos(n, y)
Hy cos(n, x); and cos(n, x), cos(n, y), cos(n, z) are direction
cosines of normal vector ~n:
~n = cos(n, x)~i + cos(n, y)~j + cos(n, z)~k

(23)

To determine the field in the far region, it is necessary to

~ we get
substitute (22) into (13) and then into (12) for E,
~ = E ~i + E ~j + E ~k,
E
x
y
z

(24)

Rq cos and for E x,y,z , we obtain

where = Rc
E x,y,z =

exp( jkR) exp(jkRc )

R
Rc
Z

Jx,y,z |G(R , 'R )|

(25)

S0

exp(jk[argG(R , 'R ) + Rq (cos #

cos )])ds,
~q
R
~q|
|R

and [~iRq ,~iR ] = cos #, [~iRq ,~i ] = cos , ~iRq =

~
R
~
|R|

is a

unit vector directed to the point q, ~iR =

is a unit vector
directed to the point P. Introducing a notation:
k[argG(R , 'R ) + Rq (cos #

cos )] = ,

(26)

Taking into account Euler expansion expressions for projections F x,y,z we obtain
Z n
F x,y,z =
Jx,y,z |G(R , 'R )| cos +
(27)
S0
o
+jJx,y,z |G(R , 'R )| sin ds
Introducing the following notations

Px,y,z = Jxyz |G(R , 'R )| cos

Qx,y,z = Jxyz |G(R , 'R )| sin

(28)

and replacing integral (27) with sums, the expressions for

vector complex scatter diagram modules and phases in a
direction-finder receiving antenna rectangular basis X 0 Y 0 Z 0
will take the following forms:
v"
#2 " M N
#2
u M N
u XX
XX
t
F
=
P
S
+
Q
S
x,y,z

x,y,z

ij

j=1 i=1

arg Fx,y,z = arctan

x,y,z

j=1 i=1

"

M P
N
P

j=1 i=1
M P
N
P

Qx,y,z Sij #
Px,y,z Sij

j=1 i=1

978-1-4673-0658-4/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE

ij

(29)

(30)

where
Sij = xi zj is an area of element Sij irradiated
surface of the target S0 and N, M are numbers of the total
quantity of this elements across OX 0 and OZ 0 .
Field in the far zone is usually characterized by the radar
cross section . This is the area of the hypothetical plate perpendicular to the direction incident wave. This plate intercepts
incident field and re-emits it in the surrounding area according
to the backscatter diagram F 2 (, '). As shown in [2], [3] the
full cross section is
=

ref l

sh

(31)

= 2Ssh ,

where ref l is a scattering cross section of the illuminated part

S0 , sh is a scattering cross section of the shadows, Ssh is a
cross-sectional area of the shadow. The scattering cross section
takes the following form:
(, ') = 2Ssh F 2 (, ')

(32)

Due to the fact that in real terms the ratio 0 therefore we

can assume that the target is present in the unresolved volume
of main beam of the target illumination radar. This makes it
possible to ignore its directional characteristics. Due to the
fact that the power density P is radial component of Poynting
vector [1]:
o
1 n
P = < E H ' E ' H
(33)
2
as H' = E /W and H = E' /W , then for the case
E (, ') = E' (, ') we get
|E (, ')|2
(34)
W
and taking into account (34) to simplify the calculations
by introducing: 8R , 'R : |G(R , 'R )| =
p
Ps W , argG(R , 'R ) = 0, where Ps is a transmitted Power
and W is a wave resistance of the medium.
Thereby, in orthogonal basis of receiving antenna it is
possible to find vectors of field intensity reflected from the
target for any relative position of the target illumination radar,
the target, and the airborne radar.
P (, ') =

II. E STIMATE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A IR D EFENSE

M ISSILE S YSTEMS
The combat operation can be represented by three points:
td is a start time of target detection, ta is a start time of target
automatic tracking, and ti is a time of target interception. Let
ta be a start time of target tracking by angular coordinates and
radial velocity. Let the missile launch takes place immediately
after the point ta , then tm = ti ta is a time of missile
flight. Today, Air Defense Missile Systems usually receives
target information from outside. As rule it is three coordinates:
azimuth ( = 90
'0 ), angle of elevation ( = 90
0 )
or elevation (hx ) and range R0 , where '0 , 0 , R0 are the
coordinates in a spherical coordinate system X0 Y0 Z0 (see
Fig.1). It is known that power Pr (watts) received from a target
at a receiving antenna is found via the radar range equation
[5]:
Pt Gt Gr 2 0
Pr =
(35)
(4)3 R04

0483

TABLE I

In this expression, Pt is the transmitted power in watts; Gt is

the gain of the transmit antenna; Gr is the gain of the receive
antenna; is the carrier wavelength in meters; 0 is the mean
radar cross section (RCS) of the target in square meters.
In practice, target RCS can be determined as follow:

A IR D EFENCE M ISSILE S YSTEMS

Air Defence
Missile
System

B0

R4 (4)3 Pmin 10 10 L
0 = 0
,
Pt Gt Gr 2

(36)

where B0 is the signal-to-noise ratio in dB at the radar receiver

input which provides a stable target automatic tracking; Pmin
is the receiver sensitivity; L is the coefficient of losses on the
propagation and other losses. R0 is the maximum range radartarget in meters for RCS 0 , where following condition hold:

978-1-4673-0658-4/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE

x1a not exists,

D
-

Target
engagement
altitude, km
Hkmin Hkmax
0,1
30

max
D0k
76

0,3

0,25

S-300PMU2

150

25

0,01

3,60

27

8,38

{Z4 } = ;, can not intercept

200

0,001

x5a not exists,

D

(SA-20B)

3,60

{Z3 } = ;, can not intercept

x4a not exists,

D

(SA-20A)

40

{Z2 } =
6 ;, can [not] intercept

90

x3a not exists,

D

S-300PMU1

Target
speed,
M
vkmax
3,10

{Z1 } = ;, can not intercept

300

x2a = 39,4
D

S-300PMU
(SA-10)

Let x be the estimation RCS for model of UAV X-51. Let

xka be a maximum range radar-target for k-th System,
R
where exist a stable automatic tracking for target having RCS
x . It follows from (36), that for the same radar and various
RCS 0 and x ranges R0 and Rxka will be different, hence
it is easily to prove that the following expression is correct:
(1/4)
xka = x
R
D0ka
(38)
0

The Table 1 shows that for hx = hmin

the condition (39)
x
holds only for Air Defense Missile System S-200 (k = 2),
hence it is advisable to simulate this system.
Obviously, the best characteristics of Air Defense Missile
System will have on the goals with a large value and flying

(SA-2)

(SA-5)

Let 0 be the estimation of target cross section for which each

k-th Air Defense Missile System has a maximum autotracking
range R0ka , such that 8hx R0ka : R0ka D0ka , where
D0ka is the far boundary of the target engagement zone usually
represented via map range. Let {Y } be a target engagement
zone. In this zone missiles can fired from launcher to a target.
xka is sufficient to know
As follows from (38) for estimate R
open information for 0 , B-52 for example, D0ka for k-th
Air Defense Missile System, and x for the test target. The
estimation x can be calculated for each i-th map range Dxki
by the mathematics (1)-(32) as described above. Thus, the
combat capabilities of any Air Defense Missile System can
be evaluated without classified information.
Table 1 shows the performance characteristics of existing
Air Defense Missile Systems, published in the open sources
[9]. The target engagement zone of k-th System can be
xka } \
represented by a set of points: {Yk } = {Dkmin , D
{Hkmin , Hkmax }, where for UAV X-51 and any k there exists
xka such that D
xka is the estimation of range, where exists
D
a stable target automatic tracking. The UAV flight zone can be
max
determined as {X} = {Dkmin , D0k
}\{hmin
, hmax
}, 8hx 2
x
x
[35, . . . , 60]km. Hence, we obtain a necessary condition for
targets interception: {Zk } = {X} \ {Yk } =
6
; or in other
form:
q
xka > 0 : D
xka = R
2
8hx < Hkmax , 9D
h2x (39)
xka

S-75M3

Dkmin
6

S-200VE

(37)

10 log[Pr /Pmin ] = B0

Target engagement range, km

27

8,38

{Z5 } = ;, can not intercept

at medium altitudes. Today, the largest value 0 has a plane

B-52 Stratofortress: 0 100 [sq.m] and cruise speed V0 =
820 [km/h] [10]. The far boundary of the target engagement
max
zone for the system S-200 is D02
= 300 km. It is logical
to assume that for missile speed will holds the inequality:
Vm2 v2max (see Table 1), therefore we obtain the range of a
stable target autotracking for an aircraft B-52, where realized
level B0 :
0ka = (1 + V0 /Vmk ) Dmax
D
(40)
0k
02a = 357, 17 km and it is necessary that D
02a <
In this case D
Drh , where Drh is the radio horizon range:
q
q
2 +
2
(RE + hc )2 RE
(41)
Drh = (RE + h0 )2 RE

8h0 = 10 km and hc = 0, 01 km: Drh = 368, 39 km (Fig.2),

where RE = 6371 km is the mean radius of Earth.
zero parameter

O
transmitter

hc

D0

Di
receiver

D0

Drh
REarth

REarth

Drh
REarth

(a) Z1 CY1 plane

Fig. 2.

Y1

h0

Di

X1

(b) X1 CY1 plane

h0 = 10 km, D0 = 300 km, Drh = 368, 39 km

The computer model of the system S-200 was created.

In this model used sum-and-difference monopulse radar with
mirror antenna. First of all, there were calculated a mirror
antenna for the target illumination radar. The antenna geometry
is a paraboloid of revolution with diameter of 75 and focal
length of 50 . The feed is a horn antenna with vertical
linear polarization (main polarization). The antenna directional
pattern for main and cross-polarization in horizontal plane

0484

(azimuth) is given in Fig.3, where 1 = 90 , '1 = var

are a spherical coordinates of system X1 Y1 Z1 (see Fig.1).
This antenna is designed for centimetric wave band and has

1.5
1.4
1.3

Radar (Scattering) Cross Section [m2]

1.2

Main
Cross

-20

-40

1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3

-60
dB

0.2

0.012 [m ]

0.1

-80

0
30

32

34

36

38

40

42

-100

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

58

60

D [km]

-120

Fig. 5.

-140

RCS X-51 without absorbing materials

-160
0

30

60

90

120

150

180

[grad.]

Fig. 3.

Dirrection pattern for the target illumination radar

a pencil-beam directional diagram and width of the primary

beam 1 . Similarly was calculated mirror antenna for airborne
radar based on reasonable considerations of the missile geometrical dimensions. The antenna directional pattern airborne
radar for main and cross-polarization was calculated for sumand-difference channels.
The 3D-model of the hypersonic UAV was developed on
the basis of public sources [6], [7], [8] and it is shown in
Fig.4. The incident field was formed on the UAV by the target

is a length of the interval averaging. The resulting value

RCS x is the value which was realized in the computational
experiment. Substituting the value found for x , values 0 and
x2a . Then substituting
D02a = 357, 17km in (38), we get R

x2a as a range of
Rx2a and hx = 35km in (39) we obtain D

stable target tracking. If |Dx2a Dx2p | , where is a

certain neighborhood chosen from reasonable considerations,
then the estimate x verified and can be used for subsequent
calculations. Taking into account that the function (38) is linear
and (x /0 )(1/4) = const, hence substitution in (40) values
max
xka and then D
xka . For flight speed of
D0k
allows to get R
mk can be estimated
missile-interceptor Vmk it flight distance R
by follows:
mk = D
xka Vmk ,
R
(42)
Vx
where Vx is a flight speed of UAV. Hence, for target interception we obtain
mk > hx
R
(43)

X-51 3D-model

illumination radar situated on the Ground. The polarization is

a vertical (Main). The scattered field is received by missile
airborne radar. The homing missile located on the Ground,
nearby from the target illumination radar. The missile is
fired from an oblique constant elevation launcher trainable in
azimuth. The missile is controlled and guided by the onboard
semiactive radar seeker. The flight of UAV is at a height of 35
km in the direction of the target illumination radar (Fig.2(b)).
The value of the cross section X-51 calculated for each i th
distance Dx2i by the mathematics (1)-(32). Dependence of the
UAV cross section from a distance shown in Fig.5. For each
i-th range Dx2i , i 2 [1, N ] is calculated the probability of
automatic target tracking Pi based on M realizations of the
random target position in the basis of onboard radar antenna.
For each i-th range Dx2i is calculated RCS xij , 8j 2 [1, M ].
Determined by the distance Dx2p such that 8Dx2i < Dx2p :
9Pi P0 , where P0 certain threshold value. For the obtained
value Dx2p is calculated RCS as estimate of the average for
the random process on the interval ]Dx2p , Dx2p + ], where

978-1-4673-0658-4/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE

III. C ALCULATION R ESULTS

The scatter pattern calculation show at Fig.6 and Fig.7 for
map range Dx = 39, 4km and Dx = 42, 6km. In these
figures, the model of UAV X-51 is located in the center of
the coordinate system XYZ (see Fig.1).
80

Main
Cross

10

Main
Cross

70
60

50
40

-10

30
-20

dB

Fig. 4.

Obviously that (43) is sufficient condition for targets interception. Hence, for estimation combat capabilities of Air Defence
Missile System we can use the necessary and sufficient conditions for targets interception.

20
10

-30

0
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
0

30

60

90

120

150

180
[grad.]

(a)
Fig. 6.

210

240

270

300

330

360
0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

(b)

( = 131, 6 , ' = var); hx = 35 km; Dx = 39, 4 km

0485

20
80

Main
Cross

10

-20
-30

50

17

40

16

30

15

20

14

10

13

UAV flight speed [ M ]

-10

dB

18

60

1
2
3
4

19

Main
Cross

70

0
-40
-50
-60
-70

12
11
10
9
8
7
6

-80
0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360
0

[grad.]

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

(a)

(b)

3
2
1

Fig. 7.

( = 129, 4 , ' = var); hx = 35 km; Dx = 42, 6 km

In the first case in the angular range [8] deg. failure of

the signal reflected in the direction of the radar is -19 dB, and
in the second failure signal level reflected in the direction of
the radar is -24.47 dB. In accordance with formulas (1)-(32),
the cross section of the UAV model at the range 42,6 km is
estimated at 0,012 [sq.m]. Let the UAV surface contains radar
absorbing materials with reflection coefficient |R| = 10dB.
It is easily to prove that in this case the cross section X-51 is
estimated at 0,0012 [sq.m].
The computational experiment for S-200 showed that the
x2a for target like UAV
range of stable automatic tracking D
X-51 begins with a range of 39,4 km. As seen from Fig.5 it
is the first extremum for the cross section function, where its
value exceeded the level of 0,1 [sq.m]. As a result of numerical
experiment the estimate of average cross section UAV X51 x is 0,0502 [sq.m] without radar absorbing materials.
Substituting x into linear function (38) we obtain estimates
for other Air Defense Missile Systems from Table 1. As we
can see with the exception of S-200 other Systems listed in
xka do not
Table 1 can not intercept this UAV. The values D
exist 8k = {1, 3, 4, 5} and the necessary condition (39) not
x2a = 39, 4 km, Vx = 4, 5M and
hold. Obviously, for D
Vm = 3, 6M , the sufficient condition (43) is not satisfied and
Air Defense Missile System S-200 not intercept UAV X-51.
However, if will used missiles 5V28V and 5V28D which may
have a speed of 2500 m/s = 7,5M in accordance [11], the
condition (43) will satisfied, but only for Vx < 8, 44M .
Therefore, for Vx > 8, 44M all Air Defense Missile
Systems from Table 1 can not intercept UAV X-51.
Hence, the condition for overcoming air defense zone can
mk . Using (42), we obtain
be write: hx > R
xka /hx ] Vmk
Vx > [ D

(44)

Fig.8 presents the lines for hx = 35km and different ranges

xka . Line 1 for D
xka = 39, 4 km, line 2
of target tracking D

xka < hx and line

for Dxka = hx . Line 3 corresponds to D

4 for Dxka > hx . Thus, reducing the range of target tracking

less than the altitude of its flight, it reduces the requirements
for its speed.
IV. C ONCLUSION

0
2

10

11

12

13

14

15

interceptor speed [ M ]

Fig. 8.

the overcome of air defense zone

aerial vehicles (UAV) and many else. In these calculations

vector of the field reflected by an aircraft is represented as a
complex value in 3D space. The UAV surfaces were considered
as ideally conducting without any radar absorbing materials.
On the basis of public sources was developed the numerical
3D-model of the hypersonic UAV X-51. In accordance with
the mathematics stated in this article, there were designed
a software programs and there were calculated directional
patterns of mirror antennas and UAV scatter patterns. The
article describes results of scatter pattern calculations for this
3D-model and was presented a comparative assessment of
operation for some Air Defense Missile Systems by using UAV
X-51 model. These results can be summarized as follows.
1) The interceptor speed is a critical parameter for Air
Defense Missile System in operate for targets with
high-speed, high-altitude and in which used Stealthtehnology.
2) Air Defence Systems discussed in the paper can not
intercept X-51.
3) Today, high altitude, high speed and low RCS are the
main trends for overcome air defense zone. Thus, next
generation Air Defense Systems need to develop on a
new physical principles.
R EFERENCES
[1] Markov G.T, Sazonov D.M. Antennas. Moscow, Energia, 1975.
[2] Pyotr Yakovlevich Ufimtsev. Theory of Edge Diffraction in Electromagnetics. Tech Science Press, Encino, California, 2009.
[3] Pyotr Ya. Ufimtsev. Fundamentals of the Physical Theory of Diffraction.
Willey-Interscience, A Jahn Willey & Sons, Inc., 2007.
[4] G.I. Marchuk. Numerical Methods and Applications. CRC Press Inc.,
1994.
[5] Principles of modern radar /Mark A. Richards, James A. Scheer, William
A. Holm, SciTech Publishing Inc., 2010.
[6] http://www.pw.utc.com/products/pwr/propulsion solutions/hypersonic
scramjet engine.asp
[7] http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/military/waverider/index.html
[8] http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/x51-wave-rider/
[9] RUSSIAS ARMS. Catalog, Volume V, Air Defense. Military Parade Ltd.,
Russia, Moscow, 1997.
[10] http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/stealth-aircraft-rcs.htm
[11] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-200 Angara/Vega/Dubna

In this paper was discussed a methodology for calculation

scattering pattern field reflected from complex form objects.
This can be aircrafts, missiles, helicopters, different unmanned

978-1-4673-0658-4/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE

0486