Itanium

For more details on the technical architecture, not chip

implementations, see IA-64.
Itanium (/atenim/ eye-TAY-nee-m) is a family of
64-bit Intel microprocessors that implement the Intel
Itanium architecture (formerly called IA-64). Intel
markets the processors for enterprise servers and highperformance computing systems. The Itanium architecture originated at Hewlett-Packard (HP), and was later
Itanium 2 in 2003
jointly developed by HP and Intel.
Itanium-based systems have been produced by HP (the
HP Integrity Servers line) and several other manufacturers. As of 2008, Itanium was the fourth-most deployed
microprocessor architecture for enterprise-class systems,
behind x86-64, Power Architecture, and SPARC.[1] The
most recent processor, Poulson was released on November 8, 2012.

1
1.1

tion of x86-64 based systems into the high-end server

market, systems which were more compatible with the
older x86 applications. Journalist John C. Dvorak, commenting in 2009 on the history of the Itanium processor, said This continues to be one of the great ascos of
the last 50 years in an article titled How the Itanium
Killed the Computer Industry.[5] Tech columnist Ashlee
Vance commented that the delays and underperformance
turned the product into a joke in the chip industry.[6]
In an interview, Donald Knuth said The Itanium approach...was supposed to be so terricuntil it turned
out that the wished-for compilers were basically impossible to write.[7]

Market reception
High-end server market

Both Red Hat and Microsoft announced plans to drop Itanium support in their operating systems due to lack of
market interest;[8][9] however, other Linux distributions
such as Gentoo remain available for Itanium. On March
22, 2011, Oracle announced discontinuation of development on Itanium, although its technical support for its
existing products would continue.[10] In October 2013,
Oracle committed to release Oracle Database 12.1.0.1.0
on HP-UX Itanium 11.31 by early 2014.[11] In February
2014, Debian discontinued their ia64 port.[12]
A former Intel ocial reported that the Itanium business
had become protable for Intel in late 2009.[13] By 2009,
the chip was almost entirely deployed on servers made by
HP, which had over 95% of the Itanium server market
HP zx6000 system board with dual Itanium 2 processors
share,[6] making the main operating system for Itanium
HP-UX. On March 22, 2011 Intel rearmed its comWhen rst released in 2001, Itaniums performance, mitment to Itanium with multiple generations of chips in
compared to better-established RISC and CISC proces- development and on schedule.[14]
sors, was disappointing.[2][3] Emulation to run existing
x86 applications and operating systems was particularly
poor, with one benchmark in 2001 reporting that it was 1.2 Other markets
equivalent at best to a 100 MHz Pentium in this mode
(1.1 GHz Pentiums were on the market at that time).[4] Although Itanium did attain limited success in the niche
Itanium failed to make signicant inroads against IA-32 market of high-end computing, Intel had originally hoped
or RISC, and then suered from the successful introduc- it would nd broader acceptance as a replacement for the
1

2 HISTORY
processor to execute multiple instructions in each clock
cycle. EPIC implements a form of Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) architecture, in which a single instruction word contains multiple instructions. With EPIC, the
compiler determines in advance which instructions can
be executed at the same time, so the microprocessor simply executes the instructions and does not need elaborate
mechanisms to determine which instructions to execute
in parallel.[19] The goal of this approach is twofold: to
enable deeper inspection of the code at compile time to
identify additional opportunities for parallel execution,
and to simplify processor design and reduce energy consumption by eliminating the need for runtime scheduling
circuitry.

HP zx6000, an Itanium 2-based Unix workstation

original x86 architecture.[15]

AMD chose a dierent direction, designing the less radical x86-64, a 64-bit extension to the existing x86 architecture, which Microsoft then supported, forcing Intel to introduce the same extensions in its own x86-based
processors.[16] These designs can run existing 32-bit applications at native hardware speed, while oering support for 64-bit memory addressing and other enhancements to new applications.[6] This architecture has now
become the predominant 64-bit architecture in the desktop and portable market. Although some Itanium-based
workstations were initially introduced by companies such
as SGI, they are no longer available.

History

Itanium Server Sales forecast history.[17][18]

2.1

Development: 19892000

In 1989, HP determined that Reduced Instruction Set

Computing (RISC) architectures were approaching a processing limit at one instruction per cycle. HP researchers
investigated a new architecture, later named Explicitly
Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC), that allows the

HP believed that it was no longer cost-eective for individual enterprise systems companies such as itself to develop proprietary microprocessors, so it partnered with
Intel in 1994 to develop the IA-64 architecture, derived
from EPIC. Intel was willing to undertake a very large development eort on IA-64 in the expectation that the resulting microprocessor would be used by the majority of
enterprise systems manufacturers. HP and Intel initiated
a large joint development eort with a goal of delivering
the rst product, Merced, in 1998.[19]
During development, Intel, HP, and industry analysts
predicted that IA-64 would dominate in servers, workstations, and high-end desktops, and eventually supplant
RISC and Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC)
architectures for all general-purpose applications.[2][3]
Compaq and Silicon Graphics decided to abandon further development of the Alpha and MIPS architectures
respectively in favor of migrating to IA-64.[20]
Several groups developed operating systems for the architecture, including Microsoft Windows, Linux, and
UNIX variants such as HP-UX, Solaris,[21][22][23] Tru64
UNIX,[20] and Monterey/64[24] (the last three were canceled before reaching the market). By 1997, it was apparent that the IA-64 architecture and the compiler were
much more dicult to implement than originally thought,
and the delivery of Merced began slipping.[25] Technical diculties included the very high transistor counts
needed to support the wide instruction words and the
large caches. There were also structural problems within
the project, as the two parts of the joint team used different methodologies and had slightly dierent priorities.
Since Merced was the rst EPIC processor, the development eort encountered more unanticipated problems
than the team was accustomed to. In addition, the EPIC
concept depends on compiler capabilities that had never
been implemented before, so more research was needed.
Intel announced the ocial name of the processor, Itanium, on October 4, 1999.[26] Within hours, the name
Itanic had been coined on a Usenet newsgroup, a reference to Titanic, the unsinkable ocean liner that sank in
1912.[27] Itanic has since often been used by The Register,[28] and others,[29][30][31] to imply that the multibillion

2.4

Itanium 9300 (Tukwila): 2010

dollar investment in Itaniumand the early hype asso- Montecito was released in June 2006.
ciated with itwould be followed by its relatively quick In March 2005, Intel announced that it was working on
demise.
a new Itanium processor, codenamed Tukwila, to be released in 2007. Tukwila would have four processor cores
and would replace the Itanium bus with a new Common
2.2 Itanium (Merced): 2001
System Interface, which would also be used by a new
Xeon processor.[36] Later that year, Intel revised TukBy the time Itanium was released in June 2001, its per- wilas delivery date to late 2008.[37]
formance was not superior to competing RISC and CISC
processors.[32] Itanium competed at the low-end (primar- In November 2005, the major Itanium server manufacily 4-CPU and smaller systems) with servers based on x86 turers joined with Intel and a number of software venprocessors, and at the high end with IBMs POWER ar- dors to form the Itanium Solutions Alliance to promote
[38]
The
chitecture and Sun Microsystems' SPARC architecture. the architecture and accelerate software porting.
Alliance
announced
that
its
members
would
invest
$10
Intel repositioned Itanium to focus on high-end business
[39]
billion
in
Itanium
solutions
by
the
end
of
the
decade.
and HPC computing, attempting to duplicate x86s successful horizontal market (i.e., single architecture, mul- In 2006, Intel delivered Montecito (marketed as the Itatiple systems vendors). The success of this initial pro- nium 2 9000 series), a dual-core processor that roughly
cessor version was limited to replacing PA-RISC in HP doubled performance and decreased energy consumption
systems, Alpha in Compaq systems and MIPS in SGI sys- by about 20 percent.[40]
tems, though IBM also delivered a supercomputer based
Intel released the Itanium 2 9100 series, codenamed
on this processor.[33] POWER and SPARC remained
Montvale, in November 2007.[41] In May 2009 the schedstrong, while the 32-bit x86 architecture continued to
ule for Tukwila, its follow-on, was revised again, with regrow into the enterprise space, building on economies of
lease to OEMs planned for the rst quarter of 2010.[42]
scale fueled by its enormous installed base.
Only a few thousand systems using the original Merced
Itanium processor were sold, due to relatively poor performance, high cost and limited software availability.[34]
Recognizing that the lack of software could be a serious problem for the future, Intel made thousands of these
early systems available to independent software vendors
(ISVs) to stimulate development. HP and Intel brought
the next-generation Itanium 2 processor to market a year
later.

2.3

Itanium 2: 20022010

The Itanium 2 processor was released in 2002, and was

marketed for enterprise servers rather than for the whole
gamut of high-end computing. The rst Itanium 2, codenamed McKinley, was jointly developed by HP and Intel.
It relieved many of the performance problems of the original Itanium processor, which were mostly caused by an
inecient memory subsystem. McKinley contained 221
million transistors (of which 25 million were for logic),
measured 19.5 mm by 21.6 mm (421 mm2 ) and was fabricated in a 180 nm, bulk CMOS process with six layers
of aluminium metallization.[35]

2.4 Itanium 9300 (Tukwila): 2010

Main article: Tukwila (processor)
The Itanium 9300 series processor, codenamed Tukwila, was released on 8 February 2010 with greater performance and memory capacity.[43]
The device uses a 65 nm process, includes two to four
cores, up to 24 MB on-die caches, Hyper-Threading technology and integrated memory controllers. It implements double-device data correction, which helps to x
memory errors. Tukwila also implements Intel QuickPath Interconnect (QPI) to replace the Itanium busbased architecture. It has a peak interprocessor bandwidth of 96 GB/s and a peak memory bandwidth of
34 GB/s. With QuickPath, the processor has integrated
memory controllers and interfaces the memory directly,
using QPI interfaces to directly connect to other processors and I/O hubs. QuickPath is also used on Intel
processors using the Nehalem microarchitecture, making it probable that Tukwila and Nehalem will be able
to use the same chipsets.[44] Tukwila incorporates four
memory controllers, each of which supports multiple
DDR3 DIMMs via a separate memory controller,[45]
much like the Nehalem-based Xeon processor codenamed Beckton.[46]

In 2003, AMD released the Opteron, which implemented

its own 64-bit architecture (AMD64). Opteron gained
rapid acceptance in the enterprise server space because
it provided an easy upgrade from x86. Intel responded
by implementing x86-64 in its Xeon microprocessors in
2004.[20]
2.5 Itanium 9500 (Poulson): 2012
Intel released a new Itanium 2 family member, codenamed Madison, in 2003. Madison used a 130 nm pro- The Itanium 9500 series processor, codenamed Poulson,
cess and was the basis of all new Itanium processors until is the follow-on processor to Tukwila and was released

on November 8, 2012.[47] According to Intel, it skips

the 45 nm process technology and uses a 32 nm process
technology; it features eight cores, has a 12-wide issue
architecture, multithreading enhancements, and new instructions to take advantage of parallelism, especially in
virtualization.[44][48][49] The Poulson L3 cache size is 32
MB. L2 cache size is 6 MB, 512 I KB, 256 D KB per
core.[50] Die size is 544 mm, less than its predecessor
Tukwila (698.75 mm).[51][52]

HARDWARE SUPPORT

the end of 2008, and declined to $3.5Bn by the end of

2009,[63] compared to a 35% decline in UNIX system
revenue for Sun and an 11% drop for IBM, with an x8664 server revenue increase of 14% during this period.
In Dec 2012, IDC released a research report stating that
Itanium server shipments would remain at through 2016,
with annual shipment of 26,000 systems (a decline of over
50% compared to shipments in 2008).[64]

At ISSCC 2011, Intel presented a paper called, A 32nm

3.1 Billion Transistor 12-Wide-Issue Itanium Processor
for Mission Critical Servers.[50][53] Given Intels history of disclosing details about Itanium microproces- 4 Hardware support
sors at ISSCC, this paper most likely refers to Poulson.
Analyst David Kanter speculates that Poulson will use
a new microarchitecture, with a more advanced form 4.1 Systems
of multi-threading that uses as many as two threads,
to improve performance for single threaded and multiAs of 2012 only a few manufacturers oer Itanium systhreaded workloads.[54] Some new information was retems, including HP, Bull, NEC, Inspur and Huawei. In
[55][56]
leased at Hot Chips conference.
addition, Intel oers a chassis that can be used by system
New information presents improvements in multithread- integrators to build Itanium systems.[65] HP, the only one
ing, resilency improvements (Instruction Replay RAS) of the industrys top four server manufacturers to oer
and few new instructions (thread priority, integer instruc- Itanium-based systems today, manufactures at least 80%
tion, cache prefetching, data access hints).
of all Itanium systems. HP sold 7200 systems in the
[66]
The bulk of systems sold are
In Intels Product Change Notication (PCN) 111456-01, rst quarter of 2006.
enterprise
servers
and
machines
for large-scale technical
it listed 4 models of Itanium 9500 series CPU, which was
computing,
with
an
average
selling
price per system in exlater removed in a revised document.[57] The parts were
cess
of
US$200,000.
A
typical
system
uses eight or more
later listed in Intels Material Declaration Data Sheets
Itanium
processors.
(MDDS) database.[58] Intel later posted Itanium 9500
reference manual.[59]
The models are:[57]

Market share

In comparison with its Xeon family of server processors,

Itanium has never been a high-volume product for Intel.
Intel does not release production numbers. One industry
analyst estimated that the production rate was 200,000
processors per year in 2007.[60]
According to Gartner Inc., the total number of Itanium servers (not processors) sold by all vendors in
2007 was about 55,000. (It is unclear whether clustered servers counted as a single server or not.) This
compares with 417,000 RISC servers (spread across all
RISC vendors) and 8.4 million x86 servers. IDC reports that a total of 184,000 Itanium-based systems
were sold from 2001 through 2007. For the combined
POWER/SPARC/Itanium systems market, IDC reports
that POWER captured 42% of revenue and SPARC captured 32%, while Itanium-based system revenue reached
26% in the second quarter of 2008.[61] According to an
IDC analyst, in 2007 HP accounted for perhaps 80%
of Itanium systems revenue.[62] According to Gartner, in
2008 HP accounted for 95% of Itanium sales.[6] HPs Itanium system sales were at an annual rate of $4.4Bn at

4.2 Chipsets
The Itanium bus interfaces to the rest of the system via
a chipset. Enterprise server manufacturers dierentiate
their systems by designing and developing chipsets that
interface the processor to memory, interconnections, and
peripheral controllers. The chipset is the heart of the
system-level architecture for each system design. Development of a chipset costs tens of millions of dollars and represents a major commitment to the use of
the Itanium. IBM created a chipset in 2003, and Intel
in 2002, but neither of them has developed chipsets to
support newer technologies such as DDR2 or PCI Express.[67] Currently, modern chipsets for Itanium supporting such technologies are manufactured by HP, Fujitsu,
SGI, NEC, and Hitachi.
The Tukwila Itanium processor model had been designed to share a common chipset with the Intel Xeon
processor EX (Intels Xeon processor designed for four
processor and larger servers). The goal is to streamline
system development and reduce costs for server OEMs,
many of whom develop both Itanium- and Xeon-based
servers. However in 2013 this goal was pushed back to
evaluated for future implementation opportunities.[68]

5.1

Emulation

Software support

its life.[10] However, a California state judge ruled that

Oracle will have to continue supporting and releasing new
Itanium is supported by the following operating systems: versions of its software designed for Intel Itanium-based
servers sold by Hewlett-Packard, after a settlement and
release agreement between HP, Oracle and Mark Hurd
HP-UX 11i
had revealed that Oracle must continue to oer its prod OpenVMS I64, an Intel 64 (x86-64) port is being uct suite on HPs Itanium-based server platforms and does
not confer on Oracle the discretion to decide whether to
developed.[69]
do so or not. Oracles obligation to continue to oer its
NonStop OS, an Intel 64 (x86-64) port is being de- products on HPs Itanium-based server platforms lasts unveloped.
til such time as HP discontinues the sales of its Itaniumbased servers. Oracle was ordered to port its products to
Gentoo
HPs Itanium-based servers without charge to HP.[79]
Bull GCOS 8
HP sells a virtualization technology for Itanium called
FreeBSD (tier 2)[70][71]

Integrity Virtual Machines.

To allow more software to run on the Itanium, Intel

supported the development of compilers optimized for
the platform, especially its own suite of compilers.[80][81]
Starting in November 2010, with the introduction of
SUSEs SLES (dropped support in SLES 12)
new product suites, the Intel Itanium Compilers were no
Debian (dropped support Feb 2014)
longer bundled with the Intel x86 compilers in a single
product. Intel oers Itanium tools and Intel x86 tools,
Windows NT family
including compilers, independently in dierent product
bundles. GCC,[82][83] Open64 and Microsoft Visual Stu Windows XP 64-Bit Edition
dio 2005 (and later)[84] are also able to produce machine
Windows Server 2003
code for Itanium. According to the Itanium Solutions Al Windows Server 2008
liance over 13,000 applications were available for Itanium
based systems in early 2008,[85] though Sun has contested
Windows Server 2008 R2
Itanium application counts in the past.[86] The ISA also
Red Hat Enterprise Linux (dropped support in supported Gelato, an Itanium HPC user group and develRHEL 6)
oper community that ported and supported open source
software for Itanium.[87]
[72]
TurboLinux

Itanium was also supported by these operating systems:

NEC ACOS4[73]
FreeBSD[74][75]

5.1 Emulation

Emulation is a technique that allows a computer to execute binary code that was compiled for a dierent type
of computer. Before IBMs acquisition of QuickTransit
in 2009, application binary software for IRIX/MIPS
and Solaris/SPARC could run via type of emulation
called dynamic binary translation on Linux/Itanium.
Similarly, HP implemented a method to execute PARISC/HP-UX on the Itanium/HP-UX via emulation, to
simplify migration of its PA-RISC customers to the radically dierent Itanium instruction set. Itanium processors can also run the mainframe environment GCOS
from Groupe Bull and several x86 operating systems via
In late September 2012, NEC announced a return from instruction set simulators.
IA64 to the previous NOAH line of proprietary mainframe processors, now produced in a quad-core variant
on 40 nm, called NOAH-6.[78]
6 Competition
Microsoft announced that Windows Server 2008 R2
would be the last version of Windows Server to support
the Itanium, and that it would also discontinue development of the Itanium versions of Visual Studio and SQL
Server.[8] Likewise, Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 (rst
released in March 2007) was the last Itanium edition
of Red Hat Enterprise Linux[9] and Canonical's Ubuntu
10.04 LTS (released in April 2010) was the last supported Ubuntu release on Itanium.[76] HP will not be supporting or certifying Linux on Itanium 9300 (Tukwila)
servers.[77]

Oracle Corporation announced in March 2011 that it

would drop development of application software for Itanium platforms, with the explanation that Intel management made it clear that their strategic focus is on their x86
microprocessor and that Itanium was nearing the end of

Itanium is aimed at the enterprise server and highperformance computing (HPC) markets.
Other
enterprise- and HPC-focused processor lines include
Oracle Corporation's SPARC T5 and M6, Fujitsu's

9 TIMELINE

SPARC64 X+ and IBM's POWER8. Measured by

quantity sold, Itaniums most serious competition comes
from x86-64 processors including Intel's own Xeon line
and AMD's Opteron line. Since 2009, most servers were
being shipped with x86-64 processors.[63]

become reasonably competitive. Madison, with the shift

to a 130 nm process, allowed for enough cache space
to overcome the major performance bottlenecks. Montecito, with a 90 nm process, allowed for a dual-core implementation and a major improvement in performance
In 2005, Itanium systems accounted for about 14% per watt. Montvale added three new features: core-level
of HPC systems revenue, but the percentage has de- lockstep, demand-based switching and front-side bus freclined as the industry shifts to x86-64 clusters for this quency of up to 667 MHz.
application.[88]
An October 2008 paper by Gartner on the Tukwila processor stated that "...the future roadmap for Itanium
looks as strong as that of any RISC peer like Power or 8.2
SPARC.[89]

Supercomputers
and
performance computing

high-

Future processors

During the HP vs. Oracle support lawsuit, court documents unsealed by Santa Clara County Court judge revealed in 2008, Hewlett-Packard had paid Intel Corp.
around $440 million to keep producing and updating Itanium microprocessors from 2009 to 2014. In 2010, the
two companies signed another $250 million deal, which
obliged Intel to continue making Itanium central processing units for HPs machines until 2017. Under the terms
of the agreements, HP has to pay for chips it gets from
Intel, while Intel launches Tukwila, Poulson, Kittson and
Kittson+ chips in a bid to gradually boost performance of
the platform.[96][97]
8.2.1 Kittson

Kittson was planned to follow Poulson in 2015. Kittson,

like Poulson, will be manufactured using Intels 32 nm
process. Few other details are known beyond the exisArea chart showing the representation of dierent families of mitence of the codename and the binary and socket comcroprocessors in the TOP500 ranking list of supercomputer, from
patibility with Poulson and Tukwila, though moving to
1993 to 2013.
a common socket with x86 Xeon will be evaluated for
An Itanium-based computer rst appeared on the list of future implementation opportunities after Kittson.[98]
the TOP500 supercomputers in November 2001.[33] The
best position ever achieved by an Itanium 2 based system
in the list was #2, achieved in June 2004, when Thunder 9 Timeline
(LLNL) entered the list with an Rmax of 19.94 Teraops.
In November 2004, Columbia entered the list at #2 with
1989:
51.8 Teraops, and there was at least one Itanium-based
computer in the top 10 from then until June 2007. The
HP begins investigating EPIC.[19]
peak number of Itanium-based machines on the list oc 1994:
curred in the November 2004 list, at 84 systems (16.8%);
by June 2012, this had dropped to one system (0.2%),[90]
June: HP and Intel announce partnership.[99]
and no Itanium system remained on the list in November
2012.
1995:

8
8.1

Processors
Released processors

The Itanium processors show a progression in capability.

Merced was a proof of concept. McKinley dramatically
improved the memory hierarchy and allowed Itanium to

September: HP, Novell, and SCO announce

plans for a high volume UNIX operating system to deliver 64-bit networked computing
on the HP/Intel architecture.[100]
1996:
October: Compaq announces it will use IA64.[101]

7
1997:
June: IDC predicts IA-64 systems sales will
reach $38bn/yr by 2001.[17]
October: Dell announces it will use IA-64.[102]
December: Intel and Sun announce joint eort
to port Solaris to IA-64.[21][22][23]

November: IBMs 320-processor Titan NOW

Cluster at National Center for Supercomputing Applications is listed on the TOP500 list
at position #34.[33]
November: Compaq delays Itanium Product
release due to problems with processor.[106]
December: Gelato is formed.
2002:

1998:
March: SCO admits HP/SCO Unix alliance is
now dead.

March: IDC predicts Itanium systems sales

will reach $5bn/yr by end 2004.[17]

June: IDC predicts IA-64 systems sales will

reach $30bn/yr by 2001.[17]

June: Itanium 2 is released.

June: Intel announces Merced will be delayed, from second half of 1999 to rst half
of 2000.[103]
September: IBM announces it will build
Merced-based machines.[104]
October: Project Monterey is formed to create
a common UNIX for IA-64.
1999:
February: Project Trillian is formed to port
Linux to IA-64.
August: IDC predicts IA-64 systems sales will
reach $25bn/yr by 2002.[17]
October: Intel announces the Itanium name.
October: the term Itanic is rst used in The
Register.[28]
2000:
February:
code.

Project Trillian delivers source

June: IDC predicts Itanium systems sales will

reach $25bn/yr by 2003.[17]
July: Sun and Intel drop Solaris-on-Itanium
plans.[105]
August: AMD releases specication for x8664, a set of 64-bit extensions to Intels own x86
architecture intended to compete with IA-64.
It will eventually market this under the name
AMD64.
2001:
June: IDC predicts Itanium systems sales will
reach $15bn/yr by 2004.[17]
June: Project Monterey dies.

2003:
April: IDC predicts Itanium systems sales will
reach $9bn/yr by end 2007.[17]
April: AMD releases Opteron, the rst processor with x86-64 extensions.
June: Intel releases the Madison Itanium 2.
2004:
February: Intel announces it has been working on its own x86-64 implementation (which
it will eventually market under the name Intel
64).
June: Intel releases its rst processor with x8664 extensions, a Xeon processor codenamed
Nocona.
June: Thunder, a system at LLNL with 4096
Itanium 2 processors, is listed on the TOP500
list at position #2.[107]
November: Columbia, an SGI Altix 3700 with
10160 Itanium 2 processors at NASA Ames
Research Center, is listed on the TOP500 list
at position #2.[108]
December: Itanium system sales for 2004
reach $1.4bn.
2005:
January: HP ports OpenVMS to Itanium[109]
February: IBM server design drops Itanium
support.[67][110]
June: An Itanium 2 sets a record SPECfp2000
result of 2,801 in a Hitachi, Ltd. Computing
blade.[111]
September: Itanium Solutions Alliance is
formed.[112]
September:
business.[113]

Dell

exits

the

Itanium

July: Itanium is released.

October:
Itanium server sales
$619M/quarter in the third quarter.

October: IDC predicts Itanium systems sales

will reach $12bn/yr by the end of 2004.[17]

October: Intel announces one-year delays for

Montecito, Montvale, and Tukwila.[37]

reach

11
2006:

REFERENCES

2013:

January: Itanium Solutions Alliance announces a $10bn collective investment in Itanium by 2010.

January: Intel cancels Kittson as a 22 nm

shrink of Poulson, moving it instead to its 32
nm process.[98]

February: IDC predicts Itanium systems sales

will reach $6.6bn/yr by 2009.[18]

November: HP announces that its NonStop

servers will start using Intel 64 (x86-64)
chips.[125]

June: Intel releases the dual-core "Montecito"

Itanium 2 9000 series.[114]
2007:
April: CentOS (RHEL-clone) places Itanium
support on hold for the 5.0 release.[115]
October: Intel releases the Montvale Itanium 2 9100 series.
November: Intel renames the family from Itanium 2 back to Itanium.
2009:
December: Red Hat announces that it is dropping support for Itanium in the next release of
its enterprise OS, Red Hat Enterprise Linux
6.[116]
2010:

2014:
December: HP announces that their next
generation of Superdome X and Nonstop X
servers would be equipped with Intel Xeon
processors, and not Itanium. While HP continues to sell and oer support for the Itaniumbased Integrity portfolio, the introduction of a
model based entirely on Xeon chips marks the
end of an era.[126]

10 See also
List of Intel Itanium microprocessors
Advanced load address table

February: Intel announces the Tukwila Itanium 9300 series.[43]

April: Microsoft announces phase-out of support for Itanium.[117]
October: Intel announces new releases of Intel
C++ Compiler and Intel Fortran Compiler for
x86/x64, while Itanium support is only available in older versions.[118]
2011:
March: Oracle Corporation announces that
it will stop developing application software, middleware, and Oracle Linux for the
Itanium.[10]

11 References
[1] Morgan, Timothy (2008-05-27). The Server Biz Enjoys
the X64 Upgrade Cycle in Q1. IT Jungle. Retrieved
2008-10-29.
[2] De Gelas, Johan (2005-11-09). ItaniumIs there light at
the end of the tunnel?". AnandTech. Retrieved 2007-0323.
[3] Takahashi, Dean (2009-05-08). Exit interview: Retiring
Intel chairman Craig Barrett on the industrys unnished
business. VentureBeat. Retrieved 2009-05-17.

March: Intel and HP reiterate their support of

Itanium.[119][120]

[4] Benchmarks Itanic 32bit emulation is unusable. No

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10

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Some undocumented Itanium 2 microarchitectural
information

12

13

13
13.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Itanium Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itanium?oldid=644366712 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, Derek Ross, Zundark, The
Anome, Tarquin, Aldie, Fubar Obfusco, Maury Markowitz, Schewek, Heron, Leandrod, Edward, RTC, Tim Starling, Willsmith, Pnm,
Lousyd, Ixfd64, Delirium, Alo, CesarB, Ellywa, Stan Shebs, Arwel Parry, Angela, Balou, Conti, Saint-Paddy, Magnus.de, Hydnjo,
Vanieter, Jay, Zoicon5, Tpbradbury, SHeumann, Wernher, JFinigan, Joy, Raul654, AnonMoos, Donarreiskoer, Chealer, Vespristiano,
RedWolf, Naddy, Plasmaroo, Yarvin, Rursus, Jondel, David Edgar, ElBenevolente, David Gerard, Aasim75, Hylaride, Fudoreaper,
var Arnfjr Bjarmason, Sukoshisumo, Jrquinlisk, Michael Devore, Varlaam, Alexander.stohr, Proslaes, AlistairMcMillan, Bobblewik,
MSTCrow, Neilc, Chowbok, Utcursch, SarekOfVulcan, DaveJB, Beland, DNewhall, Oneiros, Kesac, Bumm13, Sam Hocevar, Moxfyre, DmitryKo, Frankchn, Mormegil, N328KF, Imroy, Wfaulk, Lubaf, Vector4F, Rich Farmbrough, Alistair1978, Night Gyr, Dyl,
Bender235, RJHall, Joanjoc, Kwamikagami, Shanes, Neilrieck, Warpozio, Circeus, Foobaz, JeR, Vapier, Ajdlinux, Pearle, Hawke666,
MatthewWilcox, Guy Harris, Sligocki, Denniss, Ruleke, Supergloom, Guggemos, CloudNine, Mrbax, SteinbDJ, Ringbang, Kinema, Kitch,
Dan100, Morkork, Simetrical, Timharwoodx, Pol098, GregorB, Wayward, MechBrowman, Teemu Leisti, BorgHunter, Rjwilmsi, Koavf,
Wiarthurhu, StuartBrady, FlaBot, Mirror Vax, Margosbot, Ysangkok, Fragglet, Kibibu, RexNL, Intgr, Kedadi, NevilleDNZ, Antilived, Bgwhite, Aluvus, YurikBot, Borgx, Hairy Dude, Apeeters, Charles Gaudette, Koeyahoo, Ksyrie, Txuspe, Bovineone, CarlHewitt, Mipadi,
Dugosz, Rshiveley, Mortein, Matticus78, Froth, Tvalich, Amcfreely, Tony1, Drakino, Bota47, Jeh, Chris S, Xpclient, Atp627, Poochy,
Richardcavell, Peyna, JLaTondre, Nimbex, Snaxe920, Stormrose, Chris Chittleborough, Wolfebay, KnightRider, SmackBot, Colinstu, Joshsher, Henriok, Jared555, MeiStone, Arny, Flameeyes, Brianski, Nmrd, Jushi, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Thumperward, Letdorf, Jdthood,
Appaloosa2k, Frap, Mattbreedlove, Metageek, Fido frog, Cybercobra, Toastyman, Mwtoews, Morio, Kidde, A5b, Jashank, Harryboyles,
Valfontis, Zooterkin, Joshua Scott, Beetstra, Dicklyon, , Peyre, Norm mit, Iridescent, UncleDouggie, Evoluzion, Lvn, A1b2c345,
Fernvale, FleetCommand, CmdrObot, Raysonho, Memetics, Xose.vazquez, Xavier andrade, Sopoforic, Lupine Proletariat, Mblumber, Stilwebm, Vezhlys, Dancter, DumbBOT, Kozuch, Malleus Fatuorum, Thijs!bot, Akb4, O, Dr agony, Headbomb, Towopedia, Hcobb, Greg L,
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Seashorewiki, Douglaswth, TJBoy, Wikinger, CommonsDelinker, Sibi antony, JerriKohl, MJStadler, Algotr, Cometstyles, Remember the
dot, Yasuna, Imperator3733, AndrewBall, Barbacana, PNG crusade bot, Jameshuston, Diero, A4bot, GOD ACRONYM, Brianecox,
Kheldysh, Crystal117, S7solutions, Vimalkalyan, Oerman, ParallelWolverine, Thunderbird2, Logan, Quietbritishjim, Bachcell, Amckale,
SilverbackNet, Lightmouse, Rob72, C0nanPayne, Adamaisaka, ClueBot, GrandDrake, Rilak, Massimo2007, Edknol, BlueLikeYou, Realazthat, BOTarate, Fleetie, HumphreyW, Duncan, Steeljack, WikHead, Jesushasallama, Stevenh123, JoshuaKuo, Merqurial, Jim10701,
Getmoreatp, LinkFA-Bot, Jasper Deng, Lightbot, Nicolas Love, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Ciphers, Aditya, CeciliaPang, Social-ow, Kenthruth,
Colorsontrial, Boxstaa, Meewam, Nasnema, LordArtemis, Lenrius, Kyng, FrescoBot, Tellatime-corp, MISTYFAN4EVER8887, Sokil.o,
Anonymous the Editor, Danielede, JLRedperson, Visite fortuitement prolonge, Genhuan, EmausBot, AmigoCgn, GoingBatty, ExilorX,
ITtrendhunter, Kiralexis, MrCrackers, H3llBot, Demonkoryu, AManWithNoPlan, Lokpest, Vanished 1850, ChuispastonBot, Cinnanom,
ClueBot NG, Vladimiro, Anandlahiri, Jeastue, Contemplateur, Satusguy, Tigerbomb8, Lifeformnoho, Paul A. Clayton, WikiHannibal,
Jambo21, AllenZh, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, Benwrk, Dexbot, Codename Lisa, Kulandru mor, Dannyniu, Comp.arch, Huihermit, Someone
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13.2

Images

File:Ambox_current_red.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg License: CC0

Contributors: self-made, inspired by Gnome globe current event.svg, using Information icon3.svg and Earth clip art.svg Original artist:
Vipersnake151, penubag, Tkgd2007 (clock)
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:HP-HP9000-ZX6000-Itanium2-SystemBoard-A7231-66510_42.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
a/ad/HP-HP9000-ZX6000-Itanium2-SystemBoard-A7231-66510_42.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:
Thomas Schanz
File:HP-HP9000-ZX6000-Itanium2-Workstation_12.jpg
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Schanz
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png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Itanium_Sales_Forecasts_edit.png Original artist: Arch
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13.3

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