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Classification of buses:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
PQ bus
PQ bus
Slack
Bus
PV bus
PV bus
PV bus
PV bus
1.
PV bus
PQ bus
Bus i
Delivered Power:
In practice, the load real power is known from measurement, load forecasting
or historical record and the reactive power is assumed based on 0.85 pf.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
and
Gaouda
Qi ,sch = Qig Qid = Dr.UAE
QA.M.id
University
ELEC572, 04/05
2.
G1
Bus i
Pi,sch
| Vi |
NOTE: There are certain buses without generators may have voltage controlled
capability. At these buses the real power generation is zero.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
3.
NOTE:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
PL =
P P = P
gi
i =1
di
i =1
i =1
In the load flow problem, we select the slack bus at which the
power Pg is not scheduled.
After solving the load flow problem, the difference (Slack) between
the total specified power (P) going into the system at all other buses
and the total output (P) plus the losses (I2R) are assigned to the
slack bus.
For this reason a generator bus must be selected as a slack bus.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
PDr.i A.M.
=|Gaouda
Vi |
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Qi =| Vi |
| Yip || V p | cos ( i p ip )
p =1
n
| Yip || V p | sin ( i p ip )
p =1
These equations provide the calculated value of net real power and net reactive
power entering bus i. The equations are non-linear and only a numerical
solution is possible. There are different methods could be implemented to solve
these equations. Among those is the Gauss-Seidel method.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Gauss-Seidel Method
Consider a system of non-linear equations having n unknowns x1 , x 2 , .........., x n
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
f 1 ( x1 , x 2 , .........., x n )
f 2 ( x1 , x 2 , .........., x n )
.. ..
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
.. ..Dr. A.M...Gaouda..
UAE University
04/05, x
f n ( x1 , x 2 ,ELEC572,
..........
n )
Rearranging, then
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
x i = f i ( x1 , x 2 , .........., x n )
1 i n
Eq. 1
x1o , x 2o , .........., x no
Substituting the initial values in Eq. 1, then
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
first iteration
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
first variable
x = f ( x , x , .........., x )
1
1
1
1
o
1
o
2
o
n
x 21 = f 21 ( x11 , x 2o , .........., x no )
x = f ( x , x , x .........., x no )
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
2
o
3
Or in general
Where
th
iteration
xi
is:
x = f i ( x , x , .....x
i th variable
k
i
k
1
k
2
k
i 1
,x
k 1
i
,x
k 1
i+1
....., x
k 1
n
k
k 1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
from
its
value
at
UAE University
i
i
ELEC572, 04/05
x i = x ik x ik 1
If x i < then the solution has converged.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Where,
EXAMPLE:
For the following equation, find an accurate value for x up to 5 decimal places.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
2 x log( x ) = 7
SOLUTION:
Using Gauss-Seidel
x = 0.5 ( 7 + log x )
x =1
x = 3.5
x 2 = 3.772034
x 3 = 3.788287
1 st iteration
2 nd iteration
x = 3.789278
6
= 0.000004
EXAMPLE:
For the following equations, find an x and y after 4 iterations.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
&
SOLUTION:
Using Gauss-Seidel, assuming initial values
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
x o = y o = 0.5 ( rad )
x 1 = 0.51111
y = 0.51465
1
x 2 = 0.516497
x 3 = 0.520211
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
x = 0.522520
4
y 2 = 0.510241
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
y 3 = 0.509722
y 4 = 0.509007
Advantages
1.
2.
3.
Simplicity
Small computer memory requirement
Less computational time per iteration
Disadvantages
1.
2.
3.
Assuming a power system in which the voltage controlled buses are absent. If the
system has n buses, then; one bus will be considered as a slack bus and the other n-1
buses are load buses (PQ-buses).
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
The swing bus voltage is taken as a reference. It is voltage magnitude is known and
its phase shift angle is set equal to zero.
For (n-1) Load Buses (PQ bus):
Using Gauss-Seidel Method, we assume the initial values for the magnitude and
phase shift angle of (n-1) buses. These values are updated at each iteration.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
.. Eq. 1
.. Eq. 2
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
I i = Yii Vi + Yip V p
.. Eq. 3
p=1
p i
1
Vi =
I i Yip V p
Yii
p=1
p
i
.. Eq. 4
In power systems, power is known rather than currents. The complex power
injected into the ith bus is:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Si = Pi + jQi = Vi I *i
.. Eq. 5
S i* = Vi* I i
.. Eq. 6
OR
Ii =
Substituting in Eq. 4
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Pi jQi
.. Eq. 7
Vi*
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
1 Pi jQi
Vi =
Yip V p
*
Yii Vi
p=1
p i
.. Eq. 8
Rearranging in GS
method
Vi is moved to
the left hand side
of the equation.
Since bus 1 is the slack bus reference, then Vi represents n-1 set of
equations for i= 2, 3, ., n. These equations will be solved using G-S
method for the unknowns V2, V3, ..Vn.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
NOTES:
1.
Eq. 8 can be written as:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
NOTE
The values for P and Q
are the scheduled
values for PQ Bus.
n Y
1 Pi jQi
ip
Vi = *
Vp
Vi
Yii
p = 1 Yii
.. Eq. 9
n
Ki
Vi = * Lip V p
Vi p = 1
.. Eq. 10
p i
P jQi
Ki = i
Yii
p i
Lip =
and
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Yip
Yii
The values for Ki and Lip are computed once in the beginning and used in every
iteration.
2.
The voltages at all the buses in a power system are close to 1.0 pu.
Therefore, we can start the G-S iteration process assuming initial values for the
voltages equal to 1.0 and making zero angle.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Ki
Vi = * Lip V p
Vi
p=1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
.. Eq. 11
p i
Ki
Vi = *
Vi
Vi k + 1
(kth+1)
i 1
L
p=1
ip
Vp
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
p= i + 1
ip
Vp
iteration,
Ki
=
k *
( Vi )
i 1
( k +1 )
L
V
ip p
p=1
.. Eq. 12
The most updated voltage
values are from the
previous iteration
k
L
V
ip p
p= i + 1
.. Eq. 13
for i = 1 ,2 ,..........n
| Vi k + 1 | = | Vi k + 1 | | Vi k |
.. Eq. 14
for i = 1 ,2 ,..........n
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
ith
bus are:
1
2
3
Or
Si = Pi + jQi = Vi I *i
Linear
Network
Ii
Vi
n
Reference
S i* = Pi Qi = Vi* I i
The two equations are known as the rectangular form of the load flow equations.
They provide the calculated value of net real power and net reactive power
entering bus i.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
EXAMPLE:
For the three bus system. Write the expression
for the bus voltages using GS method.
SOLUTION:
The system contains 3 buses, (n=3).
i- Select bus 1 as a slack bus reference.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
G1
P2 , Q 2
| V1 | = 1 and 1 = 0
ii- Buses 2 and 3 are load buses.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
| V1 | = 1
1 = 0
3
P3 , Q3
p 2
3 Y
1 P2 jQ2
2p
V2 = *
Vp
V2
Y22
p = 1 Y22
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
p 2
NOTE
----------The load flow problem
is solve when the
mismatch is equal to
zero.
Calculated values
=
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
Scheduled values
ELEC572, 04/05
Y23
1 P2 jQ2 Y21
V3
V2 = *
V1 +
Y22
V2
Y22
Y22
.. Eq. 15
Y32
1 P3 jQ3 Y31
V1 +
V2
V3 = *
Y33
V3
Y33
Y33
.. Eq. 16
NOTE
The values for P and Q
are the scheduled
values
Using GS method, select the initial values for the unknowns as:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
V = V = 10
o
2
o
3
Y23 o
1 P2 jQ2 Y21
V =
V3
V1 +
o *
( V2 )
Y22
Y22
Y22
1
2
.. Eq. 17
The most updated voltage
value is from this iteration
Y32 1
1 P3 jQ3 Y31
V1 +
V =
V2
o *
( V3 )
Y33
Y33
Y33
1
3
.. Eq. 18
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Y23 1
1 P2 jQ2 Y21
V3
V =
V1 +
1 *
Y22
( V2 )
Y22
Y22
2
2
Y32 2
1 P3 jQ3 Y31
V1 +
V2
V =
1 *
Y33
( V3 )
Y33
Y33
2
3
.. Eq. 20
for i = 1 ,2 ,..........n
.. Eq. 19
| Vi k + 1 | = | Vi k + 1 | | Vi k |
.. Eq. 21
.. Eq. 22
ELEC572, 04/05
For the system shown in the figure, the line impedances are as indicated in per
2
0.02 + j 0.04 pu
0.01 + j 0.03 pu
110.2
MVAR
V1 = 1.05 0 pu
3
138.6
MW
0.0125 + j 0.025 pu
256.6
MW
45.2
MVAR
2
0.02 + j 0.04 pu
y12 =
1
= 10 j 20 = y 21
0.02 + j 0.04 Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
1
y13 =
= 10 j 30 = y 31
0.01 + j 0.03
y 23 =
Ybus
0.01 + j 0.03 pu
V1 = 1.05 0 o pu
138.6
Ybus =
0.0125 + j 0.025 pu
110.2
MW
MW
MVAR
1
= 16 j 32 = y 32
0.0125 + j 0.025
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
256.6
45.2
MVAR
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
y12
y 21 + y 23
y 32
20 j 50 10 + j 20 10 + j 30
10 + j 20 26 j 52 16 + j 32
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
10 + j 30 16 + j 32 26 j 62
y13
y 23
y 31 + y 32
Classification of buses:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
0.02 + j 0.04 pu
V1 = 1.050 pu
o
V1 = 1.050 o pu
0.01 + j 0.03 pu
138.6
MW
110.2
MVAR
256.6
MW
0.0125 + j 0.025 pu
Q2 ,d = 110.2 MVAR
Q3 ,d = 45.2 MVAR
45.2
MVAR
&
Qi ,sch = Q gi Qdi
S 2 ,sch = ( P2 , g P2 ,d ) + j ( Q2 , g Q2 ,d )
Bus i
Pid and Qid
A.M. Gaouda
( P2 , g P2 ,d ) + j ( Q2 , g Q2Dr.UAE
,d )University
=
pu
ELEC572, 04/05
Base MVA
S 2 ,sch
S 2 ,sch
( 0 256.6 ) + j ( 0 110.2 )
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
=
pu
UAE University
100
MVA
ELEC572, 04/05
Reminder
The bus admittance matrix
is
20 j 50 10 + j 20 10 + j 30
26 j 52 16 + j 32
Dr. A.M. Gaouda 10 + j 20
UAE University
10 + j 30 16 + j 32 26 - j 62
ELEC572, 04/05
Using GS method, select the initial values for the unknowns as:
V2o = V3o = 10
Y23 o
1 P2 ,sch jQ2 ,sch Y21
1
V2 =
V3
V1 +
o *
( V2 )
Y22
Y22
Y22
jQ
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
S *i ,sch = Pi ,sch
1
Dr. A.M. GaoudaV 2
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
i ,sch
2.566 + j 1.102 10 + j 20
16 + j 32
=
1.05 +
1.0
*
26 j 52
26 j 52
( 1.0 )
26 j 52
1
Reminder
The bus admittance matrix
is
Yip
1 Pi jQi
Vp
Vi = *
Vi
Yii
p = 1 Yii
n
p i
n
K2
V2 = * L2 p V p
V2 p = 1
p 2
K2
o
V =
L
V
+
L
V
21 1
23 3
( V2o )*
1
2
20 j 50 10 + j 20 10 + j 30
+
10 j 20 26 j 52 16 + j 32
10 + j 30 16 + j 32 26 - j 62
The values for Ki and Lip are computed once in the beginning and used in every
iteration.
Y21
L21 =
Y22
P jQ2
K2 = 2
Y22
L21 = -0.3846
K2 = -0.0367 - j0.031
V1 = 1.05 0 o pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
and
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
V = 0.9825 j 0.310
1
2
and
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Y23
L23 =
Y22
L23 = -0.6154
V3o = 10
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
K3
1
L
V
L
V
V31 =
+
31 1
32 2
( V3o )*
P3 jQ3
K3 =
Y33
and
V1 = 1.05 0 o pu
and
Y32
Y33
K2
1
V =
L
V
+
L
V
21 1
23 3
( V21 )*
L32 =
UAE
University j 0.0353
V31 = ELEC572,
1.0011
04/05
V32 =
and
2
2
Y31
Y33
K3 = -0.0142 - j0.0164
L31 =
K3
2
L
V
+
L
V
31 1
32 2
( V31 )*
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
VDr.22A.M.=Gaouda
0.9816 j 0.0520
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
V23 =
UAE University
K 2 , K 3 ,Dr.UAE
LA.M.
,Gaouda
L23 , L31 , L32 constants will be the same.ELEC572,
21
04/05
University
ELEC572, 04/05
K2
2
L
V
L
V
+
21 1
23 3
( V22 )*
K3
3
V =
L
V
+
L
V
31 1
32 2
( V32 )*
3
3
= 1.0004 - j0.0488
K 2 , K 3 ,Dr.LA.M.
L23 , L31 , L32 constants will be
the same.
21 ,Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
V24 =
K2
3
L
V
+
L
V
21 1
23 3
( V23 )*
V34 =
K3
4
L
V
+
L
V
31 1
32 2
( V33 )*
= 0.9808 - j0.0578
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
= 0.9803 - j0.0594
= 1.0002 - j0.0497
After 7 iterations,
V27 = 0.9800 j0.0600
= 0.98183 3.5035 o pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
2
0.02 + j 0.04 pu
0.01 + j 0.03 pu
256.6
MW
0.0125 + j 0.025 pu
110.2
MVAR
V1 = 1.050 o pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
3
138.6
MW
45.2
MVAR
V1 = 1.05 + j 0.0 o pu
V2 = 0.9800 j0.0600 = 0.98183 3.5035 o pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
o
Dr. A.M.=
Gaouda
V3 = 1.0000 j 0.0500
0
.
00125
2
.
8624
pu
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Reminder
The bus admittance matrix
is
20 j 50 10 + j 20 10 + j 30
26 j 52 16 + j 32
Dr. A.M. Gaouda 10 + j 20
UAE University
10 + j 30 16 + j 32 26 - j 62
ELEC572, 04/05
Pi jQi =
4.0938 - j1.8894
1
P1 = 4.0938 pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
P1 = 409.38 MVA
256.6
MW
0.0125 + j 0.025 pu
110.2
V1 = 1.050 o pu
Base MVA=100
Q1 = 188.94 MVA
2
0.02 + j 0.04 pu
Q1 = 1.8894 pu
MVAR
3
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
138.6
MW
45.2
MVAR
Problem 1:
The line impedances are as indicated in per unit on 100MVA base. Using GaussSeidel method:
1. Classify each bus
2. find bus admittance matrix
2. find bus 2 voltage after the first iteration.
3. find bus 1 real and reactive power.
NOTE: select the initial value for bus 2 voltage as:
V2o = 1 22.0169 o
SG 2 =
0.25 + j 0.6459 pu
G1
1
S D1
G2
V1 = 1.00 o pu
V2
Z L = j 0.5 pu
2
S D2 =
1.0 + j 0.5 pu
Ybus =
-j2.0
j2.0
j2.0
-j2.0
S 2 ,sch = ( P2 , g P2 ,d ) + j ( Q2 , g Q2 ,d )
S 2 ,sch = - 0.7500 + j0.1459 pu
Using GS method, select the initial values for the unknowns as:
V1 = 1.00 o pu
V2o = 1 22.0169 o
Start the first iteration
V21
( V2o )*
Y22
Y21
V1
Y22
Assuming a power system has n buses, then; one bus will be considered as a
slack bus and the other buses are load buses (PQ-buses) and voltage controlled
buses (PV-buses). Let the system buses be numbered as:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
i=1
Salck bus
i = 2 , 3 , ..... , m
PV buses
i = m + 1 , m + 2 , ...... , n
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
PQ buses
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
| Vi | = | Vi | Specified
Qi ,min Qi Qi ,max
.. Eq. 23
.. Eq. 24
The second requirement for the voltage controlled bus may be violated if the
bus voltage becomes too high or too small. It is to be noted that we can control
the bus voltage by controlling the bus reactive power.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Qi Qi ,max
set Qi = Qi ,max
Qi Qi ,min
set Qi = Qi ,min
Qi ,min Qi Qi ,max
NOTE
For PQ bus
a. Calculate Qi
Qi =| Vi |
For the
(kth+1)
iteration,
( k +1 )
i
= | Vi |speci
+ | Vi |speci
| Yip || V p | sin ( i p ip )
p =1
i 1
( k +1 )
(k )
( k +1 )
|
Y
|
|
V
|
sin
(
ip )
ip p
i
p
p=1
n
(k )
(k )
(k )
|
Y
|
|
V
|
sin
(
ip )
ip p
i
i
p= i
th
Set | Vi | = | Vi | speci
Qi ,min Qi Qi ,max
Vi
k +1
Ki
=
k *
( Vi )
i 1
Lip V
p=1
( k +1 )
p
k
L
V
ip p = |Vik + 1 | i
p= i + 1
k +1
New Voltage
A.M. Gaouda
magnitudeDr.
and
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
angle are obtained
Use
|Vi
k +1
| = |Vi |Speci
ik + 1
Vi k + 1 = |Vi |Speci
Qik + 1 Qi ,max
Or
Qik + 1 Qi ,min
Vi k + 1
Ki
=
k *
( Vi )
Vi
i 1
( k +1 )
L
V
ip p
k +1
p=1
= |Vi
k
L
V
ip p
p= i + 1
k +A.M.
1 Gaouda
k + 1 Dr.
iUAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
EXAMPLE:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
From
Bus
G1
To
Dr. A.M.
Gaouda
Bus
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
ELEC572, 04/05
0.1500
Bus
No.
Bus
code
Slack
1.0200
100
50
PV
1.0200
200
PQ
50
20
PQ
PQ
Load
MVAR
Gen.Dr. A.M.Gen.
Gaouda
UAE University
MW ELEC572,
MVAR
04/05
Q
Min.
Q
Max.
Inject
MVAR
20
60
0
0
50
50
20
Dr. 0
A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572,
04/05
0
Qmax = 0.6 pu
Qmin = 0.2 pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
2
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
G1
G2
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
SOLUTION:
A.M. Gaouda
4 Dr.
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Ybus Construction
y =
1
1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda = 2 j 6
=
UAE University
z 0.05 +ELEC572,
j 0.15
04/05
G2
G1
Y22 = y 21 + y 23 + y 25 = 6 j 18
Y = y + y 34 = 4 j 12
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
33ELEC572, 04/05
32
Y44 = y43 + y 45 = 4 j 12
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Ybus =
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
-2.0 + J6.0
6.0 -J18.0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
Y15 = y15 = 2 + j 6
Y13 = Y14 = 0
4.0 - J12.0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
Y12 = y12 = 2 + j 6
0
-2.0 + J6.0
4.0 -J12.0
-2.0 + J6.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
0
ELEC572, 04/05
0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
4.0 -J12.0
-2.0 + J6.0
-2.0 + J6.0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
6.0 -J18.0Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Bus
No.
Load
MW
Bus
code
Volt
Mag.
Volt
Angle
Load
MVAR
1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
2
ELEC572, 04/05
Slack
1.0200
100
PV
1.0200
PQ
50
20
PQ
50
PQ
50
Gen.
MW
Gen.
MVAR
Q
Min.
Q
Max.
Inject
MVAR
G1
G2
Dr.50A.M. Gaouda ?
UAE University 200
0
ELEC572, 04/05
20
60
20
20
S 1 ,sch = ( P1 , g P1 ,d ) + j ( Q1 , g Q1 ,d )
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
S 2 ,sch = ( P2 , g P2 ,d ) + j ( Q2 , g Q2 ,d )
S 2 ,sch = ( 2.0 0 ) + j ( Q2 , g 0 )
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
3 ,sch
= ( 0 0.5 ) + j ( 0 0.2 )
ELEC572, 04/05
V1 = 1.020 o
-2.0 + J6.0
0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
4.0 -J12.0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
4.0 -J12.0
-2.0 + J6.0
-2.0 + J6.0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
6.0 -J18.0
Q2 ,min = 0.2
Q2 ,max = 0.6
and
Using GS method, select the initial values for the unknowns as:
and
2o = 0
Q2 ,min Q2 Q2 ,max
Q = 0.2448
1
2
Q2 ,min Q2 Q2 ,max
i .e .;
K2
1
o
o
o
L
V
+
L
V
+
L
V
+
L
V
V2 =
21 1
23 3
24 4
25 5
( V2o )*
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
The values for Ki and Lip are computed once in the beginning and used in every
iteration.
Y
L21 = 21
Y22
P2 jQ2
K2 =
Y22
Y
L23 = 23
Y22
Y
L24 = 24
Y22
K2 = 0.0456 + j0.0959
L23 = -0.3333
V = 1.05555.1113
1
2
21 = 5.1113o
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
V21 = 1.025.1113o
L24 = 0.0
L25 =
Y25
Y22
L25 = -0.3333
Voltage magnitude is
known and fixed for a
PV bus, therefore the
new calculated
magnitude willDr.not
be
A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
used. ELEC572, 04/05
Bus 3 is PQ Bus
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
V31 =
P3 jQ3
K3 =
Y33
K3
1
o
o
L
V
+
L
V
+
L
V
+
L
V
31 1
32 2
34 4
35 5
( V3o )*
L31 =
K3 = -0.0275 - j0.0325
Y31
Y33
L31 = 0.0
L32 =
Y32
Y33
L34 =
L32 = -0.5000
L35 =
L34 = -0.5000
Bus 4 is PQ Bus
K4 =
P4 jQ4
Y44
K4 = -0.0275 - j0.0325
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Y
L41 = 41
Y44
L41 = 0.0
Y42
L42 =
Y44
V = 0.9631 - 1.5489
1
4
L43 =
Y43
Y44
L43 = -0.5000
L42 = 0.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Y35
Y33
L35 = 0.0
K4
1
1
o
L
V
L
V
L
V
L
V
V =
+
+
+
41
1
42
2
43
3
45
5
( V4o )*
1
4
Y34
Y33
V31 = 0.98060.7559o
]
L45 =
Y45
Y44
L45 = -0.5000
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Bus 5 is PQ Bus
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
K5
1
3
1
L
V
L
V
L
V
L
V
V =
+
+
+
51 1
52 2
53 3
54 4
( V5o )*
1
5
K5 = -0.0183 - 0.0217i
L53 = 0.0
L52 = -0.3333
L51 = -0.3333
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
L54 = -0.3333
0.2 Q2 0.6
Q22 = Im{ V21* ( Y21 V1 + Y22 V21 + Y23 V31 + Y24 V41 + Y25 V51 )}
Q22 = 0.0290
The reactive power limits are violated
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Q2 Qi ,min
UAE University
All Buses 2, 3, 4 and 5 are PQ Buses. Find the bus voltages using GS method
ELEC572, 04/05
Problem 2:
A. The line impedances are as indicated in per unit on 100MVA base.
The line charging susceptances are neglected. Using Gauss-Seidel method find
the power flow solution of the system. Ignoring the limits of Q3.
2
0.02 + j 0.04 pu
400
MW
0.0125 + j0.025 pu
0.01 + j 0.03 pu
250
MVAR
V1 = 1.05 0 o pu
| V3 | = 1.04
200
MW
1
y12 =
= 10 j 20 = y 21
0.02 + j 0.04
1
y13 =
= 10 j 30 = y 31
0.01 + j 0.03
y 23 =
2
0.02 + j 0.04 pu
250
V1 = 1.05 0 o pu
MVAR
| V3 | = 1.04
200
MW
Ybus
Ybus =
MW
0.0125 + j 0.025 pu
0.01 + j 0.03 pu
1
= 16 j 32 = y 32
0.0125 + j 0.025
400
y12
y 21 + y 23
y 32
20 j 50 10 + j 20 10 + j 30
10 + j 20 26 j 52 16 + j 32
10 + j 30 16 + j 32 26 j 62
y13
y 23
y 31 + y 32
Classification of buses:
2
0.02 + j 0.04 pu
250
V1 = 1.05 0 pu
MVAR
| V3 | = 1.04
200
MW
( P2 , g P2 ,d ) + j ( Q2 , g Q2 ,d )
S 2 ,sch =
Base MVA
pu
( 0 400 ) + j ( 0 250 )
pu
100
S 2 ,sch = 4 j 2.5 pu
0.0125 + j 0.025 pu
0.01 + j 0.03 pu
o
V1 = 1.050 o pu
P3 ,sch = 2.0 pu
400
MW
Using GS method, select the initial values for the unknowns as:
V1 = 1.050 o pu
V2o = 10
| V3 | = 1.04
Bus 2 is PQ Bus
n
K2
V2 = * L2 p V p
V2 p = 1
p 2
K2
o
L
V
L
V
V =
+
21 1
23 3
( V2o )*
1
2
K2 = - 0.0692 - j0.0423
L21 = - 0.3846
L23 = -0.6154
3o = 0 o
Bus 3 is PV Bus
Calculate and Check Q3 is within the limits
Q3 ,min Q3 Q3 ,max
L
V
+
L
V
31 1
32 2
( V3o )*
K3 = 0.0274 + j0.0208
]
L32 = -0.5310 - j0.0354
Voltage magnitude is
fixed for a PV bus,
therefore the new
calculated magnitude
will not be used.
Bus 2 is PQ Bus
K2
1
L
V
L
V
V =
+
21 1
23 3
( V21 )*
V22 = 0.9711 - j0.0434
2
2
Bus 3 is PV Bus
Q3 ,min Q3 Q3 ,max
K3
2
V =
L
V
+
L
V
31 1
32 2
( V31 )*
2
3
P3 jQ32
K3 = 0.0305 + j0.0194
K3 =
Y33
V32 = 1.0391 - j0.0073 = 1.0391 - 0.4028o
Reset the magnitude
EXAMPLE:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
From
Bus
G1
To
Dr. A.M.
Gaouda
Bus
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
ELEC572, 04/05
0.1500
Bus
No.
Bus
code
Slack
1.0200
100
50
PV
1.0200
200
PQ
50
20
PQ
PQ
Load
MVAR
Gen.Dr. A.M.Gen.
Gaouda
UAE University
MW ELEC572,
MVAR
04/05
Q
Min.
Q
Max.
Inject
MVAR
20
60
0
0
50
50
20
Dr. 0
A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572,
04/05
0
Qmax = 0.6 pu
Qmin = 0.2 pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
SOLUTION:
A.M. Gaouda
4 Dr.
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Ybus Construction
y =
1
1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda = 2 j 6
=
UAE University
z 0.05 +ELEC572,
j 0.15
04/05
G2
G1
Y22 = y 21 + y 23 + y 25 = 6 j 18
Y = y + y 34 = 4 j 12
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
33ELEC572, 04/05
32
Y44 = y43 + y 45 = 4 j 12
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Ybus =
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
-2.0 + J6.0
6.0 -J18.0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
Y15 = y15 = 2 + j 6
Y13 = Y14 = 0
4.0 - J12.0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
Y12 = y12 = 2 + j 6
0
-2.0 + J6.0
4.0 -J12.0
-2.0 + J6.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
0
ELEC572, 04/05
0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
4.0 -J12.0
-2.0 + J6.0
-2.0 + J6.0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
6.0 -J18.0Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Bus
No.
Load
MW
Bus
code
Volt
Mag.
Volt
Angle
Load
MVAR
1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
2
ELEC572, 04/05
Slack
1.0200
100
PV
1.0200
PQ
50
20
PQ
50
PQ
50
Gen.
MW
Gen.
MVAR
Q
Min.
Q
Max.
Inject
MVAR
G1
G2
20
20
Dr.50A.M. Gaouda ?
UAE University 200
0
ELEC572, 04/05
20
60
ELEC572, 04/05
-2.0 + J6.0
0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
0
-2.0 + J6.0
4.0 -J12.0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
4.0 -J12.0
-2.0 + J6.0
-2.0 + J6.0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
6.0 -J18.0
Using GS method, select the initial values for the unknowns as:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Bus 2 is PV Bus
Q2 ,min Q2 Q2 ,max
Q =
1
2
Q2 ,min Q2 Q2 ,max
i .e .;
K2
1
o
o
o
L
V
L
V
L
V
L
V
V2 =
+
+
+
21 1
23 3
24 4
25 5
( V2o )*
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
The values for Ki and Lip are computed once in the beginning and used in every
iteration.
P2 jQ2
K2 =
Y22
Y21
L21 =
Y22
K2 = 0.0456 + j0.0959
L21 = -0.3333
L23 =
L23 = -0.3333
V21 = 1
Therefore,
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Y
L24 = 24
Y22
L24 = 0.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
|V21 | =
21 = 5
V21 = 1
Y23
Y22
Y25
L25 =
Y22
L25 = -0.3333
Voltage magnitude is
known and fixed for a
PV bus, therefore the
new calculated
magnitude will not be
A.M. Gaouda
used. Dr.
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Bus 3 is PQ Bus
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
V31 =
P3 jQ3
K3 =
Y33
K3
1
o
o
L
V
L
V
L
V
L
V
+
+
+
31 1
32 2
34 4
35 5
( V3o )*
L31 =
K3 = -0.0275 - j0.0325
Y31
Y33
L31 = 0.0
L32 =
Y32
Y33
L34 =
L32 = -0.5000
L35 =
L34 = -0.5000
Bus 4 is PQ Bus
K4 =
P4 jQ4
Y44
K4 = -0.0275 - j0.0325
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Y
L41 = 41
Y44
L41 = 0.0
Y42
L42 =
Y44
V = 0.9631 - 1.5489
1
4
L43 =
Y43
Y44
L43 = -0.5000
L42 = 0.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Y35
Y33
L35 = 0.0
K4
1
1
o
L
V
L
V
L
V
L
V
V =
+
+
+
41
1
42
2
43
3
45
5
( V4o )*
1
4
Y34
Y33
V31 = 0.98060.7559o
]
L45 =
Y45
Y44
L45 = -0.5000
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Bus 5 is PQ Bus
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
K5
1
3
1
L
V
L
V
L
V
L
V
V =
+
+
+
51 1
52 2
53 3
54 4
( V5o )*
1
5
K5 = -0.0183 - 0.0217i
L51 = -0.3333
L52 = -0.3333
L53 = 0.0
L54 = -0.3333
EXAMPLE:
G1
G2
Bus
nl
Bus
nr
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
Bus Data for the the 5 buses Network Before load flow solution
Load
MW
Bus
No.
Bus
code
Volt
Mag.
Volt
Angle
Load
MVAR
Gen.
MW
Gen.
MVAR
Q
Min.
Slack
1.0200
100
50
PV
1.0200
200
PQ
50
20
PQ
50
20
PQ
50
20
Q
Max.
Inject
MVAR
20
60
Qmax = 0.6 pu
Qmin = 0.2 pu
SOLUTION:
Solution
Ybus Construction
3
G1
G2
Bus
nl
Bus
nr
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
Solution
G1
G2