WSF OAK MKB Connections PDF

American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood Council
APA - The Engineered Wood Association

Wood Truss Council of America
Canadian Wood Council
American Wood Council

Connection Solutions for
Wood-frame Structures
The American Wood Council (AWC)
provides wood design and construction
information to assist building industry
professionals, develops structural and
fire performance data on a wide range
of traditional and engineered wood
products, and engages in long-term
research.
Presented by:
Michelle Kam-Biron, PE, SE

Director, Education

Design Professional Membership:
Optional listing in AF&PA Design Professional Services Directory with
description of professional services.
Member discounts on Technical Publications.
AWC IMPACT newsletter.
Wood Design Focus, the Forest Products Society quarterly journal of
contemporary wood engineering.
Wood Design & Building, a quarterly North American magazine on
design and construction of modern wood buildings.
Use of the AWC Design Professional Member logo.
Frequent updates on wood industry developments, association activity,
new publications, and special reports on engineering, building codes,
standards, fire technology, and research projects.
Announcements of seminars offering CEU credits.
Access to technical information with a direct 800 phone number to AWC.
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www.awc.org
Copyright 2013 American Forest & Paper Association Inc., APA - The Engineered Wood Association, Inc., Wood Truss Council of America Inc.,
Canadian Wood Council, Inc. All rights reserved. For permission to reprint contact AF&PA at 1-800 AWC-AFPA.

Copyright Materials
The Wood Products Council is a Registered Provider with The
American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems

(AIA/CES). Credit(s) earned on completion of this program will be
This presentation is protected by US and

International Copyright laws. Reproduction,
distribution, display and use of the presentation
without written permission of the speaker is
prohibited.
reported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for

both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.
This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional
education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed
or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any
material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using,
distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
American Wood Council 2013
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be

addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Learning Objectives
Outline
At the end of this program, participants will be knowledgeable of:
1. Identify basic wood material properties and learn how to

avoid splits, notching, and checking in connection
solutions.
2. Recommend fastening guidelines for wood-to-steel,
wood-to-concrete, and wood-to-wood connections.
3. Describe effects of moisture on wood connections and
implement proper flashing to avoid problems.
4. Identify proper fastener selection in size, scope, and
pattern.
wood connection design

philosophy
connection behavior
serviceability challenges
connection hardware and
fastening systems
connection techniques
design software
where to get more information

Outline
Basic Concepts
wood connection design
philosophy
connection behavior
serviceability issues
connection hardware and
fastening systems
design software
Modelwoodcellsasabundleofstraws
Bundleisverystrongparalleltoaxisofthestraws
Parallel
Stronger
Connecting Wood - Philosophy
Perpendicular
Less strong
wood likes compression parallel to grain

makes connecting wood very easy
Woodlikescompressionparallel
tograin makesconnecting
woodveryeasy

Concentrated at a single fastener

wood is more prone to split and crush
wood likes to take on load spread over its

surface
Notching
wood and tension perpendicular to grain

Not recommended
Problem
Solution
initiators:
notches
large diameter fasteners
hanging loads

Beam to Concrete
Beam to Concrete
Notched Bearing Wall
Notched Beam Bearing
alternate to beam notch
may cause splitting

not recommended
Split
HangertoBeam
Hanger to Beam
Loadsuspendedfrom
lowerhalfofbeam
may cause splits

not recommended
Tensionperpendicular
tograin
Maycausesplits
Split
Split
Lower half of beam
C
N
A
Split
N
A
Exception: light load

- <100 lbs
- >24 o.c.

HangertoBeam
Full wrap
sling option

Load supported in
upper half of beam
Extended plates puts
wood in compression
when loaded
C
N
A
compression
Splitting happens because

wood is relatively weak
perpendicular to grain
Nails too close (act like a
wedge)
N
A
T
Staggered Nailing
Splitting occurs parallel to

grain
Framing
Wood Structural
Panel
Staggering
Nail
1/8" Gap
Between Panels
Nailing not staggered
Nailing not staggered
Nailing staggered
Nailing staggered
Splitting will not occur Staggering a line of nails

perpendicular to grain, parallel to wood grain
minimizes splitting
no matter how close
nails are

wood, like other hygroscopic materials,

moves in varying environments
fastener selection is key to connection

ductility, strength, performance
mechanical fasteners
keep them small
use lots of them
issue is scale of fastener relative to wood

member size
Quick summary
Wood likes compression parallel to grain
Wood likes to take on load spread over its
surface
Avoid tension perpendicular to grain
Wood, like other materials, moves in varying
environments
Fastener selection is key to connection
ductility, strength, performance

Next...
wood connection design philosophy

connection behavior
connection hardware and fastening systems
design software
Connection Behavior
Balance
Strength
Ductility-
Load
high strength, poor ductility
good strength, good ductility
low strength, good ductility
Displacement
Connection Behavior
Connection Behavior

Connection Behavior
Connection Behavior
Balance
Strength
Load
Size and number
of fasteners
Ductility-
high strength, poor ductility
good strength, good ductility
Fastener
slenderness
Spacing
End distance
low strength, good ductility
Displacement
Next...
Connection Serviceability

connection behavior
design software

Issue: direct water ingress
water is absorbed most quickly through wood
end grain
No end
caps or
flashing
Issue: direct water ingress
or, let water out if it gets in...
Issue: direct water
ingress
re-direct the
water flow
around the
connection
end caps and flashing
Moisture Changes In Wood

Causes dimensional changes
perpendicular to grain
Growing
tree is
filled with
water
As wood
dries, it
shrinks
perp. to
grain
Moisture trap No weep holes
10

Wood Shrinks
Moisture Effects
Woodmagazine
.com
Wet Service Factor, CM
Wet Service Factor, CM

Dowel-type connectors
Saturated
19% MC
Saturated
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.7
0.7
0.25
0.4* Lateral load (*CM=0.7 for D<1/4)

1.0 Withdrawal load - lag & wood screws only
0.25 Withdrawal load - nails & spikes
CM = 1.0 if:
19% MC
1 fastener
2+ fasteners
fabrication MC
in-service MC
Dry
CM
bolts
drift pins
drift bolts
lag screws
wood screws
nails
Dry
CM
0.4 Lateral load (D>1/4)

fabrication MC
in-service MC
split splice
plates
Table 10.3.3 footnote 2
11

Beam to Column
Beam to Column
Smaller side plates
Full-depth side plates
transmit force
allow wood
movement
may cause splitting

wood shrinkage
Beam to Column
Beam to Wall
Problem
Solution
shrinkage
tension perp
bolts near bottom

minimizes effect of
shrinkage
Slotted hardware
12

Beam to Concrete
Avoid contact with cementitious materials
Beam on Wall
prevent contact with
concrete
provide lateral
resistance and uplift
slotted to allow
longitudinal movement
typical for sloped beam
Beam on Shelf
prevent contact with
concrete
provide lateral
resistance and uplift
Beam to Masonry
Column to Base
Application
Problem
no weep holes in closed
shoe
moisture entrapped
decay can result
Need 1/2 air gap between

wood and masonry
13

Column to Base
Column to Base
Angle brackets
anchor bolts in brackets
Wheres the plate?
Hidden Column Base
Column to Base
Floor slab poured over

connection
Floor slab poured below

connection
will cause decay

not recommended
14

Next...
Mechanical Connectors

connection behavior
design software
Traditional Connectors
www.tfguild.org
www.timberframe.org
All-wood solution
time tested
practical
extreme
efficiencies
available with
computer numeric
control (CNC)
machining
Long History > 100

years
Uses automated
Computer numerical
Control (CNC) milling
technology
machine joints
pre-drill holes
Timber Framers
Guild www.tfguild.org
15

Mechanical Connectors
Wood dowel connection
design technology now
available
Common Fasteners
Schmidt, R.J. (2006): Timber Pegs Considerations for Mortise and Tenon
Joint Design, Structure Magazine, March 2006, NCSEA, 13(3):44-47.
Nails
Staples
WoodScrews
Metalplateconnectors
Lagscrews
Bolts
NDS Chapter 11 Dowel-type Fasteners
Fastener Values
ASD and LRFD accommodated through Table 10.3.1

Bolts
Lag screws
Wood screws
Nails & spikes
Included in U.S. design literature

Fastener Type
Reference
Bolts
NDS or NER
Lag Screws
NDS or NER
Wood Screws
NDS or NER
Nails & Spikes
NDS or NER
Split Ring Connectors
NDS
Shear Plate Connectors
NDS
Drift Bolts & Drift Pins
NDS
Metal Plate Connectors
NER
Hangers & Framing Anchors
NER
Staples
NER
National Evaluation
Reports (NER) are
developed for
proprietary products
16

Fastener Bending Yield Test
Dowel Bearing Strength
Center-Point Bending Test

Load
Yield Limit Equations
Yield Modes
4 Modes of failure
6 Yield equations
Single & double shear
MODE I
bearingdominated yield
of wood fibers
MODE II
pivoting of
fastener with
localized
crushing of wood
fibers
17

Yield Modes
Yield Limit Equations

MODE III
fastener yield in
4 Modes of failure
6 Yield equations
Single & double shear
Wood-to-wood
Wood-to-Steel
Wood-to-Concrete
bending at one
plastic hinge and
bearing
dominated yield
of wood fibers
MODE IV
fastener yield in
bending at two
plastic hinges and
bearing
dominated yield
of wood fibers
Spacing, End, & Edge Distance 2005 NDS
18

Unless special detailing is provided to accommodate

cross-grain shrinkage of the wood member.
adds the following notes to 11.5.1 The

perpendicular to grain distance between the
outermost fasteners shall not exceed 5" (see
Figure 11H) unless special detailing is provided
to accommodate cross-grain shrinkage of the
wood member. For structural glued laminated
timber members, the perpendicular to grain
distance between the outermost fasteners shall
not exceed the limits in Table 11.5.1F, unless
special detailing is provided to accommodate
cross-grain shrinkage of the member.
Unless special detailing is provided to accommodate

cross-grain shrinkage of the wood member.
19

Local Stresses in Fastener Groups

Closely spaced fasteners
10.1.2 Stresses in Members at

Connections
brittle failure
lower capacity
Local stresses in connections using multiple

fasteners shall be checked in accordance with
principles of engineering mechanics. One
method for determining these stresses is
provided in Appendix E.

Properly spaced
fasteners
wood failure mechanisms need to be

considered in design

Appendix E NDS Expressions
Net tension:
increased ductility
higher capacity
spread out the fasteners!
'
Z NT
Ft ' Anet
Row tear-out:
'
Z RT
ni Fv'tsmin
i
nrow
'
RT
'
Z RT
i 1
20


Appendix E NDS Expressions
NDS Chapter 12 Split Rings & Shear Plates

Capacity tables - unchanged
Group tear-out
'
Z GT
'
Z RT
top
'
Z RT
bottom F ' A
t group net
2
Note: spacing between outer rows

of fasteners paralleling the member
on a single splice plate < 5
Specialized Connectors
Shear plates
NDS Chapter 12 Split Rings & Shear Plates

Availability
www.clevelandsteel.com
21

NDS Chapter 13 Timber Rivets
Timber Rivets
Many applications
Canada several
decades
2005 NDS
Figure1 GlulamSurfaces
Glued Laminated Timber

DFL
SP
NDS Chapter 13 Timber Rivets
Chapter 13 Timber Rivets

Plates
Steel ASTM A36
Hot-dipped galvanized if in
wet service
NDS - Rivets
Rivets
Steel AISI 1035
Rockwell Hardness C32-39
Fu = 145 ksi
Hot-Dipped
Galvanized
Fixed-shank crosssection
Fixed head
dimension
Vary only in length
Perforated
Steel Plates
Fixed-hole
pattern geometry
Holes sizes lock
and hold rivet to
prevent rotation
22

Timber Rivets Seismic Connections
Timber Rivets - Design
Ductility with rivet

capacity as governing
mode
Or move ductile zone
out of the rivets into
the steel plate
Four strength limit states:
Steel plates design as

weak link
Control capacity prior to
the rivet connection in
wood
Steel plates more
predictable behavior
Timber Rivets Design 2005 NDS
Rivet yielding
Pr parallel to grain
Qr perpendicular to grain
Wood failure
Pw parallel to grain
Qw perpendicular to grain
Plate yielding
Enhanced ductility
Lowest value governs design
Timber Rivets Design 2012 NDS
23

Where to Find Design Examples
2005 NDS
Reiterative process
Parallel to grain timber rivet capacity
Pr = 280 p0.32 nR nC
(13.2-1)
188 2012 NDS

Perpendicular to grain timber rivet capacity
Qr = 160 p0.32 nR nC
108 2012 NDS

Section 13.3.1: The maxiumum distance
perpendicular to grain between outermost rows of
rivets shall be 12
Timber Rivet
Connections
Design Process for
a Hanger
Connection
http://www.awc.org/pdf/W
DF17-4-rivet-pw.pdf
Design Example 2005 NDS
Flow chart per the

2005 NDS
Reiterative process
24

Design Example
Dead Load +
Snow Load
25

Next...

connection behavior
design software
Connection Techniques
must evaluate:
wood bolts in all-wood structure
forces present
environmental effects
material effects
aesthetics
26

Pre-engineered Connectors
Post to Beam
Beam to Beam
Joist to Beam (Hanger)
Column Cap & Base hardware
Hanger hardware
27

Custom Hardware
Truss hardware
Difficult situations made easy
bolts in heavy trusses

connecting other frame materials : Steel
28

steel bolts in columns
connecting other frame materials : Concrete
Hidden kerf plates
Bullitt Center, Seattle, WA, USA

Architect: Miller Hill Partnership
Photo Credit: Miller Hull Partnership
29

Operations Centre
Gulf Islands National Park Reserve
Larry
McFarland
Architect,
Vancouver, BC
CWMM
Consulting
Engineers, Inc.,
Vancouver, BC
Regional District of Nanaimo

Administration Building
Expansion
Architect: Neale Staniszkis Doll
Adams Architects Vancouver, BC
Owner; Regional District of
Nanaimo Nanaimo, BC
General Contractor: Windley
Contracting Ltd Nanaimo, BC
Structural Engineer: Herold
Engineering Ltd. Nanaimo, BC
30

Custom Hardware
A blend of art
and
technology
Concealed Connectors
Timberlinx
Hollow steel
connection
tube
Expanding
cross pins
Proprietary Systems
SFS Intec
Self-tapping
dowel s-w-s
Threaded
screw w-w
31

Kwantlen Polytechnic University

Cloverdale Campus
Bunting Coady
Architects,
Vancouver, BC
Bush Bohlman
& Partners,
Inc.,
Vancouver, BC
BS Connector
Shaped steel shaft
Steel pins or dowels
Non-shrink grout
Raleigh-Durham International Airport
Fentress Architects
Denver, CO
Washington, DC
Stewart
Engineering, Inc.
Raleigh, NC
Archer Western
Contractors
Raleigh, NC
32

Stavebolt
Steel pipe
Stitch bolts
Tie-Bolt
Sherpa
33

Sherpa
Arena Stage at the Mead Center for
American Theater
Bing Thom
Architects
Fast + Epp
Structural
Engineers
Clark
Construction
Arena Stage at the Mead Center for
American Theater
Richmond Olympic Oval
CANNON Design
Gerald Epp, Fast + Epp
Richmond (south of Vancouver)
34

Richmond Olympic Oval
Myrick Hixon EcoPark Building - WI
CANNON Design
Gerald Epp, Fast + Epp
Richmond (south of Vancouver)
Next...
Whole Trees Architecture, Stoddard, WI
Software solutions exist

connection behavior
Serviceability challenges
design software
35


Connections
design
software

WWPA Lumber
Design Suite
Beams and Joists
Post and Studs
Wood to Wood Shear
Connections (nails,
bolts, wood screws
and lag screws)
http://www2.wwpa.org/TECHGUIDEPAGES/DesignSoftware/tabi
d/859/Default.aspx
Connection Calculator
AWC.org
Next...

connection behavior
design software
36

More info.???
DES110:
Connection Design
www.awc.org
More comprehensive
More info.???
Technica papers on Timber rivets:
http://www.awc.org/helpoutreach/faq/faqFiles/Timber_rivet
s.html
Timber rivets in structural composite lumber

Simplified analysis of timber rivet connections
Timber rivet connections in U.S. domestic species
Timber Rivets-Structure Magazine
Seismic Behavior of Timber Rivets in Wood
Construction
Seismic Performance of Riveted Connections in
Heavy Timber Construction
Timber rivet suppliers
http://www.apawo
od.org/level_c.cfm
?content=pub_sea
rchresults&pK=t30
0h&pT=Yes&pD=Y
es&pF=Yes&CFID
=41187636&CFTO
KEN=25311692
Form EWS T300H
More info.???
Load-carrying behavior of steel-to-timber
dowel connections:
http://timber.ce.wsu.edu/Resources/papers/24-1.pdf
New Concealed Connectors Bring More
Options for Timber Structures
http://www.structuremag.org/Archives/20071/p42-43D-InsightsConcealedConnectorsJan07.pdf
37

Murphys Law
Take home messages...

transfer loads in compression / bearing whenever
possible
allow for dimensional changes in the wood due to
potential in-service moisture cycling
avoid the use of details which induce tension perp
stresses in the wood
avoid moisture entrapment in connections
separate wood from direct contact with masonry or
concrete
avoid eccentricity in joint details
minimize exposure of end grain
No matter how
well it is
designed...
Connections
and you
thought
connecting
wood was
complicated!
38

Questions?
This concludes The
American Institute of
Architects Continuing
Education Systems Course
www.awc.org
info@awc.org
39

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American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood Council

APA - The Engineered Wood Association

American Wood Council

Michelle Kam-Biron, PE, SE

American Wood Council

American Wood Council

American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood Council

The Wood Products Council is a Registered Provider with The

American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems

This presentation is protected by US and

reported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for

American Wood Council 2013

Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be

At the end of this program, participants will be knowledgeable of:

1. Identify basic wood material properties and learn how to

wood connection design

American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood Council

Connecting Wood - Philosophy

Connecting Wood - Philosophy

wood likes compression parallel to grain

American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood Council

Connecting Wood - Philosophy

Concentrated at a single fastener

wood likes to take on load spread over its

Connecting Wood - Philosophy

wood and tension perpendicular to grain

American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood Council

Notched Beam Bearing

alternate to beam notch

may cause splitting

may cause splits

Lower half of beam

Exception: light load

American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood Council

Connecting Wood - Philosophy

Splitting happens because

Connecting Wood - Philosophy

Connecting Wood - Philosophy

Splitting occurs parallel to

Nailing not staggered

Nailing not staggered

Splitting will not occur Staggering a line of nails

American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood Council

Connecting Wood - Philosophy

Connecting Wood - Philosophy

wood, like other hygroscopic materials,

fastener selection is key to connection

Connecting Wood - Philosophy

Connecting Wood - Philosophy

issue is scale of fastener relative to wood

American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood Council

wood connection design philosophy

high strength, poor ductility

good strength, good ductility

low strength, good ductility

American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood Council

high strength, poor ductility

good strength, good ductility

low strength, good ductility

wood connection design philosophy

American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood Council

end caps and flashing