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ASME B31.1 (2008)

ASME B31.3 (2008)

Power piping: typically found in electric power generating stations, in heating

and cooling systems

Process piping: typically found in petroleum refineries, chemical,

pharmaceutical, textile and paper plants

Gas transportation and dist

predominantly gas

Applicable: boiler external piping from first joint up to and including first block
valve for boilers where:

Exclusions:

Exclusions:

steam or vapor is generated over 100 kPa

high temperature water over 1103 kPa and/or temperatures of 120

nontoxic and not damaging to human tissues

Celsius
Excluding: fatigue due to pressure cycling

piping systems pressure above 0 and less 105 kPa nonflammable,

power boilers covered in BPV code and external piping covered in

tubes, tube headers, crossovers and manifolds of fired heaters

pressure vessels, heat exchangers, pumps

Including: fatigue due pressure cycling and thermal cycling

metal temperature
Celsius (450 F)

B31.1

pressure vessels,

piping beyond cus

piping in refineries

vent piping to subs

wellhead assembl

proprietary items s

liquid petroleum tr

dioxide and liquefi

Allowable stress:

as per tables in Appendix A

Allowable stress:

as per Table A-1 and A-2

as per table Appen

841.116A

shear to remain below 80%, bearing to remain below 160% of

allowable stress

Allowable stress

shear to remain below 80%, bearing to remain below 160% of

allowable stress

basis are same as ASME section II Part D Appendix 1 except for

cast iron and ductile iron

basis for bolting, cast iron, other material

flanges due to leakage below 75%

allowable stress of unlisted material (not conforming 323.1.2) can

not be used

Materials: material of unknown specification shall not be used for pressure

containing components

Materials: material of unknown specification shall not be used for pressure

containing components

Materials: material only as pe

ASME B31.1 (2008)

Quality factor E: depending type of weld, radiography and material

ASME B31.3 (2008)

Quality factor E: depending type of weld, radiography and material

Quality factor E

Factor y: factor depending Ferritic, Austenitic, Nickel and design temperature

Factor W: weld strength reduction factor

Factor W: weld strength reduction factor

Factor f: stress range factor
Factor F: design factor

Factor T: temperature deratin

values for temperature, Table
Pipe under internal pressure (104.1.2 and 104.1.4 (in creep)):

P = internal design pressure

D0 = outside diameter of pipe
SE = maximum allowable stress, including quality factor
tm = minimum required thickness
y = coefficient table 104.1.2A
A = additional thickness to compensate threading, provide additional strength,
corrosion allowance

Pipe under internal pressure (304.1.2):

Pipe under internal pressure

P = internal design pressure

P = internal design pressure

D = outside diameter of pipe

D = nominal outside diameter

S = stress value for material

S = specified minimum yield s

E = quality factor

E = longitudinal joint factor, tab

t = pressure design thickness

t = wall thickness

y = coefficient, also from table 304.1.1

F = design factor from table 84

W = Weld strength reduction factor

T = Temperature derating fact

Bend under internal pressure (304.2.1):

Bend under internal pressur

W = Weld strength reduction factor when in creep range, is 1 outside creep

range (table 102.4.7)
Bend under internal pressure (102.4.5):

For cold bends

according table in paragraph 8

ASME B31.1 (2008)

ASME B31.3 (2008)

Hot bends are to be designed

internal pressure rating shall n
seamless pipe and the intrado

pipe under internal pressure where I for intrados is:

pipe under internal pressure where I for intrados is:

where the t the wall thickness

and I for the extrados is:

and at sidewall I = 1.0,

R = radius of pipe bend
Elbows under internal pressure (102.4.5):

and I for the extrados is:

and at sidewall I = 1.0,

R = radius of pipe bend
Elbows under internal pressure (304.2.1):

Elbows under internal press

Elbows manufactured according standards listed in Table 126.1 are suitable for Elbows manufactured according standards listed in Table 326.1 are suitable for No specific design rules are lis
use at the pressure-temperature ratings specified by such standards.
use at the pressure-temperature ratings specified by such standards.
(Does this mean or allow that
uniform thickness?

Elbows not according above standards or for which design formulas and not
given in the code shall be based on calculations consistent with the design
criteria of this code. These calculations shall be substantiated by one or more
of the means stated in A B C or D of 104.7.2 (Does this mean or allow that an
elbow can be calculated according a bend with uniform thickness? Refer
B31.3)

Elbows not according above standards or for which design formulas and not
given in the code shall be based on calculations consistent with the design
criteria of this code. These calculations shall be substantiated by one or more
of the means stated in A B C or D of 304.7.2, or the elbow can be calculated
according the Bend calculation, refer 304.2.2.

Miter bends under internal pressure (104.3.3):

Miter bends under internal pressure (304.2.3):

Miter bends under internal p

1. When theta =< 22.5 deg than max. allowable pressure shall be the lesser of

1. If system hoop stress > 40%

ASME B31.1 (2008)

1. Only straight pipe calculations required if:

ASME B31.3 (2008)

(t = T - c):

are not permitted. Deflections

considered as miters.

2. If 10% < hoop stress < 40%

exceed 12.5 deg.
2. Pressure shall be limited to 70 kPa if:

and

3. If hoop stress < 10% SMYS

4. If hoop stress > 10% SMYS

less than one pipe diameter

or
and thickness is not less than required for straight pipe
3. Pressure shall be limited to 700 kPa if:

2. When theta > 22.5 deg than max. allowable pressure shall calculated as (t =
T - c):

and
and thickness is not less than required for straight pipe
For all miter bends the R1 shall not be less than:
4. For pressure over 700 kPa: proof test, FEA, etc required with a defined
minimum for closely spaced and widely spaced miter bend

with A:
(T-c) =< 13 mm A = 25
13 < (T-c) =< 22 mm A = 2(T-c)
(T-c) > 22 mm A = 2(T-c)/3 + 30
Reducer under internal pressure (104.6):

Reducer under internal pressure (304.6.1(b)):

Reducer under internal pres

1. Flanged reducer according Table 126.1 are considered suitable at the

specified pressure temperature ratings.

1. Reducers according Table 326.1 shall be considered suitable for use at

established pressure-temperature ratings or corresponding straight pipe with
87.5% of nominal wall thickness.

1. Steel butt welded fittings sh

Practice and shall have pressu
pipe of the same of equivalent

2. Concentric reducers not listed in Table 326.1 may be designed according

closures as per ASME VIII div.1

2. Other pressure containing c

philosophy of this code substa

2. Where butt welding reducers are made to a nominal pipe thickness, the
reducers shall be considered suitable for use with pipe of the same nominal
thickness.

ASME B31.1 (2008)

3. Components not covered by the standards listed in Table 126.1 shall be

based on calculation consistent with this code. Calculations are to be
substantiated by one of:
- extensive, successful service experience

ASME B31.3 (2008)

3. Eccentric reducers not listed in Table 326.1 are qualified as unlisted

components and shall be designed and documented substantiated by one of:

ASME B31.8 (2007)

- extensive, successful service experience

- experimental analysis

- extensive, successful service experience

- proof test

- experimental analysis
- experimental analysis

- engineering calculations
- proof test

- proof test

- detailed stress analysis, such as finite element analysis

- detailed stress analysis, such as finite element analysis

3. Closure heads such as flat, ellipsoidal, spherical or conical heads are allowed
for use under this code. Such items may be designed in accordance with ASME
VIII div.1 (UG32).

(Is ASME VIII div.1 UG32 acceptable?)

(Is ASME VIII div.1 UG32 acceptable?)

Stubon under internal pressure (104.3.1(D)):

Stubon under internal pressure (304.3.3):

Stubon under internal pressure (831.4 and app. F):

Required reinforcement area is

Required reinforcement area is

Required reinforcement area is (Fig. F-5):

= angle between branch and run

= angle between branch and run

with
A is additional thickness for corrosion and
tolerances, tmh from straight pipe calculation (104.1.2)

reinforcement by header

excess header, with

reinforcement by branch with

header excess area, with

attached reinforcement, weld area and other area

Assessment:
Area A2 and A3 to be multiplied by the ratio of allowable working stress,
maximum multiplication factor is
1.0 (para. 831.4(f))

ASME B31.1 (2008)

ASME B31.3 (2008)

branch excess

ASME B31.8 (2007)

attached reinforcement, weld area and other area

Assessment:
tr is reinforcement pad thickness

Area A2, A3 and A4 to be multiplied by the ratio of allowable working stress,

maximum multiplication factor is 1.0 (para. 304.3.3(f3))

weld area
If

area reinforcement ring

then

assess

area saddle on right angle connections

If

then

assess

Assessment:
Area A2,A3, A4 and A5 to be multiplied by the ratio of allowable working
stress, maximum multiplication factor is 1.0 (para. 104.3.1(D.2.3))

Tee (extruded outlet) under internal pressure (104.3.1(G)):

Tee (extruded outlet) under internal pressure (304.3.4):

Tee (extruded outlet) under internal pressure (831.4 ref. App. F):

Required reinforcement area is

Required reinforcement area is

Required reinforcement area is

K = 1.0 when

K = 1.0 when

K = 1.0 when d/D > 0.60

K = 0.6+(2d)/(3D) when 0.15 < d/D <= 0.60

K=

K = 0.7 when

when

K=

K = 0.7 when

when

K = 0.7 when d/D <= 0.15

reinforcement by header

ASME B31.1 (2008)

ASME B31.3 (2008)

reinforcement by header

ASME B31.8 (2007)

reinforcement by header

reinforcement by branch with

reinforcement by branch with

reinforcement by branch with

excess branch area

excess branch area

Assessment:

excess branch area

Assessment:

Assessment:

If

then assess

If

then assess

Weldolet (branch) under internal pressure (104.3.1(D)):

Weldolet (branch) under internal pressure (304.3.3):

Weldolet (branch) under internal pressure (831.4 ref. App. F):

Required reinforcement area is

Required reinforcement area is

Required reinforcement area is (Fig. F-5):

reinforcement by header, with

reinforcement by header, with

reinforcement by header

reinforcement by branch with

attached reinforcement, weld area and other area

reinforcement by branch with

reinforcement by branch with

Assessment:
Area A2 and A3 to be multiplied by the ratio of allowable working stress,
maximum multiplication factor is 1.0 (para. 831.4(f))

ASME B31.1 (2008)

with

ASME B31.3 (2008)

ASME B31.8 (2007)

with

= thickness pad or height of 60 deg angle fitting with in reinforcement

material

= thickness pad or a height of 0

= area provided by deposited weld metal and attached reinforcement

= area provided by deposited weld metal

Assessment:
excess weldolet area in reinforcement zone
Area A2, A3 and A4 to be multiplied by the ratio of allowable working stress,
maximum multiplication factor is 1.0 (para. 304.3.3(f3))

Assessment:
Area A2,A3, A4 and A5 to be multiplied by the ratio of allowable working
stress, maximum multiplication factor is 1.0 (para. 104.3.1(D.2.3))
Cap under internal pressure (104.4.1(B)):

Cap under internal pressure (304.4.1(b)):

Cap under internal pressure (831.372 and 831.373):

Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG-32 app.1-4

Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG-32 app.1-4

L = radius dish

L = radius dish

r = radius knuckle

r = radius knuckle

Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG-32 app.1-4

L = radius dish
r = radius knuckle

or

or

or
Flat closure under internal pressure (104.4.1(b)):

Flat closure under internal pressure (304.4.1(b)):

Flat closure under internal pressure (831.373):

Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG 34

Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG 34

Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG 34

ASME B31.1 (2008)

ASME B31.3 (2008)

ASME B31.8 (2007)

Flange under internal pressure (104.5.1(B)):

Flange under internal pressure (304.5.1(b)):

Flange under internal pressure (831.2):

Can be calculated according ASME VIII div.1 app. 2 using B31.3 allowable
stresses and temperature limits with:

Can be calculated according ASME VIII div.1 app. 2 using B31.3 allowable
stresses and temperature limits with:

Allowed to use:
ASME B16 series as listed in Appendix A such as B16.5.

= design gauge pressure

= design gauge pressure

= bolt design stress at atmospheric temperature

= bolt design stress at atmospheric temperature

= bolt design stress at design temperature

= bolt design stress at design temperature

= product SE

= product SEW

Blind flange under internal pressure (104.5.2(B)):

Blind flange under internal pressure (304.5.2(b)):

Can be calculated according ASME VIII div.1 UG-34 with:

Can be calculated according ASME VIII div.1 UG-34 with:

= sum of allowances

= internal design gauge pressure

= product SE

= pressure design thickness as per ASME VIII div. 1 UG-34

Blanks (spade) under internal pressure (304.5.3(B)):

Also MSS SP-44.

For slip-on welding flanges reference is made to ASME VIII div.1 design.
Can ASME VIII div.1 be used for calculation?

Blind flange under internal pressure:

Can ASME VIII div.1 be used?

= sum of allowances

= internal design gauge pressure

= product SEW

= pressure design thickness as per ASME VIII div. 1 UG-34

Blanks (spade) under internal pressure (304.5.3(b)):

Blanks (spade) under internal pressure:

Can ASME VIII div.1 be used?

= sum of allowances

= sum of allowances

ASME B31.1 (2008)

= inside diameter of gasket

ASME B31.3 (2008)

= inside diameter of gasket

ASME B31.8 (2007)