Axial Deformation and Stress of Bars (Chapter 11)

2001, W. E.
Haisler
Chapter 11: Axial Deformation and Stress of Bars
Axial Deformation and Stress of Bars (Chapter 11)

y
ux (x)
w
h
cross section (A)

may be any shape
z
L
L is large
compared to h and w
The 4 governing equations that must be satisfied are:
xx
0
Static Equilibrium (from COLM):
x
u x
Stress-Strain: xx E xx
Kinematics: xx
x
Boundary Conditions: Depends on the problem
2001, W. E. Haisler
Example 1. Consider an elastic axial bar as follows:

Axial force F applied to cross-section at right end (x=L)
Left end fixed so displacement B.C. of ux(x 0) 0
Beam is prismatic (constant cross-sectional area of A)
fixed from
motion at
x=0
ux(x)
x
A
F
Determine: ux(x), xx ( x) and ux(x=L).

F
Equilibrium at x: xx
;Displace B.C.: ux(x 0) 0
A
u x
Kinematics Relation (strain-displacement): xx
x
Constitutive Relation: xx E xx
2001, W. E. Haisler
Combine last three equations to obtain:

u x
F
xx xx / E ( ) / E
x
A
F
u x
F
( ) / E or dux [( )/ E]dx .
Thus
A
A
x
Integrate from 0 to x' to obtain the axial displacement:
x' F
F x'
F
u x ( x ')
dx
dx ( ) x ' C
0 AE
EA 0
EA
Apply the boundary condition: ux(x 0) 0
=> C = 0
F
Solution for axial bar in tension: u x ( x) ( ) x
EA
2001, W. E. Haisler
Strain is given by: xx
u x F
x EA
Stress is given by: xx E xx
and displacement at end, end u x ( x L) FL

EA
Note that end is the elongation of a bar of length L with
cross-sectional area A and Youngs modulus E and subjected
to a tensile force of F as shown below.
F
Consider a
L
truss structure as done in ENGR
211. By the method of joints, the
L B
E
8 ft
4 kips
H
8 ft
G
8 ft
F
8 ft
8 ft
2001, W. E. Haisler
force in bar EF is FAE 2.628kips . If the bar has a crosssectional area of 2 sq. in., then the stress is given by
xx
F
1,314 psi . Suppose the truss is made of steel.
A
The elongation of the truss memeber is then

(2,268lb)(11.314 ft 12ftin )
FL
0.00531 in . In this
6
2
EA
29 x10 psi (2in )
case, the bar is in compression and the negative indicates
that the member has shortened.
2001, W. E. Haisler
Example 2: Elastic bar constructed of two different bars, fixed

between two walls and loaded with a force P applied at point B:
E1
A1
E 2 A2
P
B
L
1
L
2
Determine: axial force and stress in each bar, axial displacement

at point B.
For this problem, we have 4 relationships to satisfy:

1. Equilibrium of horizontal forces at any point
2. Kinematics (strain/displacements in horizontal direction)
3. Stress-Strain (material properties)
4. Boundary Conditions
2001, W. E. Haisler
Use a free-body diagram to determine equilibrium of the

forces acting on a segment of the bar. Assume forces in the
bars are P1 and P2 (positive). Take a free-body of the beam
cross-section at point B (where the axial load P is applied):
P (applied load)
xx
xx
P1
P2
(stress in bar 2)
(force in bar 2)
Each stress can be written in terms of an equivalent force over an area
so that: P1 A xx1 dA xx1 A1 and P2 A xx2 dA xx2 A2

1
2
2001, W. E. Haisler
Equilibrium of the free body at B in terms of forces requires that
Fhorizontal 0 P P2 P1
or P P1 P2
(1)
NOTE:
Any problem which can not be solved for the internal forces
by force equilibrium alone requires additional equations
(defining displacements) in order to complete the solution.
Such a problem is called statically indeterminate.
The above problem is thus statically indeterminate!
We know from boundary conditions that the bars total
elongation between the two fixed walls is zero. First,
calculate the deformation (elongation) of bars 1 and 2:
2001, W. E. Haisler
E1
A1
A1
P1
L
1
Free Body #1
A2
P
P
1
P2 = force in
bar 2
E
2
A
2
P
2
L2
B
Free Body #2
Free Body #3
#1 and 3 are not really free-body diagrams!!!
P1L1
P2 L2
elongation of bar 1 = 1
; elongation of bar 2 = 2
A1E1
A2 E2
Displacement B.C.
total elongation = 0 = 1+ 2
P1L1 P2 L2
0
A1E1 A2 E2
We now have two equations to solve for P1 and P2 :
(2)
2001, W. E. Haisler
10
1
L1
A1E1
1
P1
P
L2
P2
0
A2 E2
Solution of the equations for P1 and P2 gives:

P1
Stresses are:
P
A2 E2 L1
A1E1L2
P1
xx
1
A1
and
P2
P
A1E1L2
A2 E2 L1
P2
xx
2
A2
Note: for P to right, xx is tensile (+) and xx is compressive (-).

1
2001, W. E. Haisler
11
Displacement at point B is
P1L1
P ( L1L2 )
B 1
A1E1 A1E1L2 A2 E2 L1
Note that for P to the right (positive P) , B is positive (to the
right) as expected.
Special Cases: L1 L2 L
1. A1 A2 , E1 E2 : P1 P / 2 (tension), P2 P / 2 (comp)
2. A1 A 2 A2 (bar 1 has larger area), E1 E2 :
P1 (2 / 3) P , P2 (1/ 3) P (bar 1 carries more load)
xx (2 / 3) P / A , xx (2 / 3) P / A (same!)
1
3. A1 A2 , E1 2 E2 (bar 1 has higher E, i.e., is "stiffer"):

2001, W. E. Haisler
12
General Solution Procedure for Bars

1. Determine number of free-body diagrams required.
Generally need a cut in each bar. However, if applied load or
bar properties (E, A, etc.) change along the bar, then you need
a cut on either side of where the change occurs.
2. Draw free-body diagrams labeling all unknown forces, Pi .
Must be consistent by assuming + directions; must be
consistent with equal and opposite forces on adjacent freebody diagrams where a cut was made).
3. Write appropriate COLM and COAM equations.
4. Determine if problem is statically determinate or
indeterminate.
5. If indeterminate, determine appropriate displacement
kinematic boundary conditions for the problem
(elongations sum to zero, elongations opposite, one
elongation multiple of another, etc.).
2001, W. E. Haisler
13
6. Determine elongations i in terms of unknown (assumed)

internal forces. Remember positive direction of elongation is
in same direction as assumed member force Pi .
7. Evaluate kinematic B.C. in terms of displacements (now in
terms of unknown internal forces).
8. Solve equations obtained in steps 3 and 7 for the unknown
internal forces.
9. If appropriate, plot member force for all bars, i.e., the
structure (particularly when bars in series; will help you
understand what is going on).
Evaluate elongations, strains and stresses in each bar (by
substituting the internal forces). If you followed the "+"=tension
sign convention rigorously, then + elongation means stretching
and - means compression, + stress means tension, etc.
2001, W. E. Haisler
14
Example 3: Two elastic bars in parallel.
A1,E1,L1
A 2 ,E 2 ,L 2
1
A rigid horizontal bar is

attached to the bottom of
each vertical bar.
Horizontal bar remains
horizontal when pulled
downwards.
Determine: force, stress and deflection in each vertical bar.

As before, we have four governing equations: Equilibrium,
Stress/strain, Kinematics and Boundary Conditions.
2001, W. E. Haisler
15
Use a free-body diagram to determine equilibrium of the

forces acting in each bar. Assume force in the bars are P 1
and P2 (positive). Take a free-body by cutting each bar
below its fixed point:
P1
P2
A1,E1,L1
L1
A 2 ,E 2 ,L 2
1
1
L2
2
P1
Equilibrium of the free body in terms of forces requires that
2
P2
2001, W. E. Haisler
16
Fvertical 0 P1 P2 P
or
P P1 P2
(1)
Elongation of each bar is:
P1L1
A1E1
P2 L2
A2 E2
Displacement B.C.:
=
1 2
or
P1L1
A1E1
P2 L2
A2 E2
(2)
We now have two equations and two unknowns (P1 and P2).
Writing the two equations in matrix notation:
2001, W. E. Haisler
1
L1
A1E1
17
1
P1
P
L2
P2
A2 E2
Note: for simple problems, you can use Cramers rule of

determinants to solve the system of equations. Otherwise,
you Maple, EES, calculator, etc..
Solve for P1 and P2 gives:
2001, W. E. Haisler
L2
PL2
0
A2 E2
P
A2 E2
P1
L2
L1
A2 E2 L1
1
1
1
A2 E2 A1E1
A1E1L2
L1
L2
A1E1 A2 E2
1
P
L1
0
A1E1
P
P2
A1E1L2
1
1
1
A2 E2 L1
L1
L2
A1E1 A2 E2
18
2001, W. E. Haisler
19
Stress in each bar is
xx
P1
P / A1
A1 1 A2 E2 L1
A1E1L2
and the deflection is:
xx
P1L1
1
A1E1
P2
P / A2
A2 1 A1E1L2
A2 E2 L1
A1E1
PL1
2
A2 E2 L1
1
A1E1L2
Special Cases:
L1 L2 L for all cases below!
1. A1 A2 , E1 E2 :
P1 P / 2 (tension), P2 P / 2 (tension)
2001, W. E. Haisler
20
2. A1 A 2 A2 (bar 1 has larger area), E1 E E2 :

xx1 (2 / 3) P / A, xx2 (2 / 3) P / A (stresses same!)
P1 is twice P2 , but A1is 1/2 of A2 , so stress is same
3. A1 A A2 , E1 E 2 E2 (bar 1 has higher E, i.e., "stiffer"):
xx1 (2 / 3) P / A, xx2 (1/ 3) P / A (stress not same)
Since 1 2 (kinematic BC) and L1 L2 , strain is same
in each bar; but E1 is twice E2 , so xx is twice xx .
1
2001, W. E. Haisler
21
Class Exercise: The horizontal bar is rigid and pinned at it's left
end. The horizontal bar rests on two vertical bars as shown and
has a 1 Kip load at its right end. For each vertical bar, determine:
1) force, 2) stress, 3) displacement at it's top and 4) axial strain.
10 in
10 in
10 in
2
1
8 in
8 in
1 Kip
E1 30 x106 psi
A1 1 in 2
E2 20 x106 psi
A2 2 in 2
You can assume that motion is "small" so that the vertical bars
remain vertical when loaded; also ends are rounded so they carry
only axial forces.
2001, W. E. Haisler
22
Example 4: Uniaxial elastic bar subjected to a uniform

temperature increase of T:
A
E=Young's modulus
=coefficient of
thermal expansion
E
L
The bar is fixed between two walls and has a constant crosssection A.
Determine: axial strain and stress in the bar and the force on the
wall.
2001, W. E. Haisler
23
For this problem, we have 4 governing equations to satisfy:

xx
0
1. Equilibrium:
x
elastic
2. Stress-Strain: xx E xx
total
elastic
thermal ,
thermal
3. Kinematics: xx
xx
xx
xx
T ,
total u x
xx
= axial strain measured/observed
x
(e.g., by a strain gage)
4. Boundary Conditions: u ( x 0) 0 & u ( x L) 0

total u x
0
or xx
x
2001, W. E. Haisler
24
Solution
1) total x =0 (zero because of B.C.)

xx x
2) Combine stress-strain, kinematics, and boundary
condition to obtain
0
elastic
total
total
xx E xx
E ( xx
thermal
)
E
(
T ) ET
xx
xx
3) xx P / A
P xx A ( ET ) A ETA
(bar is in compression)
P is the force in the bar; hence force on wall is also P.
2001, W. E. Haisler
25
Suppose we have an aluminum bar of area A=0.1 in 2 with

E=10x106 psi and =6x10-6 (in/in)/F
and thermal loading of T=250F (250F temperature rise
above the reference temperature)
Then
xx ET (10 x106 psi )(6 x106 in / in / F )(250 F ) 15,000 psi
and
P xx A 15,000 psi (0.1in 2 ) 1,500lbf
(compression)
2001, W. E. Haisler
26
Bar with Distributed Axial Load

Consider a bar with a distributed axial load px ( x) [units of
force/length].
px ( x)
Determine the differential equation relating the internal

force, P, to the applied distributed load, px ( x) . Note that
the internal force P will be a function of x. First, consider
a free-body of a differential section at any point x:
2001, W. E. Haisler
P( x)
px ( x)
dx
27
P ( x dx )
x dx
For equilibrium in x direction:

P( x dx) P(x) pxdx 0 .
P
px 0
Divide by dx and take limit to obtain
x
ux
Recall P xx A ( E xx ) A EA
. Substitute P into
x
ux
( EA
) px 0 .
equilibrium to obtain the governing ODE
x
x
2001, W. E. Haisler
28
Note that in obtained the last solution, we have combined

the required governing equations:
xx
gx 0
1. Static Equilibrium (from COLM):
x
2. Constitutive (Stress-Strain): xx E xx
u x
3. Kinematics (Strain-Displacement): xx
x
and obtained a single second-order ODE
ux
( EA
) px 0
x
x
In solving this ODE, we will need two boundary conditions;
one for the axial displacement ( u x ), and one for internal force
(P, or stress xx ).
2001, W. E. Haisler
29
Two similar, but different, examples of axial loading:

Case 1:
A=2 in2
100 in
F
20,000lb
3
u x ( x)
x 7
10
x
2
EA
10 psi (2in )
F=20,000 lb = 20 Kips
E=10x10 6 psi
u x (100") 0.1"
F 20,000lb
xx
10,000 psi
2
A
2in
u x
7
3
10
psi
(10
in / in) 10,000 psi
or,
xx
xx
x
Note: stress is constant (not a function of x)!
2001, W. E. Haisler
px 200lb / in
Case 2:
Note: total load
on beam is
30
6
E=10x10 psi
A=2 in2
100 in
(200lb / in)(100in) 20,000lb (same as case 1, but now
distributed over length).

ux
Governing ODE:
( EA
) p x 200lb / in
x
x
du x
du x
d ( EA
) 200dx integrate EA
200 x C1
dx
dx
Need to apply a boundary condition to obtain C1. Recall that
internal axial force P
du x
xx
A
P xx A E xx A E
A
A
dx
2001, W. E. Haisler
31
B.C. for P (internal axial force):
P(x)
Do a free body of the bar at any x:
px 200lb / in
100 - x
0 Fx P ( x) 200(100 x) P ( x) 200lb / in(100" x)

For x=100", P(100")=0
du x
Applying B.C. for P (note: P xx A EA
):
dx
P ( x 100") 0 EA
du x
dx
x 100"
200(100") C1
C1 20,000lb
2001, W. E. Haisler
32
Substituting C1 into the reduced ODE:
EA
du x
dx
200 x 20,000
du x
200 x 20,000
dx EA
1
100 x 2 20,000 x C2
Integrate above to obtain: u x
EA
B.C. for u x : bar is fixed at left end, so u x ( x 0) 0
1
u x ( x 0) 0
100(0) 2 20,000(0) C2 C2 0
EA
Hence,
1
ux
100 x 2 20,000 x
EA
Substituting EA values gives final displacement solution:
2001, W. E. Haisler
33
u x ( x) 103 x 0.5(10 5 ) x 2
Axial displacement at x=100" (end):
u x ( x 100") 0.1" .05" 0.05in

Stress is given by:
xx E xx
u x
E
107 psi (103 105 x )
x
xx ( x 0) 10,000 psi
xx ( x 50) 5,000 psi Axial stress varies with x!!
xx ( x 100) 0
Note on these similar but very different cases:
2001, W. E. Haisler
34
1. Concentrated load of 20,000 lb at end

2. Distributed load of 200 lb/in (but total load of 20,000 lb)
Displacements completely different:
Case 1: displacement varies linearly with x (0.1" at end)
Case 2: displacement varies quadraticly with x (0.05" at
end).
Stresses are completely different:
Case 1: stress is constant (10,000 psi)
Case 2: stress varies linearly with x (10,000 psi at left
end, to 0 at right end)
2001, W. E. Haisler
35
An Alternate Approach for Bars with Axial Distributed Load

The 4 governing equations that must be satisfied for 1-D are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
xx
gx 0
Static Equilibrium (from COLM):
x
Constitutive (Stress-Strain): xx E xx
u x
Kinematics (Strain-Displacement): xx
x
Boundary Conditions: Depends on the problem
In COLM, recall that g x is the body force per unit volume

applied to the system. Consider a prismatic bar with crossapplied force
section area, A, and length, L. Then g x
. If
AL
2001, W. E. Haisler
36
we multiply by A, then we can define the applied force per

unit length of the bar as px g x A. Note that px p x ( x) .
px
Now take COLM and multiply g x by A/A:

xx
xx
( g x A) / A 0
px / A 0
x
x
COLM can now be written as:
xx
px / A 0
1a. Static Equilibrium (from COLM):
x
2001, W. E. Haisler
37
Consider the problem where px and A are both constant (not

function of x). Let px p
px constant p
xx
p / A 0.
1. Apply COLM:
x
Integrate wrt to x to obtain: xx ( p / A) x C1.
Need B.C. for xx . At x=L, xx ( x L) 0 . Get this from
p
free body: 0 Fx xx A p ( L x)
xx ( x)
Thus: xx p ( L x) / A xx ( L) 0
x
L-x
Apply B.C. to stress solution:
2001, W. E. Haisler
xx ( x L) 0 ( p / A) L C1 C1 ( p / A) L
Solution for stress becomes:
xx ( p / A) x ( p / A) L
or
p
xx ( x) ( L x)
A
2. Apply Constitutive Equation: xx E xx
xx E xx
p
( L x)
A
or
xx
( L x)
AE
u x
3. Apply Kinematics: xx
x
u x
p
xx
( L x) . Integrate wrt to x to obtain:

x AE
38
2001, W. E. Haisler
39
p
u x ( x)
( Lx x 2 / 2) C2
AE
Need B.C. for u x ( x) . Bar is fixed at x=0, thus u x ( x 0) 0 .

Applying the B.C. to displacement solution:
p
u x ( x 0) 0
[ L(0) (0) 2 / 2] C2 C2 0
AE
Hence, solution for axial displacement is

p
u x ( x)
( Lx x 2 / 2)
AE
Recall, the above solution for stress, strain and displacement

is only valid for p x =constant= p . If p x or A is a function of
2001, W. E. Haisler
40
x, then in Step 1/1a (solution of COLM equation), use

px p x ( x) and A A( x) .
Note that this alternate approach to solving problems with a
distributed axial load is really no different then the first
approach. In the alternate approach, we solve the governing
equations in succession:
xx
px / A 0
1. Static Equilibrium (from COLM):
x
2. Constitutive (Stress-Strain): xx E xx
u x
3. Kinematics (Strain-Displacement): xx
x
In the first approach, we combined all equations to get a
u
second order ODE to solve:

( EA x ) p x 0 .
x
x
2001, W. E. Haisler
41
Class Exercise: Distributed load of 200 lb/in over length of bar

and 10,000 lb point force at end:
p x 200lb / in
100 in
10,000 lb
E=10x10 6 psi
A=2 in2
Determine:
a) u x ( x), and u x (50"), u x (100")
b) xx ( x), and xx (0), xx (50"), xx (100")
2001, W. E. Haisler
42
Other Cases
1. Assume a long bar which is slightly tapered with an end

load F, and whose cross-sectional area is a function of x:
A=A(x).
x
L
A=A(x)
Stress-Strain: xx xx / E
F
Equilibrium at x: xx ( x)
A( x)
Displacement B.C.: ux(x 0) 0
Kinematics: xx x
x
2001, W. E. Haisler
43
Combine all constitutive and kinematics equations to obtain
ux
F
xx xx / E ( ) / E
x
A
or
F
du x
dx
AE
Integrate from 0 to x':

u x ( x ') u x (0)
x'
Displace B.C.: ux(0) 0
so
F
F x' 1
dx
dx
E 0 A
AE
F x' 1
u x ( x ')
dx
E 0 A
In order to complete the solution, must have a specific case

for A=A(x).
2001, W. E. Haisler
2. Non-constant, axial force at any cross-section, F=F(x).
x
L
A=A(x)
Same as above except leave F inside of the integral.

u x ( x ')
x'
F
1 x' F
dx
dx
E 0 A
AE
F can be a function of x if gravity acts in the x direction.
44

Axial Deformation and Stress of Bars (Chapter 11)

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Chapter 11: Axial Deformation and Stress of Bars