CHAPTER 4 : MATTER AND SUBSTANCE

1. CHANGES IN MATTER
1. Matter is living and non living things that have mass and fill space.
2. Matter differs in physical characteristics such as shape, colour and hardness.
3. All matter is consists of small discrete particles in constant and random motion.
4. The Kinetic Theory of Matter.
The particles in a matter are in continous random motion because of kinetic energy
The motion is called particles kinetic energy and this theory of matter states that:

Matter consists of fine and discrete particles

Particles always move, vibrate and rotate randomly.

The temperature of matter increases as the particles kinetic energy increases

5. All matter exists in one of the three states:

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Arrangement
of particles

Particles are packed

together in a regular pattern

Particles are not packed

closely in regular pattern.

Particles are widely

space

Movement of
particles

The particles vibrate from

side to side and spin around
their fixed position

Particles move freely

Particles are also held
together by a strong
attractive forces

Move freely in all

direction at high speeds

Diagram
of particles

INTERCONVERSION OF STATES OF MATTER

i) MELTING POINT is a temperature where a solid turns into a liquid
0
The melting point of ice is 0 C
When a liquid is heated the particles given more energy and they start to move faster and
further apart. At certain temperature the particles break free of one another and the liquid turns
into steam
ii) BOILING POINT is the temperature at which a liquid changes to gas
0
The boiling point of water is 100 C
A liquid can turn into gas even at low temperature. It only occurs at the surface of a liquid.
This process is called evaporation. Some substance go directs from solid state to gaseous
This process is called sublimation.
If a gas loses their kinetic energy, the gas turns into water.
Condensation is a process when a gas turns into liquid.
iii) FREEZING is a process when a liquid turns into a solid.
Examples.
melting

boiling

Ice

condensation

freezing
2.

Gas

Water

ATOM STRUCTURE

Particle

Symbol

Position

Electrical charge

Relative mass

Proton

Inside the nucleus

Positive

Neutron

Inside the nucleus

Neutral

Electron

Outside the nucleus

Negative

1/1840

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Key
electron
proton

neutron
3.

i)

ii)

iii)

PROTON NUMBER, NUCLEON NUMBER IN ATOM

Proton number
Each atom of the same element has certain number of proton, neutron and electron
Therefore the chemical and physical properties of element are different
This difference in proton number caused the atom from different element behave
differently.
The number of protons in an atom is called the proton number
All atom of the same element have the same proton number
The mass of an atom depends on the number of proton and neutrons it contains
Nucleon number
The total number of proton and neutron in an atom shell is called then nucleon number.
The number of nucleon number of proton + number of neutron
An atom is electrically neutral hence the number of electron is equal to the number of
proton.
Isotopes
The differences of nucleon number in the same elements are called isotopes
Isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties because they have the
same number of proton
The isotopes have the same chemical properties but differences in physical properties
Hydrogen isotopes (Hydrogen-1, Hydrogen-2, Hydrogen-3) have slightly different boiling
point.
Hydrogen-1

Hydrogen-2

Hydrogen-3

Proton

Electron
Neutron
Proton number
Nucleon number
Physical properties
Chemical properties

1
0
1
1

1
1
1
2
different
same

1
2
1
3

4. THE PERIODIC TABLE

The Periodic Table is a longitunal grid of every element that exist.

Each grid contains the symbol of the element , the proton number and the nucleon number.
Nucleon number
Proton number

14

Nitrogen

Symbol
Name of element

The elements are arranged in order of increasing proton number.

The proton number increases from lef to right across the Periodic Table.

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Group

Period

I II
1 H

III IV V VI VII VIII

He

2 Li Be

B C N O F Ne

3
4

5
6
7

A row of elements in Periodic Table

is called period and numbered
1,2,3,4,5,6,and 7..
The first element is very reactive
solid and the last element is a nonreactive gas
There are 8 columns in the Periodic
Table. The column in Periodic Table
is called group and numbered I,II
,III,IV,V,VI,VII,VIII
5.

5. PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Particles in substances can exist as atoms , molecules and ions
Molecules
Atoms
An atom is the :
Solid particle of an
element that can take
part in a chemical
change.
Neutral particles
Metal are made of
atom particles that are
arranged closely by
strong attractive forces
Eg. copper contains
only copper atom.

Formed when two or more

atom are combined

chemically
Usually a molecule made
of metal and non-metal
atoms that are bound by a
chemical bond.
Two types of molecules:
Molecule of element is a
molecule made up of the
same atom

Molecule of compound

Ions

This chemical particles are

called ions

Particles with opposite charges

attract by strong electrostatic

forces between them
Metals have a tendency of lack
electrons to become positive
ions.
Non-metals have a tendency
to give electrons to become
negative ions
Most ionic compounds are
made up of metal ion and nonmetal ions.

a molecule that made up

of different atoms

Na+
aaa

Cl-

A sodium chloride
a+compound is made
of a sodium ion and chloride ion

Physical properties of substances

PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Physical state at
room temperature

ATOM
Solid (for all metal
except mercury)
Gas (For noble gases)

Substance made of
MOLECULE

ION

Solid, liquid or gas

Solid
High

Melting point /
Boiling point

High for metal

Low

Electrical
conductivity

All metal are good

conductivity of
electricity

Do not conduct
electricity

Attraction forces

Strong metallic bond

Weak Van der Waals

forces

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Conduct electricity
when molten state or
dissolved in water
Strong electrostatic
forces

55

6. METALS AND NON-METALS

1. Physical properties of metals and non-metals
Physical properties
Surface
Ductility
Malleability
Electrical conductivity
Thermal conductivity
Tensile strength

Metals
Shiny
Ductile
malleable
Good electric conductor
Good thermal conductor
Very strong

Non-metals
Dull
Non-ductile
Brittle
Poor conductor
Poor thermal conductor
Weak

2. The uses of metal and non metal

Name
Gold
Silver
Copper

Aluminium
Iron
Carbon
Noble gas
Sulphur

Physical characteristics
Shiny surface
Can withstand corrosion
Ductile
Malleable
Good conductor of electricity
Light and strong
Good conductor of electricity
Malleable
Ductile
Malleable
Carbon exists in two forms:
i) Diamond
ii) Graphite
Neon and argon are not reactive
Yellow in colour and burns easily

Uses
Jewellery
Gas and water piping
Copper tooling and statue
Electrical wires
In making the bodies of aeroplane
Cooking utensil and electrical cables
Used as cans for drinks and food
To make engine parts o the car
Used in construction industry
As jewellery
Used as lead in making pencils
Used in lights bulbs
Used in manufacturing car batteries

7. PURIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

1.
2.

3.
4.

Solutions are
made by:
What is pure
substance?
Characteristics of
Pure Substances
Method of
purification

i) Dissolving a solid into a liquid eg. Dissolve sugar into water

ii) Dissolving a liquid into a liquid eg Dissolve alcohol into water
Pure substances are substances that contains only one type of
substance.
They do not have other substances eg sugar contains only sugar
molecules.
Pure substances have fixed boiling point and melting point. Eg. Pure
water boils at 100 C and pure ice melts at 0 C
i) Filtration ii) Crystallisation iii) Distillation

5. i) Filtration - The process to separate solid from solution

ii) Crystallisation - The process of forming crystal from liquid or gas
iii) Distillation - The process to obtain a pure substance from a mixture of solution
1. The liquid mixture is heated until the required substance boils and turns into vapour
2. The vapour cools down and condenses into a pure liquid
iv) Fractional distillation

Two or more liquids can mix together to form a solution

This solution can be separated by fractional distillation

This is done by using fractional distillation

A fractionating column separate liquids in the order of boiling points.
The liquid with the lowest boiling point is obtained first

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PAPER 1
1.

The diagram shows a change in the state of matter.

The state of X and Y are

X
Solid
Solid
Liquid
Liquid

A
B
C
D

2.

Y
Gas
Liquid
Gas
Liquid

The diagram shows the changes in the three state of matter.

Solid

R
Liquid

Gas
U

In which processes is heat absorbed from the surrounding?

A.
B.
C.
D.

3.

P,Q,U
Q,R,S
R,S,T
S,T,P

The diagram shows the arrangement of particles in three state of matter.

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What is process E?
A
B
C
D
4.

Which of the following state is the lowest kinetic energy of water particles?
A
B
C
D

5.

Ice
Water
Steam
Vapour

What happen to the temperature when ice melts?

A
B
C
D

6.

Boiling
Melting
Freezing
Condensation

Vary
Increase
Decrease
Remain constant

Which of the following graph shows the correct change in temperature when
water is heated until it boils?
A

Temperature (C)

Temperature (C)

Time

Time

Temperature (C)

Temperature (C)

Time

7.

Time

Which of the following particle and charge is correctly matched?

A
B
C
D

Subatomic Particle
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Neutron

Charge
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative

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8.

Which of the following statements is true about isotopes?

A
B
C
D

9.

Different chemical characteristics

Different in proton and neutron number
Same number of protons but different number of neutrons
Same number of neutrons but different number of protons

The table shows the proton and nucleon number of elements L,M,N,O.
Element
L
M
N
O

Proton Number
5
6
6
7

Nucleon Number
11
12
14
14

Which elements are isotopes?

A
B
C
D

10.

What is the basic of the arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table?

A
B
C
D

11.

L and M
M and N
N and O
L and O

Proton number
Neutron number
Electron number
Nucleon number

The diagram below shows an element Z

16
8
Which of the following is true about Z?
A
B
C
D

12.

It has 16 protons
It has 8 neutrons
The nucleon number is 8
The number of electron is 16

What is the melting point of pure water?

A
B
C
D

-5C
0C
100C
107C

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13.

What is the characteristic of a molecular substance?

A
B
C
D

14.

High melting point

Good conductor of heat
Good conductor of electricity
The attractive forces are weak

Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?

Substances
Chlorine
Carbon dioxide
Sodium chloride
Lead bromide

A
B
C
D

15.

Particles
atoms
atoms
molecules
ions

The diagram shows atoms of a metal when force is applied to a part of it.
Force

Atoms in metal

The atom layers

slides on each other

What is the property of metal involved in the diagram?

A
B
C
D

16.

Solid
Shiny
Ductile
Malleable

Isotope X has 17 proton number and 37 nucleon number.How many

protons and neutrons does it have?

A
B
C
D

Protons
17
17
17
18

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Neutrons
17
37
20
17

60

17.

Which of the following processes represent melting?

A

Solid

Liquid

C
18.

Which of the following subatomic particles have charges?

A
B
C
D

19.

Gas

Electrons only
Neutrons and protons
Electrons and protons
Electrons and neutrons

The diagram below shows a model of an atom. Which is an electron?

A
C
B

20.

21.

Which of the following particle is positively charge?

Particle
L

Proton number
3

Electron number
2

10

17

18

Which of the following is the characteristic of a metal?

A
B
C
D

22.

Low melting point

Have a dull surface
Bad conductor of heat
Good conductor of electricity

Which of the following group in the Periodic Table is named correctly?

A
B
C
D

Group
I
II
III
IV

Name
Halogens
Alkali earth metals
Alkali metals
Noble gases

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23.

Which of the following comparisons between metals and non-metals is true?

A
B
C
D

24.

Metals
Shiny surface
Low melting point
Not malleable
Not ductile

Non-metals
Dull surface
High melting point
Malleable
Ductile

The diagram below shows the melting point and boiling point of substances
S,T,U and V.
Substances
S
T
U
V

Melting point (C)

115
-39
-113
78

Boiling point (C)

445
357
-30
216

Which substances are in the solid state at room temperature?

A
B
25.

26.

S and V
U and S

Which of the following non-metal can conduct electricity?

Helium
Sulphur

C
D

Carbon
Oxygen

Dry ice changes into carbon dioxide when left in the open.
What is the name of the process?
A
B

28.

C
D

Which of the following A, B, C and D represents gas particles?

A
B

27.

S and T
T and U

Melting
Sublimation

C
D

Condensation
Evaporation

Why is it difficult to compress a solid?

A
B
C
D

Solid particles are far apart

Solid particles are very big
Solid particles are closely arranged
Solid particles are held together by a strong force

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29.

Which of the following is correct about pure water?

A
B
C
D
30.

Boiling points (C)

0
100
0
100

Which of the following is the physical properties of a non-metal?

A
B
C
D

31.

Melting points (C)

0
0
100
100

Have shiny surface

Electrical conductors
Poor thermal conductor
Are closely packed particles

The diagram shows the structure of two particles L and M.

L
M

3p
3n

3p
4n

Which of the following is correct about L and M?

A
B
C
D
32.

They are molecules

Ions with same charge
Ions with different charge
Atoms of the same elements.

The diagram below shows an atom A.

7

A
3
How many electrons are present in an atom A?
A.
B.

33.

3
4

C.
D.

7
10

The diagram shows a simple Periodic Table.

S
P
Q
R

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Which element represents a metal?

A.
B.

34.

To make the blade of knives

For making the bodies of car
In the production of telephone wire
To insulate the handle of cooking pans

The boiling point will decrease

There is no effect on the boiling point
The boiling point will be higher than 100C
The boiling point will increase and then decrease

What is the suitable method to obtain salt crystal from a salt solution?
A.
B.
C.
D.

39.

Copper, iron, gold

Copper, carbon, gold
Zinc chlorine, sulphur
Carbon, chlorine, sulphur

The boiling point of pure water is 100C. When salt dissolved in it, what is the
effect on its boiling points?
A.
B.
C.
D.

38.

Evaporation
Sublimation
Simple distillation
Fractional distillation

Which of the following is a common use of non-metal?

A.
B.
C.
D.

37.

R
S

Which of the following elements are non-metals?

A.
B.
C.
D.

36.

C.
D.

Which of the following technique would you use to separate water and alcohol?
A.
B.
C.
D.

35.

P
Q

Filtrate the solution

Evaporate the solution
Distill the solution in flask
Put the solution in freeze

Which of the following pair is correct?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Process
Freezing
Boiling
Condensation
Evaporation

Energy
Released
Released
Absorbed
Released

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40.

Which of the following atoms X,Y,Z have 2 neutrons.

Atoms

Proton number

X
Y
Z
A.
B.

41.

Nucleon number

3
4
6

7
6
8

X,Y and Z
X and Y only

C.
D.

Y and Z only
X and Z only

The diagram shows elements P and Q in a Periodic Table.

P

What is the similarity between P and Q?

A.
B.

42.

Nucleon number
Proton number

C.
D.

Chemical properties
Physical properties

The diagram shows some physical properties of substances L, M and N.

Properties

Substances L

Substances M

Substances N

Gas

Solid

Gas

Low
Low

High
Strong

Low
Low

Physical state at room

temperature
Boiling point
Attraction force
What are L, M and N?

A.
B.
C.
D.

43.

L
Ammonia
Iron
Oxygen
Ammonia

M
Oxygen
Oxygen
Ammonia
Iron

N
Iron
Ammonia
Iron
Oxygen

The diagram shows the changes of matter from one state to another.

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What happened during the process?

A.
B.
C.
D.

44.

Fractional distillation is used to separate the different components of crude oil.

Why can we use that process?
A.
B.
C.
D.

45.

It has a fixed boiling point

It has a fixed melting point
It consists of one substance
It consists of more than one substance

A substance P boils at 105C. What is P ?

A.
B.
C.
D.

47.

Crude oil is not reactive

The size of the components are different
The kinetic energy of components are different
The boiling points of the components are different

Which of the following is true about impure substance.

A.
B
C
D

46.

Heat is being absorbed

The particles move slower
The particles move closer apart
Kinetic energy of particles decrease

Alcohol
Pure water
Naphthalene
Sugar solution

Which of the following object is made of metal?

A.
B.
C.

Glass cutter
Electric cable
Casing for telephone

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PAPER 2
SECTION A
1.

Diagram 1 shows an experiment to study the electrical conductivity of atomic

substance, ionic substance and molecular substance.

Switch

Cardboard
Carbon rod

Substance

Bunsen burner

Diagram 1
The result of the experiment is recorded in Table 1
Type of substance

Ammeters reading /A
Solid state
Melting state

Lead powder

1.5

1.2

Sulphur powder

0.0

0.0

Lead(II) bromide powder

0.0

1.8

Table 1
(a) State the variables in this experiment.
i)

Manipulated variable:
Type of substance

[ 1 mark]

ii)

Responding variable:
Reading of ammeter

[ 1 mark]

iii) Constant variable:

Mass of substance

[ 1 mark]

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(b)

State one hypothesis for this experiment.

Lead
powder conducts electricity in solid and molten state, sulphur
.
cannot
conduct electricity while lead(II) bromide can conduct
..
electricity
in molten state only
..
[ 1 mark]

(c) Based on the result in Table 1, classify the substances into their class..

Atomic substance

Ionic substance

Lead
Lead (II) bromide

Molecular substance
Sulphur

[ 2 marks]

2. Diagram 2 shows an experiment to obtain pure water from salt water.

Thermometer

Leibig condenser
Salt water

Distillate

Diagram 2
(a) State the variables in this experiment.
i.

Manipulated variable:

ii.

Presence
of salt // Salt water

[ 1 mark]
Responding variable:
Boiling
point

[ 1 mark]

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(b)

State one hypothesis for this experiment.

Distilled water can be obtained from salt water through distillation
..
[ 1 mark]

(c)

The boiling point of the distillate is 100 0C. What is the inference?
Distillate is a pure water
..............................
.............................
[ 1 mark]

(d)

(e)

What is the change of state in the Leibig condenser?

Steam to liquid // gas to liquid
..............................
[ 1 mark]
What is the name of the process in Diagram 2?
Distillation
..........................................................................................................................
[ 1 mark]

SECTION B
1.

Diagram 3 shows the Periodic Table with some elements denoted by

letters P,R,S and T.

II

III

IV V

VI VII VIII

F
R

Diagram 3
a) . What is the name of the
Group
i) Vertical column : .
ii) Horizontal row

Period
..

[ 1 mark]
[ 1 mark]

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69

b)

What property changes from P to R?

P is a solid while R is gas

.
[ 1 mark]
c)

Give one physical property of S.

All are gases
.
[ 1 mark]

d)

What is the name of the group where T belongs?

Transitional Metal
.
[ 1 mark]

e)

What is the proton number of R?

9
..
[ 1 mark]

f)

What is the electron number of P?

3
..

4.

Table 3 below shows the number of protons, neutrons and nucleon

number of particles A,B,C and D.

Particle
A
B
C
D

Number of protons
11
17
17
20

Number of neutrons
12
18
20
22

Nucleon number
23
35
37
42

Table 3
a)

Complete the table above

[2 mark]

b) i) Which pair of particles are isotope?

B and C
..
[1 mark]
ii) Give your reason for the answer in b) i)
B and C have the same number of proton but different
..
number of neutron
..
[1 mark]
c)

Particle A is a neutral atom. How many electrons does A have?

11
..
[1 mark]

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70

SECTION C
1.

Study the statement below carefully.

Molecular substances are not conduct electricity in all state
Atomic substances are good electric conductor
You are given a copper metal, a sulphur roll, connecting wire ,switch and
ammeter.
(a)

Suggest a suitable hypothesis to investigate this statement.

(1 mark)

(b)

Describe one experiment to test your hypothesis based on the following.

(i)
Aim of experiment
(1 mark)
(ii)
Variables
(2 marks)
(iii)
List of apparatus
(1 mark)
(iv)
Method
(4 marks)
(v)
Tabulation of data
(1 mark)

ANSWER

Hypothesis

Copper is a good electric conductor but sulphur do not

Aim of experiment :

To study the electrical conductivity of copper and sulphur

Variables

Constant : Size // Mass of substance

Manipulated : Type of substance // Metal and Non metal
Responding : Electrical conductivity of substance

List of apparatus

Copper metal, sulphur. connecting wire, switch, ammeter,

Battery

Method

:1.
2.
3.
4.

Tabulation of data :

An electric circuit is set up as shown in the diagram

The switch is turns on.
The deflection of ammeters needle is observed and
recorded
Step 1 to 3 is repeated using sulphur
Type of substance

Deflection of ammeters
needle

Copper
Sulphur

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2.

a)

Give five differences between metal and non-metal

b)

Diagram 4 shows three substances.

Bromine

Sulphur

(4 marks)

Iodine

Substance
DIAGRAM 4
You are required to develop a concept of an non-metal. Your answer
should be based on the following aspects:

Identify two common characteristics of a non-metal.

Develop an initial concept of a non-metal.
Give one example of a non-metal and one which is not a non-metal.
Give reason for each example.
Build the real concept of a non-metal.
(6 marks)

ANSWER
a)
Properties
Appearance
Density
Melting point
Electrical conductivity
Heat conductivity

Metal
Shiny
High
High
Good conductor
Good conductor

Non-metal
Dull
Low
Low
Poor conductor
Poor conductor

b) Identify two common characteristics of a non-metal.

Not conduct electricity in all state
Have dull surface
Develop an initial concept of a non-metal.
Substance which have dull surface and not conduct electricity in all state
are non-metal
Give one example of a non-metal and one which is not a non-metal. Give reason
for each example.
Example - Plastic because not conduct electricity in all state
Non-example Iron because conduct electricity in all state// have shiny
surface
Build the real concept of a non-metal.
Non-metal is a substance which have dull surface and not conduct
electricity in all state

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 *The bolded and italic letter is the answer

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