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20% and 25%) were used to predict the effect of these parameters on Mode I,
Mode II and Mixed mode fracture failure. Both the Banana fibre and glass
fibre were mixed at equal ratio. From this work it is found that 20mm fibre
length and 20% volume fraction provide higher value of fracture toughness.
Increasing the fibre length beyond 20mm does not greatly increase the
fracture toughness values. Also, Composites were developed by mixing
Banana fibre and Glass fibre at different ratio of volume fractions (0.0-1.0,
0.25-0.75, 0.50-0.50, 0.75-0.25 and 1.0-0.0) and the effect of relative fibre
content on the fracture toughness was analysed. It is found that the increase in
Glass fibre in the composite resulted in an increase of the fracture toughness.
But it is also noted that the fracture toughness of composite with a fibre ratio
of 50% each is closer to that of pure glass fibre composite. Fractography
analysis revealed the fibre breakage, fibre pull out from the matrix and matrix
crack.
Fibres of various lengths (5, 10, 15 and 20mm) and volume
fractions (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) were used to predict the effect of
these parameters on the tensile, flexural, impact, hardness, and water
absorption properties. For all the composites both the fibres were mixed at
equal volume fraction. From this work, it is found that 15mm fibre length and
20% volume fraction provide better mechanical properties. Further, water
absorption test shows that increasing the fibre content increases the water
absorption rate rather than fibre length. The void content present in the hybrid
composite was estimated by comparing the theoretical density and actual
density of the composite. It is found that increase in fibre volume fraction
resulted in an increase of void content. Further, fractography analysis also
shows that increasing the fibre content above 20 volume percentage decreases
the fibre-matrix adhesion.
Experimentally determined tensile properties of the composite from
the above work were compared with various theories of reinforcement.
Various reinforcement models used for the comparison purpose are Rule of
Hybrid Mixtures, Hirsch, Halpin-Tsai equation, Nielson (Modified HalpinTsai equation), Modified Bowyer and Baders method. The comparison was
made with the assumption that composites have uniform shape of the fibre
and the void content is negligible. Of the various mathematical models used
for comparison, it is found that the tensile properties predicted by Modified
Bowyer and Baders are in close agreement with the experimental values.
This closeness is due to the introduction of fibre orientation parameter (K 1)
and fibre length parameter (K2) in the equation. Next, closer value was
predicted by Nielson model, since it uses the packing fraction as parameter to
calculate the tensile properties.
Woven fibre composites were developed by changing the layering
sequence of banana fibre and glass fibre. Effect of layering sequence on the
mechanical properties of the woven Banana/Glass hybrid composite was
examined. It shows that tensile strength and Impact strength are independent
of layering sequence. But, flexural strength and water absorption behaviour
are greatly affected by layering arrangement. From the SEM image analysis, it
is found that the failure of composite occurs at the interface between the
layers of the fabrics.
Fibre surface was treated with various concentrations of NaOH to
analyse the effect of surface modification on mechanical, moisture absorption
behaviour of the composite. The various percentages of NaOH used are
1,2,5,10 and 20. Experimental analysis shows that out of the various
percentages of NaOH concentration, 2% NaOH results in better properties.
Further, increasing the alkali concentration above 2% causes damages to the
fibre surface and which results in decreasing the properties of the composite.
SEM image analysis also confirms the above stand.
On comparing the
increasing the frequency, the tan peak was shifted to a higher temperature
irrespective of fibre type.
Since fastening is one of the most widely used assembly operations
in many components, it becomes important to assess the components hole
quality during the drilling process. Hence, as a novel attempt, the hole quality
analysis was carried out using machine vision image analysis to find image
quality. The hole quality was examined by varying speed (700, 1400 and 2100
rpm) and feed (0.05, 0.12 and 0.20 mm/rev). It shows that delamination is
minimum at low speed and feed. Further, ANOVA analysis shows that feed
rate affects the delamination factor more than speed.
Soil burial test was conducted to evaluate bio degradability of the
hybrid composites. It is found that the bio degradability of the hybrid
composite is better than pure glass fibre composite.
After carrying out various tests, it is found that fracture toughness
increases with increase in fibre length and volume fraction. Optimum value of
fibre length and fibre volume fraction is 20mm and 20% respectively. Out of
total fibre volume fraction, banana fibre and glass fibre constitute 50% each.
The optimum mechanical properties are provided by the fibres of
length 15mm and 20% volume fraction for randomly oriented composite. For
the case of woven composite, arranging the glass fibre at the extremes
provides better mechanical properties with lower water absorption. Of the
various treatment percentages of NaOH, it is found that the 2% NaOH
provides best mechanical properties. Hole quality analysis shows that
delamination is minimum at low speed and feed, and the delamination factor
is influenced more by feed rate than speed.