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Accounts are usually listed in order of their appearance in the financial statements, starting
with the balance sheet and continuing with the income statement. Thus, the chart of
accounts begins with cash, proceeds through liabilities and shareholders' equity, and then
continues with accounts for revenues and then expenses. Many organizations structure their
chart of accounts so that expense information is separately compiled by department; thus,
the sales department, engineering department, and accounting department all have the
same set of expense accounts.
Typical accounts found in the chart of accounts are:
Assets:
GAAP Guidebook
Cash
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Marketable Securities
IFRS Guidebook
Accounts Receivable
Inventory Accounting
Prepaid Expenses
Investor Relations
Inventory
Fixed Assets
Nonprofit Accounting
Other Assets
Payables Management
Payroll Management
Public Company Accounting
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Constraint Management
Human Resources Guidebook
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The chart of accounts is a listing of all accounts used in the general ledger of an
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Liabilities:
Accounts Payable
Accrued Liabilities
Taxes Payable
Wages Payable
Notes Payable
Stockholders' Equity:
Common Stock
Retained Earnings
Revenue:
Revenue
Sales returns and allowances (contra account)
Expenses:
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of accounts on the acquiree, it must go through a mapping process at the end of each
reporting period to determine which acquiree accounts correspond to its own accounts. The
mapping is then used to consolidate the results of the entities and produce financial
statements.
Accounting Procedures
Bookkeeping Guidebook
Budgeting
Business Ratios
Cash Management
CFO Guidebook
Closing the Books
Controller Guidebook
Corporate Finance
Cost Accounting
Cost Management Guidebook
Credit & Collection Guidebook
Financial Analysis
Fixed Asset Accounting
GAAP Guidebook
The same problem arises when a corporate parent allows any subsidiary to maintain its own
chart of accounts. This is an insidious problem, for it means that any number of corporate
subsidiaries may be continually altering their charts of accounts, making it extremely
difficult for the corporate accounting staff to consolidate financial statements. This a
particular problem when there are hundreds or even thousands of accounts that must be
consolidated.
The best solution is to create a company-wide chart of accounts and force every subsidiary
to use it, without any allowed variations. By doing so, the mapping problem is eliminated,
making consolidations much easier to complete.
A perfectly standardized chart of accounts is certainly the ultimate goal for the corporate
Hospitality Accounting
accounting staff, but it does not meet with such universal approval among the accounting
IFRS Guidebook
staffs of the subsidiary businesses. These other organizations may have substantially
Inventory Accounting
different operations than that of the corporate parent, and so need to store information in
Investor Relations
other accounts. In such situations, at least require each subsidiary to formally notify the
corporate parent whenever it is creating a new account, so that the parents accounting
staff can develop a proper account mapping in advance of closing the books. A less intrusive
Nonprofit Accounting
approach is to supply each subsidiary with the parents official chart of accounts, and
Payables Management
require the subsidiaries to map their results to that chart of accounts before forwarding
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their information at month-end. However, this latter approach relies on the ability of each
subsidiary to consistently map its accounts to the corporate chart of accounts over time,
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When a business acquires another company, the new subsidiary always has a chart of
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same accounts, which are copied forward into any new department that a company creates.
Accounting Controls
The result is quite a large chart of accounts, especially when there are many departments.
account within a department, which is discovered when the first draft of the financial
Controller Guidebook
statements are printed and reviewed. The result is that someone must create a journal
Corporate Finance
Cost Accounting
Cost Management Guidebook
Credit & Collection Guidebook
Financial Analysis
Fixed Asset Accounting
GAAP Guidebook
Hospitality Accounting
IFRS Guidebook
Inventory Accounting
these accounts into a coherent set of financial statements. The result may be financial
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For example, the supplies expense account might be coded as 74000, with additional
department digits that look like this:
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Controller Guidebook
Corporate Finance
Cost Accounting
Cost Management Guidebook
Financial Analysis
GAAP Guidebook
Hospitality Accounting
IFRS Guidebook
Inventory Accounting
Investor Relations
Lean Accounting Guidebook
Mergers & Acquisitions
Nonprofit Accounting
In either case, the employee entering journal entries or transactions must understand which
department or subsidiary codes to use, which are not overly clear.Though the accounting
software may state an account name somewhere on the computer screen, the employee
may not see it. If so, it is entirely possible that a transaction will be charged against the
wrong account code, which means that it may be charged against an incorrect department
or subsidiary.
An excellent technique for avoiding incorrect account coding is to associate specific expense
Payables Management
codes with each supplier, as well as by employing pre-built journal entry templates on a
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repetitive basis. Nonetheless, there is still a significant risk that unique or rarely-used
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Accounting Bestsellers
Accountants' Guidebook
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Budgeting
Business Ratios
Cash Management
CFO Guidebook
Closing the Books
Controller Guidebook
Corporate Finance
Cost Accounting
Cost Management Guidebook
Credit & Collection Guidebook
Financial Analysis
Fixed Asset Accounting
GAAP Guidebook
Hospitality Accounting
IFRS Guidebook
Inventory Accounting
Investor Relations
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A three digit chart of accounts allows a business to create a numerical sequence of accounts
About
The three-digit format is most commonly used by small businesses that do not break out the
results of any departments or divisions in their financial statements. A sample three digit
chart of accounts is shown below:
Account Number
Description
010
Cash
020
Petty cash
030
Accounts receivable
040
050
Marketable securities
060
070
Work-in-process inventory
080
090
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
Other assets
300
Accounts payable
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
400
500
Capital stock
510
Retained earnings
600
Revenue
700
710
720
800
Bank charges
805
Benefits
810
Depreciation
815
Insurance
825
Office supplies
830
835
Telephones
840
Training
845
850
Utilities
855
Other expenses
860
Interest expense
900
Extraordinary items
In the example, each block of related accounts begins with a different set of account
numbers. Thus, current liabilities begin with 300, revenueitems begin with 600, and
cost of goods sold items begin with 700. This numbering scheme makes it easier for the
accounting staff to remember where accounts are located within the chart of accounts. This
type of account range format is also required by the report writing module in many
accounting software packages.
When a company increases in size and wants to track information for individual subsidiaries
or departments, it should instead adopt a 5-digit or 7-digit chart of accounts.
Related Topics
5-digit chart of accounts
7-digit chart of accounts
Alphanumeric account codes
Chart of accounts overview
Reduce the chart of accounts
Standardize the chart of accounts
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to track information at the departmental level. With a five-digit code, they can produce
separate income statements for each department.
Accounting Controls
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Accounting Procedures
Bookkeeping Guidebook
Budgeting
Business Ratios
Cash Management
CFO Guidebook
Closing the Books
Controller Guidebook
Corporate Finance
This format duplicates the account codes found in a three digit chart of accounts, but then
adds a two-digit code to the left, which indicates specific departments. The three-digit codes
for expenses (and sometimes also revenues) are then duplicated for each department for
which management wants to record information.
A sample of the five digit chart of accounts format follows, using the accounting and
production departments to show how expense account codes can be duplicated.
Cost Accounting
Account Number
Department
Description
00-010
xxx
Cash
00-020
xxx
Petty cash
Financial Analysis
00-030
xxx
Accounts receivable
00-040
xxx
GAAP Guidebook
00-050
xxx
Marketable securities
Hospitality Accounting
00-060
xxx
IFRS Guidebook
00-070
xxx
Work-in-process inventory
Inventory Accounting
00-080
xxx
Investor Relations
00-090
xxx
00-100
xxx
00-110
xxx
Nonprofit Accounting
00-120
xxx
Payables Management
00-130
xxx
Payroll Management
00-140
xxx
00-150
xxx
00-160
xxx
00-170
xxx
Constraint Management
00-180
xxx
00-190
xxx
Inventory Management
00-200
xxx
Other assets
00-300
xxx
Accounts payable
00-310
xxx
00-320
xxx
00-330
xxx
00-340
xxx
00-350
xxx
00-360
xxx
00-370
xxx
00-400
xxx
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xxx
Capital stock
00-510
xxx
Retained earnings
00-600
xxx
Revenue
00-700
xxx
00-710
xxx
00-720
xxx
00-730
xxx
10-800
Accounting
Bank charges
10-805
Accounting
Benefits
10-810
Accounting
Depreciation
10-815
Accounting
Insurance
10-825
Accounting
Office supplies
10-830
Accounting
10-835
Accounting
Telephones
10-840
Accounting
Training
10-845
Accounting
10-850
Accounting
Utilities
10-855
Accounting
Other expenses
10-860
Accounting
Interest expense
20-800
Production
Bank charges
20-805
Production
Benefits
20-810
Production
Depreciation
20-815
Production
Insurance
20-825
Production
Office supplies
20-830
Production
20-835
Production
Telephones
20-840
Production
Training
20-845
Production
20-850
Production
Utilities
20-855
Production
Other expenses
20-860
Production
Interest expense
00-900
xxx
Extraordinary items
The preceding sample chart of accounts shows an exact duplication of accounts for each
department listed. This is not necessarily the case in reality, since some departments have
accounts for which they are the only probable users. For example, the accounting
department in the example has an account for bank charges that the production department
is unlikely to use. Thus, some accounts can be avoided by flagging them as inactive in the
accounting system. By doing so, they do not appear in the formal chart of accounts.
Related Topics
3-digit chart of accounts
7-digit chart of accounts
Alphanumeric account codes
Chart of accounts overview
Reduce the chart of accounts
Standardize the chart of accounts
Contact
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CPE
Books
Financial Accounting
Operational Accounting
Podcast
Q&A
Dictionary
Accounting Bestsellers
Accountants' Guidebook
Accounting Controls
Accounting for Managers
Accounting Procedures
Bookkeeping Guidebook
Budgeting
Business Ratios
Cash Management
CFO Guidebook
Closing the Books
Controller Guidebook
Corporate Finance
Cost Accounting
Cost Management Guidebook
Credit & Collection Guidebook
Financial Analysis
Fixed Asset Accounting
GAAP Guidebook
Hospitality Accounting
IFRS Guidebook
Inventory Accounting
Investor Relations
Lean Accounting Guidebook
Mergers & Acquisitions
Nonprofit Accounting
Payables Management
Payroll Management
Public Company Accounting
Operations Bestsellers
Constraint Management
Human Resources Guidebook
Inventory Management
Home
About
The following sample chart of accounts uses divisions located in Boston and Omaha to
demonstrate how a seven-digit chart of accounts could be structured.
Account No.
Division
Department
Description
10-00-010
Boston
xxx
Cash
10-00-020
Boston
xxx
Petty cash
10-00-030
Boston
xxx
Accounts receivable
10-00-040
Boston
xxx
10-00-050
Boston
xxx
Marketable securities
10-00-060
Boston
xxx
10-00-070
Boston
xxx
Work-in-process inventory
10-00-080
Boston
xxx
10-00-090
Boston
xxx
10-00-100
Boston
xxx
10-00-110
Boston
xxx
10-00-120
Boston
xxx
10-00-130
Boston
xxx
10-00-140
Boston
xxx
10-00-150
Boston
xxx
10-00-160
Boston
xxx
10-00-170
Boston
xxx
10-00-180
Boston
xxx
10-00-190
Boston
xxx
10-00-200
Boston
xxx
Other assets
10-00-300
Boston
xxx
Accounts payable
10-00-310
Boston
xxx
10-00-320
Boston
xxx
10-00-330
Boston
xxx
10-00-340
Boston
xxx
10-00-350
Boston
xxx
10-00-360
Boston
xxx
equipment
fixtures
improvements
Boston
xxx
10-00-400
Boston
xxx
10-00-500
Boston
xxx
Capital stock
10-00-510
Boston
xxx
Retained earnings
10-00-600
Boston
xxx
Revenue
10-00-700
Boston
xxx
10-00-710
Boston
xxx
10-00-720
Boston
xxx
10-00-730
Boston
xxx
10-10-800
Boston
Engineering
Bank charges
10-10-805
Boston
Engineering
Benefits
10-10-810
Boston
Engineering
Depreciation
10-10-815
Boston
Engineering
Insurance
10-10-825
Boston
Engineering
Office supplies
10-10-830
Boston
Engineering
10-10-835
Boston
Engineering
Telephones
10-10-840
Boston
Engineering
Training
10-10-845
Boston
Engineering
10-10-850
Boston
Engineering
Utilities
10-10-855
Boston
Engineering
Other expenses
10-10-860
Boston
Engineering
Interest expense
10-20-800
Boston
Sales
Bank charges
10-20-805
Boston
Sales
Benefits
10-20-810
Boston
Sales
Depreciation
10-20-815
Boston
Sales
Insurance
10-20-825
Boston
Sales
Office supplies
10-20-830
Boston
Sales
10-20-835
Boston
Sales
Telephones
10-20-840
Boston
Sales
Training
10-20-845
Boston
Sales
10-20-850
Boston
Sales
Utilities
10-20-855
Boston
Sales
Other expenses
10-20-860
Boston
Sales
Interest expense
10-00-900
Boston
xxx
Extraordinary items
20-00-010
Omaha
xxx
Cash
20-00-020
Omaha
xxx
Petty cash
20-00-030
Omaha
xxx
Accounts receivable
20-00-040
Omaha
xxx
20-00-050
Omaha
xxx
Marketable securities
20-00-060
Omaha
xxx
20-00-070
Omaha
xxx
Work-in-process inventory
20-00-080
Omaha
xxx
20-00-090
Omaha
xxx
20-00-100
Omaha
xxx
20-00-110
Omaha
xxx
20-00-120
Omaha
xxx
20-00-130
Omaha
xxx
20-00-140
Omaha
xxx
20-00-150
Omaha
xxx
20-00-160
Omaha
xxx
20-00-170
Omaha
xxx
20-00-180
Omaha
xxx
20-00-190
Omaha
xxx
20-00-200
Omaha
xxx
Other assets
20-00-300
Omaha
xxx
Accounts payable
20-00-310
Omaha
xxx
20-00-320
Omaha
xxx
20-00-330
Omaha
xxx
20-00-340
Omaha
xxx
equipment
fixtures
improvements
Omaha
xxx
20-00-360
Omaha
xxx
20-00-370
Omaha
xxx
<20-00-400
Omaha
xxx
20-00-500
Omaha
xxx
Capital stock
20-00-510
Omaha
xxx
Retained earnings
20-00-600
Omaha
xxx
Revenue
20-00-700
Omaha
xxx
20-00-710
Omaha
xxx
20-00-720
Omaha
xxx
20-00-730<
Omaha
xxx
20-10-800
Omaha
Engineering
20-10-805
Omaha
Engineering
Engineering -- benefits
20-10-810
Omaha
Engineering
Engineering -- depreciation
20-10-815
Omaha
Engineering
Engineering -- insurance
20-10-825
Omaha
Engineering
20-10-830
Omaha
Engineering
20-10-835
Omaha
Engineering
Engineering -- telephones
20-10-840
Omaha
Engineering
Engineering -- training
20-10-845
Omaha
Engineering
20-10-850
Omaha
Engineering
Engineering -- utilities
20-10-855
Omaha
Engineering
20-10-860
Omaha
Engineering
20-20-800
Omaha
Sales
20-20-805
Omaha
Sales
Sales -- benefits
20-20-810
Omaha
Sales
Sales -- depreciation
20-20-815
Omaha
Sales
Sales -- insurance
20-20-825
Omaha
Sales
20-20-830
Omaha
Sales
20-20-835
Omaha
Sales
Sales -- telephones
20-20-840
Omaha
Sales
Sales -- training
20-20-845
Omaha
Sales
20-20-850
Omaha
Sales
Sales -- utilities
20-20-855
Omaha
Sales
20-20-860
Omaha
Sales
20-00-900
Omaha
xxx
Extraordinary items
Related Topics
3-digit chart of accounts
5-digit chart of accounts
Alphanumeric account codes
Chart of accounts overview
Reduce the chart of accounts
Standardize the chart of accounts
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