PROTECTION AND STRENGTHENING OF THE

WOODEN ELEMENTS
AGENTS OF WOOD DEGRADATION
Existing wood constructions, sometimes of hundreds of years, show that even if wood is a natural product, it
may last a very long time without noticeable degradation under optimum exploitation conditions
In order to identify the proper preventive measures that reduce risks of the initial design or for the rehabilitation
of wood structures is important to find out main factors that may produce degradation (total or partial) with
effects on the structure. There is a wide range of actions and factors, related mainly to the exploitation
conditions which may affect durability of wood and degradation.
The speed of damage occurrence and expansion may be controlled through the design of elements and use of
the wood, leading to this respect to more main strands that must be taken into account:
- design and detailing of elements and joints such that all kind of humidity sources will be avoided
- avoid water collection in certain areas (hips, supports, etc.);
- ensure proper ventilation of wood when water collection is impossible to be avoided;
- selecting the type of wood with natural durability with respect to the environment;
- applying an initial and in time treatment suitable for wood conservation.
Of all the factors leading to degradation the most important are those related to the service conditions. Apart
from these, some additional factors may occur: earthquakes, high temperatures and fire, changes of functions,
additional charges, etc.

Humidity action
Humidity represents the main factor influencing all the physico-mechanical properties of wood and further, on its
sustainability in time. Humidity has a significant effect on the metallic elements used in the joints.
It is very important that wood put in work have a moisture percentage close to the estimated humidity equilibrium
and moisture variations in time to be as limited as possible. If not, cracks from contraction may occur leading to
conditions for water infiltration, mushroom spawn, larvae of insects, and finally to decay.
The concept of wooden structures must take into account the effect of environment moisture conditions and also
other situations that can cause a large increase in humidity percentage:
-contact between wood and soil or between wood and other parts of the building (masonry, concrete elements,
etc.);
-the presence of wood in a hot and humid atmosphere such as poorly ventilated areas,
-vapour condensation inside the elements (walls, floors);
-accumulation of snow in some areas and water infiltrations from wet areas (showers, bathrooms, kitchens);
-water entering the wood, during storage on site or during the installation of the elements before they do cover
construction.
Whereas the water infiltrartion in wood is made according to the direction of the fibres is very important to ensure the
protection of the extremities by keeping them at a certain distance from the wet area, so as to avoid absorption through
capillarity or treating them with different substances and protections that stop the rise of humidity.

In terms of the level of exposure to humidity, EUROCODE 5 and national codes differentiate 3 classes of service
and five classes of risk.
European standards EN 335-1 relating to the sustainability of wood and wood-derived materials and the national
norm SREN 335-1 defines the following classes of risk:
Risk class 1 situations in which wood or wood products are protected and covered, totally protected from the
weather and away from all the possibilities of wetting;
Risk class 2 - situations where the wood or wood products are protected and covered, totally protected from the
weather but where high humidity environment may result in occasional wetting;
Risk class 3-situations in which wood or wood-based products are outside, not covered, but not in contact with the
ground, they can be continuously exposed to weathering or can be protected from the weather but exposed to frequent
soaks;
Risk class 4-situations in which wood or wood-based products are in contact with the ground or fresh water being
constantly exposed to moisture;
Risk class 5-situations in which wood or wood-based products are continuously exposed to salt water.
Aggressive environment action
The anatomical composition of wood makes it resistant in aggressive environments in comparison with steel or concrete,
placed in the same conditions. While steel structures require periodic application of materials and protection of concrete
structures require permanent verification of their condition, wooden structures used in aggressive environment require
very low maintenance, located mainly at the joining elements.
The natural strength of wood is sufficient to avoid chemical attack and no special measures are necessary.
If a chemical attack occurs at the surface (corrosion) the decrease in its strength occurs in 10 ...20 mm depth,
while the rest of the section remains intact.
A particular action of a chemical attack and effect on mechanical behaviour of wood may need to be involved in
areas where there is a contact between wood and metal parts (elements of) on the larger surface. In these cases it is
recommended that the metal parts are galvanized, coated with protective substances or to be made of stainless steel.
High temperatures action
Due to the internal structure and thermal characteristics it can be said that high temperatures do not affect the
properties of the wood and its behavior.
For temperature below 60 C the effect on the resistance of the wood can be ignored and temperatures around
100 C, while leading to a change to the brown coloration does not affect the strength of the wood. Strength changes
occurs at temperatures above 150 C and the acceleration of the process occurs at 250 C, the decrease progressing from
the outside inwards due to the low thermal conductivity of wood.
The simultaneous action of high temperatures and humidity favors the reduction of resistance and rigidity.
Radiation action
The action of solar radiation and generally the action of ultraviolet rays change the structure in a superficial surface area
(max. 1 mm thick) in a grey surface coloration, as a pseudo-charring.
The effect of solar radiation can manifest by heating the wood and moisture variations lead in deformations
occurence.

WOOD PROTECTION measures aims to preserve the wood and wood derivatives and to protect against damage caused
by fungus and insects.
It can be said that in optimal conditions of exploitation wood may last for long periods without presenting any
noticable decay and without special measures of protection. However, if working conditions are not adequate wood
requires special protective treatments against biological agents. Must be made for and against other agents or fire.
These measures may be constructive or in the form of chemical treatments of protection.
Planning of protective measures, and their implementation particularly in the case of chemical treatments must
bear in mind the following:

-the nature and gravity of the risks (influence of humidity, fire risk, etc.);
-the type of wood and its correlation with the destination;
-the type of treatments carried out previously;
-the side effects that used chemicals may have
-the place and time of execution of the treatments
-accessibility of the elements for a possible further treatment;
-contractors expertise;
-the conditions of checking the protection measures

Structural preventive measures

Structural preventive measures aime at structural limitation of wood humidity content by reducing the risk of
moisture and by creating conditions for the rapid evacuation of water (in the case of temporary situations) in order to
avoid overrunning moisture content of 20% or limit humid areas.
Structural measures should be preceded by the initial measures such as:
-wood drying up at an optimal moisture content before putting in the work;
-development of optimal conditions of transportation, storage and installation which do not allow a large increase
of moisture content in these phases.
Bearing in mind that the wood humidity results from a balance between absorbed and discharged water is
particularly important that the meassures taken avoid or delay water penetration and facilitate the evacuation.
If in some cases it is impossible to stop the water penetration it is necessary to provide a system of rapid
water evacuation to avoid exceeding 20% humidity. This can be done for example by adopting joints with decompression
to improve ventilation (fig. 7.1).

Fig.7.1. Realizarea mbinrilor ntre panourile pentru perei de lemn

a - mbinarea etan la aer; b- element de mbinare mecanic;
c - mbinare de decompresie.

a) Msuri preventive structurale a lemnului folosit la exterior.

Cnd lemnul este folosit la exterior n zone de influen a precipitaiilor nu este suficient s se realizeze numai
msuri de protecie chimic i trebuie luate msuri pentru eliminarea umezirii, cum ar fi:
- realizarea unor streaine suficient de largi;
- evacuarea corespunztoare a apelor de pe acoperi cu prevederea de jgheaburi i burlane;
- realizarea unei distane de minimum 30 cm dintre partea superioar a solului i partea inferioar a peretelui din
lemn, pentru evitarea stropirii;
- executarea elementelor i realizarea mbinrilor ntre elemente expuse precipitaiilor astfel nct apa s se scurg
fr a atinge elementele situate n vecintate sau sub acestea;
- evitarea sau acoperirea colurilor, canturilor i mbinrilor unde se poate acumula apa;
- alegerea profilelor corespunztoare pentru construcii i placaje;
- asigurarea condiiilor ca umezite s se usuce rapid;
- acoperirea suprafeelor orizontale i oblice;
- protejarea tuturor extremitiilor lemnului care ies spre exterior;
- utilizarea de elemente metalice zincate sau din metal inoxidabil pentru fixare;
- realizarea unor mbinri de elemente care s permit lucrul i deformarea fr consecine duntoare.
n cazul lemnului folosit la exterior o atenie deosebit trebuie acordat mbinriilor dintre elemente pentru a evita
ptrunderea apei n aceste zone precum i pentru asigurarea condiiilor de ventilare a lor.
n toate cazurile de placaj exterior este recomandabil s fie asigurat aerisite acestuia pe toat suprafaa interioar
prin crearea unui strat de aer interior. n fig. 7.2 i 7.4 sunt prezentate soluiile de placri exterioare care asigur un strat de
aer continuu vertical pe faa interioar att n situaia scndurilor aezate vertical ct i a celor aezate orizontal.
Deprtarea placajului de la suprafaa elementului i realizarea unor orificii de intrare i evacuare asigur circulaia
de jos n sus a aerului din stratul interior favoriznd evacuarea umezelii. Este recomandabil ca orificiile de intrare a
aerului, plasate la partea inferioar i cele de evacuare de la partea superioar s aib o suprafa de minimum 1/500 din
suprafaa peretelui.
Amplasarea vertical a scndurilor de placare este mai avantajoas i este preferat deoarece d o posibilitate de
ventilaie i prin circulaia orizontal a aerului i asigur o evaporare mai rapid a apei. Scndurile pot fi fixate simplu fr
o prelucrare deosebit a mbinrilor verticale (fig.7.2a), prin folosirea diferitelor tipuri de mbinri cu piese suplimentare
(fig.7.2b) sau prin prelucrarea canturilor (fig.7.2b,c).
a) Structural preventive measures of the exterior wood elements.
When wood is used in areas outside is not enough only to realize chemical protective measures but measures
should be taken to avoid moisturising, such as:
-construction of wide enough eaves;
-proper evacuation of water from roof gutters and downspouts;
- at least 30 cm parapet between the top of the soil and the bottom of the wooden wall, in order to avoid splashing;
-the execution of joint between elements exposed to rainfall so that the water can drain out without touching the
elements situated in the vicinity or beneath them;
-avoid or cover corners, edges and joints where water can accumulate;
-choice of appropriate profiles for construction
-ensuring that humid elements dry quickly;
-cover horizontal and oblique surfaces;
-protection of all wood extremities
-use of metal elements in zinc plated or stainless steel fasteners;
-development of joints that do not introduce harmful efforts and distortion.
In the case of exterior wood special attention must be paid joints in order to avoid water accumulation in these
areas and for ensuring a proper ventilation.
In all cases of exterior plywood is recommended to ensure ventilation along all inner surface by creating a layer of
air inside, see fig.7.3 and 7.4.
The locationof the coating away from the surface of the element and providing entrance and exhaust vents ensure bottomup movement of the air in the inner layer moisture evacuation favoring. It is recommended that the air entrance openings,
placed at the bottom and the outlet at the top to have an area of not less than 1/500 of the wall surface.

The vertical location of the sockets of the coating is more advantageous and is preferred because it gives a
possibility of horizontal circulation and ventilation of air and ensures a more rapid evaporation of water. The boards can
be fitted without special processing of the vertical joints (fig. 7.2) using various types of joints with additional elements
(fig. 7.2 (b)) or by selective edge processing (fig. 7.2 b, c).

Fig.7.2 Placri cu scnduri asezate vertical

a- mbinare simpl cu scnduri aezate pe dou rnduri i fr prelucrarea cantului;
b- mbinarea scndurilor aezate pe un rnd cu elemente de mbinare i cu prinderea vizibil sau cu agrafe invizibile; cmbinare cu lamb i uluc.
1 - agraf metalic; 2 - element de fixare (cui, horurub,etc.);3 - baghet de
mbinare(din lemn, mare plastice, etc.); 4 - rigle orizontale; 5 scnduri;
6 - scnduri verticale prelucrate pe cant; 7 - scnduri verticale cu lamb i uluc.

Vertical joints can be done having tongue and groove processing of edges using visible fasteners or invisible
clips (fig. 7.2 c).
Special attention should be given, in the case of coating with vertical boards to the joints at the corners. (fig. 7.3)

Fig.7.3 - Soluii de realizare a mbinrilor la coluri

1 - rigle orizontale; 2 - rigle verticale; 3 - scnduri verticale.

Fig. 7.4- Placri cu scnduri aezate orizontal

1 - rigl vertical; 2 - scnduri orizontale simple sau avnd un cant prelucrat; 3- elemnnt de fizare (cui, horurub); 4-elemnnt
de fixare la partea inferioar; 5- ipc distaner

Fig. 7.5 Realizarea rosturilor verticale la scnduri asezate orizontal

a- cu fie de etanare din lemn rezistent; b- cu profil cu gol interior;
c- cu profil din metal sau mase plastice; d- cu material elastic de etanare.
1 - rigle verticale; 2 - scnduri orizontale; 3 - material de etanare a rostului.

Fig. 7.6 Realizarea mbinrilor la coluri la scnduri asezate orizontal

1- rigl vertical; 2- scnduri orizontale ; 3 - rigl vertical de col.

Using planks placed horizontally it is advisable only overlaying them on a distance of at least 12% in width and
not less than 10 mm (fig. 7.4).
Vertical joints between the boards stacked horizontal are also areas which require special treatment. Mainly it is
advisable that the sockets flush against will not be processed and left empty in order to be able to be controlled at all times
and if necessary can be dealt with later. The joints between the boards are closed with different sealing materials which
should allow any small movements.(Figure 7.5). the corners of Joints horizontal elements is carried out according to the
same principles as the boards mounted vertically (fig. 7.6)

Fig. 7.7 Placri cu scnduri asezate n V

b) Msuri preventive structurale la contactul lemnului cu alte materiale.

Pentru prevenirea infiltraiilor de ap provenite de la alte materiale este necesar o izolare, hidrofug a lemnului
n zonele de contact (fig7.8, fig.7.9) ntre:
- grinzi, stlpi sau panourile de lemn i zidrie sau beton;
- prile masive i elementele planeelor realizate din lemn.
b) Structural preventive measures at the contact of wood with other materials.
Preventing seepage of water from other materials vapor barrier a required, and waterproofing of wood in contact
areas (Figure 7.8, fig. 7.9) between:
-beams, columns or wooden panels and masonry or concrete;
-massive parties and an accompanying set elements made of wood.

Fig.7.8. Realizarea rezemrii grinzilor pe elemente masive (zidrie, beton)

1 - grind; 2 - perete; 3 - hidroizolaie; 4 - termoizolaie; 5 - strat de aer.

Fig.7.9 Protecia hidrofug a lemnului la contactul cu elemente masive (ziduri, fundaii)

a - planeu pe un suport masiv; b - planeu cu zon de aer ntre elementul masiv (teren, beton) i elemente din lemn; c panouri de perei rezemate pe fundaii; d - pane de streain rezemate pe centurile zidurilor;1 - elemente de lemn; 2 - element
masiv (plac de beton, teren, fundaii, zidrii); 3 - izolaie hidrofug; 4 - orificii de ventilare (minimum 1/500 din suprafaa
zonei de sub planeu); 5- zona de aer.

Pe lng separarea propriu-zis a zonelor de contact cu folii hidroizolatoare este recomandabil s se ia msuri
constructive ca aerul s poat circula la suprafaa prilor din lemn (capete de grinzi sau stlpi). n acest sens la capetele
grinzilor ncastrate n elemente masive (zidrie, beton) se prevede un strat de aer ventilat de 12 cm iar la captul grinzii
se va realiza o izolaie termic (fig. 7.8 ).
La stlpii care se reazem pe fundaii este recomandat ca s se realizeze o distan ntre captul lor i fundaie iar
cnd se folosesc piese metalice acestea nu trebuie s nchid complect baza stlpului, pentru a asigura o ventilaie
corespunztoare a lemnului (fig.7.10).

In addition to the actual separation of the areas of contact with waterproofing sheets it is advisable to take
constructive measures that the air can circulate on the surface of the wooden parts (heads of beams or pillars).
To this respect, the ends of the beams embedded in massive elements (concrete, masonry) require a ventilated
air gap of 1 2 cm and at the end of the beam a heat insulation will be created(fig. 7.8).
At the columns end towards the foundations it is recommended to create a distance and when using
metal elements, they don't need to completely close the column end, in order to ensure proper ventilation of the
wood (Figure 7.10).

Fig.7.10 Soluii de realizare a rezemrii stlpilor pe fundaii

1 - stlpi de lemn; 2 - fundaii; 3 elemente metalice exterioare;
4 - elemente metalice de rezemare interioar; 5 - buloane.

INTERVENTION ON WOOD ELEMENTS

The decision for the necessary work on existing wooden structures need to consider cooperation between experts,
architects, timber designers, historians, construction authorities, officials in charge of cultural preservation, owners and
building managers.
The factors involved are taking into account:
-the identification of the objectives, requirements and limitations;
-the degree of intervention that may include structural interventions or interventions for maintenance and
preservation.
Decisions should be made after diagnosing the construction aiming to mainly:
-causes that determined humidity and decay;
-the possible attacks of insects;
-the evolution of elements strength.

Identifying the objectives, requirements and limitations

The works of reparation or consolidation can and must respond, based on the objectives, to one or more
requirements namely:
-preservation of original material and structural concept;
-preserve the appearance and structural elements of the solution;
-bringing the elements and structures at initial bearing capacity;
-improving or changing the bearing capacity, rigidity, or work in service;
-compliance with the technical regulations in force concerning the different requirments (seismic behavior and
resistance, fire resistance, etc.).
Parallel with the stated objectives, other issues must be taken into account such as economic considerations,
environmental situations, prevention of future degradations, compatibility between wood and materials used for repairing
or strengthening, etc.

Preservation of original material and structural concept and often artistic need is based on historical and cultural
conditions which are far more important than the economic aspects which may be taken as priorities when decide
intervention measures.
Restoring original capacity must take into account primarily the extent of degradation and resilience
compared with the current structural requirements
Improving or changing the bearing capacity can be achieved through consolidation of structural elements with the
purpose of meeting the requirements and performance required by the use of construction and modification of the
structure.
Wooden structural elements comply with the new regulations on the requirements of construction start from the
fact that many wooden structures were designed and made in periods with little knowledge in certain areas (e.g. seismic
protection). It should be noted, however, that a number of provisions in the wood constructions have been developed
without sufficient knowledge about the structure of this material and how to work them. Specific regulations in many
countries, based on research, have brought a number of improvements including for example the proper behavior of
wooden structures to seismic action and ceasefire.
Great importance in taking the decision on intervention solution comes fron the compatibility of wood with other
materials especially in terms of deformations and effect of chemical factors. Thus, for glued or rigid joints a special
attention should be paid to avoiding the occurrence of additional efforts caused by differential deformations (difference
between contraction and nonhigroscopic materials, differentiated contraction on different areas, different thermal
enlargements between wood and other materials, with different structural elements between different stiffness).
Based on the analysis of the objectives pursued, one of the following decisions ca be taken:
-continued use of construction with or without intervention or interventions reduced;
-keeping the structure after changes and consolidations;
-demolition and reconstruction of parts of the building.

Interventions and structural repairments

Repairments and structural consolidation are diverse and must be analyzed on a case by case basis since there are
noy two similar situations.
Interventions are based on the structural elements state and take into account:
-a reduction in sections due to various causes (rot, insects, fire, or damage due to requests, cracks, fractures, etc.)
requiring replacements or consolidations;
-the partial destruction of the joints
-excessive deformations.
Of particular importance in adopting different solutions is the aim purpose:
-maintaining the same functions as the original structure by replacing some parts, or after a consolidation;
-achieving an enhanced structural bhaviour by use of additional elements of consolidation;
-maintenance of the aesthetic, architectural conditions and historical fatures and the structural functions will be
taken over by other load-bearing elements (wood, concrete or metal).
Whatever the purpose is it must take into account the following:
-the work done must constitute a coherent whole;
-Consolidations must be compatible with existing structures;
-technical solutions should be easy work.
Repairs may be carried out by different levels and refers to: isolated elements, material, structural units, structures
as a whole, between wood joints or connections with external elements.
For the isolated elements repairs can take into account all the item or only parts of it , For structural units or
structures strengthening can be made for each structural element or the entir structural systemstructural system.
a) Consolidarea materialului.
Sub influena mediului (climat, insecte, ciuperci) pot s apar degradri de suprafa, fisuri, guri, etc. n aceste
cazuri se pot aplica tipuri de tratamente cu scop preventiv sau cu scop de reparaie.
Tratamentele preventive, asemntoare cu cele aplicate lemnului nou (v.cap.7.2.3), se aplic elementelor de lemn
folosite pentru consolidri sau nlocuiri. Aceste tratamente trebuie corelate i trebuie s fie compatibile cu metodele de
mbinare ulterioar i cu metodele folosite pentru protecia final.

Tratamentele de reparaii se aplic elementelor existente i constau n injectarea n lemn de rini destinate de a
optura golurile , gurile sau fisurile i permit refacerea caracteristicilor mecanice ale lemnului. Tehnica de punere n oper
este asemntoare cu cea aplicat i la alte materiale de construcii (zidrie, beton, etc.) iar soluia poate fi combinat i cu
alte msuri de consolidare (bare de oel, poliesteri armai cu fibre de sticl, etc.).
to Strengthen the material.)
Under the influence of the environment (climate, insects, fungi) surface degradation may occur by, together with
cracks, holes, etc. In these cases, prevention or repairing treatments may be used.
Preventive treatment, similar to that applied to new wood elements (see Chapter 7.2.3) is applied to wood used
for consolidation or replacement. These treatments should be correlated and must be compatible with the methods further
used and with the methods used for the final protection.
Repair treatments applied to existing elements consist of the injection resins for wood to the gaps, holes or cracks
and allow recovery of the mechanical properties of wood. The technique of work is similar to that applied to other
construction materials (masonry, concrete, etc.) and the solution can be combined with other measures to strengthen (steel
bars, polyesters reinforced with glass fibers, etc.).

b) Consolidarea grinzilor.
Consolidarea grinzilor se poate realiza pe toat lungimea lor sau pe zone degradate (capete de grinzi, zone
curente) i au ca scop aducerea lor la capacitatea portant iniial sau creterea capacitii portante.
Cele mai frecvente degradri ntlnite la grinzi sunt:
- putrezirea capetelor, provocat n special de absorbia apei din elementele de
reazem sau de umiditatea
provenit de la apa meteoric ;
- degradri cu apariia unor fisuri i crpturi n cmpul grinzilor;
- deformaii excesive provocate de modificarea ncrcrilor sau de creterea deformaiilor sub ncrcri de lung
durat.
Consolidarea capetelor de grinzi are n vedere mrimea degradrilor iar capetele grinziilor se pot pstra sau pot fi
ndeprtate, adoptndu-se urmtoarele soluii:
- consolidarea cu rini epoxidice cu ndeprtare parial sau fr ndeprtarea captului grinzi (fig.7.11);
- ndeprtarea capetelor degradate i nlocuirea cu altele noi.
Consolidarea cu rini epoxidice se realizeaz dup mai multe tehnologii i n mai multe faze funcie de gradul de
degradare i anume :
- ndeprtarea zonei degradate i curarea zonei unde lemnul nu este atacat mecanic;
- impregnarea lemnului mai puin atacat i consolidarea lui cu rin epoxidic pur;
-1 forarea unor goluri, prin lemnul sntos i prin cel consolidat, pentru a introduce armturi (poliesteri ntrii cu
fibre, metal, etc.);
-2 introducerea armturilor n goluri pn n zona n care lemnul a fost ndeprtat;
-3 formarea captului grinzi cu un beton compus din rin, agregate i eventual cuar;
-4 injectarea golurilor din jurul armturilor cu rin i praf de cuar.
b) strengthening beams.
Strengthen the beams can be done throughout their length or degraded areas (beams, heads the current areas) and
are aimed at bringing their initial or increase the load bearing capacity.
The most common degradation encountered the beams are:
-rot, caused, in particular, heads of water absorption of the support elements or moisture of meteoric water;
-degradation with the emergence of cracks and cracks in the beams;
-deformations caused by excessive workload or modification of growth deformations under loads of long
duration.
Strengthening the ends of beams considering size degradrilor and grinziilor heads can keep or can be removed,
the simplification of the following solutions:-strengthened with epoxy resin with partial removal removal of the
cod-end beams or not (fig. 7.11);
-removal of degraded and replacing with new ones.
Consolidation with epoxy resin is achieved after several technologies and in several phases depending on the
degree of degradation, namely:-the removal of degraded area and clean the area where the wood is not attacked
mechanically;
-impregnation less attacked and his building with pure epoxy resin;

-drilling of holes through the wood and healthy through the strengthened to insert fittings (fortified polyesters with
fiber, metal, etc.);
-introduction of armatures in goals to the area where the wood has been removed;
-formation of beams with a concrete compound resin, quartz and aggregates;
-injecting dips around armatures with resin and quartz powder.

Fig.7.11 Consolidarea capetelor de grinzi cu rini epoxidice

1 - lemn sntos; 2 - lemn impregnat cu rin; 3 - zon de lemn ndeprtat;
4 - goluri pentru armturi; 5 - beton de consolidare; 6 - armturi.

Fig.7.12 Consolidarea capetelor de grinzi cu nlturarea zonei degradate

1 grind de lemn existent; 2 - lemn de complectare;
3 eclis de lemn; 4- oel sau fibr de sticl; 5 profile metalice

Pentru consolidarea capetelor de grinzi atunci cnd pe zona degradat lemnul se ndeprteaz se pot adapta
urmtoarele soluii (fig. 7.12):
- dispunerea unor elemente noi de lemn la partea superioar sau inferioar a grinzii, cnd funcionalitatea cldirii
permite mrirea gabaritului grinzilor (fig.7.12a);
- dispunerea unor eclise din lemn amplasate lateral, antiseptizate i solidarizate de grind (fig.7.12b) sau a unor
eclise metalice;
- prevederea unor soluii metalice folosind profile sau elemente sudate; amplasate la feele grinzi (fig.7.12c) sau n
interiorul lor;
- realizarea unor elemente speciale din oel (grinzi cu zbrele);
- realizarea unor reazeme noi (grinzi din lemn sau metalice, console) pe poriunea sntoas a grinzi, modificnd
modul de rezemare iniial;
- realizarea unor consolidri de capete cu bare de oel sau fibre de sticl i rini epoxidice (fig.7.12d).
Lucrrile de consolidare a capetelor grinzilor pot s fie nsoite de lucrri de mbuntire a rezemri grinzi i a
ancorri ei n elementele portante verticale .
Repararea unei grinzi n seciune curent prin consolidare local se realizeaz pentru oprirea fisurilor, pentru
oprirea i nchiderea unei fisuri sau pentru consolidarea unei eventuale rupturi (fig.7.13).
In order to reinforce the ends of beams when on the degraded wood is removed can adapt the following solutions (Figure
7.12):-the layout of the new wood elements at the upper or lower part of the beam, when the building's functionality
allows increasing gauge beams (Figure 7.12) (2);
-arrangement of wooden pads placed laterally, and antiseptizate joined together of girder (fig. b 7.12) or metallic
pads;
-the provision of metal solutions using profiles or welded elements; the faces of beams (Figure 7.12 c) or inside
them;
-development of special steel elements (girders);
-development of new supports (metal or wooden beams, brackets) on healthy portion of beams, by changing how
the original abutments;
-completion of consolidation ends with steel bars or glass fiber and epoxy resins (Figure 7.12 d).
The work of strengthening of beams can be accompanied by works to improve the rezemri beams and anchoring
them in the vertical load-bearing elements.
Repair a beam in the current section through local consolidation is done to stop cracks, for stopping and closing of
cracks or to strengthen a possible rupture (Figure 7.13).

Fig.7.13 Consolidarea local a grinzilor

1- guri; 2 - colier; 3 - fisur; 4 - platband; 5 - buloane

Interveniile locale pentru oprirea propagri unei fisuri sau nchiderea ei se realizeaz cu ajutorul unor elemente
metalice (fig.7.13a) care n anumite cazuri pot s creeze o compresiune perpendicular pe fisur. Pentru limitarea
propagri fisurii soluia cea mai simpl este realizarea, la capetele ei a unor guri perpendiculare pe direcia fisurii.
Tehnicile clasice constau n dispunerea de o parte i alta a elementului a unor platbenzi sau profile metalice legate
ntre ele cu buloane.
Pentru repararea unor rupturi sau fisuri perpendiculare pe axul grinzii se pot utiliza soluii locale cu elemente din
lemn sau metal sub form de eclise amplasate lateral (fig.7.14c), deasupra sau sub element (fig.7.14a,b).
Local interventions for stopping the spread of cracks or closing them is carried out by means of metallic elements (Figure
7.13 a) which in some cases can create a compression perpendicular to the crack. To limit the spread of the fissure, the
simplest solution is the realization, at the ends of her holes perpendicular to the direction of the fissure.
Classical techniques consist in disposition of one side and the other of the prodct or metal profiles linked together
with bolts.
For repair of ruptures or cracks perpendicular to the beam axis, you can use local solutions with wood or metal in
the form of clips placed laterally (fig. 7.14 c), above, or below the item (fig. 7.14 a, b).

Fig.7.14 Repararea rupturilor la grinzi

1 - zona degradat; 2 - buloane; 3- eclise; 4- profile metalice

Lungimea ecliselor se determin din condiia de transmitere a eforturilor de ncovoiere prin tijele de mbinare.
Ameliorarea seciunii i lucrul ei ca i un element compozit oel-lemn trebuie realizat nct s se asigure o foarte
bun transmitere a lunecrii la interfaa oel lemn.
O soluie modern de consolidare local a grinzilor se obine prin plasarea la partea inferioar a grinzii a unor armturi
oblice n goluri impregnate cu rini (fig.7.15).
Link length is determined from the condition of bending efforts through the joint rods.
Improvement of the section, and her work as a composite steel-wood element must be carried out to ensure a very
good transmission of the lunecrii lemn steel interface.
A modern solution to strengthen local breeds is obtained by placing the bottom edge of the beam of oblique

fittings in goals with resins (fig. 7-15).

Fig.7.15 Consolidare local cu bare oblice din oel

1 bare din oel; 2 zon impregnat; 3- element consolidat

Consolidarea total a grinzilor se impune din necesitatea refacerii sau creterii capacitii portante a grinzilor,
atunci cnd are loc schimbarea destinaiei construciei i se realizeaz prin:
- schimbarea seciunii transversale;
- consolidarea seciunii fr mrirea ei;
- realizarea unei noi scheme statice.
Schimbarea seciunii transversale se obine prin consolidarea cu elemente noi din lemn, metal sau din beton care
se altur elementelor existente. Funcie de structura din care face parte grinda de consolidat noile elemente pot fi plasate
lateral, deasupra sau sub elementele existente.
Consolidarea cu elemente noi din lemn se face de obicei prin amplasarea acestora la intradosul sau lateral la grinzile
existente (fig. 7.16). Amplasarea elementelor de consolidare la intradosul grinzilor existente are avantajul c nu influeneaz
mult asupra elementelor secundare i asupra planeului. Elementele suplimentare au limea grinzilor existente i se leag de
acestea cu ancoraje metalice (fig.7.16a).
Elementele de lemn amplasate lateral au aceeai nlime cu grinda iniial i se leag de aceasta cu ancoraje metalice
(fig.7.16b).
Total building beam requires the restoration of or increase in bearing capacity of beams, when there is change of
construction and is achieved by:-changing cross section;
-strengthening of the section without raising them;
-establishment of a new static schemas.
Changing cross section is obtained by consolidating with new items made of wood, metal or concrete which joins
the existing elements. Based on the structure of the steel beam strengthened with new elements can be placed laterally,
above, or below existing elements.
Consolidation with new wooden items is usually done by placing them at intradosul or lateral to the existing
beams (fig. 7.16). The location of the intradosul building on existing beams has the advantage that it does not influence
much on secondary elements and on the floor. Additional elements have width of existing beams and link them with metal
anchors (fig. 7.16 to).
Wood items placed side have the same height with the original beam, and link to it with metal anchors (fig. 7.16 (b)).

1-

Fig.7.16 Consolidare grinzilor cu elemente din lemn

1- grind existent; 2 - grind nou; 3 - grind secundar;
4 - ancoraj metalic; 5 - strat de aer; 6- grinzi laterale.

Consolidarea cu elemente metalice se realizeaz cu platbenzi sau profile laminate.

Platbenzile metalice se amplaseaz sub grind sau lateral de aceasta i se prind de ea cu elemente de fixare (fig.
7.17).
The metallic elements strengthening the prodct or laminated profiles.
Metal Platbenzile placed under the beam or to one side of it and catch it with fasteners (fig. 7.17).

Fig.7.17 Consolidare grinzilor cu platbenzi metalice

1- grind existent; 2 - platband metalic; 3- element de prindere

Consolidarea cu profile metalice se poate realiza cu elemente amplasate sub grind, lateral sau deasupra acesteia
(fig.7.18 )

Strengthening with steel profiles can be made with items located under beam laterally or above (fig. 7.18)
Fig.7.18 Consolidare grinzilor cu profile metalice
1-platbanda; 2 - profil metalic; 3 travers metalic;
3- buloane de prindere

n cazul amplasri laterale a profilelor grind consolidat se poate reazema pe toat lungimea pe profile,
intermediar prin traverse metalice sau poate transmite ncrcarea prin buloane de legtur.
In the case of lateral profiles locations the beam can be strengthened along the entire length on reazema profiles, metal
sleepers or the intermediary can transmit loading by connecting bolts.

Amplasarea profilelor metalice la partea superioar se realizeaz atunci cnd modul de alctuire a elementelor secundare
sau gabaritele necesare nu permit amplasarea lateral sau sub grind a acestora. Legarea de grinda de lemn se realizeaz
cu ajutorul unor coliere din platband.
Profilele metalice de consolidare se reazem pe perei prin intermediul unor reazeme de beton armat.
Consolidarea grinzilor din lemn cu elemente din beton se face cu ajutorul unor grinzi monolite din beton realizate
deasupra grinzilor din lemn. Legtura ntre grinda din lemn i cea din beton se realizeaz cu ajutorul conectorilor metalici
i prin locaurile practicate n grinda de lemn.
Soluia de consolidare cu grind de beton poate fi cuplat cu realizarea unui planeu monolit din beton.
Consolidarea seciunii transversale fr mrirea ei se realizeaz prin introducerea n interiorul grinzii a mai
multor plci metalice cu nlime mai mic dect grinda a unor grinzioare cu zbrele metalice sau prin folosirea unor
tirani ngropai n grind. Soluia cu plci metalice i grinzioare are avantajul proteciei acestora mpotriva focului i a
coroziunii iar elementele de consolidare pot prelua n totalitate sau parial ncrcrile. Elementele metalice sunt protejate
cu rini epoxidice.
Execuia consolidrii comport urmtoarele faze:
- realizarea locaului longitudinal pentru elementele metalice;
- introducerea n loca a unui prim strat de rin i apoi a elementelor metalice;
- complectarea cu rin a locaului longitudinal .
n cazul folosirii plcilor metalice se poate realiza consolidarea i fr rini legtura efectundu-se cu ajutorul
unor uruburi.
O alt posibilitate de consolidare a grinzilor fr mrirea seciunii transversale const n folosirea unor tije
metalice ngropate n lemn (fig. 7.19).
Location of metallic profiles at the top is achieved when the composition of the side elements or dimensions required
lateral location or do not allow the beam to them. Wooden beam linking is accomplished with the help of the necklaces
flat.
Metal strengthening profiles resting on walls by means of reinforced concrete supports.
Wooden beams strengthened with concrete elements is done with the help of monolithic concrete beams made of
wood beams above. The connection between steel beam and concrete that is achieved by using metal connectors and
snaps in the wooden beam.
Consolidation solution with concrete beam can be coupled with the development of a monolithic concrete slab.
Strengthening its cross section without the increase is achieved by placing the beam inside of several metal plates
with a height smaller than the beam of the metallic lattice or regulated lags using tension rods buried in the beam. Solution
with metal plates and regulated lags takes advantage of their protection against fire and corrosion and consolidation items
can take over in full or partial loads. Metal items are protected with epoxy resin.
Implementation of consolidation involves the following phases:-completion of Groove metal elements for
longitudinal;
-introduction in place of a first layer of resin and metal components;
-Kitting-up with resin of the longitudinal slot.
When using metal plates can be achieved without strengthening the link with resins by means of screws.
Another possibility to strengthen the beams without increasing the cross section lies in the use of metal rods
buried in wood (fig., 7. 19).

Fig.7.19. Consolidarea grinzilor cu tirani ngropai la partea inferioar

1-tirant; 2-grind; 3- element de ancorare

Elementele metalice care lucreaz ca tirani pot fi amplasate lateral de grind sau la partea inferioar cu ancorare la
capete sau la partea superioar a grinzii (fig. 7.19).
Pentru consolidarea grinziilor cu tirani se pot folosi i solutiile de amplasare exterioar a tiraniilor, lateral de
grind sau la partea inferioar, cu distanarea lor de grind funcie de efectul care se dorete a fi obinut prin modificarea
schemei statice (fig. 7.20).
Metal working parts as tension bars can be placed on either side of the beam or to the underside with anchoring at the ends
or at the top of the beam (fig., 7.19).
To strengthen grinziilor with tension rods and solutions may be used outside of the tiraniilor location, beam
laterally or at the bottom, with their alienation of beams based on the effect of which is to be obtained by changing the
static scheme (fig. 7.20).

Fig.7.20 Consolidarea grinzilor cu tirani exteriori

1- ghidaj de tirant; 2 - ancoraj ; 3 - element de tensionare
4- tirant; 5- distaner; 6 - grinda.

c) Strengthening of tensioned elements

Consolidating of tensioned elements is made based on the values of loads and the way of their transmission
consolidation works.
The tensioned elements for which temporary supporting cannot be achieved the consolidation is made with the
help of metal pretensioned elements
The tensioned elements for which temporary supporting can be achieved, the consolidation is made adding bolt
fastened main and secondary elements

vedere b - b
a

vedere a - a
2

a)

vedere d - d

vedere c - c
4

b)

Fig. 7.21 -Consolidarea elementelor ntinse

a - cu tirani metalici ; b - cu eclise i fururi
1 - zon degradat ; 2 - tirani metalici ; 3 - profile tip cornier ;
4 - eclise din lemn ; 5 - fururi ; 6 - buloane .

Fig. E 7.21 Consolidarea elementelor ntinse

a cu tirani metalici; b cu eclise i fururi
1 zon degradat; 2 tirani metalici; 3 profile tip cornier;
4 eclise din lemn; 5 fururi; 6 buloane.

d) strengthening of compressed elements

Deformation of compressed elements is a particularly dangerous phenomenon because the solicitation becomes
composed, is a compression with bending eccentricaly compression- and additional efforts not considered initially can
lead in time to the total compromise of the item.

Strengthening aimes at the partial or total reduction of deformations and eventually increasing the rigidity in the bending
plan.
Items must be discharged and for bringing to the initial position the following methods may be used:
-strengthening with rigid wooden elements fastened with clips or metal items and tightening with bolts to the original
position;
-consolidation with special systems, for upper and lower chords of trusses,
-the use of jacks with special devices for straightening.
Strengthening the overall structural elements formed by both tensioned and compressed elements (e.g. truss) may
be achieved by transforming them into other structural elements with behavior more favorable, according to the new
conditions of exploitation.