RAFAEL G.

MACARAIG
TUP-Taguig
Bachelor of Engineering

pH meter
pH meter is a device used for potentiometric pH measurements.
A pH meter is an electronic instrument measuring the pH (acidity or
alkalinity) of a liquid (though special probes are sometimes used to measure
the pH of semi-solid substances). A typical pH meter consists of a special
measuring probe (a glass electrode) connected to an electronic meter that
measures and displays the pH reading.

pH can be measured using either pH indicators (like phenolphtaleine) - in

form of solution or pH strips - or using potentiometric method. Strips are very
useful when all you need is 0.2-0.5 pH unit accuracy. When you need higher
precision, pH meter is the only way to go.
In potentiometric methods you measure potential difference between known
reference electrode and the measuring pH electrode. Potential of the pH
electrode depends on the activities of hydronium ions. This dependence is
described by Nernst equation, thus once the potential has been measured
you can calculate the activity. As a first approximation activity is identical to
the ions concentration.
pH meter is nothing else but precise voltmeter, connected to the pH
electrode, and scaled in such a way that it displays not the measured
potential, but ready pH value.
Browse our site to find out more about pH, about pH meter and its history,
about pH electrodes and about pH measurements.
Types of pH meters
pH meters range from simple and inexpensive pen-like devices to complex
and expensive laboratory instruments with computer interfaces and several
inputs for indicator and temperature measurements to be entered to adjust
for the slight variation in pH caused by temperature. Specialty meters and
probes are available for use in special applications, harsh environments, etc.
The first commercial pH meters were built around 1936 by Radiometer in
Denmark and by Arnold Orville Beckman in the United States. While
Beckman was an assistant professor of chemistry at the California Institute of
Technology, he was asked to devise a quick and accurate method for
measuring the acidity of lemon juice for the California Fruit Growers
Exchange (Sunkist). Beckman's invention helped him to launch the Beckman
Instruments company (now Beckman Coulter). In 2004 the Beckman pH

meter was designated an ACS National Historical Chemical Landmark in

recognition of its significance as the first commercially successful electronic
pH meter.
In the 1970s Jenco Electronics of Taiwan designed and manufactured the first
portable digital pH meter. This meter was sold under Cole-Parmer's label.

Calibration and use

For very precise work the pH meter should be calibrated before each
measurement. For normal use calibration should be performed at the
beginning of each day. The reason for this is that the glass electrode does
not give a reproducible e.m.f. over longer periods of time.
Calibration should be performed with at least two standard buffer solutions
that span the range of pH values to be measured. For general purposes
buffers at pH 4 and pH 10 are acceptable. The pH meter has one control
(calibrate) to set the meter reading equal to the value of the first standard
buffer and a second control (slope) which is used to adjust the meter reading
to the value of the second buffer. A third control allows the temperature to be
set. Standard buffer sachets, which can be obtained from a variety of
suppliers, usually state how the buffer value changes with temperature.
For more precise measurements, a three buffer solution calibration is
preferred. As pH 7 is essentially, a "zero point" calibration (akin to zeroing or
taring a scale or balance), calibrating at pH 7 first, calibrating at the pH
closest to the point of interest ( e.g. either 4 or 10) second and checking the
third point will provide a more linear accuracy to what is essentially a nonlinear problem. Some meters will allow a three point calibration and that is
the preferred scheme for the most accurate work. Most better meters will have a
provision to account for temperature coefficient corrections, and better pH probes have
temperature probes built in.
The calibration process correlates the voltage produced by the probe (approximately 0.06 volts
per pH unit) with the pH scale. After each single measurement, the probe is rinsed with distilled
water or deionized water to remove any traces of the solution being measured, blotted with a
clean tissue to absorb any remaining water which could dilute the sample and thus alter the
reading, and then quickly immersed in another solution.

Conductivity Meter
A conductivity meter measures the amount of electrical current or
conductance in a solution. Conductivity is useful in determining the overall
health of a natural water body. It is also a way to measure changes in
wastewater procedures at water treatment plants. Conductivity meters are
common in any water treatment or monitoring situation, as well as in
environmental laboratories
Conductivity Basics
Conductivity is the electrical current in a solution, but that value depends on
the liquid's ionic strength. It also relies on which ions are present, in what
concentration and in what form, such as what state of oxidation or mobility
the ions are in. Ions carry a negative or positive electrical charge: anions are
negative and cations are positive. In natural water bodies, the ions that
contribute to high conductivity result from dissolved minerals and salts.
Temperature Dependence
The reading of a conductivity meter is usually without a temperature
correlation. Since ionic strength, and therefore conductance, is temperaturedependent, the reading may be inaccurate. Thus, many conductivity meters
have a specific conductance measurement as well. When in the specific
conductance mode, the meter reads the conductivity of the solution at 25
degrees Celsius, not at the actual temperature. This results in a more
standardized reading.
Salinity and Total Dissolved Solids
Salinity is the amount of dissolved salts in a solution. Conductivity meters
equipped with a salinity option internally convert the conductivity reading to
one of salinity. Fresh water bodies should have a much lower salinity
concentration than ocean water, which is estimated between 20 and 30
parts per trillion, according to Washington State's Department of Ecology.
Total dissolved solids can be determined by multiplying the conductivity
measured in microSeimens by a factor of 0.67

Calibration
Calibration leads to a more accurate reading. To calibrate a meter, follow the
instructions for that meter; in general, the steps are easy and standardized.
The meter usually has a menu item that allows you to enter the calibration
mode or a setting on the side that you can adjust with a small screwdriver or
tool. Place the probe in a solution with a known conductivity value and
temperature and set the meter to that conductivity. Sometimes several
standards are required.