SANITATION PLUMBING

DESIGN AND
INSTALLATION
Public to Private Connection Basics

Parts of the Cold Water Distribution System

Parts of the Cold Water Distribution System

Service Pipe- pipe from the street water main or
other source of water supply to the building
served
Water Meter- device used to measure in liters or
gallons the amount of water that passes through
the water service
Horizontal Supply Main- the principal water
distribution pipe running from the water meter
from which the various branches and risers to the
fixtures are taken

Parts of the Cold Water Distribution System

Riser- a water supply pipe extending vertically to
one full story or more to convey water into pipe
branches or plumbing fixtures
Fixture Branch- the water supply pipe between
the fixture supply pipe and the water-distributing
pipe
Valves- used for control, isolation and repair of
the water distribution system
Storage Tanks

Supplementary Definitions
(Water Distribution System)
Air Gap (Water Distribution) - An unobstructed
vertical distance through the free atmosphere
between the lowest opening from any pipe or
faucet conveying potable water to the flood-level
rim of any tank, vat or fixture
Backflow - The flow of water or other liquids,
mixtures or substances into the distributing pipes
of a potable supply of water from any source other
than from its intended source

Supplementary Definitions
(Water Distribution System)
Battery of Fixtures - Any of two or more similar
adjacent fixtures which discharge into a common
horizontal soil or waste branch
Cross- Connection - Any connection or
arrangement between a potable water supply
system and any plumbing fixture or any tank,
receptacle, equipment or device through which
enables contaminated water or other substances
to enter into any part of the system

Supplementary Definitions
(Water Distribution System)
Fixture Branch - The water supply pipe between
the fixture supply pipe and the water distributing
pipe
Flood Level - The level in a fixture at which water
begins to overflow over the top or rim of the fixture

Supplementary Definitions
(Water Distribution System)
Gooseneck - A flexible tubing connection
between a service pipe and water main; A return
bend of small-sized pipe commonly used as a
faucet
Roughing in - The installation of all piping and
fitting parts of the plumbing system, which can be
completed prior to the installation of fixtures and
accessories. These include sanitary and storm
drainage, tap, hot and chilled water supplies, gas
pipings and the necessary fixture supports.

Roughing-in

Water Supply Distribution

Schemes
Upfeed System
Downfeed System
Pneumatic/Air-Pressure System

Air Pressure System (Pneumatic)

Used when pressure supplied by city water supply is

inadequate
Compressed air is used to raise and push water
into the system

Downfeed /Overheadfeed /Gravity System

Water is pumped into a large tank on top of the

building and is distributed to the fixtures by means
of gravity

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

Upfeed System
1. Eliminates extra cost of pumps & tanks.

1. Pressure from water main is inadequate to

supply tall buildings.
2. Water supply is affected during peak load
hour.

Air Pressure System

1. With compact pumping unit.
1. Water supply is affected by loss of pressure
2. Sanitary due to air tight water chamber.
inside the tank in case of power interruption.
3. Oxygen in the compressed air serves as
2. Maximum zoning for each system is 10
purifying agent.
floors.
4. Less initial construction & maintenance cost
5. Adaptable air pressure.
Overheadfeed System
1. Water is not affected by peak load hour.
2. Not affected by power interruptions.
3. Time needed to replace broken parts does
not affect water supply.

1.
2.
3.
4.

Water is subject to contamination.

High maintenance cost.
Occupies valuable space.
Requires stronger foundation and other
structure to carry additional load of tank and
water.

Maximum and Probable

Demand
Maximum Demand: refers to the maximum
water discharge for plumbing fixtures in terms
of units. The maximum demand of water supply
is equal to the total fixture units in a plumbing
system wherein one unit is approximately
valued at 7.5 gallons of water discharge per
minute
Probable Demand: also referred to as the Peak
load, it is the probable amount of water
discharge at any given time. The fewer the
number of fixtures installed the higher the
percentage of probability of their simultaneous
use.

WSFU
WSFU are used to determine water supply
to fixtures and their service systems
The Water Supply Fixture Units (WSFU) are
defined by the Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC),
and can be used to determine the water supply
to fixtures and their service systems.

Water Supply Fixture Unit

Can Be Used To Determine The Water Supply To
Fixtures And Their Service Systems.
1 WSFU = 8 GPM
1 gallon = 3.79 Liters

Water Supply Fixture Unit (Table 65)

FIXTURE
BAR SINK
BATHTUB
BIDET
DENTAL UNIT OR CUSPIDOR
DRINKING FOUNTAIN
HOSE BIBB OR SILL COCK
LAUNDRY TUB
LAVATORY
DENTAL LAVATORY
LAWN SPRINKLERS
MOBILE HOME
SHOWER
BAR SINK
FLUSHING RIM SINK

PRIVATE
1
2
2
1
3
2
1
1
1
6
2
1

PUBLIC
2
4
4
1
2
5
4
2
1
1
6
4
2
10

Water Supply Fixture Unit (Table 65)

FIXTURE
DISHWASHER
WASH UP/CIRCULAR SPRAY SINK
WASH UP/EACH SET OF FAUCETS
FLUSH TANK URINAL
PEDESTAL TYPE URINAL
STALL URINAL
WALL HUNG URINAL
FLUSH TANK WATER CLOSET
ECONOMICAL FLUSH WATER CLOSET
FLUSHOMETER TANK WATER CLOSET

PRIVATE
2

3
2.5
3

PUBLIC
4
4
2
3
10
5
5
5
4
5

Water Supply Fixture Unit

(UPC)

PROBABILITY of SIMULTANEOUS USE of

FIXTURES
Type of Fixture
Fixture Units
Number of Fixture
Units

Percentage of
Simultaneous Use

1 to 5

50 100%

6 to 50

25 50%

50 or more

10 25%

Process
1.
2.
3.

4.

5.

Identify if Project is Private or Public Use.

Compute Total Water Supply Fixture Unit.
Multiply TWSFU to 7.5 gallons (1 WSFU= 7.5
gallons therefore 8 gallons per minute) to get
Maximum Demand.
Multiply TWSFU to Percentage of
Simultaneous Use to get Reduction Factor.
Subtract from Maximum Demand from the
Reduction Factor.

DETERMINING HOT WATER DEMAND

Kind of Building
School, Office, and
Industrial Occupancy
Residential
Hotels and Restaurants

Average Working
Load
25%
35%
50%

Process
1.

2.

Determine Occupant Load (Example: 6

Persons)
Determine
(Refer
to per
Table
Occupancy Building Type
Gallons
per Person
Hour
Below)
Commercial

4 to 5

Institutional

2 to 3

Apartment (Multi-Family)
Hotels

8 to 10

Factories

4 to 6

Residential (Single
Household)
3.

10

Multiply Occupant Load to gallons per person

per hour

Process
4.

5.

Multiply Computed Maximum Demand to

Average Working Load to get Probable
Demand.
Convert derived Probable Demand to Cubic
Meter. (1 cubic meter = 264 gallons)