9.

LINEAR WAVE SHAPING-INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR

AIM:
a. To Design and verify the working of Integrator circuit using op amp 741 IC
b. Design and verify the working of a Differentiator using op amp 741 IC
APPARATUS: IC Trainer Kit, IC 741, Resistors 1K (2), Capacitors 0.1F, Function
Generator (1MHz) (FG), CRO (20MHz), CRO Probes and Connecting wires.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
The circuit diagram is given below for following values:(a) Integrator:
R=10 K, C=2 F (large time constant), C=0.1 F (medium time constant), C=5
KpF (for small time constant)
(b) Differentiator:
R=10 K, C=2 F (large time constant), C=0.1 F (medium time constant),
C=50 KpF (for small time constant)

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure both for integrator and differentiator.
2. Apply input square wave signal of frequency 1KHz and 8 volt peak to peak
amplitude.
3. Note the output waveform w.r.t. input waveform for small, medium and large time
4.
5.
6.
7.

constant.
Calculate the theoretical rise time using the calculated values.
Using CRO, compare values with tabulated results.
Calculate percentage tilt for both the circuits.
Plot curves for large time constant, medium time constant and small time constant
for input and output voltage vs time both for integrator and differentiator for
various values of input (eg sin wave).

CALCULATIONS:
1
For f = 2 RC
(a) Integrator:f = 1KHz
For T << RC, Choose R = 10Kohm and C=5KpF
For T >> RC, Choose R = 10Kohm and C=2microF
Find the value of time constant RC, rise time Tr =2.2 RC
Percentage Tilt=T*100/2RC, T=1/f
(b) Differentiator:f = 1KHz
For T << RC, Choose R = 10Kohm and C=50KpF
For T >> RC, Choose R = 10Kohm and C=2microF
For medium constant, Choose R = 10Kohm and C=0.1microF
Find the value of time constant RC, rise time Tr =2.2 RC
Percentage Tilt=T*100/2RC, T=1/f

TABULAR COLUMN:
Tabulate the values both for integrator and differentiator.

Rise Time:SNo.

Time Constant RC(ms)

Rise Time (ms)

Theoretica

Inference

Practical

l
1.
2.
3.

Large
Medium
Small

Percentage Tilt:SNo.

Time Constant RC(ms)

Percentage of Tilt
Theoretical

1.
2.
3.

Large
Medium
Small

MODEL GRAPH:

Practical

Low Pass RC Circuit as Integrator

High Pass RC Circuit as Differentiator

RESULT:

(a) An Integrator has been designed and output waveform has been observed, whose
Time constant has been verified with theoretical values.
(b) A Differentiator has been designed and output Spikes waveform is observed,
where practical and theoretical values have been verified.

PRECAUTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Make connections as per circuit diagram. Power supply should be switched off.
Connections should be tight
Handle CRO carefully
Note the readings carefully.

PRE-LAB QUESTIONS:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

What are linear circuits? Give examples.

What is an integrator? What are its applications?
What is differentiator? What are its applications?
Why integrators are preferred over differentiators?
What is time constant RC?
What is the output shape of op-amp integrator with a square input?