POLITEKNIK SULTAN SALAHUDDIN ABDUL AZIZ SHAH

Civil Engineering Department (JKA)

Programme

Diploma of Civil Engineering

Course Code

CC 302 : HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

Name of Team

1. Abdul Manaf Bin Nordin (900527-10-5073)

Members

2. Azim Azami Bin Mohd Ariffin (850403-14-5679)

3. Mohd Huzaimi Bin Mohamad Sidek (830107-11-5039)
4. Mohamad Azrin Fahmi Bin Che Rose (820611-08-5511)

ACTION

5. Normaidatul Akmar Yahya (811128-06-5436)

NAME & DESIGNATION
SIGNATURE
6. Wan Nor Asliza Bin Wan Ismail (850210-02-5056)

Prepare by:

MAI AZUNA MEOR YUSUF

Course Lecturer

Checked by:

Course Coordinator

Approved by:

Programme Leader

DATE

INTRODUCTION
Pavement is designed in many different types of texture and pattern. The differences between
pavements determine the different location of implementation such as road, street, walkway,
pathway rural area and urban area. Some pavements are designed to cater human need but some
of it designed as an art and attraction. The role of pavement is to be known as the convenient
hardscape of the users for walking and provide spaces for human outdoor. There are different
types of pavements designed according to the factors and function of the place itself. Each of it
obtains the materials quality that is needed to be considered in construction which is physical,
mechanical, thermal and electrical of materials. It is essential as it contribute to the legibility and
durability of the pavement. Road maintenance is a continuous process that involves keeping and
repairing the existing road. So, it is carried out to control the rate of damage and to ensure the
safety towards the road users or the public. Thus, the maintenance is done in order;
a. To ensure the durability of the road.
b. To maintain the usage for the traffic user.
c. To improve the traffic system operation.

1. Road maintenance is a continuous process that involves keeping and repairing the existing
road. It is carried out to control the rate of damage and to ensure the safety towards the road
users or the public. Explain the rehabilitation techniques that are listed as below:
i. Restoration
Restoration is work required to return the existing pavement structure to a suitable
condition for placement of an additional stage of construction or otherwise to perform
satisfactorily for a substantial time. These include such activities as printing,
rejuvenation, patching, cold milling, crack sealing and drainage improvements.
Restoration is normally suitable for pavement with sound road base and underlying
layers. Restoration is routine repair work that must be carried out within the early life of
the pavement.
ii. Resurfacing
Resurfacing is defined as all full width surface inlays and overlays including microsurfacing and thin lift overlays, cape sealing (chip seal with a double micro surfacing),
and in-place asphalt recycling techniques that place or replace top courses on nonfreeways or top and binder pavement course(s) on freeways to extend or renew the
existing pavement design life and to improve serviceability while not degrading safety.
Resurfacing is the placement of fresh material on existing surfacing that has uniformly
deficient surface or structural integrity. It can improve riding quality and provide
additional direct structural strength. Most commonly used resurfacing materials are thick
bituminous overlays and aggregate overlays. Resurfacing had been applied on many
types of pavement deficiency. Resurfacing can be applied on surfacing that have failure
manifestation such as initial crack, less than 10mm rutting, polishing, reveling, hardened
surface and bleeding.

iii. Recycling
Partial reconstruction technique had advance into recycling, recycling for base is a partial
reconstruction alternative where the existing deteriorated surfacing or part of the road
base pulverized and placed in-situ as a new road base layer. This process will remove
existing cracks and at the same time allows addition of road base thickness. It therefore
eliminates reflective cracking problem and provides room to correct thickness deficiency.
Base recycling is suitable where the deterioration of the surfacing has become too
extensive in quantity where conventional partial reconstruction option will not be
economical. Additional aggregate and a stabilizer, the dosage of cement should be studied
carefully to achieve the right strength and at the same time reduce possibility of cracking.
The construction of recycle stabilized base, normally requires specialized machinery.
Standard construction method may not be suitable and can be expansive.

iv. Reconstruction
Reconstruction is the replacement of full, including sub grade or part of the pavement
using fresh material and new pavement construction specification. Materials will fail
beyond recovery if it is allowed the deteriorate for a long time. The extent of
deterioration can be determine by inspection and confirmed with in-situ testing.
Reconstruction operation is often difficult and it is not easy to achieve good quality work.
Even with the current technological advancement, full reconstruction has to be carried
out using conventional technique.

2. Road maintenance is a continuous process that involves keeping and repairing the existing
road. It is carried out to control the rate of damage and to ensure the safety towards the road
users or the public. Explain and identify details of the 3 different categories of maintenance
activities in Malaysia.
Cyclic Maintenance
This is general or routine maintenance carried out frequently to aid movement of traffic. This
may involve gully emptying, grass cutting, weed killing, and repair to signs and renewal of
markings.
i) Grass cutting
Rural areas
It is important to keep grass cut where it may inhibit the visibility of drivers i.e. at the corners
of a junction or on the sides of cuttings in a bend in the road. This also stops encroachment of
vegetation on the carriageway and encourages more roots to grow thus improving the binding
of the soil on verges and slopes.
Urban areas
Usually 12 cuts a year is sufficient, which takes place mainly when growth of vegetation is at
its most prolific i.e. during the summer season.
ii) Gully maintenance
It is essential to keep the drainage system of carriageways operational. The frequency of
emptying the gullies is dependent on local conditions such as the presence of dirty industry.

Structural Maintenance
Structural maintenance is programmed when required for correcting specific faults according
to an identified need.

i) Patching
This includes repairs to potholes or trench subsidence in carriageways and footways.
ii) Renewal of Traffic Signs
Signs which have been damaged by vandalism or traffic accidents, or are merely too old
should be replaced.
iii) Renewal of Carriageway Markings
Carriageway markings that have been worn away by traffic must be reinstated for the safety
of road users. This activity may be included as part of a Cyclic maintenance regime.
iv) Surface Dressing
Porous surfaces must be sealed against entry of water, to prevent the onset of further
deterioration or to restore the skidding resistance.
v) Resurfacing of the carriageway
Resurfacing is performed to correct general deterioration of the surface, deformation,
structural failure, surface irregularity, unsatisfactory camber or cross fall.
Road Shoulder and Road Side Drain Maintenance
a. Road Shoulder
The functions of a road shoulder are: it
i. prepares a flat support to the road pavement.
ii. Drains the water surface to the road side drain and avoid humidity from diffusion.
iii. Provides space for traffic users to stop by the roadside of the road and also for emergency
lane during overtaking, especially on the one way street road
.iv. Provides lane/ path for pedestrians and cyclists
v. provides space for traffic signs and guard rails.
The maintenance process of the soil and gravel of the road shoulder are:i. reshaping and leveling the road shoulder using motor grader.
ii Topping/ Adding new substances to fill up the lost substance due to erosion and traffic
impact
iii Compacting the new and existence substances by leveling and rolling.
b. Roadside drain.
It is located at the side of the road. The functions are; it
i.removes the water from the road surface.
ii.avoids the water from high level to flow over to the road area.
iii.avoids water diffusion that will cause the sub-grade failure

3. Pavement deterioration is defined in terms of decreasing serviceability. Before going into the
maintenance strategies, we must look into the causes of deterioration of pavement. Failures of
bituminous pavements are caused due to many reasons. Application of correction in the existing
surface will enhance the life of maintenance works as well as that of strengthening layer. Along
with the maintenance technique there are various methods for pavement preservation which will
help in enhancing the life of pavement and delaying of its failure. State (8) eight types of
pavement deterioration. Explain the causes of pavement deterioration and how to address the
problem (including the maintenances method)
i. Weathering/surface water/fuel spillage
- These cause embrittlement and failure of the binder, with gradual loss of fine
and coarse aggregate. Frost heave may also occur when water penetrates the sub
grade.

ii. Traffic loading

- Traffic causes repeated flexing of the pavement leading to fatigue, crazing and
structural failure, especially where the sub grade is weak and distribution of loads are
uneven due to inadequate depth of construction of the carriageway.
iii. Moisture movement
- Swelling and shrinkage of sub-grades containing clays and silt may occur due to
changes in moisture content. Consequently, reflective cracking and heaving may
occur, the extent of which depends on the type and thickness of construction.

iv. Reflective joint cracking

- This occurs with composite pavement construction. Thermal or moisture induced
movement of a rigid slab foundation causes cracking to develop in the more flexible
surfacing over joints and shrinkage cracks. Spalling, which is fragmentation of the
pavement either side of the crack, may then occur due to fatigue caused by traffic
loading.

v. Pushing
-This term describes the permanent longitudinal displacement of a localised area of
the flexible pavement surface caused by traffic. Normally occurring in soft or binderrich surfacing materials, it may also arise where bituminous macadam butts up to a
concrete carriageway and is subjected to differential thermal movement.
vi. Potholes
- These are small bowl shaped depressions, usually less than 0.9 meters in diameter,
having sharp edges and vertical sides near the rim. Water collecting inside the hole
causes further deterioration. Potholes usually occur as a result of traffic dislodging
small pieces of surfacing in areas where the binder has become embrittled or
subjected to stripping in the constant presence of water. If not combated effectively
early on, the hole may expand to affect the foundations.

vii. Rutting
- Rutting is the formation of depressions or tracks in the pavement surface caused by
wheel loads and high temperature, depending on the type and design of the
carriageway surfacing. The loading rate increases with the magnitude of the imposed
load, thus at high temperatures heavy traffic loading is likely to cause rutting.

viii. Thermal movement

- Changes in temperature between night and day and seasonally causes expansion and
contraction of the carriageway, especially where a tarmac/macadam surface overlies a
concrete foundation. This may progressively cause fatigue and failure at reflective
cracks in the surface.

CONCLUSION
The pavement physical
plays an important role in
providing convenience,
warning and direction.
Therefore, there should
be better management from
time to time to keep the pavements in good condition. Global warming has taken deep impact in
nowadays country. Thus phenomenon also influences the pavement performance in term of
stiffness. Instead of self-consideration toward global issues, designing of pavement should be
upgrade for better climate resistance.