DISEDIAKAN OLEH:

WEE SOO LEE

wslee@psa.edu.my

Introduction
The blood circulatory system is a continuous system which
circulates blood throughout the body.
Consist of
HEART centre of the blood circulatory system, collect blood
and pumps the blood through the circulatory system to all parts
of the body
BLOOD VESSELS composed of many branches, they
transport blood from the heart to all parts of the body and then
return the blood to the heart. Total length is about 97,000km.
3 types of blood vessels
ARTERIES Transport blood away from the heart (high
pressure) oxygeneted
CAPILARIES minute blood vessels( normally under the
skin)
VEINS transport blood to the heart (low pressure) deoxygenated

Circulatory System
Pulmonary Circulation
- This is the flow of the Blood from the heart
to the lungs and back to the heart again
Systemic Circulation
- This is the flow of Blood through all the
tissues in the body except Heart and Lung
Cardiac Circulation
- This is the movement of blood through the
tissues of the heart

The sequence of blood flow through the heart,

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, then
back to the heart

ARTERY
Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away
from the heart.
All arteries, with the exception of the pulmonary
carry oxygenated blood.
Aorta (the largest artery, carries blood out of the
heart)
This branch into smaller Arterioles and then
connect to the capillaries
They are thick and made of three layers

Artery

CAPILLARIES
Capillaries are the smallest of a body's
blood vessels and are part of the
microcirculation
These microvesselsconnect arterioles and
venules.
Enable the exchange of water, o2 , co2 and
many other nutrient and waste chemical
substances between blood and
surrounding tissues

Capillary
They are very thin , one
cell wide
Here the gaseous
exchange takes place
Liver, spleen and bone
marrow have sinusoids
instead of capillaries

VEINS
Veins are blood vessels that carry blood
toward the heart.
Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from
the tissues back to the heart; exceptions
are the pulmonary veins
They differ from arteries in structure and
function

Vein
They are thick and made
of three layers
Veins contain one way
valve
As they contain little
oxygen they appear blue.

The structural differences between different types of

blood vessels. More information about this also
follows in the next section.

Major Arteries and Veins

BLOOD PRESURE

Pressure exerted by the Blood on

the Walls of the Arteries

Types of Blood Pressure

1) Arterial Blood Pressure
2) Pulmonary Artery Blood Pressure
3) Central Venous Pressure

Arterial Blood Pressure

Systolic Pressure
- The maximum pressure exerted by the blood on the
walls of the Artery when the Ventricles contract.
- Normal Range 100 to 140 mmHg

Diastolic Pressure
- The minimum pressure exerted by the blood on the
Artery wall when the Ventricles relax.
- Normal Range 60 to 90 mmHg

AHA Recommended Values

Normal blood pressure : 120 / 80 mm hg

 Mean Airway Pressure

- The average pressure exerted by the Blood on the
Artery during the complete cycle of Ventricles
contracting and relaxing.
- Normal Range 100 mmHg

Calculation of MAP :
MAP =1/3 Pulse Pressure + Diastolic Pressure
Pulse Pressure = Systolic - Diastolic

CARDIAC OUTPUT
The volume of blood ejected per minute
from the left ventricle into aorta is called
the cardiac output ( CO )
In a resting adult, stroke volume averages
70 ml and heart rate is about 75 beats per
minute.
Cardiac Output = stroke volume X
heart beat (bpm)

Regulation of Blood Flow

Blood Flow through Vessels is effected by
Pressure and Resistance
Blood flow is directly proportional to pressure and
inversely proportional to resistance.
If the pressure in a vessel increases then the blood flow
will increase.
If the resistance in a vessel increases then the blood
flow will decrease.

 The relationships between factors that

effect blood flow are described by
Poiseuille's Law, which states:

Of all of the factors that effect blood flow, the

radius of the blood vessel is the most potent.
Blood flow is proportional to the 4th power of
vessel radius.

 This means that if the radius of a blood vessel

doubles (by vasodilation) then the flow will
increase 16 fold.
If the radius of a vessel is reduce in half (by
vasoconstriction), then the blood flow will be
reduced 16 fold.
Because small changes in vessel radius make
very large changes in blood flow.
The body controls blood flow
to specific areas of the body
by controlling the radius of
arterioles.

Blood Flow vs Artery Radius

How blood pressure and blood flow

are regulated?

A person suffers arteriosclerosis, where plaque is

accumulate in and clogging the arteries.
As the more plaque accumulates in the blood vessels,
the flow of blood faces more and more resistance.
In order to maintain an adequate flow of blood, the heart
must pump "harder," and therefore the blood that leaves
the heart is forced out with greater pressure.

Factors that Affect Blood

Pressure
Blood pressure is affected by several factors:
- peripheral resistance
- vessel elasticity
- blood volume
- cardiac output

Peripheral Resistance
Blood cells and plasma encounter resistance
when they contact blood vessel walls.
If resistance increases, then more pressure is
needed to keep blood moving.
Three main sources of peripheral resistance:
1. blood vessel diameter
2. blood viscosity
3. total vessel length

 Resistance in the blood vessels is effected

by three parameters:
1)Length of the vessel. The longer the vessel the
greater the resistance.
2) Viscosity of the blood. The greater the viscosity
the greater the resistance.
3) Radius of the vessel. The smaller the radius the
greater the resistance.

Heart location

 The heart has four separate chambers.

Atrium- receives and collects the blood
coming to the heart.
Ventricle- pumps blood away from the
heart through powerful, rhythmic
contractions.
Human heart is two pumps in one
The right side receives oxygen-poor
blood from the various regions of the
body and delivers it to the lungs. In the
lungs, oxygen is absorbed in the blood.
The left side of the heart receives the
oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and
delivers it to the rest of the body.

 Right-Hand Side of the Heart

The right side of the heart receives

de-oxygenated blood from the body tissues
(from the upper and lower-body via the Superior
Vena Cava and the Inferior Vena Cava) into the
right atrium.
This de-oxygenated blood passes through the
tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
This blood is then pumped under higher pressure
from the right ventricle to the lungs via the
pulmonary artery

 Left-Hand Side of the Heart

The left-hand side of the heart
receives oxygenated blood from
the lungs (via the pulmonary veins) into the left
atrium.
This oxygenated blood then passes through the
bicuspid valve into the left ventricle.
It is then pumped to the aorta under greater
pressure This higher pressure ensures that the
oxygenated blood leaving the heart via the aorta
is delivered to other parts of the body via blood
vessels (incl. arteries, arterioles, and capillaries).

Conduction System
Of The heart

SA node which functions as the pacemaker of the heart .

It initiates the contraction of the heart.
It also sets the rhythm for concentration of the heart.
It produces action potentials at a faster rate than others
areas of the heart.
The action potential of the SA node acts as a stimulus to
adjacent areas of the heart.
When action potentials originate in an area of the heart
other than SA node, the result is called an ectopic beat

1) SA node,
2) Atrioventricular node (AV ),
3) Atrioventricular bundle,
4) Right and left bundle
branches
5) Purkinje fibers
All the cells have the ability to
produce spontaneous action
potentials but at a lower rate
than in the SA node.

1. Action potential originate in

the SA node and travel
across the wall of the
atrium from SA node to AV
node.
2. Action potential pass
through the AV node and
along the AV bundle which
extends from the AV node
into the interventricular
septum.
3. AV bundle divides into right
and left bundle branches
and action potential
descend to the apex of
each ventricles.

4. Action potentials are

carried by the purkinje
fibers from the bundle
branches to the ventricular
walls.

TUTORIAL
http://www.wisconline.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=A
P12704

Online Quiz
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter22
/animation__conducting_system_of_the_heart.html

http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::800::800::/
sites/dl/free/0073378119/601387/cardiaccycle.swf::
The%20Cardiac%20Cycle

HEART ACTIVITY
ECG Wave Shows Heart Activity
Heart Activity

ECG Wave

CARDIAC CYCLE
A single cardiac cycle includes all the events associated
with one heartbeat.
In normal cardiac cycle, 2 atria contract while 2
ventricles relax; then 2 ventricles contract while 2 atria
relax.
Systole refer to contraction ; diastole refer to relax.
At rest, the volume of blood ejected from each ventricles
during ventricular systole is about 70 mL.
At rest, each cardiac cycle lasts about 0.8 sec

CARDIAC CYCLE

HEART SOUND
A stethoscope was originally developed to listen to the
sounds of lungs and heart.
First heart sound can represent lubb and second heart
sound represent dubb
The lubb heart sound has a lower pitch than the dubb.
Lubb at the beginning of ventricular systole and results
from closure of the AV valves.
Dubb at the beginning of ventricular diastole and
results from closure of the semilunar valves.
Abnormally heart sound called murmurs are usually a
result of faulty valves such as incompetent valve close
tightly and blood leaks.

Problems of Blood Pressure

Hypertension
High blood pressure
140 mmHg systolic,
90 mm Hg diastolic
Cause cerebral
hemorrhage, coronary
infarction, hemorrhage
of renal blood vessel
and poor vision from
burst blood vessels in
retina

Hypotension
Low blood pressure
90 mmHg systolic, 60
mmHg diastolic
Cause dizziness and
fainting or indicate serious
heart, or neurological
disorders or shock ( not
enough O2 and nutrients
to cellular metabolic)