11.

ENERGY CONSERVATION

WHAT IS ENERGY CONSERVATION?

Energy conservation is the practice of decreasing
the quantity of energy used. It may be achieved
through efficient energy use, in which case energy
use is decreased while achieving a similar outcome,
or by reduced consumption of energy services.
Individuals and organizations that are direct
consumers of energy may want to conserve energy
in order to reduce energy costs and promote
economic security.
Industrial and commercial users may want to
increase efficiency and thus maximize profit.

NECESSITY OF ENERGY CONSERVATION

Limited fuels available on earth (most of fuels
will be exhausted and we will have to switch
over to alternative sources of energy)
Ever increasing demand of energy
Cost of energy has increased substantially
The product cost has a bearing of energy cost
Energy efficient technology options available
Reduction in green house gases emissions
Over all environment friendly option

ENERGY CONSERVATION IN INDIA

Indian government has passed Energy conservation
act, 2001 for better utilization of energy and its
conservation
25,000 MW capacity creation through energy
efficiency in electricity sector alone has been
estimated in India
23% energy conservation potential
Industrial and agriculture sectors have the
maximum potential
Assessment of potential savings in different sectors
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) created

BUREAU OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY (BEE)

BEE is an agency of the Government of India,
under the Ministry of Power set up in March
2002 under the provisions of the nation's
2001 Energy Conservation Act.
The function of agency is to develop
programs which promotes the conservation
and efficient use of energy in India.
The government has proposed to make it
mandatory for all appliances in India to have
ratings by the BEE starting in January 2010.

ENERGY CONSERVATION BUILDING CODE

(ECBC)
Mandatory scope covers commercial buildings
Applies to new construction only
Building components included
Building Envelope (Walls, Roofs, Windows)
Lighting (Indoor and Outdoor)
Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
(HVAC) System
Solar Water Heating and Pumping
Electrical
Systems
(Power
Factor,
Transformers)

ENERGY CONSERVATION IN BUILDINGS

Current best practices in building design and
construction result in homes that are
profoundly more energy conserving than
average new homes like
Passive house
Super-insulation
Smart ways to construct homes, such that
minimal resources are used for cooling and
heating the house in summer and winter
respectively, can significantly reduce energy
costs.

ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION
Very good insulation of walls, roofs
and Basement.
Windows with high quality double
or triple glazing.
Air-tight construction to be
checked by blower door test
Avoid cooling demand
Sun shading in summer
Natural cooling sources

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY IN LIGHTING

SYSTEM
Selection of Lighting in Buildings
Two methods are available:
Building area method
Space by space method

BUILDING AREA METHOD

Interior lighting power allowance (W) by the building
area method is determined in accordance with the
following:
a) Determine the allowed lighting power density (LPD)
from Table 1 for each appropriate building area type.
b) Calculate the gross lighted floor area (GLFA) for each
building area type.
c) The interior lighting power allowance (ILPA) is the
sum of the products of the gross lighted floor area of
each building area times the allowed lighting power
density for that building area types i.e.
ILPA = (GLFA x LPD)

TABLE 1: INTERIOR LIGHTING POWER FOR BUILDING

AREA METHOD
Building Area Type

LPD (W/m2)

Building Area Type

LPD (W/m2)

Automotive Facility

9.7

Multifamily Residential

7.5

Convention Center

12.9

Museum

11.8

Dining: Bar Lounge/ Leisure

14.0

Office

10.8

Dining: Cafeteria/ Fast Food

15.1

Parking Garage

3.2

Dining: Family

17.2

Performing Arts Theater

17.2

Dormitory/Hostel

10.8

Police/Fire Station

10.8

Gymnasium

11.8

Post Office/ Town Hall

11.8

Healthcare-Clinic

10.8

Religious Building

14.0

Hospital/ Health Care

12.9

Retail/ Mall

16.1

Hotel

10.8

School/ University

12.9

Library

14.0

Sports Arena

11.8

Manufacturing Facility

14.0

Transportation

10.8

Motel

10.8

Warehouse

8.6

Motion Picture Theater

12.9

Workshop

15.1

SPACE BY SPACE METHOD

Determination of interior lighting power allowance (Watts)
by the space by space method shall be in accordance with
the following:
a) Determine the appropriate building type from Table 2
and the allowed lighting power density.
b) For each space enclosed by partitions 80% or greater of
ceiling height, determine the gross interior floor area by
measuring to the center of the partition wall.
c) The interior lighting power allowance is the sum of the
lighting power allowances for all spaces. The lighting
power allowance for a space is the product of the gross
lighted floor area of the space times the allowed lighting
power density for that space.

TABLE 2: INTERIOR LIGHTING POWER FOR SPACE BY SPACE METHOD

Space Function

LPD (W/m2)

Space Function

LPD (W/m2)

Office-enclosed

11.8

Library

11.8

Office-open plan

11.8

Card File & Cataloging

11.8

Conference/Meeting/Multipurpose

14.0

Stacks

18.3

Classroom/Lecture/Training

15.1

Reading Area

12.9

Lobby

14.0

Hospital

For Hotel

11.8

Emergency

29.1

For Performing Arts Theater

35.5

Recovery

8.6

For Motion Picture Theater

11.8

Nurse Station

10.8

Audience/Seating Area

9.7

Exam Treatment

16.1

For Gymnasium

4.3

Pharmacy

12.9

Patient Room

7.5

For Convention Center

7.5

Operating Room

23.7

For Religious Buildings

18.3

Nursery

6.5

For Sports Arena

4.3

Medical Supply

15.1

For Performing Arts Theater

28.0

Physical Therapy

9.7

For Motion Picture Theater

12.9

Radiology

4.3

For Transportation

5.4

Laundry Washing

6.5

Atrium-first three floors

6.5

Automotive Service Repair

7.5

Atrium-each additional floor

2.2

Manufacturing

Lounge/Recreation

12.9

Low Bay (<8m ceiling)

12.9
Contd. ..

TABLE 2: INTERIOR LIGHTING POWER FOR SPACE BY SPACE METHOD

Space Function

LPD (W/m2)

Space Function

LPD (W/m2)

For Hospital

8.6

High Bay (>8m ceiling)

18.3

Dining Area

9.7

Detailed Manufacturing

22.6

For Hotel

14.0

Equipment Room

12.9

For Motel

12.9

Control Room

5.4

For Bar Lounge/Leisure Dining

15.1

Hotel/Motel Guest Rooms

11.8

For Family Dining

22.6

Dormitory Living Quarters

11.8

Food Preparation

12.9

Laboratory

15.1

General Exhibition

10.8

Restrooms

9.7

Restoration

18.3

Dressing/Locker/Fitting Room

6.5

Bank Office Banking Activity Area

16.1

Corridor/Transition

5.4

For Hospital

10.8

Sales Area

18.3

For Manufacturing Facility

5.4

Mall Concourse

18.3

Stairs-active

6.5

Sports Arena

Active Storage

8.6

Ring Sports Area

29.1

For Hospital

9.7

Court Sports Area

24.8

Inactive Storage

3.2

Indoor Field Area

15.1

For Museum

8.6

Electrical/Mechanical

16.1

Fine Material Storage

15.1

Workshop

20.5

Medium/Bulky Material Storage

9.7

Sleeping Quarters

3.2

Parking Garage Garage Area

2.2

Convention Center Exhibit Space

14.0
Airport Concourse

6.5

Air/Train/Bus Baggage Area

10.8

Ticket Counter

16.1

ENERGY CONSERVATION IN INDUSTRIES

THROUGH MOTOR
Electric motors converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
Energy can be saved by using Energy Efficient
Motor (EEM) in place of standard motor.
An EEM produces the same shaft output
power (HP) but uses less input power (kW)
than a standard motor.

CASE STUDY ON FINANCIAL EVALUATION

OF EEM
A 60 HP standard AC motor operating at 75% load.
At this load efficiency of motor is 82%. The motor
power factor is 0.8. Motor operates 20 hrs a day and
300 days in a year. Per unit energy charge is Rs. 3.10
and per month per kVA demand charge is Rs. 175.
Cost of 60 HP standard AC motor is Rs. 1,00,000/(Take 1 HP = 750 W)
Rating of standard AC motor
= 60 x 0.75= 45 kW
Input power to motor
= 45 x 0.75 / 0.82 = 41.16 kW

CASE STUDY ON FINANCIAL EVALUATION

OF EEM (contd)
kVA demand
= 41.16 / 0.8 = 51.45 kVA
kVA charges/year
= 51.45 x 175 x 12 = Rs. 1,08,045/ Energy (kWh) charges/year
= 41.16 x 3.1 x 20 x 300
= Rs. 7,65,576/ Total (Demand + Energy) Cost/year
= 1,08,045 + 7,65,576 = Rs. 8,73,621/-

CASE STUDY ON FINANCIAL EVALUATION

OF EEM (contd)
A 60 HP Energy Efficient Motor is operating a
75% load. At this load, efficiency of the motor
is 87% and the power factor is 0.83. Cost of
60 HP EEM is Rs. 1,20,000/ Rating of standard AC motor
= 60 x 0.75= 45 kW
Input power to motor
= 45 x 0.75 / 0.87 = 38.79 kW

CASE STUDY ON FINANCIAL EVALUATION

OF EEM (contd)
kVA demand
= 38.79 / 0.83 = 46.73 kVA
kVA charges/year
= 46.73 x 175 x 12 = Rs. 98,133/ Energy (kWh) charges/year
= 38.79 x 3.10 x 20 x 300 = Rs. 7,21,494/ Total (Energy + Demand) charges/year
= 7,21,494 98,133 = Rs. 8,19,627/-

FINANCIAL EVALUATION
Energy savings achieved by using E.E.M. over
standard motor
= 8,73,621 8,19,627 = Rs. 53,994/ Payback period for replacement of existing standard
motor with E.E.M.
= 1,20,000 / 53,994 = 2.3 years
Payback period for purchase of E.E.M. for new
installation
= 20,000 / 53,994 = 0.37 yr = 4.5 months

TIPS FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION IN

DOMESTIC SECTOR
Organized cooking activity can save about 20%
Energy.
Use right quantity of water required for cooking and
reduce gas/kerosene usage by 65%.
Cook on low flame as far as possible and save 6 to
10% energy.
The pressure cooker should be loaded 2/3rd of the
foodstuff is solid & hard and if loaded with liquid.
Properly used pressure cookers can save upto 50 to
75% of energy as well as time.

TIPS FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION IN

DOMESTIC SECTOR (contd)
Cook the food in solar cookers. Cook anything
except roti and save cost of 2 LPG Cylinders
annually.
Allow refrigerated foodstuff to come to room
temperature before heating and allow heated
foodstuff to cool down to normal temperature
before placing it in the refrigerator. Avoid
frequent opening and closing of refrigerator &
air-conditioned rooms.
Electricity is an expensive as cooking fuel avoid
it

TIPS FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION IN

DOMESTIC SECTOR (contd)
Use proper lighting & efficient lighting devices
A tube light (36/40 W) gives more light than a 60 or
100 W bulb and consumes 40 to 60% less power.
Tube light with electronic choke is even more energy
efficient means of lighting
Use Daylight as far as Possible
Lighting devices like bulb, tube light, etc. consume
energy according to their capacities. Use
appropriate lighting according to your requirement.
A so-called zero bulb uses 12 to 15 W per hour.
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) are available in 5,
7, 9, 11 W capacities and give more light output.

TIPS FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION IN

DOMESTIC SECTOR (contd)
Use your refrigerator & air conditioners efficiently
Place the refrigerator about 6 inches away from the
wall to allow air circulation
Air-conditioned room must be leak proof
Instant geysers are considered to be more efficient
than storage type geysers. solar water heaters
operate on solar energy which is available free of
cost.
Switch off lights & fans when not required
Stop wastage we cannot afford it
conserve energy
Plant trees

ENERGY CONSERVATION IN STREET LIGHTS

Normally a tube light of 40W rating with a choke
of 20 W is being utilized for street lights with a
total power of 60 W. Alternately the use of CFLs
of 18 W rating which has an equivalent
luminosity would lead to a power saving to the
extent of 70% ie. 42 W. Also the life of the CFLs
are much longer than that of the tube lights
with a cumulative savings on life and as well as
the energy consumption for the entire life.

CASE STUDY ON ENERGY CONSERVATION

IN STREET LIGHTS
The experience of such a reported transition
from tube light to CFL in Thiruvallur District is as
follows:
340 tube lights originally deployed were
replaced with 18 W CFL lamps, Consequently,
the annual savings in the cost of energy
reported is of Rs.2,12,704/-

CASE STUDY ON ENERGY CONSERVATION

IN STREET LIGHTS (contd)
Parameter
40W Tube Light with a 20 W choke
18 W Compact Fluorescent Lamp
Savings
Annual Consumption in units (with an average of 12 hours
per day for 365 days)
With Tube light:
60 x 12 x 365 = 263 kWh
With CFL:
18 x1 2 x 365 = 79 kWh
Energy saving
= 263 - 79 = 184 kWh
Annual saving per light point (with cost of energy as
Rs.3.40 per unit)
= 184 x 3.40 = Rs. 625.60
Total annual saving
=Rs.625.60 x 340 =Rs. 2,12,704/-

TIPS FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION IN

AGRICULTURAL PUMP
Selection of proper capacity of pumps according to the
irrigation requirement.
Matching of pump set with source of water-canal or
well.
Matching of motor with appropriate size pump.
Proper installation of the pump system-shaft alignment,
coupling between motor and pump.
Use of efficient transmission system.
Maintain right tension and alignment of transmission
belts.
Use of low friction rigid PVC pipes and foot valves.
Avoid use unnecessary bends and throttle valves.
Use bends in place of elbows.

TIPS FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION IN

AGRICULTURAL PUMP (contd)
The suction depth of 6 m is recommended as optimum
for centrifugal pumps. The delivery line should be kept
at minimum required height according to requirement.
Periodically check pump system and carry out corrective
measures - like lubrication, alignment, tuning of engines
and replacement of worn-out parts.
Over irrigation can harm the crops and waste vital water
resource. Irrigate according to established norms for
different crops.
Use drip irrigation for specific crops like vegetable,
fruits, tobacco, etc. Drip systems can conserve upto 80%
water and reduce pumping energy requirement.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN AGRICULTURAL

PUMPING SYSTEM
In centrifugal pumps, the fluid is fed to the
centre of a rotating impeller and is thrown
outward by centrifugal action.
The high speed of rotation of the impeller
imparts high kinetic energy to the fluid. This
kinetic energy when converted into pressure
energy results in pressure difference between
the suction and delivery of the pump.

GENERAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

The hydraulic performance of a centrifugal pump is based on
operating characteristics like:
Capacity, Q: expressed in units of volume per unit of time,
such as, m3/s or lps
Head, H : expressed in units of height of liquid column, to
which the liquid is pumped, such as, ft or m
Power, P : expressed in units of energy, kW or HP
Efficiency, : expressed in %
The variables influencing the performance of pump are:
Speed, N : expressed speed at which pump runs, in RPM
Diameter, D: expressed as diameter of impeller or wheel,
generally, in mm

PUMP POWER OUTPUT

The power output of a pump is the product of the total
dynamic head and the mass of liquid pumped in a given time.
The power output is given by:
Pout
= (Q x H x ) / 102
Where,
Pout = Pump power output (fluid power), in kW
Q
= Capacity, in m3/s
H
= Total dynamic head, in m of liquid column (LC)
= Density of liquid, in kg/m3
The power required for driving the pump is the fluid power
(output) divided by the pump efficiency.
The power output of a pump is less than the power input.
This is because of internal losses resulting from friction,
leakage etc.

PUMP EFFICIENCY

The pump efficiency is expressed as:

pump = (Q x H x ) / (102 x kW x motor)
Where
Q
= Capacity, in m3/s
H
= Dynamic head, in m of LC

= Density of liquid, in kg/m3

kW
= Motor input power
motor
= Efficiency of motor

The pump efficiency (pump) is the product of three efficiencies:

pump = m v h
Where
m = Mechanical efficiency
v = Volumetric efficiency
h = Hydraulic efficiency

ENERGY CONSUMPTION
The energy consumption is a factor, which is
affected by three aspects of hydrogeology, namely,
the geology of the area, depth of ground water and
the current level of ground water extraction.
For example, the pumps operating in alluvial areas
with low pump density will consume less energy,
while the pumps operating in hard rock areas with
high pump density, will consume more energy.
The energy consumption in the agricultural sector is
influenced by the cropping pattern also.

ENERGY INDEX
Energy index is the ratio of energy consumed by the pumping system per unit
of work done. This index is the inverse of the pumping system efficiency and
is given by:
(i)
ELECTRIC PUMP SET
Energy index
= (3 VI cos x 102) / (Q x H)
where
V
= Supply voltage, in V
I
= Current measured, in A
cos = Power factor (0.70 or 0.80)
Q
= Discharge rate, in lps
H
= Static head, in m
(ii)
DIESEL PUMP SET
Energy index
= (27.78 x D) / (Q x H)
where
D
= Diesel consumed, in lph
Q
= Discharge rate, in lps
H
= Static head, in m

REDUCING FRICTION ACROSS SUCTION

PIPING, Hfs
The reduction of Hfs can result in the following
benefits:
Reduction of total system head (H)
Cavitations-free operation
Energy efficient performance

The friction loss across pipes is given by:

Hfs = (4 x f x L x v2) / (2 x g x D)
Where,
f
= coefficient of friction of pipe
L
= equivalent length of pipe, in m
v
= velocity of flow, in m/s
D
= diameter of pipe, in m
g
= acceleration due to gravity, in m/s2