ClimaCharacterization

Characterizationofclimaandclimatypes
Variationoftemperatureandhumidity
DatasourcesforPortugalandmodels
P j t
ProjectconditionsandDegreeDays
diti
dD
D
InformationincludedinRCCTEincluding
solarradiationenergyincidentinsurfaces

ClimaTypes
Theclima maybeclassifiedinfivemaintypes:
Coldweatherwithminimumtemperaturesbelow15oCdown
to40oCwithlargerelativehumidity.
Temperedwithminimumtemperaturesdownto15oCand
highertemperatures<25oC.Relativehumidityat20oC<80%.
(CharacteristicsofmostofEuropeandintheparticularcaseof
Portugal/SpainmostlyinfluencedbyMediterrean sea)
oClowRH.
HotandDrywithsummeraverageover25
y
g
o
Maximumtemperatureupto45 Candminimum10oC.
Usuallywithstrongwindsdraggingdustorsand.
HotandHumidwithperiodsofaveragetemperatureover20oC
andRHhigherthan80%.

ClimatizationNeeds
Therequirementsdependontheclimatoachieve
conditionswithinthethermalcomfortzone
HumidClima
Humid
Clima
Desumidification
(Cooling/Heating)

HotandHumid
Clima Coolingand
dehumidification

Moderateclima
Heating
HotandDryClima
EEvaporativeCooling
ti C li
(humidification
withwater)
DryClimaandmoderate
(Isnotusuallyobserved)
Humidificationwithvapour
orwithwaterandheating

ColdClimaHeating
andhumidification

ClimatisationRequirements
Intheoccupiedspaceingeneraltherearehumiditysources
whilesensibleheatmaybeaddedortakenout.
Thereforetheairinlethastobewithlowerhumidity and
higherorlowertemperaturetoallowfortheevolutioninthe
room.
M

Ar
Novo

ArIn
suflado

Sala(S)

WeatherStations
InPortugaltherearevaluesoftemperature,humidity,wind
intensity,precipitationandpressurein112weatherstations.

InformationfromInstitutoMetereologia.
Radiationonlyavailablefrom8stations?

Temperaturevariation
Thetemperaturevariationalongtheyearandthedayare
consideredondynamicmodelsimulations(usedinRSECE).
Theprogramshavemodelstoproducethetemperatureor
Th
h
d l t
d
th t
t
theycanbeimportedfromclimatemodels(e.g.Meteonorm).
Averysimplemodelconsistsofasinusoidalfitalongtime
basedontheminimum/maximumandwhentheyoccur(e.g.*)

TAr ( h ) TMax T 2 T 2 cos h 6 10

6<h<16

TAr ( h ) TMax T 2 T 2 cos h 16 14

16<h<24+6

Statisticalinformationexistsbasedonaveragedvaluesover30
years(Temperaturasexterioresdeprojectoenmerosde
grausdias,IM/LNEC,2Ed.,1995)formaximum/minimum
temperatureswithdifferentlevelofprobabilityandGD.
*ExpressionsfromMiguelguas,2001

StatisticalInformation
IMdefinedaveragedvaluessince1971inpublications:
Temperaturasexterioresdeprojectoenmerosdegrausdias(1Ed.89;2Ed.95)
Ontheinternetsitethereisinformationsince2003http://www.meteo.pt/pt/

Thevaluesinthewrittenpublicationsarefor:
Maximumandminimumtemperatureforgivenprobabilitiesofbeing
exceededduring
Probability
1%
2.5%
5%
10%
Minimumtemperature(oC)
4.3
5.5
6.4
7.6
agivenseason:
Maximumtemperature(oC)
32.9
31.2
29.7
27.9
(summer 4month) WetbulbTwhenmax.T ( C)
20.8
20.3
19.9
19.5
(winter 8month)
Maximumwetbulbtemp.( C)
21.9
21.2
20.6
19.9
Temperatureamplitudeinthehotterdays(10.5oCinLisbon)
GD isthesumofthetemperaturedeviationfromareference
temperatureTb duringeitherwinterorsummer,accountingonlyfor
valueslowerorhigher,respectively:
d final
24
Max Tb Th ;0
Tbfrom12to20oC(winter)
GD
o
24
Tbfrom16to30 C(summer)
d d initial h 1
Air

Exampleforwinter

Temperatureextremes
Mapsofminimumand
maximumtemperautre
thatareexceededwith
1%probability.Forall
weatherstationsthe
averageandabsolute
temperatureextremes
aregiven:

ExampleforLisbon(IM)

MapstakenfromRogrioDuarte

Temperatureincrease
InPortugaltheaveragegrowthon
averagetemperatureis0.0074oC/year
IMproducesmapsofdeviationsfromthe30yearsaverage
(Exampleforthemaximumvalue~3oC)
Astudyindicatedin ASHRAEcomparingthe
valuesof1274weatherstationsfrom1977
1986with19972006leadstoaveragevalues:
The99.6%annualdrybulbtemperature
increased1.52C
The0.4%annualdrybulbincreased0.79C
Annual dew point increased by 0.55C
C
Annualdewpointincreasedby0.55
Heatingdegreedays(base18.3C)decreased
by237Cdays
Coolingdegreedays(base10C)increasedby
136Cdays
Thisstudyhoweverdoesnotcorrectforthe urban
effectthatincreasedvaluesinsomestations.
IM,2010

Dailychangesinhumidity

Temp
peratura (C) (

Althoughtemperaturehassignificativelylargevariationsduring
day,absolutehumidityhassmallvariationsbutitmaycondense
inwinter.
ForLisbontypicalvaluesare64g/kginAugustand81g/kgin
January.
30

20

10
Janeiro
Abril
Julho
Outubro

0
0

Fevereiro
Maio
Agosto
Novembro

12

Maro
Junho
Setembro
Dezembro

18

24

Horas

Horadatemperaturamnimae
mximaassumidas2/14h

Cloudformationandwind
Whiledirectsolarradiationiseasilycalculated,wind,cloud
formationandprecipitationaremuchhardertopredict.
Forclimatizationonlyaverage(andextreme)valuesare
For climatization only average (and extreme) values are
importantfornebulosityandwindspeedanddirection.
Thesemaydependonlocalorographyandotherconditions.
Ingeneralwindvelocityincreaseswithheight.
Inurbanenvironmentthewindintensityissmallerandchannelling
effectscanbeimportantaswellasinvalleysinnature.
Nearseawindisinlandduringdayandinseadirectionatnight.
Thepresenceofcloudsobstructsolarradiationduringdayandatnight
avoidstheheatlossfromtheearthtothespace.

Statisticalinformationhastobeconsideredwithtypicalvalues.

Regulations
InRSECEandinHVACprojectitisusualtoconsideraclimamodel.
InRCCTEtocalculateenergyconsumption(butnotpower)the
countryisdividedinthreelevelsforsummer/winter.(Exceptions
insomezonesdependingondistancefromcoastandaltitude)
d
d
d
f
d l d )
AzoresandMadeiraareV1
andwinterdependonthe
height(Z)abovesealevel.
Regio
Aores
I1
Z<600m
I2
600m<=Z<=1000m
I3
Z>1000m
650+1,5Z
Grausdia
GD(oCdia)
Duraomdia
4(z<=100m)
estaoaquec.(m)
3+0,01Z
8(Z>500)
o
Text.Projecto( C)
25(Z<=600m)
24(Z>600m)
6 (Z<=600m)
Amplitudetrmica
9(Z>600m)
ms+quente(oC)

Madeira
Z<800m
800m<=Z<=1100m
Z>1100m
50+2,4Z(Z<400m)
380+1,6Z(Z>=400m)
0,3(z<=100 m)
87,7(700Z)/600
8(Z>700)
26(Z<=400m)
24(Z>400m)
6(Z<=400m)
9(Z>400m)

InAzoresthelocalauthoritiesmay
changethetypeofzoneconsidered.

MainlandPortugal

Combinedclimateregions
forwinterandsummer

FromQuercus

Windspeedandintensity
at80mfromgroundlevel

FromINETI

Informationincludedanduse
Forwintertheobjectiveistocalculatethetotalenergyneededto
heatthespacessotheDegreeDay(GD)isusedbasedon20oC
and the total duration of the heating period is used to correct the
andthetotaldurationoftheheatingperiodisusedtocorrectthe
demandonenergyconsumption(correctionforbothregulations)
Forsummerthemaximumtemperatureandtemperature
amplitudeareusedforprojectandoflittleusetoRCCTE.
Forenergyconsumptiontheimportantinformation(assuminga
regularutilizationofthespacese.g.houses)istheaverage
temperature (from 19 to 23) and total irradiation on surfaces
temperature(from19to23)andtotalirradiationonsurfaces
duringcoolingperiodtakenasfourmonth(JunetoSeptember).
ThesummerregionsarefurtherdividedNorthandSouthofthe
Tagusriver(withexceptionstobewrittendowninRCCTE)

Incidentsolarradiation(kWh/m2 year)
Insummerthe
radiationenergyis
indicatedinkWh/m2
fortheintensityis
indicated for the
indicatedforthe
summerperiod
(JuneSept.122days)
Inwintertheintensity
isindicatedpermonth
andisconsideredfor
heatgains.
AtenoqueindicaseserIntensidadedaradiao
solarparaaestaoconvencionaldearrefecimento
l
ld
f
masaenergiatotalincidenteeaindaporcima
quandoseapresentaoquadronotemunidades.

Energiasolarmdiaincidente
numasuperfcieverticalorientada
asulnaestaodeaquecimento
Gsul(kWh/m2 ms)
Regies
I1
I2
I3
Howtocalculateradiationincidentinotherorientations? Continente 108
93
90
(Solargeometryfordirectirradiationbutalsoaccountto Aores
70
50
50
diffuseradiationandnebulositythataffectsthetotals.)
Madeira
100
80
80