1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

1999 8 7 19181999

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18851954
1949

"
"1

170 100 2
1943
""3
1945 11
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"5 1946 1945 12

"." 1946
6
1946 1951

19411950
7
Hans Morgenthau""the Center fo the Study of
American Foreign and Military Policy
""both
history in the grand style and political science at its best8

,
9 1961

10

11

12

"
"13 "

"14
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17
2002

1 1994 1
2 1999 313
3 1991 284311 "1943
"
4 1998 211214

5 19411946 1999 347

6 John Israel,Lianda : A Chinese University
in War and Revolution, Stanford University Press, 1998 pp.366-380.
7Tang Tsou, America's Failure in China: 1941-50 (The University of Chicago
Press, 1963).8 Hans Morgenthau, Foreword to America's Failure in China:
1941-50, by Tang Tsou (The University of Chicago Press, 1963).
9 America's Failure in China, pp. 16-30; p. 49.
10 America's Failure in Chinap. 49, 47
11

1941
1937 1938

America's Failure in China,pp.26-30.

12 1994 4647
13 54
14 47
15 Stephen Holmes,"Cultural Legaciesor State Collaps? Probing the Post
communist Dilemma, "in MichaelM andelbaum(Ed), Postcommnism: Four
Perspectives,NewYork: Council On Foreign Relations,1996,pp.22-76.
16 204265
17 46

1895 5 2

1983 5 Bockeffller
Stuart Schram

Reflections on the Formation and Foundations of the Communist Party-State in China in The Cultural
Revolution and Past-Mao Reform;A Historical Perspective.The Univetsity of Chicago Press.1986,pp.259-334.

1980 51

 1894-1895

1949

1978
2

energy
capacitiescreativityBenjamin Schwartz

J.P.Nettl

Clifford Geertz

1982 6 3
In search of Wealth and Power;Yen Fu and the West.Cambridge:Harvard
University Press,1964,p,238.
4
disintegrationreintegration
The Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao Reform:Ahistorleal Perspective
(Chicage;University of Chicago Press.1986)
2
3

maps
5
Geertz
1978

Geertz

8total crisis

9
5

Clifford Geertz.Ideology as a Cultural Symbol,in Geertz.The Interpretation of Cultures (New York;Basic

Books,1973),pp.219-20. Geertz The
Cultural Revolution and Past-Mao Reform
6
Norberto Bobbio,Gramsci and the Conception of Civil Society,in Chantal Mouffe ed..Gramsci and Marxist
Theory(London:Routledge and Paul,1979),p.36.
7
Alvin W.Gouldner,The Two Marxisms(New York:Oxford University Press,1979),4.
8
Benjamin Schwartz,Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao (Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1952),15.
1924 1966 1921
Chen Kung-po,The Chinese
Communist Movement in China,ed.C.Martin Wilbur(New York;Octagon Book,1966). Chen,Communist
Movement.
9

 Philip
Selznick

10

monistic (holistic)
11
12

1927

13

14

civil society

Chang Kuo-tao.The Rise of the Chinese Communist Party.1921-1927(Lawtence:University Press of

Kansas,1971),100.
10
Philip Selznick,The Organiration Weapon(Glencoe.111.:Free Press,1960),5-6).
11
Lin Yu-sheng,The Crisis of Chinese Consciousness (Madison:University of Wisconsin
Press,1979),41,156. Hao Chang,Liang ChI-chao and Intellectual Transition in China
(Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1971),112-14, Chang,Liang.
12

1980
13
Stuart Schram
1927

The Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao Reform

Raymond F.Wylie,The Emergence of
Maoism(Stanford,Calif,:Stanford University Press,1980).
14
gentry

1910 1920

1949

hierarchy

horizontal

15

16

17

1937-1945

The Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao Reform

1975-19821983288-89
Tang Tsou,The Historic Change in Direction and Continuity with the Past.China Quaterly,June
1984:340-41.
17
Theda Skocpol,States and Social Revolutions (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.1979),16-18.
15
16

upper class Brantly Womack

18

1957
1921 7 23-31

19

1925
20
1923 6
21

1941 9 13
O

18

Brantly Womack,The Foundations of Mao Zedongs Political Thought,1917-1935(Honolulu:University Press of

Howaii,1982),195.
19
1102

1982 15-16 16
11979 1 1
20
Beijing ReviewMarch 198110.
1944 3 3-4
1980 79
21
Chang Kuo-tao,The Rise of the Chinese Communist Party,308-9. 19

10

 22
1925 1927 1930

Brantly Womack

23

24

25

1941 9 13 1978
1978 12 13 198222
23
1982 3
107Stuart Schram

24
1931 2 28

25
3

22

11

26
27

28

Brian M.Barry,Sociologists,Economists,and Democracy (London;CollierMacmillan,1970),164,174.

27
Reinhard Bendix,Nation-Building and Citizenship(New
York:Wiley,1964),enlarged ed.,University of California Press,1977;T.H.Marshall,Class,Citizenship,and Social
Development (Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1977);David Collier,ed.,The New Authoritarianism in Latin
America(Prineeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1974).
28
Bendix Nation
Building,20.
26

12

T.H.Marshall
civil
29

30
Marshall
31

Marshall

32
33

34 35

36

Marshall,Class,78-81.Marshall
78
Sidney Verba
Leonard Binder et al.,Crisis and Sequence in Political
Development (Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press.1971),p.313.
30
Marshall,Class,p.127.
31
Ibid.,p.130.
32
Chang,Liang,214.
33
Ibid.,192.
34
Ibid.,247.
35
Ibid.,218.
36
1956686688690
Frank W.Pric Ministry of Information,1943205210213.
29

13

37
38,

1915 9 15

39

40

41

1956376
ChenTu-hsiu: Pre-Communist Phase Papers on China 1948,2:187-88.
Journal of the History of Ideas Thomas Kuo,Chen Tu-hsiu(1879-1942)and the
Chinese Communist Movement (South Orange,N.J.:Seton University Press,1975),75.
38
Philip Kuhn,:ate Ching Views of the Polity,in Tang
Tsou,ed.,Selected Papers from the Center for Far Eastern Studies,no.4(1979-80),1-17.
39
1:39 Ssu-yu Teng & John K.Fairbank Chinas Response to the West
(Atheneum,1954),240-45 Teng-Fairbank
cart
40
1:45-47 1916
41

1980
1969
3

14

42

1926-27 1946-52

43

1956

Hokobo sha,19719:28

1949

43
1926

1:205207-49 hangwu
3:99-1053:341-56
42

15


1949

1943 5 6

44

1927
1955 1957
1943

populism

45
1955-1957 1976

1966-68 1975-76 1978 12

1927 19551957

9 3
1933 8
3355
44
45

16

 46
Norberto Bobbio (Gramsci)
47

,48

49
50

1965-771336
Norberto Bobbio,Gramsci and the Civil Society,p.36.
48

49
2 422
50
426
46
47

17

51 52

1932 8
1933 5
1934
1931
1931 9 1935 1

Otto Braun
1934 10
1935 1 15 -17

53

1938 Roderick
MacFarquhar 54

195723-55Frederick C.Teiwes,Politics and Purges in

China(White Plains,N.Y.:M.E,Sharpe,1979), 3-101
52
19-20
53

1984 3 5 40-42
1984 3 5 1
1985 1 17 1-2
5

Roderick MacFarquhar,The Origins of the Cultural Revolution(New York :Columbia University

Press,1974)140.
18

1943 3

55
7 8

56 1944 5
1945 4

57 34
1945 6 19
58

1949 1953
5 19
59

1956 9
1956 9
60

61

1980 10 25 15 9
1981 11 142.
56
1981 8 49.
5 7
197946.
1949 How to Define Mao
Zedong Thought :Changes over Forty Years,Beijing Review ,March 2,1981:12;The Constitution of the
Communist Party of China ,1951
58
19821
246.
59
592
60

1979382

Beijing Review , March 2,1982:13

61
1981143
5

19

19551957 1976
1955
1955-1956
1957 1958 1959 1961
1961 1965

19581960

1962 8
1963 1964
1966 5 16
62

1956

63

64

1975

196716
15-16
6 3

64
Peking Review,April4,1975:7
6

20

65
66
67

68
69
70

71

72

1975
73

74

75

76

1975 2 28 4. 1974 12 26
1975 2 14 4
67
1995 2 4 3
68
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69
1975 3 7 6.
70
6-8.
71
1975 4 4 7.
72
1975 2 14 8.1975 3 7 9.
73
19766.
74
1976115.
75

76
1976 7 5.
65
66

21

1975 2

hierarchies

77

78

1967 62

78
1968 3-7. 1968 8 25

22

1969 4

79
1973 8
80 1977 8 ---
---

81

1978
1978 12
82

Peter
Ludz 83

84

85

Peking Review,1969 4 30 :36

1973 9 7
81
1977 9 2
8
2
Beijing Review 1981 7 6
33.
8
3
Peter Ludz , The changing Party Elite in East German (Cambridge :MIT Press ,1972),32,n.53.
The Historic Change in Direction and Continuity with the Past ,China Quarterly ,June 1984:32933
84
82.
8
5
1978 5 11

Policy Change at the National Summit and

Institutional Transformation at the Local Level :The Case of Tachai and Hsiyang in the Post-Mao era ,in Select
papers fron the Center for Far Eastern Studies ,no 4 ,1979-80,ed ,Tang Tsou(Chicago :Center for Far Eastern
Studies ,University of Chicago ,1981 )

79
80

23


1977 3

86
87 1957

---
---

88

89
1079 3

87
1979 6-14.
88
1977 3 14 1.
8
9
1977 2 16.bourgeois right or bourgeois
rightsbourgeois interests
8

24

9091

92

93

1949

94

95

1981 20 27. 16
155
91
1981 5 12-3.
92
14.
93
1981 18 41-43.1981 23 29-30.
94
1982 20 2-6.
9 5
Tang Tsou ,Back from the Brink of Revolutionary- Feudal Totalitarianism

25

1978 7

96

97
98

1978 12 1984 1
1955-56

99

1978 11 10 89.
1982 20 26.
98
1982 21 8.
9 9
1981 10 Tang Tsou ,Marc Blecher ,Mitch Meisner ,The Responsibility
System in Agriculture ,Modern China ,January 198241-103. The Cultural
Revolution and Post-Mao Reform
96
97

26

1982 12
1980 1 1981 10
1982
100
-

---

1979 10-11
1984 12

101 1981 6 27
102

1982 12 11.
01
255-74.The
Historic Change in Direction and Continuity with the Past ,China Quarterly ,June 1984:343-45
102
Beijing Review ,June , 1981: 10-39
100
1

27


1949 1957

1957 6

1982 9

103

104

103
104

Beijing Review ,September 20,1982:8 1945

28

---

1978

1983 3 6

105

1984 1

106

107

1983 3 16 45
1980 8 8-12.
106
1984 1 27 1-5.
107
1984 4 18 3.
1

05

29

108

------

---
1959

1982 33-25.
08

30

 19271957 19171927

precommitment109

110

111

1949
----

----

112

precommitment Jon Elster, Ulysses and the Siren

(Cambridge University press ,1970)36-47 E lster

110

1
11
Samuel Huntington ,Political Order and Social Change(New
Haven,Conn ,: Yale University Press ,1968).
112
230-32
1

09

31

113

114

115

116

117

118

287
287-88
115
288-89unified leadership

116
2889 Michael Walzer, The Spheres of
Justice (New York: Basic books,1983)
117
1980 8 18 1981 6 15 135
1983 6
1984

1984 6 2
21984 6 23 1
118
292
113
114

32

119

120

121

1980 12
122 1980 8
123
124

125
126
1980 8 18

10 25

127

1982 9 6

296
293
121
1982 9 20 10
122
3191982 9 13 27
123
299
124
OO O
125
159-62218
126
319
127
1981 9 15 108-77
119
120

33


128

129

A.Doak Barnett

Barnett

130

1911

129
130

1982171

1982 9 20 1520
New York Times August 131984
28

34

131

1978 12
1982

1980 2
1983

132

133

134

135
1361982

1982 1982 9 20 19
1984 7 1 1
133
4
1
34
Bernard Silberman1982

1
35
self-limitation auto-limitation auto-determination
auto-obligation
1
36
binds oneselfprecommits oneself Jon Elster
Elster ,Ulysses and the Sirens,35-47
131
132

35

 9 137

138 12

1391982 12
25

140

141

142

143

144

1975 1978
1982 9 20 10
1982 9 13 27
139
1982 12 27 12
1
40

1983327
1
41
()

1982 12 5 326-37
327
142
1982 24 11
143
1982
1
44
Bellagio
1983 5 60-62
137
138

36

 1982
1975 1978

145

146

1975 1978
1954

1921

147

148

1983 1 6
1982 21 14-15
147
1982 12 27 11
1
48
1982 4
1982 4 28 134
145
146

37

149
150 1954 1978
1975
1975 1978
151

152 1978

153

1931

1541931 11 7
1551931 11 7

156 1934
2 17
157

158
19541975 1978

50
15 9 1981 9 15 164165

151
1975 1 24 131978 3 17 6
152
1983 1 14 5Wang Xiangming ,1983 1 20 5
1
53
15 9 1981 9
15 165
1
54

198113 1931 11
1931 11 5
155
9
156
343-45
157
287-88
158
4298-99
149
1

38

O
1982 4
1975

1979 7 1
1982

159

The State Council Applies the system of decision by the

Premier160
The Premier has overall responsibility for the State Council161
12 10
162

198223
1982 11 24
160
1982 5 10 41
161
1982 12 27 23
162
272
1

59

39

1982 4

163

T.H.Marshall
164

165
1954

1946-52

1955-56

1978 1955-56

166
1982 1954

1984567-87
63

164

T.H.Marshall

165

1983 3 28 21
66

2276

40

 1975 1978 1671982

1975 1681978
1691980 9 10
1982
1954
citizensare
equal before the law.1954

citizensare equal before the law..170 1975 1978

171
172

173

174 1975 1978

1975

168
169
170
1

172
1

174

180
19821187-89
195-201
1975
1975

71

1957
275 83-84
1980 5 15
73
211423
C.Herman Pritchett Pritchett

The American Constitution System (New York:McGrawHill1971)111

1975
67

41

175

1982 1954 176 1982

177
178

179

180

1979 7 1

265 181 4200000

1266-67
76
1954

177

178
O
179
1982 6 1982 6 25 3
1980
180
1186
181
310
175
1

42

15849 182 1040000

130000

183
184Wang
Jingrong
185
186

187

188

189

internalized.

15849

183
Wang Jingrong,1982 1 1-5
184
1982 9 13 27.
185
1982 1 5
186
1982 9 13 26
187

1
88
Sun Gouhua Zhu Jingwen1982 4 24-27

189
1959 4 4-5
1

82

43

190

1949

N. S. Timasheff
N.S.Timasheff,Totalitarianism,Despotism,and
Dictorship, Carl J.Friedrich Totalitarianism(Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1954)39
Luce Seminar at the University of Chicago 1980 5
Back from the Brink of Revolutionary-Feudal Totalitarianism:A Preliminary Observation
Victor Nee David Mozingo State and Society in Contemporary
China(Ithaca,N.Y.:Cornell university Press ,1983) The Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao
Reform:A Historical Perspective xxxii-xxvi
90

44

45

191

1978

1978

1983

The Cultural
Revolution and Post-Mao ReformA Historical Perspective
91

46

 1984

1978

1978

refunctionalization of ideology,

1927 1955-56

legitimacy

47

the process of routinization

192

2 *

1978 12 1
192

Political Change and Reform:The Middle Course,in The Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao Reform:A
Historical Perspective,The University of Chicago Press,1986,pp,219-258.
1
1981 11 1982 1983
*

48

party-statecivil society
1915 1921

Luce Foundation Ms.Martha Dittmer Mr.Robert Armstrong

Ira Katznelson,Lowell Mark Selden A.doak
BarnettRobert Scalapino Michel Oksenberg 1981 11
From China:The 80s Era,Norton Ginsburg and Bernard
Lalor,eds.Copyright 1984 by WestviewPress,Boulder,Colorado.
2
Mao Tse-tung Thought,the
Last Struggle for Succession,and the Post-Mao EraChina Quarterly,1977.9,pp.498-527;
The Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao Reform:A Historical Perspective
3
-Backfrom the Brink of
Revolutionary-FeudalTotalitarianism,State and Society in Contemporary China.ed.Victor Neeand David
Mozingo(Ithaca N.Y.;Cornell University Press,1983,pp.53-88 The Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao
Reform:A Historical Perspective,
Luce Seminar

Political Totalism,Stateness,and Hegemony:A Proposed Theoretical Framework for the

Study of the Transformation of a Centralized Bureaucratic Empire into a Communist Regime in China,
North lllinois university
-
-
49

1980 6
a posttotalitarian society

1949 7
8

a middle course
1979 3

Samuel Huntington,Political Order and Social Change,New Haven:Yale University Press,1968.

5
1982 154-155
6
--
7
-

8
3
4

50

Leninist party-state

technical intellectuals
humanistic intellectuals9

Alvin W. GouldnerThe Future of Intellectuals and

the Rise of the New Class,New York:Oxford University Press,1979;

51

1979 3 30

1
2
3 1980 2
41980 9

12

3
4
1979 10 11
*
** 1949 1966

1980 1981 1981

10

Back from the Brink of Revolutionary-Feudal Totlitarianism, State and Society in Contemporary
China,edited by Victor Nee and Davic Mozingo, The Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao
Reform,A Historical Perspective,pp.144-188.
**
State and Society in Contemporary China,edited by Victor Nee and Davic Mozingo(Ithaca,N.Y.:Cornell
University Press,1983).
10

52

1980
1980 3

1981 23

1980 11

1978 1957 1976

1981 11

1981 11 1981

the Historic Change in Direction and Continuity with the Past,China

Quarterly,1984.6,.pp.320-47.
11

53

 1978 12
4 18
<
>

1 1979 9 13
1979 3
1981

14

15

5 <>
5 22

16

17

1981 6
1981 4 20 2

13
1979 3 140-171248
14
167
15
1981 10 29
16

17
1981 8 16
1

54

7 17 ,
18

1979 11

8 18 19

18

1981 8 13 1 Beijing
Review,1981.9.7,pp13-14

19
1981 8 18 1
55

20

21
1981 11

7 17 8

22

20

1981 9 10 2
1981 10 7 5 Tang Yin

2
21981 9 16 8
21

56

ideological hegemony
1981

23

3 1981 23 19-20
57

24

1981 8

25

Chen
Bo 26

27

28 1957
29
1955

4 1980 8 1982 4 28
5
2
5 1982 4 76-80 6 55
2
6 1981 19 31
2
7 1981 10 13 3
2
8 1981 10 10 4
2
9 1981 9 29 1
58

30
1982
8 28
31

32

0 1981 10 14 4
1 1982 8 28 12
3
2 1982 10 17 5
3

59

1980
1982 2 33

1964

1949 1976
1979

1978 12 1981 3
19551956

1981 10
3

3 1982 4 6
60

34

1981 12 5,870,000 90%35 1982 4

50%36 74%37
74% 56,300 98%
1.76%38 1982 96.7%39
90%
99.3%40
1980 1 0.02% 1981 11
38%1982 70%
41

42

4 Modern China .1982. 1, pp. 41-103.

5 1981 12 15 1
3
61982 4 8

3
7 1982 8 22 1
3
8 1982 9 16 4
3
9 1982 6 5
4
0 1982 9 30 1
4
1 (Xiang Jiyuan)1982 12 11
4
2
3

61

1949

1980 8 18
8 31 43

1980

1957

3 1981 7 15 106-139
62

1980 8 18

10 25

44

1981 3 3848 1981 9 15

108177
44

63

(functional representation)

1945 4
45

1981

1982 9

1944 5 1945 4
2

1981 13 4346
1981 12 32

45
2

64

1982 9 13
170171
4
The President of the Peoples Republic of China .
3

65

1949 1976

1980 8

liberalizationpopularization
Robert ADahl

(monolithic)monistic

[]exit[]voice Albert Hirschman

(Exit.Voice.and Loyalty, Cambridge Mass:Harvard University press,1970).
66


opinion
groups

1957 1966

1981 11 2

[]

[]
[]zone of demarcation
[]

1981 11 2 3
67

 1978 12
1981 6 [
][]

[]
1957 []

[
][]--- 1957 1976
---7

[]
1957

[][
]8[
][]
[][][
][]
1956

[
]9[]

[] 1949
[]
[][][]
[][]

[]

Jie Wen ,1981 20 31

9
1981 17 45 []
7
8

68

[][
]10[][]
[][
][][]

[]11

[]12
Wu Xiang
[][]13
[][]

[][]
[]

[]
[][]
[][]
[][]

[][]

14

[][]
[][]

1981 18 3941
Yang Fengchun4143 1981 19 26-28 38-40
12
1982 18 8
13
1982 9 28 5
14
1981 8 22 4
10
11

69

Robert Dahl
---
15

reborn revolutionaries

Robert M.
Maclver Karl PolanyiThe Great Transformation

15

Robert Dahl, Government and political opposition,in political science Handbook Volume3,ed, Fred
Greenstein and Nelson Poslby (Reading. Mass :Assision-Wesley,1975),p129.
70

16

--

conceptual schemes(cross-fertilization)

16

Robert M.Maclver. Karl Polanyi.The Great Transformation: The

Political and Economic origins of our Time,boston:beacon press,1994.pp.ix,x,xi

Interpreting the Revolution in China: Macrohistory and Miccromechanism. 1994 5 13

ModernChina,Vol. 26 No.2,April
2000. pp.205-238
71

parallelism
(correspondence)

, general
pattern

Theda Skocpol(1979)
States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Ananlysis of France, Russia ,and China

Theda Skocpol

Skocpol
Skocpol197923.

1936 12

1937

1938

72

Skocpol potential autonomy

of the state

1949

1949
Skocpol
bring the state back in

take the state out

Skocpol
Skocpol
(Skocpol,1979:15,17
voluntarism(Gramsci)(Hegemony)
Wendell Philips
(Skocpol,1979:1217 Skocpol
17

1969
Roy Hofheinz, Jr. The Ecology of Chinese Communist Success(1969)

Hofheinz

Skocpol1979

17

73

Hofheinz

Hofheinz196977
Hofheinz

Hofheinz
Hofheinz196977Hofheinz196977
organizing principle

Hofheinz 1969

a theoretically informed and relevant case study[ 1]

Hofheinz

Jon Elster(1979,1983)
two successive filters
parametric and rationality

[ 1]

74

 Russell Hardin (1988)

ta3

19271946
19491961

75

Elster1980102an
act expanding the feasible set of alternatives[ 2]
shaped2

[ 3]

Wiliam Ogburn1921

rationalized
1945 10

2
Elster (1980102)
[ 3]
Peasent-based revolution

[ 2]

76

Mao Tze-dong1985
272

1968

1949

1949

local militia

1911

1947

77


[1888]1969

Tsou and Halperin196585

Tsou and Halpenn196586

1949

1962
196125-26

196519-203

Tsou and Halperin 1965 3

the Bulletin de la Societe detudes de documentation
economiques, industrielle. et socialies (Paris)

1965 11 12 12

Brantly Womack
3

78

Tsou1986
269-70

counterbalanced

substantive socioeconomic
entitlements

79

1935 8 1

Tsou1986338

1965426 Tsou and

Halperin196596

1949 9

Blanstein196234
1949 1957

1949

1989 6 4

80

1930 1940

1890

Feuer1959398 1937 8

1964336

1943

1945 4

1935 1

1968

codificationTsou19687
Robert Wuthnow1989communities of discourse

Elster Cohen1978 8 23428529293

81

 revisable
ingredientWuthnow,1989:485
Wuthnow
operational ideology

Wuthnow(1989)

downward linkage

horizontal linkage

a state within a state

5
upward linkage

Mao Tse-tung, 1957:13,18

Tsou(1986:9-10)
5

82

 Pang Song and Han

Gang,1987:41949 1962

Pang Song and Han Gang,1987:7

totalistic system
totalism6

1949
1949

1931 1931 1936

TotalisticTotalism
1986
Robert Lifton 1961

19941980

1980

Totalitarianism
Totalitarian regime
12
1983

1949
6

83

1936 1937

Tetsuo Kondo(1987,1990) 1927 1934

game of deadlock 1935 1936 -
game of bully-prisoner dilemma 1937 1945
1945
1946 -

84

1947
Kondo,1987,19907
1993

Kondo(1987,1990)1993

Ostrom,1991
/

1915
1989

game of
winner-take-all8,
1927 4 1936

Rosenthal
and Rubinstein,1984
C.Achen,
1991
cardinal ranking,9

Kondo(1987,1990) Snyder and Diesing(1977)

Jon Elster
9
Charles Lipson Duncan snidal
8

85

1943 1946

1927 1949

1989
10

neotraditionaltotalistic

Samue Popkin(1979)
Jon Elster(1979,1983)
Elster
Elster1979117281 Elster
23

Parametric

A Preliminary Statement of the Idea

of the Chinese Game of Winner-Take-All
Twentieth Century Chinese Politics: The Game to Win All-A Theoretical Perspective and a Reserch
Agenda1945--1947The Peace Process and the
Game to Win All: The Guomingdang, and the CCP, and the United States1945--1947
10

86

11

endogenous
exogenous

12

1959a239

1959a2601959b:25

Elster1979113-17

1927 1946
1927 11 11
Office of Teaching,n.d.:5/327
1930
Office of
Teaching,n.d.:5/522,543

1929
1931 12 1

Elster
Elster

11
12

87

1934
1929

1936 7 12

Office of Teaching,n.d.:7/345

37.5%

/
/

1946

1957
1959

88

13

1949 1949

Mao Mao,1993:306-7

1926

70% 30%

13

89

Chen,1994:26-23
1948

1993170-7

14

Robert Lifton (1961,1968)

The Values of the Chinese Revolution ,Chinas Developementai Experience edited by Michel
Oksenberg, Proceeding of the Academy of Political Science , 31, March 1973. Duncan MacRae ,
Donald Munro Mitchell Meisner

14

90

91

92

93

94

95

96