Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Exam 1 Results
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Average: 59
Celepration of survival of the Bolognesi EQ1650
National Geographics
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Material Amplification
Seismic waves travel differently through different
rock materials
Propagate faster through dense and solid rocks
Material amplification: Intensity (amplitude of
vertical movement) of ground shaking more
severe in unconsolidated materials
Seismic energy attenuated more and
propagated less distance in unconsolidated
materials
Effect of
Earthquakes
Primary effects
Ground shaking,
tilting, and ground
rupture
Loss of life and
collapse of
infrastructure
Landslides,
liquefaction, and
tsunamis
Earthquake Destruction
Amount of structural
damage attributable to
earthquake vibrations
depends on
Intensity and duration
of the vibrations
Nature of the material
upon which the
structure rests
Design of the structure
Secondary effects
Fires, floods, and
diseases
Earthquake Destruction
Ground shaking
Regions within 20 to 50
kilometers of the
epicenter will experience
about the same intensity
of ground shaking
However, destruction
varies considerably
mainly due to the nature
of the ground on which
the structures are built
Earthquake destruction
Destruction from seismic vibrations
Liquefaction of the ground
Unconsolidated materials saturated with
water turn into a mobile fluid
Seiches
The rhythmic sloshing of water in lakes,
reservoirs, and enclosed basins
Waves can weaken reservoir walls and
cause destruction
Earthquake destruction
Landsliding
70,000 people killed in the 1970 Peru
earthquake (Mw=7.7 ); 20,000 of them
were killed by a giant landslide that
buried several towns.
Earthquake destruction
Fire
~80% of the damage in the 1906 San
Francisco earthquake was caused by
fire the quake was known as the San
Francisco fire.