Question 1

Given:
P1 = 300 psia

Upstream Pressure,

Downstream Pressure,

3
Flow rate, Q= 55000 ft /hour

Length, X= 4000m

Temperature =150

Viscosity of Methane ,

P2 = 30 psia

= 0.02 cP

Unit conversion
3

Upstream Pressure, P1=300 psia

6.893 10 Pa
=2.0679 106 Pa
1 psia

DownstreamPressure , P2=30 psia

6.893 10 3 Pa
=2.0679 105 Pa
1 psia

ft 3
0.02832m3 1 hour
m3
VolumetricFlowrate ,Q=55000

=0.433
hour
3600 s
s
ft 3
Length , X=4 km

1000 m
=4000 m
1 km
3

Viscosity of Met h ane , =0.02cP=0.02 10 Pa. s

Molecular weight ( C H 4 ) =16 g/gmol
Temperature =150 + 273 = 423K
Assumption:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)

Commercial steel pipe, =0.046 mm

Constant properties of the pipe roughness
Natural gas (CH4) is ideal gas
Consistent pressure drop along the pipe
No leakage
Non-insulated steel pipeline
Isothermal flow.

Analysis:
To calculate density of methane:
=

PM 2.0679 10 6 16 103
=
=9.408 kg / m3
RT
8.314 423

To calculate pressure drop:

P=P 1P2=2.0679 106 Pa2.0679 105 Pa=1.86111 106 Pa

6 inch
1=0.1524 m:
0.0254
( i ) For D 1=6

To calculate the mass flux in the pipe, G:

G = v
0.433
2
V = (0.1524)
4

G = 9.408 23.74

= 23.74 m/s

= 223.346

kg
m2 . s

To calculate Reynolds number, :

VD
=

9.408 23.74 0.1524

3
0.02 10

1.701895 106

(Thus flow is turbulent)


0.046 mm
=
D ( 0.1524 103 ) mm
0.0003
From Moody Chart, f = 0.016
To calculate the pressure drop:
Assuming isothermal flow and the kinetic energy is small and thus can be
neglected. Rearranging gives:

( P12P22 )=f G2 DX

P1
1

P= 0.016 223.3462

4000 2.0679 106

0.1524
9.408

P=2145813

2.145813 10 Pa

However P Pactual . The pressure dropobtained for this particular diameter

is too

6
high compared to the actual pressure drop which is 1.8611110 Pa

therefore the diameter 6 inch is not applicable in this case.

10 inch
1=0.254 m:
0.0254
( ii ) For D 2=10.

G = 223.346

kg
m2 . s

To calculate the pressure drop:

Assuming isothermal flow and the kinetic energy is small and thus can be
neglected. Rearranging gives:

( P12P22 ) =f G2 DX

P1
1

4000 2.0679 106

P= 0.016 223.346

0.254
9.408
2

P=1662139 Pa
6
= 1.662139 Pa 10 Pa

However P Pactual . The pressure dropobtained for this particular diameter

is too low

6
compared to the actual pressure drop which is 1. 86111 10 Pa , therefore the diameter

10 inch is not applicable in this case.

Since both 6 inch and 10 inch diameter of pipe are not suitable, trial and error method is
used. The appropriate diameter should be in the range of 6 in. to 10 in.
8 inch
1=0.2032 m:
0.0254
( iii ) For D 3=10.

G = 223.346

kg
m2 . s

To calculate the pressure drop:

Assuming isothermal flow and the kinetic energy is small and thus can be neglected. Rearranging
gives:

( P12P22 ) =f G2 DX

P1
1

P= 0.016 223.3462

4000
2.0679 106

0.2032
9.408

 P=1858328 Pa
6
= 1.858328 10 Pa

However P P actual .The pressure drop obtained for this particular diameter
6

is close to

the actual pressure drop which is 1.8611110 Pa , therefore the diameter 8 inch is the
most appropriate pipe diameter for this case

Question 2
Given:

Standard Pressure,Pstd=1atm
Volumetric flowrate,Q=600000m3/day
Downstream Pressure,P2=660kPa
Length, X=500m
Diameter=300mm
Molecular Weight (C3H8) = 44g/gmol
Temperature Line ,T1 = 22C
Standard Temperature, T=15oC
6
Viscosity, = 9 10 Pa.S

Unit conversion
Volumetric flowrate , Q=600000

m3
1day
1 hour

=6.94 m 3 / s
day 24 hours 3600 s

Temperature Line, T 1 =22oC+273 =295 K

Standard Temperature, T =15oC+273=288 K

P = 1 atm = 101.3 kPa
Length, X= 0.5 km
1m
Diameter, D = 300 mm 1000 mm = 0.3 m
Assumption:
a) Standard condition properties:

Pstd =1 atm=1.0110 Pa ,

T std =15 =288 K

b) Wrought iron , =0.046 mm
c) Isothermal flow
d) Kinetic energy is negligible
e) Ideal gas
f) Constant pipe properties
Analysis:
(a) To calculate pressure 0.5 km upstream for 300 mm diameter pipeline with downstream
pressure of 660 kPa.
To calculate volumetric flow rate at downstream, Q2:
P2 V 2 P stand V
Q
=
Velocity , V =
RT 1 R T stand
A
Q2
Q
P stand
A
A
=
RT 1
R T stand

P2

Q 2=

5
Pstand T 1
1.01 10
295
Q=

6.94=1.088 m3 / s
3
T stand P2
288
660 10

To find downstream density:

2=

P2 M ( 660000 ) (44 103 )

kg
=
=11.84 3
RT1
8.314 295
m

To calculate the velocity of propane in pipeline:

v=

Q2
1.088
=
=15.39 m/ s
2
A
0.3

2 vD 11.84 15.39 0.3

=

9 106

6.07 106 (turbulent)

0.046
=
=0.00015
D 300
From Moody Chart, f =0.013
According to the assumption made, isothermal flow equation is applied to find pressure drop.
G=2 v
11.84 15.39

182.22 kg/m 2 s
Assuming that the kinetic energy is small and thus can be neglected. Rearranging gives:

( P12P22 ) =f G2 DX
P1
RT
=
M
1

P1
1

= 55741.6
P

1
( P12(660000)2) =0.013 182.222 500
0.3
1

4.01 1010
2

10

P1 =4.01 10 +( 660000)
P1= 689.711 103

Pa

(b) Calculate the pipe diameter required if the upstream pressure is to be no less than 850 kPa.
P1 = 850 kPa

To find upstream density:

1=

P1 M ( 850000 ) (44 103 )

kg
=
=15.25 3
RT1
8.314 295
m

To find the diameter:

( P12P22 ) =f G2 DX

P1
1
3

( 850,0002660,0002 )=0.013 182.222 500 850 10

D

2.869 1011 =

15.25

11

1.835 10
15.25 D

D= 0.0419m
Comment: For the isothermal flow equation,

( P12P22 )

is inversely proportional to pipe

diameter, D. Therefore, therefore, D must be greater than 23.84m when downstream

pressure, P1 is not less than 850 kPa.

(c)What downstream pressure is required to handle 600000 m /day

pipeline if the upstream pressure is to be 850 kPa.
P1 = 850 kPa

( P12P22 ) =f G2 DX

P1
1

850 10

(850,000 P2 )=0.013 182.22 500

0.3
15.25
2

P2 = 8500002 - 4.01 1010

2

11

6.824 10 Pa

in the 300 mm diameter

Question 3
Schematic Diagram:
Feed Information
CO2 (g)
T: 120C
P: 6 atm
V: 35 m/s

Pipe Details
Material: Steel
Internal Diameter: 12 mm

Other given details:

For CO2
= 1.33
= 0.019 cP = 0.01910-3 Pa.s
Molecular Weight = 44
Assumptions
From the question

Adiabatic Flow
Commercial Steel Pipe, =0.046 mm

Other Assumptions

Find

Constant pressure drop along the pipe

Ideal gas law applied
Chocked flow
: a) Maximum possible length of pipe
b) Pressure and stagnation temperature of the gas at the end of the pipe at
maximum length

Calculations (Part a):

Relative Pipe Roughness:

0.046 mm
=
=0.003833
D
12 mm

Density of CO2,
=

PM
607950 0.044
=
=8.184 kg /m3
RT 8.314 1000 393.15

vD 8.184 35 0.012
=
=180909(Turbulent Flow )

0.019 103

From Moody Chart, f =0.028

Acoustic velocity for CO2,
a=

RT
1.33 8.314 393.15
=
=314.3 m/s
M
0.044

v
35
Ma1= =
=0.1114
a 314.3
x=x max

Hence,

[ ]

1
1
2
f x max 1 1
Ma 1
+1
=
1
ln 1+
D
Ma21
2
1
1+
2

1
1
1
1
1.33+ 1
0.1114

1
ln 1+
1.33 0.11142
1.331
2(1.33)
1+
2

58.03

x max=

58.03 D 58.03 0.012

=
=24.87 m
f
0.028

Calculations (b):
P1=607950 Pa
T 1 =393.15 K
Ma1=0.111 4
Ma2 =1
Pressure at maximum length:
P1 Ma2
=
P2 Ma1

1
Ma22
2
1
1+
Ma12
2
1+

0.1114

2
1.331
1+

P1
1
=

P2 0.1114
607950
=9.679
P2
P2=62811
Temperature at maximum length:

 1
Ma 22
T1
2
=
T2
1
1+
Ma 12
2
1+

0.1114

2
1.331
1+

2
T1
=
T2
393.15
=1.163
T2
T2=

393.15
=338.04 K
1.163

Question 4
Given information:
Material Flow Properties
Q, Volumetric Flowrate (m3/hr)
Temperature (C)
Pressure (kPa)

Air
5

Water
1.5
30
200

Pipe Properties
Diameter (m)
Length (m)

0.02
5

Assumptions
From the question

Isothermal

Commercial Steel Pipe, =0.046 mm

15% from the initial values density for both phases along the pipe
Assume Separated Flow model

Other Assumptions

Find

Constant pressure drop along the pipe

Ideal gas law applied
Dynamic viscosity is independent from the pressure
: a) Mass flux for both phases and determine the flow pattern
b) Pressure gradient for liquid and gas phase

Analysis (a):
Initial values of the density for the air and water phase are:
g is calculated using the equation below
g =

PM 200000 0.029
3
=
=2.301 kg/m
RT 8.314 303.15

3
Water density at 30C is 966 kg /m

From the question, it is understood that the value of the density dropped 15% along the pipe
Hence, the new values for liquid and gas density are:
g =0.85 2.301=1.956 kg/m

l=0.85 966=846.6 kg /m3

Conversion of Volumetric Flow rate:
Air:

5m
1h
1 3 1
=
m s
h 3600 s 720
Water:

1.5 m3 1 h
1
=
m3 s1
h 3600 s 2400

Mass flow rate

m
g=Q g =
m
l=Ql =

1
1.956=2.717 103 kg/ s
720

1
846.6=0.3528 kg /s
2400

Mass Flux
Gg =

Gl=

3
m
g
m

4 2.717 10
= g2 =
=8.648 kg s1 m2
2
A D
0.02
4

m
l
m

4 0.3528
= l2 =
=1123 kg s1 m2
2
A D
0.02
4

The flow pattern of the flow is determined through Chart 1.

Gg2 8.6482
yaxis=
=
=38.23
g 1.956
Gl2 11232
xaxis= =
=1490
l 846.6
Hence, we can deduce that the flow pattern of water and air flow is annular from the graph.

Chart 1
Analysis (b):
Velocity of the flow
1
Q
Q
720
v g= g = g 2 =
=4.421 m /s
2
A D
0.02
4
4

1
4
Ql
Ql
2400
vl = =
=
=1.326 m/s
A D2 0.022
4
Using the values above, dynamic viscosity is determined to find the Reynolds number value for
both phases.

g=

Gg D 8.648 0.02
=
=8722(Turbulent )
5
g
1.983 x 10

l =

G l D 1123 0.02
=
=28145(Turbulent )
4
l
0.798 x 10

Friction factor of the gas and liquid values were retrieved from the moody chart using the
relative roughness.
0.046 mm
=
=0.0023
D
20 mm

f g=0.035f l=0.030 from the moody chart

Pressure drop per length calculated for both phases using the following equation
Pg f G 2g
0.035 8.6482
=
=
=33.45 Pa/m
X
2 D g 2 0.02 1.956
Pl f G 2 l
0.03 1123 2
=
=
=1117 Pa/m
X
2 D l 2 0.02 846.6

The above calculated values were used to calculate Lockhart-Martenelli parameter,

X=

Yg

X ;

Pl
= 5.779 6
Pg

& YL

is determined from the Lockhart-Martnelli graph where it uses the turbulentX

turbulent curve values and

Hence,

2
g

and

2
l

parameter value.

values were 13 and 2 respectively.

Pressure gradient for both phases is calculated using the equation below

( dpdx ) =( dpdx ) = ( dpdx ) =13 33.45=5653 Pa/m

2

gl

( dpdx ) =( dpdx ) = ( dpdx ) =

2

gl

22 1117.23=4460 Pa/ m

Question 5
Given:
D = 100 10-3 m

5.6754 kg /m3

m
liq=20 kg/ s
A=
m
gas =0.5 kg /s

D
4

3 2

( 100 10 )

T = 100C
P1 = 400 kPa

2.5 103 m2

P2 = 130 kPa

liq =1220 kg/ m3

3

liq =0.5 10 Pa s
gas =1.8 105 Pa s

G=

m
gas
A

0.5
3
2.5 10

Upstream:

gas =

PM
RT

63.662 kg/m 2 s

L=
400 103 44 103

8.314 ( 100+273 )

m
liq
A

20
3
2.5 10

f = 0.0178
For liquid:
2

2546.48 kg/m s
g=

f = 0.02

GD
gas

63.662 100 103

1.83 105

f =0.01733
1
0.046 10
2.51
=2 log 10
+
3
509295.82 0.01733
f
3.7 100 10

347879.78

l =

1
0.046 10
2.51
=2 log 10
+
3
509295.82 0.02
f
3.7 100 10

LD
liq

f =0.0174

2546.48 100 103

0.5 103

Pg f G 2
=
x
2 D

509295.82

Assumption: Commercial steel pipe

0.0178 63.6622
2 100 103 5.6754

is used,

63.55

= 0.046 10-3 m.
For gas:

Pa
m

P l f L2
=
x
2 D

f = 0.02

1
0.046 103
2.51
=2 log 10
+
3
347879.78 0.02
f
3.7 100 10

0.0174 2546.482

2 100 103 1220

f =0.0177

462.424

1
0.046 103
2.51
=2 log 10
+
3
347879.78 0.0177
f
3.7 100 10

Pa
m

 Pg
0.0178 63.6622
=
x
2 100 103 1.8445

Pl /x
X=
Pg/ x

462.424
63.

195.556

2.6975

X=

Chisholm equation:
2

l =1+

20
1
+
2.6975 2.69752

Pl /x
Pg/ x

462.424
195.556

1.538
Chisholm equation:

8.6015

20
1
+
1.538 1.5382

P gl =l2 Pl

l =1+

8.6015 462.424

14.427

3977.5

Pa
m

Pa
m

Pgl
=l2 P l
x
14..427 462.424

Downstream:

6671.23

PM
gas =
RT
3

130 10 44 10
8.314 ( 100+273 )

1.8445 kg/m

Assume mass flux G and L do not

change, Re and f remain constant

Pa
m

Average pressure gradient =

5143.54

Pa
m

Distance=

( 400130 ) 103
5143.54

6454.31+3832.76
2

 49.87 m
Yes, it is consistent.

Question 6
Given:
D = 100 10-3 m
x = 50 m

m
liq=25 kg/ s
m
gas =1.5 kg /s
T = 100C
P2 = 145 kPa

liq =1220 kg/m3

liq =0.5 103 Pa s
Assume

gas =0.018 10

G=

m
gas
A

1.5
3
2.5 10
2

190.98 kg/m s
L=

m
liq
A

25
2.5 103

3183.09 kg/ m2 s
g=

GD
gas

190.98 100 103

0.018 103

1061000

l =

LD
liq

3183.09 100 103

0.5 103
636618

Assumption: Commercial steel pipe is used, = 0.046 10 -3 m.

For gas:
f = 0.02

1
0.046 103
2.51
=2 log 10
+
3
1061000 0.02
f
3.7 100 10

f =0.01734

1
0.046 103
2.51
=2 log 10
+
3
1061000 0.01734
f
3.7 100 10

f =0.0168
For liquid:
f = 0.02

1
0.046 10
2.51
=2 log 10
+
3
636618 0.02
f
3.7 100 10

f =0.0166
1
0.046 10
2.51
=2 log 10
+
3
636618 0.0166
f
3.7 100 10

f =0.0166
Downstream:

gas =

PM
RT

130 10 3 44 103
8.314 ( 100+273 )

1.844 kg /m3
Pg f G 2
=
x
2 D

0.0168 190.982
2 100 103 1.844

1661.48

Pa
m

Pl f L 2
=
x
2 D

0.0166 3183.092
3
2 100 10 1220

689.31

Pa
m

P g = 1661.48 50

= 83074 Pa

Pl

= 689.31 50

= 34465.5 Pa

X=

Pl /x
Pg/ x

34465.5
83074

0.6441
Chisholm equation:

l2=1+

20
1
+
0.6441 0.64412

34.46
2

P gl =l Pl
34.46 34465.5
1187732

Pa
m

P1P2=1187.732 kPa
P1=1187.732+130
1317.732kPa

Trial 1:

Average Pressure=

1317.732+130
2

P 1+ P2
2

 723.87 kPa
3

723.87 10 44 10
8.314 373

10.26 kg /m3
P g=

f G2 x
2 D
2

0.0168 190.98 50
3
2 100 10 10.26

14930.62 Pa
X=

Pl /x
Pg/ x

34465.5
14930.62

1.519
2

l =1+

20
1
+
1.519 1.5192

14.599

P gl =14.599 34465.5=503.162 kPa

P1P2=503.162
P1=503.162+130
633.162 kPa
Trial 2:

Average Pressure=

P 1+ P2
2

633.162+130
2

381.581 kPa
=

381.581 103 44 103

8.314 373

5.408 kg/m

P g=

fG x
2 D

0.0168 190.982 50

2 100 103 5.408

28326.20446 Pa
X=

Pl /x
Pg/ x

34465.5
28326.204

1.103

l2=1+

20
1
+
1.103 1.1032

19.95

P gl =19.95 34465.5=687.736 kPa

P1P2=687.736
P1=687.736+130
817.736 kPa
Trial 3:

Average Pressure=

P 1+ P2
2

817.736+ 130
2

473.868 kPa
=

473.868 10 3 44 103
8.314 373

6.7159 kg/m 3
2

fG x
P g=
2 D
0.0168 190.982 50

2 100 103 6.7159

22809.768 Pa
X=

Pl /x
Pg/ x

34465.5
22809.768

1.2292

l2=1+

20
1
+
1.2292 1.22922

17.93

P gl =17.93 34465.5=618.029 kPa

P1P2=618.029
P1=618.029+130
748.029 kPa

Question 7
Given:
Water Flow Rate, Q = 700gpm

0.003785 m3 2.6495 m3 1 min

=

= 0.044158m3/sec
1 gallon
min
60 sec

Diameter of 6 in 80 sch commercial pipe (taking inner diameter)

= 5.76 in =

1=0.1463 m
0.0254 m
5.76

9032
Temperature = 90 F = 1.8 =32.222+273.15=305.372 K
2.23 psia 101.3 Kpa
Pressure Drop = 2.23 psi = 14.7 psia
= 15.367 Kpa
1
Length X1= 100ft = 100ft

0.3048 m
= 30.48m
1 ft

Assumptions:
Incompressible flow
Taking of water= 0.8 x10-3 Pa.s
Density of water = 1000kg/m3
Surface Roughness for commercial steel pipe = 0.0457 mm
Surface Roughness for cast iron pipe = 0.259 mm

i)

vD

Reynolds Number, Re

Velocity,v =

Water Flow
0.044158
=
Cross sectional area (0.1463)2 = 2.62682 m/s
4

ii)

Pipe Wall Roughness =

0.0457
=
=3.12 104
D 146.3

Thus, from the moody chart, we can find the friction factor.
f = 0.0041
We know that pressure drop,
2

P=f

v
X
2D

15.367 103=f

1000 ( 2.62682 )
30.48
2 ( 0.1463 )

15.367 103=f 718788.747

1000 ( 2.62682 )
30.48
2 ( 0.1463 )

f =0.02138
Thus, i) Reynolds number from moody chart= 6.5x 104
We know, Re

6.5 10 =

vD

1000 2.62682 0.1463

=5.9124 103
iii)

Surface roughness when pipe is made of cast iron, = 0.259

Then, Pipe Wall Roughness ,

0.259
=
=1.77 103
D 146.3
The friction factor from moody chart from same Reynolds number but new pipe wall roughness
f= 0.0251

Now to find the pressure drop for 100 m

P=f

P=0.0251

iv)

v2
X
2D

1000 (2.62682 )2
100=59191.593 pa
2 ( 0.1463 )

To find the pressure drop,

When pressure difference is the static head of water 175 ft above pipe
175 ft = 175ft
Pressure head

53.34=

0.3048 m
= 53.34 m
1 ft
p
g

p
1000 9.8

p=522732 pa
For 100 ft of pipe with internal diameter 0.1463, the pressure drop is too small compared to
522732 pa. The appropriate diameter can be found by iteration
Trial 1

1=0.0762 m
Taking Diameter 3 in= 3 0.0254 m

Water Flow
0.044158
=
=9.68299 m/s
2
Velocity,v= Cross sectional area (0.0762)
4
Re

vD 1000 9.68299 0.0762

=
=124795.9945

5.9124 103

Thus flow is turbulent

Relative roughness

0.0457
=
=6.013 104
D
76
Thus, from Moody chart,
Friction factor,f= 0.0208
2

P=f

v X
2D

 P 2 D
fX

V2=

V2=

522732 2 0.0762
=125.6567
1000 0.0208 30.48

V = 11.209m/s
Trial 2
Taking V = 11.209m/s

V=

0.044158
(D)2
4

11.209=

0.044158
2
( D)
4

D=0.07082 m

Then, Reynolds number, Re

vD 1000 11.209 0.07082

=
=134270.1219

5.9124 103

Flow is turbulent.
Relative roughness

0.0457
=
=6.453 104
D 70.82
Thus, from Moody chart,
Friction factor,f= 0.0205

P=f

v2 X
2D

V 2=

V =

P 2 D
fX

522732 2 0.07082
=118.494
1000 0.0205 30.48

V = 10.885m/s
Trial 3
Taking V=10.885m/s

V=

0.044158
(D)2
4

10.885=

0.044158
( D )2
4

D=0.07187 m

Then, Reynolds number, Re

vD 1000 10.885 0.07187

=
=132315.3303
3

5.9124 10

Flow is turbulent.
Relative roughness

0.0457
=
=6.359 104
D 71.87

Thus, from Moody chart,

Friction factor, f = 0.02048
v2 X
P=f
2D

V 2=

V =

P 2 D
fX

522732 2 0.07187
=120.368
1000 0.02048 30.48

V = 10.97m/s

Trial 4
Taking V = 10.97m/s

V=

0.044158
(D)2
4

10.97=

0.044158
( D )2
4

D=0.0716 m

vD

Then, Reynolds number, Re =

Flow is turbulent.
Relative roughness

0.0457
4
=
=6.383 10
D
71.6

Thus, from Moody chart,

Friction factor, f= 0.02049

P=f

v2 X
2D

1000 10.97 0.0716

=132848.2511
5.9124 103

V 2=

V =

P 2 D
fX

522732 2 0.0716
=119.916
1000 0.0248 30.48

V = 10.95m/s
Finding the diameter with V = 10.95m/s

V=

0.044158
2
(D)
4

10.95=

0.044158
( D )2
4

D=0.0716 m

Thus, after the fourth iteration, the diameter converges to 0.0716m which is the required
diameter.

Question 8

i)

Stokes Flow- Stokes flow (named after George Gabriel Stokes), also named
creeping flow or creeping motion, is a type of fluid flow where advective
inertial forces are small compared with viscous forces. The Reynolds
number is low. This is a typical situation in flows where the fluid velocities
are very slow, the viscosities are very large, or the length-scales of the
flow are very small

Terminal Velocity- When an object in a fluid body is subject to motion only

with the influence of gravity or in certain cases, centrifugal force, then the
body accelerates to a certain velocity when the friction and other forces
ii)

are balanced. This is the terminal velocity.

a. To show terminal velocity u = d2g(s - f)/18
In general, a particle is acted upon by the forces of gravity, buoyancy and
drag. When terminal velocity is reached, all these forces balance out.
Fd

Fb

m
The drag force of a sphere Fd= 3vd
g
Fb= Mass of fluid displaced =

4 3
r f g
3

Mass of particle= mg= 3 r p g

Then,

4 3
r p g=0
3
4 3
6 vd+ r f g
3

4 d
v=
g ( p f ) 6 d
3 2

()

4 g ( p f ) d 2 g ( p f ) d 2
v=
=
3 3 8
18
g ( p f ) d
So Terminal velocity u
18

Hence proven.

b. To show Cd= 24/Re

In 1851, Stokes solved the hydrodynamic equations of motion for a case of creep flow (slow velocity) and
derived
F= 3vd
If R is the force per unit projected
coefficient is given by,

area of the particle, and the drag

CD=

R'
[1]
2
1/2 v

Now , R' =

F 3 vd 12 v
=
=
[2]
A
d
d2

Then substituting 1 and 2 we get,

12 v
d
CD=
1/2 v 2
CD=

24
[3]
vd

But, we know,

vD

Then 3 becomes,

CD=

24

Hence proved
iii)

Given:
d = 1.5 mm
g= 2500kg/m3
w=1000kg/m3
= 1cP= 1x10-3Pa.s
When the terminal velocity is not given, the following equation is used to
give the relationship between Cd and Re. Also the Archimedes number is

(g w ) w gD 3 ( 25001000 ) 1000 9.8 (1.5 103 )3

Ar =
=
2
(1 103 )2
Ar =49612.5
Since

18< Ar<330000,

We use the Ar value chart to find the value of Reynolds number.

Re = 295
We know,

vD

1000 v ( 1.5 103 )

295=
1 103
v =0.196667 m/s
Thus the terminal velocity is 0.196667 m/s