Champion Evidence Globalization Poverty

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The$Evidence!Standard$
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Table of Contents
February 2015
Table$of$Contents$
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The0Evidence0Standard0..................................................................030
Topic0Analyses0..................................................................................070
Topic$Analysis$by$Anna$Waters$........................................................................$8$
Topic$Analysis$by$Justin$Katz!...................................................................................!18!
Topic$Analysis$by$Tim$Perevozchikov!...................................................................!34!
General0Information0.....................................................................0440
Possible0Frameworks0...................................................................0570
Pro0Arguments0with0Con0Responses0........................................0600
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Infrastructure$........................................................................................................$61!
A2$$Infrastructure$....................................................................................$65!
Medical$Infrastructure$and$Technology$.......................................................$68!
A2$$Medical$Infrastructure$and$Technology$...................................$71!
Microcredit$and$Womens$Rights$....................................................................$74!
A2$$Microcredit$and$Womens$Rights$................................................$77!
Increased$Spending$Power$and$Specialization$...........................................$81!
A2$$Increased$Spending$Power$and$Specialization$.......................$84!
Specialization$.........................................................................................................$88!
A2$$Specialization$.....................................................................................$91!
Increased$Employment$.......................................................................................$94!
A2$$Increased$Employment$...................................................................$98!
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Table of Contents
February 2015
Globalization$Spurs$Technological$Innovation$.........................................$102!
A2$$Globalization$Spurs$Technological$Innovation$....................$105!
International$Trade$Politics$Benefit$Worker$Rights$..............................$108!
A2$$International$Trade$Politics$Benefit$Worker$Rights$..........$111!
Increased$Efficiency$of$Markets$.....................................................................$114!
A2$$Increased$Efficiency$of$Markets$.................................................$118!
Increased$Competition$......................................................................................$122!
A2$$Increased$Competition$.................................................................$126!
Collaborative$Agricultural$Programs$...........................................................$129!
A2$$Collaborative$Agricultural$Programs$......................................$133!
Environmental$Justice$and$Sustainability$..................................................$137!
A2$$Environmental$Justice$and$Sustainability$..............................$141!
Capital$Flows$........................................................................................................$145!
A2$$Capital$Flows$....................................................................................$148!
Decreasing$Poverty$in$Developing$Nations$................................................$151!
A2$$Decreasing$Poverty$in$Developing$Nations$...........................$155!
Access$to$Education$............................................................................................$158!
A2$$Access$to$Education$........................................................................$162!
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Con0Arguments0with0Pro0Responses0.....................................01650
Inequality$in$the$Developing$World$.............................................................$166!
A2$Inequality$in$the$Developing$World$..........................................$171!
Globalization$harms$the$poor$through$Climate$Change$........................$174!
A2$$Globalization$harms$the$poor$through$Climate$Change$....$182!
Globalization$Increases$Exposure$to$Health$Problems$..........................$185!
A2$$Globalization$Increases$Exposure$to$Health$Problems$.....$191!
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Table of Contents
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Homogenization$of$Culture$Hurts$Impoverished$Societies$..................$194!
A2$$Homogenization$of$Culture$Hurts$Impoverished$Societies
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Food$Sovereignty$................................................................................................$202!
A2$$Food$Sovereignty$............................................................................$206!
Financial$Instability$...........................................................................................$210!
A2$$Financial$Instability$.......................................................................$214!
Drugs$Trafficking$................................................................................................$218!
A2$$Drug$trafficking$...............................................................................$222!
Double$Standards$...............................................................................................$226!
A2$$Double$Standards$...........................................................................$231!
Globalization$Displaces$the$Poor$..................................................................$235!
A2$$Globalization$Displaces$the$Poor$..............................................$243!
Corruption$Prevents$the$Benefits$from$Reaching$the$Poor$..................$246!
A2$$Corruption$Prevents$the$Benefits$from$Reaching$the$Poor
$........................................................................................................................$251!
Destruction$of$the$Agriculture$Sector$..........................................................$254!
A2$H$Destruction$of$the$Agriculture$Sector$in$Developing$Nations
$........................................................................................................................$258!
Globalization$creates$Urbanization,$which$harms$the$Poor$................$261!
A2$$Globalization$creates$Urbanization,$which$harms$the$Poor
$........................................................................................................................$268!
Globalization$only$helps$members$of$the$upper$class$...........................$271!
A2$$Globalization$only$helps$members$of$the$upper$class$.......$276!
Increased$Terrorism$..........................................................................................$279!
A2$$Increased$terrorism$.......................................................................$284!
Globalization$exploits$the$poor$through$sweatshop$labor$...................$289!
A2$$Globalization$exploits$the$poor$through$sweatshop$labor
$........................................................................................................................$294!
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Resolved: On balance, economic globalization benefits worldwide poverty reduction.
Initial Thoughts
Public Forum often deals with sad topics, like genocide, prisons, and nuclear war. Hours
and hours of research into torture practices or children killed by drones can certainly be painful
and emotional, so this topic provides a nice change of pace. The world, somewhat unbelievably,
has done an incredible job eliminating poverty. Though I will get into the specific statistics later,
the global poverty rate has essentially been cut in half in the past two decades. That is good news
however you paint it, so for once, debaters are trying to figure out why something good
happened. Whether that was entirely due to economic globalization, partly due to it, or in no way
related, is of course up for debate, but it is good news regardless.
I loved the month of February as a debater and look back on it fondly as being home to
my favorite debate experience at the Berkeley Invitational. I hope this topic brings about unique
economic and sociopolitical debate about this important issue. In democracies like ours, we often
forget about the poor because they do not have a major voice in politics. Hopefully, looking into
this topic will shed light on the importance of addressing poverty while giving debaters insight
into how to deal with this serious issue.
Major Tournaments
A major quarterfinal bid tournament that starts off the month for many debaters is the
Stanford Invitational. Nearly the entire Bay Area circuit will be there, along with many other
teams from across the West Coast. A few East Coast and Midwest teams always make an
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appearance too. Many parent and lay judges are also present that make judge adaptation
paramount. Champion Briefs writer Tim Perevozchikov has won this tournament every year for
the past three years, so unless he temporarily returns to high school, it will be exciting to see who
replaces him. The tournament also often goes late into the night so debaters should get every
wink of sleep they can get, or more reasonably just consume obscene amounts of caffeine at the
Stanford Starbucks.
Two of the largest tournaments in the country take place on the same weekend, but on
opposite sides of the countryHarvard (which I am going to leave to Justin, since he won the
tournament last year) and Berkeley. I attended the Berkeley Invitational each year and always
saw it as the most important tournament that my school attended. There will be teams from all
over the country in attendance, even from the East Coast. Normally, however, the Bay Area
circuit dominates the tournament in later rounds. The tournament has some of the highest quality
judging I experienced. A large portion of the pool is made up of college students who were exdebaters. These are either coaches for current teams or students at Berkeley and other northern
California schools. For judges like these it is vital to ensure that you keep their attention.
Speaking as a college student, we are often sleep deprived, stressed about things other than
economic globalization, or distracted. Using rhetorical techniques and clear signposting to be
sure that they can follow your speech is imperative to succeeding with these judges. Though
Berkeley has the occasional parent judge, most of the other judges present will be coaches. Many
of these coaches are progressive and can handle higher speeds or more unique, card-heavy
argumentation. The tournament also builds larger crowds as it gets deeper into out rounds, a fact
debaters should absolutely use to their advantage. Working a crowd can influence your judges
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perception of the power dynamic of the round. Finally, the most important piece of advice I have
for the tournament: eat a Nutella crepe at Crepes-a-Go-Go for me.
Resolution Analysis and Background
The first two words of this resolution should be familiar to anyone who has debated at all
this school year, especially to veteran Public Forum debaters. The NSDA has returned to its
beloved on balance weighing mechanism. Though I will get into this in more detail in the
section about framework strategy, it is important to note that debaters should pay attention to
these words, even if they have grown accustomed to them. They vocalize an observation often
implicit in Public Forum, and this should affect how debaters alter their in-round strategy.
If I had to pick two words to describe the topic debaters are debating this month, they
would be economic globalization. Though most of the literature I have encountered has had
little debate over what does and does not fall under this category, it cannot hurt to have a few
definitions on hand. Debaters may want definitions in the off chance an opponent uses an
abusive definition or if debaters want to provide background information for a lay judge. The
United Nations defines economic globalization as the increasing interdependence of world
economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services,
flow of international capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies. It reflects the continuing
expansion and mutual integration of market frontiers, and is an irreversible trend for the
economic development in the whole world at the turn of the millennium.1 Though long, aspects
of that definition like the irreversibility factor and interdependence could provide a springboard
for argument ideas. For a more specific policy-oriented definition, the World Health
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1
Shangquan, Gao. Economic Globalization: Trends, Risks and Risk Prevention. United
Nations Development Policy and Analysis Division of the Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, 2000.
<http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_background_papers/bp2000_1.pdf>
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Organization defines as economic globalization as follows: [e]conomic globalization is
generally associated with neo-liberal policies. Such policies include reductions in tariffs, the
reduction or elimination of restrictions on foreign investment, and the inclusion of services such
as banking and insurance in trade regimes.2 Debaters should keep a wide range of definitions on
hand just in case they become necessary in round, and so debaters should explore various sources
to make sure they have this term well covered.
The second key two-word term in this resolution is poverty reduction. While at first it
seems quite simple reducing poverty the term actually has a degree of uncertainty and
provides room for debaters to argue creatively. The Center for Global Development explains the
vagueness of the term, writing that:
Poverty reduction is often used as a short-hand for promoting economic growth
that will permanently lift as many people as possible over a poverty line. But
there are many different objectives that are consistent with poverty reduction,
and we have to make choices between them. There are trade-offs between tackling
current and future poverty, between helping as many poor people as possible and
focusing on those in chronic poverty, and between measures that tackle the causes
of poverty and those which deal with the symptoms.3
Essentially, poverty can be reduced in many different ways, and to many different
degrees of permanency, scope, and severity. I will discuss how this affects weighing
analysis in the Framework section, but in terms of analyzing the resolution, debaters
should be aware of the many options they have to access this impact.
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2
Globalization. World Health Organization. <http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story043/en/>
3
Barder, Owen. What Is Poverty Reduction? The Center for Global Development, April 2009.
<http://www.cgdev.org/files/1421599_file_Barder_Poverty_Reduction.pdf>
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Framework Strategy
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A return to on balance means a return to utilitarianism, though it is unlikely that many

Public Forum debaters really left it. Though there are rights-based arguments on this topic, the
vast majority of them will be strictly economic, meaning that utilitarianism probably is the
easiest way to frame this topic. Simply weighing benefits and harms to see which side comes out
on top will be the easiest and most common strategy this month. In another throwback to earlier
resolutions of the year, this resolution directs debaters to a measure for their impact. Those who
debated early this season should how the September/October topic about subsidized stadiums
topic forced debaters to relate every impact to benefitting the local community. Likewise, this
topic does not require debaters to assess whether economic globalization is good or bad
generally. Instead, it requires debaters to argue how globalization affects poverty alleviation.
Keep in mind the caveat I discussed above: there are many different shades of poverty
alleviation, and this resolution is not as narrow as it may seem.
Affirmative: Strategy and Major Arguments
Though narratives are always important, especially with lay judges, the affirmative on
this topic has a unique opportunity to tap into a specific narrative that will win rounds. Every
affirmative debater should start the round with a clear narrative in case, and ensure that the same
story is being told in Final Focus. The globalization narrative is a story supported by decades of
economic theory and empirical studies. This narratives intuitive accuracy makes it especially
successful.
Debaters should walk their judges through statistics on poverty alleviation, because the
literature definitely seems to lean Pro. Contrary to what some may think, the world has done an
unbelievable job dealing with poverty over the last few decades. In just twenty years, one billion
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people have been taken out of extreme poverty. As a share of the populations of developing
countries, the percentage of people living in extreme poverty dropped from 43% to 21% between
1990 and 2010. Over the past thirty years, 600 million Chinese people have been raised out of
poverty, reducing their extreme poverty rate from 81% to 10%4. These statistics sound
incredibleraising half of the worlds poor out of povertyand they are, but the key to winning
on the Affirmative is painting economic globalization as the key cause.
This is the part in the narrative that can be likened to a Choose Your Own Adventure
book. There are many mechanisms by which economic globalization could lead to poverty
alleviation. Increasingly open markets could make the global economy more efficient5, allowing
for greater competition and specialization. Globalization could increase employment rates6 or
wages7, or decrease the cost of goods8. It could lead to greater rights for women, and economic
inequality between women and men can certainly be viewed as a root cause of poverty9.
Globalization could lead to more sharing of technologies between countries, thereby making
them all more efficient and allowing for the poor to benefit. The economic interdependence
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4
Towards the End of Poverty. The Economist, June 1 2013.
<http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21578665-nearly-1-billion-peoplehave-been-takenout-extreme-poverty-20-years-world-should-aim>
5
Gerber, David. Global Competition: Law, Markets, and Globalization. Oxford
University Press. January 26, 2012.
<http://books.google.com/books/about/Global_Competition.html?id=OGFONMmRZoC>
6
Rama, Martin. Globalization and Workers in Developing Countries. World
Bank, January 2003. <http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/pdf/10.1596/1813-94502958>
7
Thompson, Roberts. Globalization and the benefits of trade. Chicago Fed
Letter, March 2007. <https://www.chicagofed.org/~/media/publications/chicagofedletter/2007/cflmarch2007-236-pdf.pdf>
8
Pain, Nigel. Globalisation and OECD Consumer Price Inflation. OECD, 2008.
<http://www.oecd.org/eco/42503918.pdf>
9
Gender and Poverty Reduction. United Nations Development Programme.
<http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ourwork/povertyreduction/focus_areas/focus_gend
er_and_poverty/>
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created by globalization could mitigate poverty, as could better energy security and education.
Regardless of the mechanism debaters choose, they must remember that the end of every
argument must include a link to poverty alleviation. While that link could come from within the
economic globalization literature, it could also simply be evidence that gainful employment10 or
gender equality11 are effective strategies for eliminating poverty. This narrative is convincing
and clear, so sticking to this general strategy is by far the best way for debaters to succeed on the
affirmative.
Negative: Strategy and Major Arguments
On the other hand, the negative strategy should focus on poking holes in the narrative of
the affirmative, mainly in the alleged causation between economic globalization and poverty
alleviation. I personally think it would not be strategic to argue that there has not been a major
reduction in poverty over the past two decades, since the statistics are relatively conclusive with
regard to that12. However, there is plenty of room to argue an alternate causality for poverty
alleviation of the past few decades, or to argue that current poverty alleviation has been
accompanied by major disadvantages that make it unsuccessful in the long run.
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10
Malhotra, Kamal. Making Globalization Work for the Least Developed
Countries. United Nations Development Programme, 2010.
<http://www.unohrlls.org/UserFiles/File/Publications/LDC/LDCs_Istanbul_ENG
LISH_final.pdf>
11
Virgi, Sajan. Gender Inequality & Cultural Norms & Values: Root Causes Preventing Girls
from Exiting a Life of Poverty. McGill University, October 2012.
<http://www.worldwewant2015.org/pt-br/node/284178>
12
It is worth noting the relatively immense literature discussing the inability of statistics to paint
an accurate picture of actual poverty whether because statistics can be inaccurate (China
artificially inflates its employment rate), misleading (a constant poverty line is easier to cross as
inflation decreases the buying power of individual units of currency) or simply absent (there is
little interest and even less fiscal investment in accurately measuring the contours of extreme
poverty in rural areas most numbers in the literature are crude estimates).
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One way to do this is by looking specifically at a historical timeline. According to an
excellent study by Pranab Bardhan which examined poverty alleviation in China:

The more important reason for the large decline of poverty over the last
three decades may actually lie elsewhere. The annual national poverty estimates
as well as World Bank estimates referred to above show that the largest part of
the decline in poverty already happened by the mid-1980s, before the big strides
in foreign trade and investment in China in the 1990s and later.13
He goes on to give three potential alternate causalities to this decline, all of which are
completely unrelated to globalization. Bardhan notes that extreme poverty was concentrated in
the agricultural sector, and then suggests that rapid agricultural growth, land reform, and
variation in farm procurement prices could have all led to this poverty reduction. These and
other similar alternate causes are key to showing that the affirmatives narrative is flawed.
Forcing the affirmative to show how their studies control for alternative factors puts them on the
defensive, and it puts Con teams in a position to identify the affirmative argument as a classic
example of correlation without causation.
The other crux of the negative strategy relies on combatting the Pros specific
mechanisms for poverty alleviation through economic globalization. The literature is relatively
balanced in these areas, especially with respect to arguments which are primarily economic. The
Con side can argue that economic globalization raises prices14, or that the decrease in prices
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13
Bardhan, Pranab. Poverty and Inequality in China and India: Elusive Link with
Globalisation. Economic and Political Weekly, September 2007.
<http://eml.berkeley.edu/~webfac/bardhan/papers/poverty.pdf>
14
Sbordone, Argia. Globalization and Inflation Dynamics: The Impact of Increased
Competition. Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports, April 2008.
<http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/staff_reports/sr324.pdf >
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caused by globalization is actually harmful to the poor . Con teams can also discuss harms to
human rights for workers, arguing that the conditions of the new jobs are so deplorable that the
jobs are not beneficial to the poor on balance. Though some evidence may suggest globalization
benefits the poor, Con teams can certainly seek out the potential flaws in the story and cast doubt
on the Pro sides confident narrative. Another side to this argument that is important to touch on
is income inequality, though I cannot guarantee how it will play out in debate rounds. The topic
literature is almost entirely conclusive that globalization increases income inequality16. However,
income inequalitys relation to poverty alleviation is less clear. Though few will argue that
income inequality is good, it may not inherently be detrimental to poverty alleviation. The rich
may be getting richer at a faster rate than the poor, but the poor may also be getting richer as
well. Thus, income inequality can definitely be a factor of Con cases as a disadvantage of
globalization, but how it plays out in terms of linking to poverty alleviation could occur in many
different ways.
Final Thoughts
I am excited about this month and this topic for Public Forum debate, and I hope debaters
are as well. On both sides, debaters should avoid getting bogged down in the specifics of
economic policy, and stick to clear narratives that judges will remember if they want to succeed
on either side. This resolution should be fascinating because there are many different ways
debaters can argue either side. Because the topic is so broad in scope, it should lead to interesting
debates about an incredibly important subject matter. I am so excited to see what debaters come
up with.
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15
Walker, Cheryl. Benefits of inflation. Wake Forest University, April 19 2011.
<http://news.wfu.edu/2011/04/19/benefits-of-inflation/>
16
Markovich, Steven J. The Income Inequality Debate. Council on Foreign
Relations, February 3 2014. < http://www.cfr.org/united-states/incomeinequalitydebate/p29052>
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Anna
About&Anna&Waters&
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Anna attended and debated for Presentation High School in Northern California. She
began her Public Forum career in her sophomore year and earned eight TOC bids, qualifying to
the Tournament of Champions in both her junior and senior years, when she made it to the
octofinal round. She also won the 2014 Berkeley Invitational and advanced to elimination rounds
at Harker, Apple Valley, Arizona State University, James Logan, Stanford, and the Berkeley
Round Robin. She is excited to work at the Champion Briefs Institute this summer to share her
passion for debate with others. Anna will be studying journalism at Northwestern University in
the fall.
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Introduction
This topic grapples with a truly worldwide question that shapes the legacy of 21st century
progress and involves all strata of society. Because of the topics breadth, debaters must
construct precise arguments while remembering that their conclusions must apply to a diverse
group of international actors. The resolutions wording is straightforward enough to largely
eliminate sticky framework debates, but simultaneously broad enough to enable creative
argumentation. Each side has considerable strength. Most international trade economists would
probably agree that globalization facilitates poverty reduction, but critics may point to oftendeplorable working conditions, flailing local enterprise, and mounds of capital accumulated at
the hands of international corporations. Critics may accurately decry globalization as an engine
of exploitation, not empowerment. As debaters progress in their research, they will likely find
that the empirical literature strongly supports the Pro side, while the literature supporting the Con
includes more engaging narratives. Put simply, know the strengths and weaknesses of each
position, and understand how they might be perceived as a round progresses. Debates will never
be boring or repetitive, and hopefully will represent an honest reflection of how the economic
trends of the last decades have affected the world.
Background and Definitions
The fall of the Soviet Union ended any cohesive global resistance to market systems
modeled on the United States economy. At the same time, rapid technological development
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enabled both producers and consumers to interact on a truly global basis. Shipping costs
collapsed, computers became cheap enough to allow instantaneous communication, and
increasingly global corporations began to penetrate newly competitive markets. National borders
became less and less important to the global economy, and producers took advantage of new
technology to coordinate worldwide production. Organizations like the International Monetary
Fund pushed for an end to protectionist trade policies that hindered cross-boarder exchange of
goods. Made in China became the norm. Broadly speaking, economic globalization is the
convergence of these trends: the worldwide spread of market-based economic systems, enabled
by cheap communication and transportation, that allows both production and consumption to
extend beyond national borders.17
For all intents and purposes, economic globalization basically means the promotion of
free trade policies, otherwise known as economic liberalization. Promoting free trade typically
involves removing the barriers that countries put in place to prevent foreign companies from
accessing their markets. For example, if the United States wants to prevent Japanese automobile
companies from selling cars in the US, the government could either ban imports, or impose
import tariffs so high that the Japanese company would either have to pay the tax and lose
money on each car sold, or charge such high prices that US consumers would never buy their
cars. Regardless, the effect is the same: the Japanese companies would not be able to access the
US car market. Conversely, the US could impose an export tariff on American car manufacturers
if the government wanted to prevent American companies from selling their goods in other
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17
Shangquan, Gao. "Economic Globalization: Trends, Risks and Risk Prevention." UN
Development Policy and Analysis Division, 2000. Accessed January 4, 2015.
http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_background_papers/bp2000_1.pdf.
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markets. Besides import and export tariffs, countries may also heavily tax, regulate, or outright
ban foreign direct investment, whereby a foreign company provides a domestic company with
capital in exchange for a share in their company. In the last several decades, governments across
the globe have eliminated such protectionist policies, either through multilateral trade
agreements, in which countries mutually agree to lower barriers, or through international
organizations, like the IMF. As market barriers melted away, economic globalization
accelerated.
With transportation and communication costs continuing to fall, corporations have
increasingly sought after labor in international markets to reduce production costs. When
companies no longer face import and export tariffs, companies can move their goods across
borders with ease, allowing them to cheaply manufacture goods in one country and sell those
goods in another. Since workers in developing countries are typically willing to work for much
less than workers in the developed world, corporations moved production away from the United
States and Europe to Asia and Latin America in a trend known as outsourcing. Economic
globalization meant that making a product oversees and shipping it to a developed economy cost
less than producing in the developed economy itself. Importantly, economic globalization has
consequences for the citizens of well-established economies as well.
Clearly, economic globalization is quite a loaded term, one that has countless facets that
debaters should by all means explore. Luckily, worldwide poverty reduction is a little bit
simpler. The World Bank puts the international poverty line at about $1.25 per day, while
recognizing that the exact number varies from country to country.18 By that measure, the number
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See for a broader discussion of how to measure the poverty line: Econ.worldbank.org,. 2015.
'Research - World BankS $1.25/Day Poverty Measure- Countering The Latest Criticisms'. Accessed
January 4
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of people living in poverty has been cut in half from 1990 to 2010. Speaking less statistically,
the important thing to remember is that the resolution does not ask for the effects of globalization
to be measured in total increases in income. Rather, it asks how globalization has affected the
bottom echelon of societies across the world.
Framing the Round
The framework for this resolution is fairly straightforward. The on balance, combined
with the benefits wording, implies a cost-benefit analysis. Since the resolution only asks about
globalizations effect on worldwide poverty reduction, debaters only really have one type of
impact to weigh.
The one interesting framework point that debaters should consider is how exactly to
classify benefits worldwide poverty reduction. In the simplest sense, the clause could just be
talking about whether globalization lowers or increases poverty rates themselves. However,
debaters could interpret worldwide poverty reduction as a reference to global efforts to reduce
poverty. Interpreted that way, the resolution might take a slightly different tilt. Even if economic
globalization hurts the economies of certain countries in the short term, if globalization facilitates
second-wave, third party poverty reduction efforts, then the Pro would win. For example,
economic globalization might lead to income inequality in India, but, if globalization also
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2015. http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/0,,contentMDK:225
10787~pagePK:64165401~piPK:64165026~theSitePK:469382,00.html
19
Worldbank.org,. 2015. 'Poverty Overview'. Accessed January 4
2015. http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview
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bolsters Goldman Sachs profits enough to induce the company to fund their microloan program
for the Indian rural poor20, then globalization may still benefit poverty reduction.
Also keep in mind that to access a weighable impact, the resolution really only requires
some link between economic globalization as a phenomenon and poverty reduction. The link
does not necessarily have to be direct: debaters should definitely explore spillover benefits. For
example, economic globalization includes greater worldwide communication. More advanced
communication systems have social effects that extend beyond the economic sphere. However,
those social effects may, in turn, affect poverty rates across the world. I only mention this sort of
argument here, because at first glance it seems like the topic excludes such analysis. Including
that sort of argument is the type of framework debate that no one should shy away from, since it
is an easy one to win.
One last note on framework concerns the way that examples of specific countries or
regions should be treated in round. It will probably be tempting to cite in-depth analysis of the
way that economic globalization affects individual nations, so tempting that examples may turn
into entire contentions that only examine one country. The strategic draw is clear debaters can
become experts on those countries, and beat their ill-prepared opponents easily. I would advise
against this approach, because is does not holistically examine the topic. If this sort of
argumentation comes up, debaters should treat it as a framework issue. While citing examples of
the effects of economic globalization in specific countries is necessary to bring color to each
sides narrative, benefits or harms accrued to one country cannot indicate worldwide effects on
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20
Nayak, Abhay, 2014. 'IFC And Goldman Sachs Launch Rs 3600 Crore Fund For Women'. India
Microfinance. Accessed January 5 2015. http://indiamicrofinance.com/ifc-goldman-sachs-10000-womenfemale-entrepreneurs.html.
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poverty. The resolution asks for a global analysis, and so observations, probably most useful at
the top of a rebuttal, should demand as much from their opponents case.
Arguments Pro
There are three lines of argumentation on Pro: poverty reduction due to increased
production efficiency, poverty reduction due to better consumption opportunities, and spillover
benefits.
The core analysis that drives arguments behind economic globalization is the law of
comparative advantage. Developed by British economist David Ricardo in the early 19th century,
the principle explains how free trade can benefit all economies, even smaller, developing ones.
Consider two economies, the United States and Australia:
US
Australia
Guns
100
60
Crocodile Handbags
90
80
In this example, both economies are devoting equal shares of their workforce to produce
the only two goods that either country cares about, guns and crocodile-skin handbags. As the
chart shows, the US economy is overall more productive than the Australian one. Intuitively, the
US should produce for itself and close off any trade with the Australian market. However, such
an outcome will not lead to the best results for both countries. While the US has the absolute
advantage in production, Australia has a comparative advantage in producing handbags that is,
the country is comparatively more productive when its workforce makes handbags instead of
guns. Similarly, when the US devotes resources to making handbags, its workers are
comparatively less productive. If the two countries are allowed to trade, then the following,
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somewhat counterintuitive result ensues. Each country should devote all its resources to doing
what it does best. For the US, that means making tons of guns; for Australia, that means making
as many crocodile handbags as possible. Then, the countries should trade for the other good.
Under this scheme, total production increases, since each countrys entire workforce is devoted
to making what that country can produce most readily. The nations greater stock of national
product can then be used to trade and obtain whatever else the country needs for its economy.
Of course, in the real world it is rarely as simple as guns and handbags. Yet today,
countries certainly have various advantages. For example, countries like the US, with a relatively
solid educational system, have a workforce well suited for the service sector. By contrast,
countries like Nicaragua and Bangladesh have a surplus of low skilled workers willing to work
in manufacturing. Although the US could certainly produce all the manufactured goods it needs,
it is in its best interest, and in the best interest of the capital-starved countries without the
capacity to produce what they need, for the US to ditch manufacturing and focus on providing
services. Nicaragua is best served when it has a booming domestic manufacturing industry, an
end it can only achieve if developed countries like the United States provide them with a market
in which to sell. Economic globalization enables this trade to take place. The US can provide
services in the form of development and design for manufactured goods, while Nicaragua can
provide the labor needed to actually make the goods. Without trade barriers, both countries can
boost their national production, providing greater employment and, hopefully, less poverty for
everyone. In developing economies, where the working poor cannot hope to compete with the
high-skilled services provided by developed economies, globalization permits everyone,
regardless of their skill or education level, to get a job in which they can prosper. In that way, the
production boost provided by globalization facilitates poverty reduction.
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There are other links from production increases to poverty reduction, including increases
in national wealth that facilitate domestic poverty reduction programs, greater urbanization and
income mobility, and higher wages for the employees of more profitable companies. Do not
forget that the production increases also benefit developed economies as well: in the example
above, larger corporate profits enable companies to expand their service sector employment in
the home country, meaning more, higher-paying jobs for the American poor.
Economic globalization also benefits poverty reduction by improving opportunities for
consumers. The effect is different in developing and developed countries, but poverty should go
down in both. In developed countries, more efficient international trade increases the purchasing
power of consumers. Purchasing power is the amount of goods that can be bought by one dollar
(or whatever denomination of currency). When purchasing power increases, each persons
income goes further, so people can maintain a higher standard of living while saving more.
Economic globalization increases purchasing power, in simple terms, because resources are
transferred from where they are plentiful to where they are scarce. The US has a lot of capital,
and Taiwan has a lot of labor. Capital is worth more to the Taiwanese than labor, and vice versa
for Americans. By trading the resources, the price of labor declines for the United States, and the
price of capital goes down for the Taiwanese as the resources become less scarce in both
countries. In other words, labor-intensive goods, like T-shirts, become cheaper for Americans,
whereas in Taiwan, entrepreneurs can more easily expand their businesses. While the effect in
Taiwan may primarily benefit producers, the effect in the US enables the working poor to stretch
their budgets further. For the purposes of a debate round, it may make sense to just point out that
economic globalization gives developed countries access to markets where consumer goods can
be produced for less due to lower labor input costs, it is important to understand the underlying
concept in more depth.
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In the developing world, consumer benefits come about in a slightly different manner.
Globalization typically means that developing markets have greater access to worldwide
technological improvements than they would otherwise. As a result, consumers benefit from
newfound access to technologies like computers and the Internet, along with information like
new agricultural techniques. The Internet in particular is an important tool for empowering the
impoverished in the developing world. Worldwide communication capacity enables the poor to
access everything from education resources to microfinance opportunities. In that way,
accelerated flow of information, particularly to those in the developed world, fights poverty.
The last category of globalization benefits stems from spillover effects. For this sort of
argument, debaters should search for potential sociological or political benefits of greater
technological and communications advancement worldwide. For example, greater ease of
communication might facilitate political revolution against tyrannical leaders who fleece the
poor. In that way, economic globalization might circuitously empower the impoverished. I will
not list out all the possibilities here, but this type of argument is one everyone ought to consider.
Arguments Con
Con arguments broadly fall into three categories: the ways in which economic
globalization is exploitative, how it reduces global production, and how it primarily benefits the
wealthy.
Both countries and corporations, egged on by short-term profit motives, exploit human
and natural resources in an effort to keep up in a ruthless international marketplace. Exploiting
human resources typically involves corporations taking advantage of lax labor regulations and
minimum wage laws to lure underpaid workers into deplorable conditions. National governments
often aid and abet this process, by encouraging citizens in rural areas to migrate to urban slums
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in a shortsighted effort to attract more foreign direct investment. Where once workers could
make a living through sustenance farming, they now have to scrape by with their entire family
working fourteen-hour shifts in unventilated sweatshops.
Countries can also exploit natural resources. The law of comparative advantage can
inadvertently hurt a country if their comparative advantage lies in a resource like oil or
phosphorous. In the short term, the extraction of such resources often results in more labor
violations, displacement of people from their homes, and diversion of economic resources away
from human development, all of which exacerbate poverty. In the long term, an economy
dependent on natural resource production often fails to provide for those at the bottom. For
example, countries with massive oil wealth often suffer from Dutch disease, where the extreme
profitability of the oil industry crowds out development in others. Although the mechanisms
behind the phenomenon are somewhat complex, the basic idea is that an oil-rich country sees the
collapse of domestic manufacturing and dependence on the oil industry. Since oil only employs a
few executives and a handful of unskilled workers, the vast majority of a countrys people teeter
on the brink of poverty. Although most prominent with oil, economic globalization threatens any
country that is rich in natural resources.
Another casualty of economic globalization is the collapse of domestic industry. With
lowered trade barriers, corporations raised in the womb of developed economies can flood
foreign markets with cheap, high quality goods with which domestic manufacturers cannot
compete. In the short-term, the law of comparative advantage would demonstrate that this
outcome is efficient, but in the long-term, it means that, worldwide, there will be fewer firms
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21
See Chinas forced urbanization program and its effects: Asia Society,. 2015. 'Interview: Will
Forced Urbanization In China Create A New 'Permanent Underclass'?'. Accessed January 6 2015.
http://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/interview-will-forced-urbanization-china-create-new-permanentunderclass.
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competing, innovating, and producing products for the global economy. At the same time,
domestic workers get deprived of the jobs provided when a country has a budding, bustling, and
competitive national economy. Both increase poverty, both by lowering the number of consumer
choices and slashing the income of unskilled workers.
Perhaps the most important Con argument is that economic globalization only exists for
the benefit of the wealthy. By this analysis, globalization primarily benefits corporations, which
will siphon off as much cash as possible from budding, unprotected economies. Operating
without borders and enjoying massive profits, these corporations can manipulate the political
systems in developing countries to boost their bottom line. In the developed world, these
companies move their operations offshore, leaving millions jobless. In the developing world, the
companies manipulate workers into wage slavery, ensuring that the increased profits never
trickle down to those who need the money most. In this way, economic globalization only
exacerbates global income inequality, inequality that, in the immediate future, drives the poor
more deeply into poverty, and, later down the road, will spell global economic disaster.22
Strategy Pro
Most of the information that I provided in the Arguments section is too complex to
attempt to explain in a debate round. However, the most important thing on Pro is to have a solid
background and baseline understanding of all the economic issues at play in the round. While it
likely is not in debaters best interest to try to explain the law of comparative advantage during a
40-minute debate round, understanding the concepts will enable debaters to think about the
strategic interactions of the economic analysis that comes to light. Having an intricate
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22
For more information, I would highly recommend reading excerpts from Thomas Pikettys
book, Capital in the Twenty-First Century.
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understanding of the economic theory will put some force behind the empirical supports that
should, by all means, be used throughout the round.
Debaters should have three levels of understanding prepared before they approach the Pro
side. First, the theoretical understanding I discussed above. Second, an arsenal of explanatory
tools that makes the theory accessible for any judge. There are two important points to keep in
mind when constructing this arsenal. One, try to avoid laissez-faire buzzwords like trickledown, invisible hand, and maximum efficiency, as they will mark debaters, for many
judges, as calculating capitalists, interested in only helping those the system already benefits.
Instead, talk about best outcomes, and place special emphasis on the benefits accrued to the
underdogs. Two, use an understanding of economic theory to build credibility. If it appears as
though a debater knows what she is talking about, then a judge will be more likely to take what
she says for granted, even without completely understanding the particulars of the argument.
Such credibility should be accumulated especially during crossfire, where perception matters
most and debaters can catch their opponents in their own ignorance. Lastly, debaters need clear
and holistic empirics as to how various facets of globalization help the poor. I suggest looking
for studies commissioned by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, as those will
simultaneously skew towards the Pro while probably including a vast number of countries.
As for adapting arguments into a case structure, there are two considerations to keep in
mind. First, the Pro needs to overcome the strategic deficit of lacking moving narratives of how
incredible globalization is. Pro teams, particularly in lay rounds, should point out the simple fact
that, as globalization has accelerated, people throughout the world have become better off.
Poverty has been slashed in two, more people have access to the Web, and the global standard of
living has skyrocketed. Those simple facts, supported by compelling statistics, turn the barrier
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back on the Con side. Second, Pro teams must spell out, very clearly and simply, the warrants
behind their analysis. The round will be won or lost in the warrants, and, with a topic as broad as
this one, the warrants need to be well differentiated and precise. One case organization suited to
lay rounds might break up the arguments in the way that I did above: globalization benefits
poverty reduction by bolstering production, improving consumption, and providing spillover
effects. This organization plays on a judges understanding of basic economic principles, seems
all-inclusive, enables debates to craft a coherent narrative of the varied mechanisms by which
economic globalization fights poverty. A more technical organization might make the distinction
between developed and developing countries, examining the different forces at play within each.
On face, this case also seems holistic, but has the added benefit of tricking the Con into
disregarding some of the impacts to developed countries, since they will likely respond by saying
the poor in developed countries are much better off than the poor in the developing world and
thus deserve comparatively less attention. This somewhat flippant response will deter them from
engaging in some of the warranting within that contention. However, much of the underlying
logic of the contentions overlaps, so conceding analysis in one bolsters the analysis in the
second. Also, examining the poor in developed countries will likely be a somewhat
unconventional approach, one better suited to judges that will accept anything.
Strategy Con
The Con has two strategic advantages. First, the strength of the narratives Con teams can
spin; second, the benefit of long-term analysis.
For the first advantage, in lay cases, debaters should explain in grotesque detail the
human cost of economic globalization. The Pros number crunching will seem irrelevant next to
horrifying descriptions of the urban slums and sweatshops that are the offspring of economic
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globalization. It will probably not be difficult to find evidence that global companies are in it for
themselves, and do their best to squeeze as much money out of developing economies as they
can. The Con case can become a story of how economic globalization is a mechanism for the
powerful to exert their will over the weak. Developed nations use organizations like the IMF and
the World Bank to force weak economies to bend to their will, opening up their markets only to
be bled dry and left helpless. Under this system, the weakest of all, the poor, have no hope.
The second advantage is best deployed in technical rounds, as it might be unappealing to
judges wary of suspiciously useful framing devices. Many of the arguments I discussed above
make the important distinction between the effects that globalization has in the short term with
the negative effects that may materialize in the long term. Economic globalization is a relatively
recent phenomenon, only reaching maturity about 25 years ago. Therefore, if Con teams provide
strong reasoning as to why, in the long run, globalization may hurt the poor, the Con can refute
almost all of Pros statistics. The Con can point out that the studies used by the Pro are within the
time frame in which the benefits of globalization are apparent, but not the costs. If that is the
case, then the statistics show no real on-balance benefit at all. Building a case that sneaks in
long-term warrants will serve debaters well for an overview in rebuttal that makes much of the
Pro evidence largely irrelevant.
Lastly, Con teams should chip away at some of the links that the Pro provides between
globalization itself, economic benefits, and poverty reduction. More likely than not, many of
them will probably assume, either implicitly or explicitly, that economic growth will inevitably
reduce poverty. By pointing that out, and by attaching some unappealing laissez-faire labels like
trickle-down to the arguments, entire contentions can be disarmed without much engagement.
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Adapting throughout the Month

I have only ever attended one circuit tournament in February, and that is the Harvard
Invitational. Harvard is the single biggest tournament of the year, and it is always exciting.
Everyone goes, and that means that debaters will encounter all manner of styles, skill levels, and
judges. Adaptation is the most important factor at Harvard, as the judge pool can be
unpredictable. The sheer size of the tournament also means that its three days are a marathon,
during which teams should prepare responses to the new arguments they hear floating around,
particularly with such a broad topic. The same weekend is also Berkeley, which I have heard is a
great tournament as well. Notably, there are eight preliminary rounds, so even if debaters do not
break, they are sure to get in plenty of practice. I have also heard that the Stanford Invitational,
which falls slightly earlier in the month, is a solid tournament with a relatively heavy LD and
Policy-oriented judging pool.
This topic is going to be awesome. I have never been as excited for any resolution as I am
for this one.
Good Luck!
Justin Katz
About Justin Katz
Justin Katz attended Durham Academy and competed for four years in Public Forum Debate. He
was a finalist at the Glenbrooks Invitational Tournament, a two-time semifinalist at the Laird
Lewis Invitational, and repeatedly reached the octofinals round at Yale, Wake, and the
University of Florida Blue Key Tournament. Justin placed in the Top 30 at NFL Nationals as a
two-time qualifier. Additionally, he was a two-time finalist at the National Public Forum
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Challenge, placed second at the Florida Blue Key Round Robin, and was a top-ten speaker at
Harvard, Yale, and the Glenbrooks. In North Carolina, he was ranked first in the state his Junior
year, finishing as a quarterfinalist, finalist, and champion at the state tournament. He amassed a
total of seven bids to the Tournament of Champions, and was ranked as Top Ten in the country
by both the National Forensics League and Debaterankings.com.
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The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the
entire surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, and establish
connections everywhere.23
- Karl Marx on the spread of capitalism through globalization
Past February resolutions, ranging from the rise of China to voting right in the United
States, have tackled issues that impact the social fabric of our daily lives and this resolution is
no different. The resolution sets up a debate that will heavily involve empirical literature and
convoluted economic jargon. The teams that will be most successful on this topic will go beyond
simple statistic slinging and have a firm grasp of the warrants for their arguments. As the month
progresses and you become increasingly familiar with different author names and studies, be
careful not to under explain the logic behind the evidence because the judge is most likely not an
expert on economic globalization.
Major Tournaments
February is a month filled with large national tournaments and plenty of bid opportunities
for debaters looking to secure a spot at the TOC. Top universities including Harvard on the East
Coast and Berkley and Stanford on the West Coast host some of the largest tournaments of the
year. Unlike past years, the Stanford tournament will now be held during the first week of
February. The early nature of the Stanford tournament likely means that many debaters will
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23!http://www.isreview.org/issues/56/feat7grossman.shtml!
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scramble to find lots of empirical evidence without a strong understanding of why that evidence
is true. It will be advantageous for debaters to create a strong core of statistics that address
various arguments. For each statistic, debaters should have a team member write up a brief
summary of how and why the author concluded the way he or she did. That way you have a
clear, succinct explanation you can use in close rounds to explain the argument.
The judge pool at Stanford is also quite unique. Many students and residents of the area
are hired as judges. Many have not previously been exposed to the debate community. These
students and residents are typically intelligent and engaged listeners, but they may not be
familiar with the speed or jargon that debaters use. Especially at this tournament, I recommend
asking the judge for preferences, and then adapting to his or her comments. Generally, the field
is primarily filled by debaters from California and its surrounding states. However, geographic
diversity has increased in the past few years because the tournament has was granted an octofinal
level bid to the TOC. Finally, while preliminary round judges will range from coaches to local
students, the panels in out rounds are generally comprised of coaches and members of the
Stanford debate team. These panels are more flow, but debaters should nonetheless emphasize
clarity in their analysis because this will be the first time debaters actually debate the topic.
The Harvard Tournament, run by the Harvard College Parliamentary Debate Team, is
also unique in several ways. First, the pool is likely the largest you will encounter in the year,
excluding the National Tournament in Dallas. While most teams will come from the Eastern
Coast, many of the Midwestern teams will travel to participate in the tournament. To
accommodate the enormous number of debaters, the judge pool will often include many alumni,
team members, and coaches. Generally, the break at Harvard excludes some 4-2 teams from
elimination rounds. Harvard also has a large downtime between rounds at Harvard. Debaters
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should spend that time looking up the arguments and authors that their opponents read against
them. These debaters will have the highest speaker points and will be most likely to clear to
elimination rounds. Elimination round panels are generally composed of former alumni and
current coaches. As a result, elimination round debates typically become more technical.
Topicality & Background
On first glance, the plain meaning of the resolution seems apparent. The affirmative must
prove that economic globalization reduces worldwide poverty; the negative must show that
globalization has not reduced worldwide poverty. However, a deeper examination is necessary to
understand the nuances of the resolution. First, debaters need an understanding of the
resolutional phrase economic globalization. Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye argue that:
Globalism is a state of the world involving networks of interdependence at multicontinental distances. The linkages occur through flows and influences of capital and
goods, information and ideas, and people and forces, as well as environmentally and
biologically relevant substances . Globalization and deglobalization refer to the increase
or decline of globalism.24
However, the resolution is less broad that the above definition because the resolution
limits debaters to economic globalization. Nye and Keohane claim that:
Economic globalism involves long-distance flows of goods, services, and capital, as
well as the information and perceptions that accompany market exchange. It also involves the
organization of the processes that are linked to these flows, such as the organization of low-wage
production in Asia for the U.S. and European markets... Social and cultural globalism involves
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!http://www.asu.edu/courses/pos445/Keohane%20and%20Nye77
Globalization%20What%27s%20New%3F%20%20What%27s%20Not%3F.pdf!
24
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the movement of ideas, information, images, and people (who, of course, carry ideas and
information with them). Examples include the movement of religions or the diffusion of scientific
knowledge. An important facet of social globalism involves the imitation of one society's
practices and institutions by others: what some sociologists refer to as "isomorphism.
These definitions matter because they limit the potential scope of advantage areas that
debaters can claim. For example, if either team claims that economic globalization involves
technological innovation, the response is clear: this innovation stems from social and cultural
globalism, and therefore is not topical.
It is also necessary to understand the causes of globalization in order to understand how
globalization operates in its current form. In the late 1970s, former chairmen of the Federal
Reserve Paul Volcker increased interest rates on debt owed by developing countries. These
developing countries did not have the capital necessary to service this debt, and as a result turned
to the IMF for short-term emergency loans. In order to secure these loans, the IMF required that
nations accept certain conditions and policies that have become known as Structural Adjustment
Policies (SAPS). These conditions included opening markets to foreign goods and investment,
privatizing utilities and public-sector firms, prioritizing export production of goods to pay back
debt, and devaluing the currency to be competitive on international markets. These policies were
accompanied by the spread of capital from the Global South to the Global North. Modern
globalization involves developing nations trading with developed nations, which has served to
unleash the power of capitalism on societies.
Finally, debaters need to clearly define the scope and parameters of worldwide poverty
reduction. Many individuals assume that poverty merely refers to the income of an individual.
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While income plays a role in determining poverty, poverty encompasses more than simple
economics. The United Nations defines poverty as
a denial of choices and opportunities, a[nd] [a] violation of human
dignity. It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It
means not having enough to feed and cloth [sic] a family, not having a school or
clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow ones food or a job to earn
ones living, not having access to credit. It means insecurity, powerlessness and
exclusion of individuals, households and communities. It means susceptibility to
violence, and it often implies living on marginal or fragile environments, without
access to clean water or sanitation
This definition expands the scope of the debate beyond merely economic terms. Debaters
can argue that access to food, economic aid, and capital have collectively improved the quality of
life for millions of people. For that reason, debaters should always check the measure of poverty
that each author uses. While some studies will use a metric of $1.50 per day as the bright line for
living in poverty, others might use $1.00. In these cases, debaters need to make clear
comparative analysis so the judge is not left to weigh incomparable studies.
Framework
This topic is well suited to analysis that compares a world with economic globalization to
a world where globalization is absent25. Because the February resolution contains vague phrases,
it is important for debaters to clearly define economic globalization, and poverty reduction.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!It!is!worth!noting!that!this!framework!might!be!abusive,!inaccurate,!and!ridiculous!because!it!is!impossible!to!coherently!establish!the!
ways!in!which!societies!would!have!otherwise!developed!absent!globalization.!It!is!clearly!a!mistake!to!suggest!that!they!would!have!
remained!frozen!in!time!for!four!decades!but!it!is!simultaneously!impossible!to!imagine!the!complex!economic!systems!that!would!have!
otherwise!developed!in!the!absence!of!economic!globalization.!Still,!as!far!as!cheap!debate!tricks!go,!this!framework!might!win!some!
ballots.!
25
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When specifically defining benefits and harms to worldwide poverty reduction, debaters clarify
how judges should weigh different harms. For example, if the affirmative shows that ten million
people were barely lifted above the poverty line as a result of globalization, while the negative
proves that two million people below the poverty line saw a dramatic decrease in their living
standard, debaters need to explain who wins and why. Weighing analysis will serve both to
eliminate the judges potential misconceptions about the topic, and will allow debaters to be
clear with their arguments. Debaters should be careful to avoid defining poverty in ways that are
inconsistent with the definitions of poverty in the literature they cite.
Affirmative Strategy Considerations
The affirmative on first glance seems to have the advantage in the debate. Countless
studies indicate that millions have been lifted out of poverty since globalization began to spread
rapidly in the late 1970s. However, difficulty arises when studies attempt to prove that
globalization is the cause of poverty reduction. Debaters should emphasize small link stories and
clear cause and effect arguments. For example, an argument which claims that globalization has
allowed for cheaper production of goods as a result of outsourcing manufacturing operations
abroad is a much clearer argument than the claim that globalization led to the spread of
capitalism in China, which in turn forced Chinese businesses to revolutionize their methods as a
result of higher competition, which then in turn made production of goods much cheaper. While
the second argument may very well be true, it requires more time and results in less clarity about
what globalization actually caused.
When considering case construction, the affirmative team has a diverse range of
arguments and impacts that it can choose to run. First, the affirmative can make the debate
exclusively about the economics of poverty. This means that the affirmative should define what
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the poverty line is in terms of some numeric metric (i.e., less than a dollar per day or thirty
dollars per month). These teams should make arguments relating to the improved economic
conditions that globalization has brought. Be sure not to list generic metrics like GDP growth
because they are not necessarily indicative of poverty reduction. Rather, debaters need to focus
specifically on the gains that globalization has brought to persons in poverty.
A second strategy for the affirmative is to focus the debate more on quality of life. This
strategy requires the affirmative to use a broader definition of poverty. It also provides the
strategic advantage of accessing a larger base of impacts and arguments. Greater argument
breadth means that negative teams will be less likely to reach into the block file and respond with
a simple block. The downside of such a strategy, however, is that the debate can become messy
and may lack direct argument clash. If the negative defines the resolution in terms of economic
welfare, the affirmative needs to have a definitive reason justifying why their definition should
be preferred. In this case, debaters can argue that poverty reduction takes place in two ways. The
first is a direct effort to increase the wages and incomes of individuals within society above a
defined line. These efforts include job creation programs, labor standards, and minimum wages.
The second method of reduction is achieved by reducing the severity of poverty. For example, a
person who receives a daily wage below the poverty line might receive assistance in the form of
benefits. This method includes food stamps, free healthcare, and free education. As such, the
affirmative can argue that economic globalization has allowed millions access to more food, a
higher level of health, and an overall increase in welfare across the globe by opening markets to
new products and finance.
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Negative Strategy Considerations
The strongest negative teams will aim for narrative construction instead of reading thirty
statistics. Conventional wisdom and the majority of the empirical literature collectively
suggest that globalization has created a wealthier world. Instead of focusing on statistics,
debaters should embrace the compelling narrative that globalization has brought more
destruction than creation for the individuals who need it most.
The first strategy available to the negative focuses on the exploitative nature of global
capitalism. This strategy requires debaters to have a strong understanding of the historical origins
of globalization. Under this strategy the negative can include both macro-, and micro-level
analysis on exploitation. On the macro-level, theorist Andre Gunder Frank has developed an
argument called dependency theory.26 This theory argues that poor nations supply developed
nations with cheap labor and natural resources, which comprise the main source of wealth for
developed nations. Further, Frank argues that developed nations keep poor nations dependent on
the global North by wielding their financial, technological, and economic power as leverage. The
literature strongly supports this argument. On the micro-level, negative teams can argue that
globalization has enabled the spread of micro-credit debt traps, which are plans intentionally
designed to force those living on the margins of society well over the edge. In October of 2010,
in the Indian city of Andhra Pradesh, more than 50 women borrowers committed suicide after
being harassed by microfinance institutions (MFIs) when they couldnt pay their loans on
time.27 This is just one example of a very tragic, compelling micro-level narrative that the
negative describe. The advantage of this strategy is two-fold. First, putting statistics in a form of
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!http://www.colorado.edu/geography/class_homepages/geog_3682_f08/Articles/FrankDevofUnderdev.pdf!
!http://microcreditwomenindia.com/articles/microcredit7suicides7in7andhra7pradesh!
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a clear understandable story, rather than a traditional contention level template, makes the debate
more accessible to the judge. Relatability and accessibility help judges differentiate between
teams in a close debate. Second, the impacts of these arguments are quite large, and can function
as independent reasons to negate the resolution if weighed properly.
A second negative strategy is to make a case about the spillover harms of globalization
which harm poverty reduction efforts in the long run. The warrants that support spillover are
diverse and numerous. I recommend focusing on the following two: First, globalization increases
inequality. David Harvey, Professor of Sociology at Johns Hopkins University, explains that
globalization increases inequality through a process that he dubs accumulation by
dispossession. This refers to policies passed by neoliberal policymakers, such as the previously
mentioned Structural Adjustment Policies. Harvey claims that these policies promoted
redistribution from the poor to the rich rather than promoting efficiency. Economic inequality
has statistically impeded growth, and has caused millions of middle class families to drop below
the poverty threshold.
Second, debaters can argue that economic globalization enables a wage race to the
bottom. The evidence on this is fairly strong traditionally middle class wages for
manufacturing jobs have dropped dramatically because they were continually outsourced to
cheap labor countries. This harms those living on the margins of both developed and developing
societies. For the recipient nation, wages drop for millions of new workers as previous domestic
businesses are overrun by powerful multinational corporations with substantially lower overhead
costs. As a result, previous middle class jobs are eliminated. For a citizen living in the
outsourcing nation, job opportunities become thin and wages plummet as demand for
manufacturing labor steadily decreases. In this case, only the owners of capital win.
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Good Luck,
February&2015&
Tim Perevozchikov
About Tim Perevozchikov
Tim attended and competed for the Hawken School throughout his 4 years of high school and
acted as captain of his team. Tim has reached out-rounds at every tournament he attended in his
high school career, resulting in 16 TOC bids. Tim was the Champion of the NSDA National
Tournament, NCFL Grand National Tournament, Stanford (thrice), Bronx, the Laird Lewis
(twice), the PF Challenge, and the Ohio State Tournament (twice). He was also a semi-finalist at
the Glenbrooks and a quarterfinalist at Emory (twice). Tim will be attending John Hopkins
University and is excited to instruct at the Champion Briefs Institute this summer.
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General'Information''
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February'2015'
General'Information'
Resolved: On balance, economic globalization benefits worldwide

poverty reduction.
Foreword: We, at Champion Briefs, feel that having deep knowledge

about a topic is just as valuable as formulating the right arguments.
Having general background knowledge about the topic area helps
debaters form more coherent arguments from their breadth of
knowledge. As such, we have compiled general information on the key
concepts and general areas that we feel will best suit you for in- and outof-round use. Any strong strategy or argument must be built from a
strong foundation of information; we hope that you will utilize this
section to help build that foundation.
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What is globalization and what has caused it?

Economic globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result
of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international
capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies. It reflects the continuing expansion and
mutual integration of market frontiers, and is an irreversible trend for the economic development
in the whole world at the turn of the millennium. The rapid growing significance of information
in all types of productive activities and marketization are the two major driving forces for
economic globalization. In other words, the fast globalization of the worlds economies in recent
years is largely based on the rapid development of science and technologies, has resulted from
the environment in which market economic system has been fast spreading throughout the world,
and has developed on the basis of increasing cross-border division of labor that has been
penetrating down to the level of production chains within enterprises of different countries.
Why is Globalization occurring in the modern age?
The advancement of science and technologies has greatly reduced the cost of transportation and
communication, making economic globalization possible. Todays
ocean shipping cost is only a half of that in the year 1930, the current airfreight 1/6, and
telecommunication cost 1%. The price level of computers in 1990 was only about 1/125 of
that in 1960, and this price level in 1998 reduced again by about 80%. This kind of time
and space compression effect of technological advancement greatly reduced the cost of
international trade and investment, thus making it possible to organize and coordinate
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global production. For example, Fords Lyman car is designed in Germany, its gearing
system produced in Korea, pump in USA, and engine in Australia. It is exactly the
technological advancement that has made this type of global production possible.
Moreover the development of the networking-based economy has given birth to a large
group of shadow enterprises, making the concept of national boundaries and distance for
certain economic activities meaningless
What are some specific causes of globalization?
Improvements in transportation - larger cargo ships mean that the cost of transporting goods
between countries has decreased. Economies of scale mean the cost per item can reduce when
operating on a larger scale. Transport improvements also mean that goods and people can travel
more quickly.
Freedom of trade - organisations like the World Trade Organisation (WTO) promote free trade
between countries, which help to remove barriers between countries.
Improvements of communications - the internet and mobile technology has allowed greater
communication between people in different countries.
Labour availability and skills - countries such as India have lower labour costs (about a third of
that of the UK) and also high skill levels. Labour intensive industries such as clothing can take
advantage of cheaper labour costs and reduced legal restrictions in LEDCs.
What actors are driving globalization?
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Multinational corporations (MNCs) have become the main carriers of economic globalization.
They are globally organizing production and allocating resources according
to the principle of profit maximization. And their global expansions are reshaping
macroeconomic mechanisms of the operation of the world economies. In 1996, there were
altogether only more than 44,000 MNCs in the whole world, which had 280,000 overseas
subsidiaries and branch offices. In 1997, the volume of the trade of only the top 100 MNCs
already came up to 1/3 of the worlds total and that between their parent companies and
their subsidiaries took up another 1/3. In the US$ 3,000 billion balance of foreign direct
investment at the end of 1996, MNCs owned over 80%. Furthermore, about 70% of
international technological transfers were conducted among MNCs. This type of
cross-border economic activities within same enterprises has posed a challenge for the
traditional international trade and investment theories.
What are the reasons developing countries partake in globalization?
The participation of developing countries in the globalization process can enable
them to better utilize their comparative advantages, introduce advanced technologies,
foreign capital and management experience. It is also favorable for eliminating
monopolistic behaviors and strengthening market competition. Nevertheless, while
providing more development opportunities for developing countries, the globalization
process is also posing enormous risks. First of all, economic globalization has in fact expanded
rather than reduced the gap between the North and South. According to some report published by
UN in 1999, the number of developing countries that have benefited from economic
globalization is smaller than 20. The difference of income per capita between the richest country
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and poorest country has enlarged from 30 times in 1960 to the current 70 times. In 1960, the
value of foreign trade of the poorest 46 countries accounted for 1.4% of the world total. Towards
the latter half of 1990, this proportion had already reduced to 0.6% and further down to an
almost negligible o.4% in 1995. The average trade deficit of developing countries in 1990s
increased by 3% as compared with that in 1970s. And over 80% of the capital are flowing among
US, Western European and East Asian countries. Except for donations and bilateral financial
aids, most developing countries could not attract any capital.
What are some of the general benefits from Globalization?
Globalisation is having a dramatic effect - for good or ill - on world economies and on people's
lives.
Some of the positive impacts are:
Inward investment by TNCs helps countries by providing new jobs and skills for local
people.
TNCs bring wealth and foreign currency to local economies when they buy local
resources, products and services. The extra money created by this investment can be
spent on education, health and infrastructure.
The sharing of ideas, experiences and lifestyles of people and cultures. People can
experience foods and other products not previously available in their countries.
Globalisation increases awareness of events in far-away parts of the world. For example,
the UK was quickly made aware of the 2004 tsunami tidal wave and sent help rapidly in
response.
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Globalisation may help to make people more aware of global issues such
asdeforestation and global warming - and alert them to the need
forsustainable development.
Asian Workers benefit from Globalization

World Bank researchers found that the average person in the middle of the income spectrum
in China, for example, enjoyed a near-tripling of income between 1988 and 2008. Middleincome Thais and Indonesians nearly doubled their incomes, while Indias middle class saw
income growth of about 50 percent in the same time period.
Developed World Workers hurt by Globalization compared to the developing
The income of a typical middle-class worker in the U.S., by contrast, rose by only 26 percent,
while a middle-class Germans wages grew by 7 percent and Japans middle-income workers
actually lost ground in the same time period.
Has Globalization increased inequality?
The International Monetary Fund admitted in 2007 that inequality levels may have been
increased by the introduction of new technology and the investment of foreign capital in
developing countries. Others, in developed nations, distrust globalisation as well. They fear that
it often allows employers to move jobs away to cheaper places. In France, globalisation and
dlocalisation have become derogatory terms for free market policies. An April 2012 survey
by IFOP, a pollster, found that only 22% of French people thought globalisation a good thing
for their country.
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Others say that globalization benefits the poor

Cut to 2007, and the numbers are in: The protesters and do-gooders are just plain wrong. It turns
out globalization is goodand not just for the rich, butespecially for the poor. The booming
economies of India and Chinathe Elephant and the Dragonhave lifted 200 million people out
of abject poverty in the 1990s as globalization took off, the International Monetary Fund says.
Tens of millions more have catapulted themselves far ahead into the middle class. Its
remarkable what a few container ships can do to make poor people better off. Certainly more
than $2 trillion of foreign aid, which is roughly the amount (with an inflation adjustment) that the
U.S. and Europe have poured into Africa and Asia over the past half-century.
Wealth from trade may not be left to the local community
There are no guarantees that the wealth from inward investment will benefit the local
community. Often, profits are sent back to the MEDC where the TNC is based. Transnational
companies, with their massive economies of scale, may drive local companies out of business. If
it becomes cheaper to operate in another country, the TNC might close down the factory and
make local people redundant.
Poor countries around the world have benefitted
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As the Chindia revolution spreads, the ranks of the poor get smaller, not larger. In the 1990s, as
Vietnams economy grew 6% a year, the number of people living in poverty (42 million) fell 7%
annually; in Uganda, when GDP growth passed 3%, the number fell 6% per year, says the World
Bank.
Quality of Life has improved in China

As China built infrastructure, it created Special Economic Zones where foreign companies
willing to build modern factories could hire cheap labor, go years without paying any taxes and
leave it to government to build the roads and other infrastructure they needed. All of that, in turn,
drove Chinas exports from $970 million to $974 billion in three decades. Those container loads
make Americans better off, too. You can get a Chinese DVD at Wal-Martfor $28, and after you
do you will buy some $15 movies made in the U.S.A. Per-person income in China has climbed
from $16 a year in 1978 to $2,000 now. Wages in factory boomtowns in southern China can run
$4 a dayscandalously low in the eyes of the protesters, yet up from pennies a day a generation
ago and far ahead of increases in living costs. Middle-class Chinese families now own TVs, live
in new apartments and send their children to private schools. Millions of Chinese have traded in
their bicycles for motorcycles or cars. McDonalds has signed a deal with Sinopec, the huge
Chinese gasoline retailer, to build drive-through restaurants attached to gas stations on Chinas
new roads.
Agricultural Subsidies have increased
But no, the people do have a voice in the process, and it is one that is equivocal on the matter of
free market capitalism. The Western Worlds huge agriculture subsidies $85 billion or more
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annually, between the U.S., Japan and the European Unionare decreed by democratically
elected legislatures. The EU pays ranchers $2 per cow in daily subsidies, more than most Indians
earn. If these farmers werent getting handouts, and if trade in farm products were free, then poor
farmers in the Third World could sell more of their output, and could begin to lift themselves out
of poverty.
Globalization has brought education to the developing world
Their alternative is not a Western university education or Silicon Valley computer job, but an
even lower-paying job with a local firm or unemployment. The choice is clear: according to
Edward Graham of the Institute of International Economics, in poor countries, American
multinationals pay foreign citizens an average of 8.5 times the per capita GDP.
Overall, the process of globalization has been good for the poor. During the 1980s, advanced
industrialized countries grew faster than developing states. In the 1990s, as globalization
accelerated, poor nations grew at 3.6 percent annually, twice that of their richer neighbors.
Economic Liberty has improved
The latest volume of the Economic Freedom in the World Report, published by the Cato Institute
and think tanks in 50 other countries, finds that economic liberty strongly correlates with
economic achievement. Policies that open economies strongly correlate with economic growth.
By pulling countries into the international marketplace, globalization encourages market reforms.
With them comes increased wealth.
Concern over the distribution of income understandably remains, but if nothing is produced,
there is nothing to distribute. And, in fact, globalization has shared its benefits widely. In a recent
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World Bank report, economists David Dollar and Aart Kraay conclude that the income of the
poor rises one-for-one with overall growth.
Globalization can create incentives for peace

Globalization also has important political ramifications. Freedom is indivisible; economic liberty
tends to undercut political controls. Countries such as South Korea and Taiwan threw off
authoritarian dictatorships once their burgeoning middle classes demanded political rights to
match economic opportunities. International investment and trade also help dampen nationalism
and militarism. Globalization is not enough: rising levels of foreign commerce did not prevent
World War I, for instance. Yet investment and trade create important economic incentives for
peace. They also put a human face on people who might otherwise seem to be the enemy. The
result is a better environment in which to promote international harmony.
Some Fear that economic globalization will destroy culture
Globalisation is viewed by many as a threat to the world's cultural diversity. It is feared it might
drown out local economies, traditions and languages and simply re-cast the whole world in the
mould of the capitalist North and West. An example of this is that a Hollywood film is far more
likely to be successful worldwide than one made in India or China, which also have thriving film
industries.
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Works Cited
Bandow, Doug. "Globalization Serves the World's Poor." Cato Institute. CATO, 1 Jan. 2001.
Web. 8 Jan. 2015. <http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/globalization-servesworlds-poor>.
Hill, Patrice. "Economic Globalization Boosts Asia, Bogs down U.S. Middle Class." Washington
Times. The Washington Times, 6 Oct. 2014. Web. 8 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/oct/6/economic-globalization-boosts-asiabogs-down-us-mi/?page=all>.
London, CR. "When Did Globalisation Start?" The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 23
Sept. 2013. Web. 8 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2013/09/economic-history-1>.
Meredith, Robyn. "Why Globalization Is Good." Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 1 Jan. 2007. Web. 8
Jan. 2015. <http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2007/0416/064.html>.
"Negative Impacts of Globalisation." BBC News. BBC, 1 Jan. 2014. Web. 9 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/globalisation/globalisation_rev5.s
html>.
Shangquan, Gao. "Economic Globalization: Trends, Risks and Risk Prevention." United Nations.
United Nations, 1 Jan. 2000. Web. 8 Jan. 2015.
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<http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_background_papers/bp2000_1.
pdf>
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Frameworks***************************************************************************February*2015*
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Frameworks*
AFFIRMATIVE FRAMEWORKS
Framework: This round should be analyzed via a cost benefit analysis. This means that if at the
end of the round the Pro team demonstrates a greater number of benefits than poverty costs from
globalization then the judge should feel comfortable voting Pro. Even if Con demonstrates that
there are some negative harms to poverty from globalization; they must show that these costs are
greater than the benefits that the Pro team brings you. If the benefits outweigh the costs then the
harms of globalization do not outweigh the costs.
When to Use: Use this if you feel that you do not have enough evidence to block out an
argument that you think your opponents are using. This gives you the ability to acknowledge that
there are some benefits that do exist, but then gives you a mechanism to outweigh those costs.
This is very helpful to make up for arguments that you do not necessarily do not have solid
answers to. It is a good way to ensure that opponents do not get away with just naming one
negative impact.
How to Answer: Answer this by saying that if one team presents the judge with empirical
evidence that the harms of globalization to poverty outweigh the benefits and the other team
cannot provide any evidence, then the judge should prefer the team that has empirical evidence.
If Con shows poverty reduction increases, then Con should win.
Framework: We should look at the effects of poverty in developing countries, since those
countries need to develop the most.
When to use: This framework allows Pro to look at the countries who need to develop their
economies the most, where people live in abject poverty. These are the countries who are most
likely to be positively impacted by globalization.
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How to Answer: Answer this argument by saying that the judge should consider the impacts in
developed countries, because those countries are the ones who will lose much of their
manufacturing capacity to the developing countries, and those people will be pushed into poverty
also.
NEGATIVE FRAMEWORKS
Framework: In order for the Pro side to win todays round, the Pro must demonstrate that there
are benefits to globalization increase the costs, conversely if Con demonstrates that the costs
outweigh the benefits then you should vote Con. You should not vote for Pro if on net the costs
outweigh the harms.
When to Use: Use this framework if you are running empirical and quantifiable arguments. It
will create a very clear path to vote for Con if you win your arguments, and do proper weighing
if you can show the impacts of globalization.
How to Respond: Answer this framework by saying that Pro can win the round if Pro can
provide more benefits than harms to globalization then you should vote Pro. You should vote Pro
if there are more benefits than harms from poverty.
Framework: Poverty in developed countries should weigh just as importantly as poverty in
developing countries, because all lives should be treated equally.
When to Use: Use this framework if you are running arguments that discuss the job loss due to
outsourcing in the developed world, to the 3rd world. This allows you to gain access to poverty
in richer countries, and weigh it equivalently with poverty in the third world.
How to Respond: Respond to this argument by saying that poverty is relative. A person in
poverty in the U.S. is still relatively better off than someone living in abject poverty in the third
world. This means the improvements in quality of life in the third world outweigh the increase in
poverty in the first world from outsourcing.
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Pro$Arguments$with$Con$Responses$
February$2015$
PRO$$Infrastructure$
Argument: Globalization increases infrastructure investments to connect the economies of
different nations.
Warrant: The size and complexity of the global economy necessitates the need for high quality
infrastructure
Rodrigue, Jean-Paul. "Transportation and Globalization." (n.d.): n. pag. Hofstra
University, 2006. Web. 2 Jan. 2015. <http://people.hofstra.edu/jeanpaul_rodrigue/downloads/transportation%20and%20globalization.pdf>.
The complex web of global production, transportation and consumption requires
greater efforts to manage. Logistics is the series of activities required for goods to be
made available on markets. This mainly includes purchase, orders processing,
inventory management and transportation. As the range of production expanded,
transport systems adapted to new demands in freight distribution where the
reliability and timely deliveries can be as important as costs. Logistics has
consequently taken an increasingly important role in the global economy, supporting a
wide array of commodity chains.
Warrant: Increased use of transportation, caused by globalization warrants the need for more
infrastructure
Rodrigue, Jean-Paul. "Transportation and Globalization." (n.d.): n. pag. Hofstra
University, 2006. Web. 2 Jan. 2015. <http://people.hofstra.edu/jeanpaul_rodrigue/downloads/transportation%20and%20globalization.pdf>.
Globalization has been supported and expended by the development of modern transport
systems. From large containerships to small delivery trucks, the whole distribution
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February$2015$
system has become closely integrated linking manufacturing activities with global
markets. However, the beginning of the 21st century brings many challenges to the
role of transportation in the global economy. The capacity of many segments of
transport system has been stretched by additional demands tying up long distance
transportation modes. Congestion in many international transport terminals such as
ports often causes delays and unreliable deliveries and there is an acute need for
improving inland transportation systems, notably those linked to the major
gateways of the global economy.
Warrant: More infrastructure in turn increases the speed of globalization
Rodrigue, Jean-Paul. "Globalization and the Synchronization of Transport Terminals."
Published in the Journal of Transport Geography 7 (1999): 255-61. Hofstra
University, 1999. Web. 2 Jan. 2015. <http://people.hofstra.edu/Jeanpaul_Rodrigue/downloads/Synchronization.PDF>.
Globalization underlines higher levels of integration between different production
and distribution systems. It is commonly acknowledged that this process leans on
improvements of transport modes and infrastructure, resulting in a space / time
collapse. However, it is argued in this paper that the synchronization of transport
terminals is the main paradigm shift of the current space / time collapse. Terminals are
where transport efficiency is mainly achieved. Empirical evidence is drawn from the
strategies of freight and air transport companies.
Argument: Infrastructure allows those in poverty to access the economy
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Warrant: Those in poverty need infrastructure

Ali, Ifzal. "Infrastructure and Poverty Reduction - What Is the Connection?" Asian
Development Bank. Asian Development Bank, 25 Oct. 2013. Web. 02 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.adb.org/publications/infrastructure-and-poverty-reduction-whatconnection>.
Poverty reduction requires economic growth which, when accompanied by sound
macroeconomic management and good governance, results in sustainable and socially
inclusive development (ADB 1999). Greater access of the poor to education and
health services, water and sanitation, employment, credit, and markets for produce
is needed. Moreover, the vulnerability of the poor to economic shocks and natural
disasters must be reduced to enhance their well-being and encourage investment in
human capital and in higher-risk and higher-return activities. Public policy reforms
and investment in physical infrastructure will significantly contribute to the pursuit
of socially inclusive development.
Warrant: Increased infrastructure empirically decreases poverty
Kwon, Eunkyung. "Infrastructure, Growth, and Poverty Reduction in Indonesia: A CrossSectional Analysis." (n.d.): n. pag. Asian Development Bank, 7 Mar. 2006. Web.
2 Jan. 2015. <http://www.adbi.org/conf-seminarpapers/2006/03/07/1701.infrastructure.growth.poverty/>.
Among the different types of government investments, the poverty rate (hereinafter
referred to as poverty) was found to be most sensitive to road investment and least, to
health investment. When road investment increased 1%, poverty declined 0.3% over five years, with everything else equal. Among macroeconomic variables, poverty
was also found to be highly sensitive to non-farm employment, real wages, and
agricultural production. Further, within 10 years, when these variables rose 1%, poverty
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incidence shrank at approximately the same rate. These key macroeconomic variables are
hereinafter referred as endogenous variables, in that they are themselves also
endogenously determined by other variables, including government expenditures.
Meanwhile, it is interesting to note that the endogenous variables themselves were
likewise found to be most sensitive to road investment among the other types of
government investments.
Analysis: In order to connect global markets infrastructure must be built to facilitate the
transportation of goods. As globalization occurs it will put stress on existing infrastructure and
cause more investment. This in turn will allow for more globalization to occur in a positive
feedback loop. Those in poverty rely on infrastructure for transportation, education, and job
opportunities.
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A2$$Infrastructure$$$
Answer: Due to their situations those in poverty have a hard time accessing existing
Infrastructure,
Warrant: The issue is not lack of infrastructure, rather that the poor have little access or cannot
use it
Pouliquen, Louis. "Infrastructure And Poverty." (N.D.): N. Pag. The World Bank, 12 Jan.
2000. Web. 3 Jan. 2015.
<Http://Siteresources.Worldbank.Org/Intpoverty/Resources/WDR/Background/po
uliquen.pdf>.
However, the link between infrastructure and poverty is no more obvious than that
between famine and crop production. As pointed out by Amartya Sen, the key is
entitlement and capacity. The most devastating famines were not primarily the result
of inadequate production but of inadequate entitlement to food. In infrastructure
terms, entitlement translates into access. For the poor, the most dramatic impact of
inadequate infrastructure may be less the result of lack of infrastructure per se but
more the lack of access to that infrastructure. What good is a road if it has no
transport services or the poor can only afford to walk? What good is electrification
if the poor cant afford to connect? Given the inter-linkage between social and
economic impact, lack of access results in overall exclusion from opportunity and
development. Developing a clear picture of the mechanisms through which the poor are
excluded from access to infrastructure is useful to understand better the link between
poverty and infrastructure, and to develop more pro-poor infrastructure policies.
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Warrant: The poor are excluded from infrastructure access in several ways
Pouliquen, Louis. "Infrastructure And Poverty." (N.D.): N. Pag. The World Bank,
12 Jan. 2000. Web. 3 Jan. 2015.
<http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVERTY/Resources/WDR/Bac
kground/pouliquen.pdf>.
Exclusion of the poor from access to infrastructure operates essentially in three
ways; i) through location, ii) pricing, and iii) socio-political factors. The most trivial
exclusion mechanism, and accordingly the one that gets the most attention is the shear
availability of infrastructure: without roads entire regions can be cut-off from the
economic development process, poor and less poor alike.
Warrant: If the infrastructure does not already exist globalization can hurt the poor.
Bardhan, Pranab. "Does Globalization Help or Hurt the Worlds Poor?" (n.d.): n. pag.
University of California, Berkeley. Web. 3 Jan. 2015.
<http://eml.berkeley.edu/~webfac/bardhan/papers/BardhanDoesGlobalizationHel
p.pdf>.
Vast numbers of the poor work, not for wages, but on their own small farms or firms or
household enterprises and shops. The major constraints they usually face are domestic, in
access to credit or marketing channels, or poor conditions of available infrastructure
(like roads, power, extension service and irrigation) or government regulations (involving
venal inspectors, insecure land rights, etc.). Opening markets without relieving these
domestic constraints may make things difficult for these small enterprises in withstanding
market competition.
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Warrant: Infrastructure has little relevance to poverty.

Ali, Ifzal. "Infrastructure and Poverty Reduction - What Is the Connection?" Asian
Development Bank. Asian Development Bank, 25 Oct. 2013. Web. 02 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.adb.org/publications/infrastructure-and-poverty-reduction-whatconnection>.
On one hand, great importance was attached to physical infrastructure in the poverty
reduction efforts of developing countries; on the other hand, many in the international
development community viewed assistance for infrastructure with considerable
skepticism on three grounds (DFID 2002). First, though important for economic
growth, infrastructure investment had little relevance to poverty reduction. Second,
actual benefits from infrastructure were significantly less than anticipated. Third,
weak governance and institutions gave way to corruption, distorted public
investment choices, and neglected maintenance, thereby lowering infrastructures
contribution to economic growth and diverting benefits intended for the poor.
Analysis: The benefits that infrastructure has on poverty is overstated. In many situations those
in poverty simply cannot take advantage of the infrastructure available. Finally, those who
decide what infrastructure is built have an agenda, which does not include helping the poor.
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PRO$$Medical$Infrastructure$and$Technology
Argument: Currently, less developed nations have poor administration and infrastructure for
their medical services, directly afflicting harm on those in need of medical attention and
entrenching poverty. However, Economic globalization encourages the transmission of ideas and
practices for better health care services as medical professionals increasingly study, work, and
travel to other nations. This helps poor nations develop better medical infrastructure as they are
able to synthesize administrative practices and improvement initiatives from developed nations
and implement them to better their own nation s medical infrastructure.
Warrant: Poor infrastructure and administration causes high infant and maternal mortality rates
in less developed nations
Manasyan, Albert et. al. Assessment of Obstetric and Neonatal Health Services in
Developing Country Health Facilities . American Journal of Perinatology. 17 Jan
2013. Web. Accessed 4 Jan 2015.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664648/
In many developing countries, maternal, fetal, and neonatal mortality rates
remain unacceptably high. Most of these deaths are related to the events that occur
around labor and delivery, and many could be prevented if the elements of basic
and/or emergency obstetric and neonatal care were available. This study, which evaluated
hospital and health clinic staffing, the availability of equipment and supplies,
medications, communications equipment, and the performance of some key medical
procedures, helps explain some of the very high rates of adverse pregnancy
outcomes in some low-income countries. First, the availability of key personnel such
as physicians, nurses, and midwives is poor in hospitals and worse in clinics.
Anesthesia equipment was available in only about 70% of hospitals and
approximately 5% of clinics in Africa and Asia. Other important lifesaving
diagnostic and treatment interventions such as blood pressure cuffs, bag and masks
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for neonatal resuscitation, and oxygen were far from universally available. Blood
products were available in only 20% of African and Asian hospitals, areas where
hemorrhage is the major cause of maternal death. Availability of magnesium sulfate,
uterotonics, and antibiotics, essential medications for emergency obstetric care, was also
very low. The fact that CS was performed in only 70% of the African and Asian
hospitals, and in less than 5% of the clinics, confirms that this important intervention is
often not available to women and fetuses in need. Without staff with equipment able to
perform key procedures around the clock, 7 days a week, women, fetuses, and
newborns will die unnecessarily.
Warrant: Economic globalization is essential to the development of functioning medical
infrastructure in less developed nations because the business aspect of medical care is not tended
to in status quo developments
Schroth, Lynn and Ruthy Khawaja. Globalization of Healthcare . Frontiers of Health
Services Management. 1 Dec 2007. Web. Accessed 4 Jan 2015.
https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1403596231/globalization-ofhealthcare
Another motivating factor in seeking assistance from U.S. hospitals comes from
frustrated physicians, trained in Western medicine, who wish to return to their
countries to practice. As Western trained, U. S. board-eligible or certified
physicians, they realize that they can easily purchase the latest technology at very
reasonable prices, but their management expertise is lacking. This management
expertise is the critical difference that produces the clinical quality outcomes and
highly satisfied patients and is not readily available in traditional public health
systems and cannot be easily replicated.
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Warrant: A successful example of globalization in medicine is the establishment of a medical

school at the University of Botswana. With assistance from other nations, Botswana was able to
develop a way to strengthen their medical infrastructure and administrative techniques
Mokone, Gaonyadiwe G. Establishing a New Medical School: Botswanas Experience.
Academic Medicine. Aug 2014. Web. Accessed 4 Jan 2015.
http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/2014/08001/Establishing_a_
New_Medical_School___Botswana_s.22.aspx
On the basis of advice from regional and international experts, such as the
University of Witwatersrand Medical School in South Africa and the Hull York
Medical School in the United Kingdom, we decided to use a community-oriented,
learner-centered, problem-based curriculum delivered throughout the teaching
health system. This approach meant that training would take place at health posts,
clinics, hospitals, and elsewhere in the community. In crafting this approach, we
considered a number of key factors, including Botswanas experience in designing
and implementing a medical curriculum, the countrys specific disease profile and
needs, program structure and duration, and student entry requirements. Botswana
had no previous experience in starting a new medical school, but our efforts received
a boost in 2006, when, facilitated by an existing memorandum of understanding between
the Botswana government and UB, Baylor College of Medicine contributed an
experienced dean to live and work in-country for more than three years. This
administrator oversaw the initial curriculum design and approval in 2007, helped
determine staffing needs, and negotiated salary levels. This person also helped to
guide the construction of a new building, identify satellite teaching sites, and
identify optimum student enrollment numbers. A preliminary curriculum was
approved in 2007, and revised versions were approved in 2009 and 2012.
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A2$$Medical$Infrastructure$and$Technology$
Answer: Economic and medical globalization often overlook the local and non-Western needs of
communities in less developed nations. The movement to globalize mental health infrastructure
is an example of this.
Warrant: Global mental health is a product of economic globalization but does not address the
needs of all nations equally or adequately
Kirmayer, Laurence J. and Duncan Pedersen. Toward a new architecture for global
mental health. Transcultural Psychiatry. 30 Oct 2014. Web. Accessed 4 Jan
2015.
http://tps.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/10/30/1363461514557202.full.pdf
Global mental health is itself a product of international professional, economic,
and political institutions. As such, it can be viewed through the lens of critical social
sciences that seek to trace the tacit assumptions, influences, and tensions inherent in
current practice. The cultural critique of global mental health has raised some basic
issues: (a) the priorities of global mental health have been largely framed by mental
health professionals and their institutional partners mostly located in wealthy
countries, which therefore reflects the dominant interests of psychiatry and may
give insufficient attention to locally defined priorities; (b) global mental health is
based on rough estimates of the global prevalence of major neuropsychiatric
disorders, which it assumes are biologically determined entities with stable features,
course, and outcome; (c) in focusing on existing evidence-based treatments, global
mental health assumes that standard treatments can be readily applied across
cultures with minimal adaptation; and (d) global mental health tends to emphasize
professional mental health interventions and may marginalize indigenous forms of
helping, healing, and social integration that can contribute to positive outcomes and
recovery (Kirmayer & Swartz, 2013; Sax, 2014).
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Analysis: This argument shows shortcomings of economic and medical globalization in the
status quo. Although the Kirmayer evidence is specific to global mental health the critiques
brought forward in the evidence can be applied to the Pros advocacy more generally.
Answer: The causal link between economic globalization and medical globalization is one of
capitalist, Western domination. This is seen by the acceptance of English as the universal
language of medicine which will crowd out poor nations that do not have the means to function
in this paradigm. In addition, the ability of Western nations to attract medical professionals with
financial incentives that poor nations cannot offer. As poor nations are not able to compete they
will not benefit from this economic or medical globalization and congruently will not grow out
of poverty.
Warrant: Economic globalization that spurs medical globalization happens because rich nations
can promise medical professionals a higher income and standard of living and because English
has become the standard for the international medical community
Schroth, Lynn and Ruthy Khawaja. Globalization of Healthcare . Frontiers of Health
Services Management. 1 Dec 2007. Web. Accessed 4 Jan 2015.
https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1403596231/globalization-ofhealthcare
A second factor is the ability of developing countries to attract professionals to
highly specialized jobs. By improving the infrastructure and promoting an
attractive middle-class lifestyle, countries are able to both retain their intellectuals
as well as motivate professionals who have gone abroad for education to return to
their home countries to work. Another important factor easing international
collaboration is the growing predominance of English as the common language for
international communication. English is the language of medicine; ease of
communication becomes a facilitator for collaboration in healthcare services.
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Warrant: Medical professionals are likely to leave poor nations as economic globalization
makes moving to other countries advantageous
Segouin, Christophe and Brian Hodges, Pierre-Henri Brechat. Globalization in health
care: is international standardization of quality a step toward outsourcing? The
International Society for Quality in Health Care. 20 June 2005. Web. Accessed 4
Jan 2015. http://intqhc.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/4/277
The movement of professionals in general tends to be detrimental to poorer
countries. There are two aspects to this. The most classic is the settlement of young
professionals, originally from less developed countries, in more developed countries
from which they have graduated with professional credentials. A second
phenomenon is the policy of some rich countries, who because they lack doctors and
nurses, try to recruit recently trained graduates from poorer countries. The
movement of professionals in this way is facilitated by systems that recognize
degrees internationally. This issue has arisen recently, for example, in light of the
ascension of Poland and the Czech Republic to the European Union and the mutual
recognition of medical degrees that accompanied that integration [1]. Another
emerging phenomenon is the development, in less developed countries, of medical
curricula that have been adapted to North American or Western European standards and
are offered in English, allowing such programs to negotiate a higher level of recognition
worldwide and to provide a financially competitive education for students from wealthier
countries.
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PRO$$Microcredit$and$Womens$Rights
Argument: Microcredits are a process of economic globalization that provide a framework for
international NGOs and coalitions to provide loans and economic support to small-scale
businesses and entrepreneurs in less developed nations. Microcredits provide a mechanism for
impoverished people to develop their own sources of income, thus tangibly reducing poverty.
This strategy of economic globalization significantly impacts women; across the world, women
have less access to economic opportunities because they are unable to exercise financial rights
like owning property, signing contracts, borrowing money, etc.
Warrant: It is incredibly difficult for women to get loans through standard means
Anderson, Kenneth. Microcredit: Fulfilling or Belying the Universalist Morality of
Globalizing Markets? . Yale School of Law. Web. Accessed 6 Jan 2015.
http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/LawJournals/Kenneth_Anderson_YHRD
LJ.pdf
Another form of market irrationality on the part of local commercial lenders is
their refusal in many places to lend to women. In some cases, this might be simply a
custom. In other cases, it might be a response to an embedded legal system that, for
example, makes it difficult for women to sign for loans without the co-signature of a
male relative or other legal mechanisms that give women, or in some case married
women, less than full legal status in commercial transactions. It might be the legal or
customary ability of a male family member to force money borrowed by a woman
member of the household to be handed over to him. In some cases one might describe
the system as a whole as irrational, while recognizing as rational the individual lender s
conformity with that system. In such situations, the purpose of microcredit would be to
provide credit that a rational credit market would provide but does not on account
of irrational prejudice.
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Warrant: Microcredits help women become more financially stable (1)

Roxin, Helge. Economic Empowerment of Women Through Microcredit. Humboldt
University of Berlin. Dec 2010. Web. Accessed 6 Jan 2015. http://edoc.huberlin.de/series/sle/240/PDF/240.pdf
First of all, it is important to highlight that the majority of clients we talked to had a
very clear idea of why they took a loan. The most common reason women gave for
their initial participation in a credit programme was the intention to expand their
business. Two thirds of the interviewed clients identified this as the primary reason
for taking microcredit. To expand their businesses, clients intended to pursue
strategies such as expansion of stock to meet market demand, the purchase of new,
more profitable products or paying for goods upfront instead of buying on a less
favourable market credit. Only in a few cases did expansion include investment in
larger assets (e.g., a freezer or a generator). This reflects the small scale on which
microfinance clients are doing their business. The high proportion of clients that
intended to use their loan for business expansion indicates that microcredit can
indeed provide poor women with sufficient financial means to overcome shortage of
capital.
Warrant: Microcredits help women become more financially stable (2)
Roxin, Helge. Economic Empowerment of Women Through Microcredit. Humboldt
University of Berlin. Dec 2010. Web. Accessed 6 Jan 2015. http://edoc.huberlin.de/series/sle/240/PDF/240.pdf
A second group of women (about 15% of the core group) started taking
microcredit because they were in need of money after an external shock. For
example, some women were facing financial problems after their husbands had died.
Other women needed extra money to support their families because their husbands had
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lost their jobs. In one case a woman reported that she needed additional capital for her
business after being robbed. In all of these scenarios, microcredit seems to have a
short term stabilising effect on the clients financial situation, protecting them
initially from serious financial straits. To which extent microcredit has a long-term
stabilizing effect for these clients, however, depends on how they use their loan, their
business achievements and other potential external shocks. In the cases in question
clients stated that they took the loan for business purposes and seemed to be on the
right track business-wise as well.
Warrant: The UN recognizes the globalizing nature of microcredits in less developed
economies and advocates for use of this poverty reduction tactic
EU Presidency Explanation of Position - Role of microcredit and microfinance in the
eradication of poverty . The EU Delegation to the United Nations. 6 December
2006. Web. Accessed 6 Jan 2015. http://euun.europa.eu/articles/en/article_6599_en.htm
Microfinance is very important tool in the global effort to alleviate poverty and
achieve the Millenium Development Goals. Microfinance is proven to stimulate
economic growth and to improve the economic circumstances of the poorest
members of the community, including in particular women and other
disenfranchised people. We warmly welcome the increased attention that the granting of
the Nobel Peace Prize 2006 to Professor Yunus and the Grameen Bank has given to
microfinance around the world. The members of the EU actively participated in the
highly successful International Year of Microcredit in 2005. One of the benefits of the
Year has been that discussions on microfinance evolved from their early focus on
microcredit (which focuses exclusively on making small loans to the poor) to the
larger issue of microfinance (which involves providing a broad range of financial
products and services to the poor and to micro and small businesses). This evolution
is critically important as it focuses on the more than 2 billion people in the world
who do not have access to financial services.
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A2$$Microcredit$and$Womens$Rights$
Answer: Micro finance institutions (MFIs) do not provide for the long-term success of a growing
local economy in a less developed nation. When small-scale microenterprises are preferred by
foreign MFIs over local small and medium size Enterprises (SMEs) the local economy is
influenced by forces that eventually exit the market, making the artificial growth of MFIendorsed microenterprises over SMEs unsustainable.
Warrant: MFIs negatively affect local developing markets in the long term by artificially
inflating microenterprises over SMEs
Bateman, Milford and Ha-joon Chang. The Microfinance Illusion . Web. Accessed 6 Jan
2015. http://hajoonchang.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Microfinance.pdf
However, MFIs promoting the entry of large numbers of microenterprises largely
refuse to register the crucial importance of scale within any sector. The result is that
each microenterprise has very little chance of surviving within its own locality or
market. High microenterprise turnover is therefore the universal norm. This often
imparts a serious cost upon those failing, as we shall outline below. Moreover, an
over-supply of inefficient microenterprises undermines the development of more
efficient SMEs in the same locality. For example, microenterprises are forced to
survive by drastic cost-cutting strategies, which in the short run can take crucial
market share away from local SMEs that might otherwise be able to reduce unit
costs and register productivity growth in the long run. Perhaps most important of
all is the fact that the microfinance sector everywhere is increasingly absorbing a
larger and larger percentage of the financial resource base (i.e., savings) which it
then recycles into simple household microloans. Because we know that SMEs are the
most important likely sources of formal employment and growth in most developing
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and transition countries (see UNCTAD, 2003), we think this is a deeply damaging
trend.
Answer: Microcredit is not intrinsically a strategy for economic globalization because the
process is ambivalent to the global economy. The intent and execution of microcredit programs
indicates that the goal of these individual loans is not necessarily to extend the global market but
to provide singular people with the ability to generate personal income.
Warrant: The intent of microcredit is not to globalize the economy
Anderson, Kenneth. Microcredit: Fulfilling or Belying the Universalist Morality of
Globalizing Markets? . Yale School of Law. Web. Accessed 6 Jan 2015.
http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/LawJournals/Kenneth_Anderson_YHRD
LJ.pdf
Microcredit is, however, more complicated than that. As an intellectual framework
for international development, microcredit is deeply ambivalent as to whether
microcredit represents the extension of markets, including global markets, to the
worlds very poor or rather an attempt to create faux markets for the poor, markets
artificially created and maintained through subsidies, to remedy the global markets
failure with respect to the poor and their needs. Both as an intellectual framework and
as a concrete practice, through the many thousands of organizations and agencies
worldwide that utilize its methodologies, microcredit exhibits deep ambivalence as to
which of these possibilities most accurately depicts the relationship of economic
globalization to the worlds poor. It is an ambivalence, moreover, that is not merely
conceptual but is also reflected in the culture of the international microcredit
communitythe loose groupings of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and
governmental and international agencies that support microcredit. Parts of that
community tend toward the view that microcredit is an extension of real markets
downwards into the ranks of the poor; other parts tend toward the view that
microcredit is the creation of alternative markets for those left out by the real
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markets; and still other parts move back and forth between these views according to
case and circumstance. This ambivalence within the microcredit community and its
practitioners has cognates in the ambivalence felt among the worlds bourgeoisie
toward the spread of the global market, and in particular toward the question of
whether economic globalization in fact benefits and includes everyone.
Answer: Feminist critiques of the microcredit loan system indicate that this form of economic
globalization may actually hinder progression towards feminist goals instead of their realization.
Warrant: Microcredit is a mechanism of economic control that further entrenches the
subordination of women by only ostensibly working toward feminist goals
Keating, Christine and Claire Rasmussen, and Pooja Rishi. The Rationality of
Empowerment: Microcredit, Accumulation by Dispossession, and the Gendered
Economy. Vol. 36, No. 1, Feminists Theorize International Political Economy
Special Issue, The University of Chicago Press. Fall 2010. Web. Accessed 6 Jan
2015.
http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.1086/652911?uid=3739640&uid=2&uid=4&uid
=3739256&sid=21105581471553
While microcredit is billed as a progressive strategy for challenging existing
distributions of wealth and power, recent feminist critiques of microcredit have
come to quite different conclusions. Indeed, Uma Narayan (2006) urges us to
remember that credit is debt by another name. Some of these critiques highlight the
deleterious terms and conditions of microcredit loans and the role that microcredit
plays in reinforcing patriarchal norms of womens subordination.1 Others focus on
the ways in which microcredit programs mobilize and discipline gendered
subjectivities and collectivities toward capitalist ends, engendering what Katharine
N. Rankin (2001) calls a rational economic woman who is geared toward
entrepreneurialism and the market (see also LairapFonderson 2002). Still other
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feminists criticize the ways in which microcredit replaces other, more thoroughgoing
efforts at poverty reform, with Heloise Weber (2002, 537) suggesting, for example, that
microcredit acts as a political safetynet containing or dampening resistance to
liberalization policies and economic austerity measures and Morgan Brigg (2001)
arguing that microcredit individualizes and depoliticizes poverty (see also Goetz and Sen
Gupta 1996; Spivak 1999). Finally, some critiques stress the ways that microcredit is
deeply imbricated in the processes of neoliberal globalization and exemplifies the co
optation of feminist goals of empowerment for neoliberal ends (Benara 2003;
Eisenstein 2009; Fraser 2009).
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PRO$$$Increased$Spending$Power$and$Specialization$$$$
Argument: More developed countries benefit from the cheaper goods created in less developed
countries, which gives poorer citizens greater spending power.
Warrant: Higher wages provide higher purchasing power, which increases economic
development overall.
Thompson, Roberts. Globalization and the benefits of trade. Chicago Fed Letter, March
2007. <https://www.chicagofed.org/~/media/publications/chicago-fedletter/2007/cflmarch2007-236-pdf.pdf>
Opponents of globalization often assert that opening up international trade will

drag our standard of living down to that of low-wage developing countries. They
have it exactly backwards. The objective is to accelerate broad-based economic
development that brings wage rates in low-income countries up closer to ours. In the
process, this will provide people in those developing countries with the purchasing
power that will create better markets for products we produce more efficiently, and
the development of better markets will, in turn, create more jobs here in the sectors
in which we have a comparative advantage.
Warrant: This comparative advantage leads to on net benefits to employment and general well
being.
Yanjie Chen, Ruby. The Economic Connections between China and the U.S.:
How to Benefit Both Players through International Trading. Undergraduate
Research Journal for the Human Sciences, 2011.
<http://www.kon.org/urc/v10/chen.html>
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Trade between the United States and China can increase the standard of living in
both countries. Moreover, as two of the world s strongest economic powers, the winwin strategy can promote the overall growth in the global economy. Because both
countries have a comparative advantage over certain products, exports can increase.
When exports increase, then the respective GDPs will increase accordingly. This will
eventually boost consumers real income, which, in turn, can strengthen their ability
to improve goods, services, and purchasing power. Consumers will benefit from
China's cheap labor and relatively low-priced goods, because they will have more
money to spare from buying cheap products. China needs the U.S. in terms of
investments and services. As jobs are being outsourced, there is a short-term negative
effect of people losing jobs. Nevertheless, in the end, there will be many more jobs
created. In the modern world, technology plays a great role in countries' development.
Outsourcing also offers an opportunity for countries to learn new technology. Technology
is one leading factor for countries to gain a comparative advantage. Firms that engage in
international trade pay their employees more and have high production rates.
Warrant: Globalization leads to cheaper goods, a process that is beneficial to the overall
economy even if it seems that certain jobs are displaced.
Roubini, Nouriel. Globalization, Risks, and the Social Safety Net. Roubinis Edge,
September 2014. <http://www.roubinisedge.com/nourielunplugged/globalization-risks-and-the-social-safety-net>
You can think of globalization in terms of trade in goods and services. Trade, broadly
speaking, is beneficial because of what economists refer to as comparative
advantage. What that technical economic term means is that you are really good at
producing particular goods and services, and you can make certain goods more cheaply
and efficiently than other countries. By opening up to trade, especially in goods and
services where you have comparative advantage, your market becomes the entire
world. If youre a small, open economy, like many countries in Europe, that freedom of
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trade becomes an economic lifeline. But even for a large, prosperous country like the
United States, access to an international market means access to literally billions of
potential customers. The United States has a comparative advantage in more sectors
than just the glamorous fields of Hollywood movies, music, and high techfields that
people often think of as areas of American economic dominance. The US maintains
comparative advantage in agricultural products, in advanced manufacturing, in financial
services, and in other less visible business sectors. On the import side of the equation,
while people may argue that some imports displace jobs, firms, and income at home,
the reality is that it doesnt make economic sense to produce goods in the United
States when its cheaper to produce those goods abroad.
Warrant: Comparative advantage from globalization leads to income growth.
Globalisation, Comparative Advantage and the Changing Dynamics of Trade. OECD,
October 20 2011. <http://www.oecd.org/tad/tradedev/49528041.pdf>
Embracing structural adjustment is necessary to ensure economies remain competitive
and generate employment opportunities into the future. Comparative advantage
remains the underlying principle that policy makers can place their faith in to guide
economies through this adjustment. The concept of comparative advantage posits
that all economies have trade opportunities to exploit and these opportunities stem
from differences in factor endowments between countries. As shown by the work in
this volume, this continues to be one of the most potent explanations of higher
income growth in open economies.
Analysis: This argument is grounded in basic economic theory of specialization and comparative
advantage, so debaters making this argument must have a solid understanding of how these
concepts work and why they benefit the poor. The benefits to the poor can come from in a
myriad of ways, but the two clear benefits outlined here are higher wages and lower priced
goods. Both of these benefits are logical and easy to explain to judges, though carded analysis
from experts is always good to have to support impacts like this.
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A2$$Increased$Spending$Power$and$Specialization$$
Response: Globalization can actually increase prices, therefore decreasing spending power for
the poor.
Warrant: Globalization increased oil demand, therefore increasing prices.
Tverberg, Gail. Why globalization is energy intensive and wreaks havoc on oil prices.
Christian Science Monitor. February 28, 2013.
<http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Energy-Voices/2013/0228/Whyglobalization-is-energy-intensive-and-wreaks-havoc-on-oil-prices>
If we look at world oil supply, it is virtually flat. The United States and
Canada together provide the slight increase in world oil supply that has occurred since
2005. Otherwise, supply has been flat since 2005 (Figure 6, below). What looks like a
huge increase in US oil production in 2012 in Figure 5 looks much less impressive,
when viewed in the context of world oil production in Figure 6. Part of our problem
now is that with globalization, world oil demand is rising very rapidly. Chinese
buyers purchased more cars in 2012 than did European buyers. Rapidly rising world
demand, together with oil supply, which is barely rising, pushes world prices
upward. This time, there also is no possibility of a dip in world oil demand of the type
that occurred in the early 1980s. Even if the West drops its oil consumption greatly, the
East has sufficient pent-up demand that it will make use of any oil that is made available
to the market. Adding to our problem is the fact that we have already extracted most of
the inexpensive to extract oil because the easy (and cheap) to extract oil was
extracted first. Because of this, oil prices cannot decrease very much, without world
supply dropping off. Instead, because of diminishing returns, needed price keeps
ratcheting upward. The new tight oil that is acting to increase US supply is an example
of expensive to produce oilit cant bring needed price relief.
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Warrant: This affect on oil means that globalization cannot bring down prices.
Gross, Daniel. Inflation Everywhere: Globalization used to drive down prices. Not
anymore. Slate Magazine, April 2006.
<http://www.slate.com/articles/business/moneybox/2006/04/inflation_everywhere
.html>
Such growth is boosting demand (and prices) for steel, as well for rubber and other car
components. But it's also boosting demand for gasand raising concerns about the
world's oil supplies. As Shai Oster noted in the Wall Street Journal, China is already the
"second-biggest oil consumer after the U.S.," gulping about 7 million barrels per day.
(The United States uses about 21 million barrels per day.) This forecast from the Energy
Information Administration suggests that Chinese oil consumption will double in a dozen
years. In other words, the rise of a massive consuming class in China and, to a lesser
degree, India, is making gas more expensive for everyone. A look at the most
recent CPI report reveals that inflation is concentrated in energy. But when energy
costs remain elevated for long periods of time, the higher costs start to spill over into
other sectors. The cost of transportation has risen 5.1 percent in the last 12 months. And
if the fuel surcharges tacked on in recent weeks by my garbage collection and lawn-care
companies are any guide, the high cost of oil is being passed on. Globalization means
people all over the globe have a greater ability to share common experiences,
whether it's watching the World Cup, buying lattes at Starbucks, or wearing clothes made
in China. It may soon mean that we all have the ability to share the common
experience of inflation.
Analysis: These responses are directly against one of the impacts of this contention, which is the
best strategy for refuting ideas based in solid, proven economic theory. Rather than trying to
counter-argue the concept of specialization, a widely accepted and empirically proven concept,
simply attack the general impact itself. By comparing economic theory to empirical reality,
debaters can make unique arguments as to why those theories do not materialize.
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Response: Income on the whole is not positively affected.

Warrant: Though affects on income vary from country to country, wages and employment are
often adversely affected.
Slaughter, Matthew. Does Globalization Lower Wages and Export Jobs? International
Monetary Fund, September 1997.
<https://www.imf.org/EXTERNAL/PUBS/FT/ISSUES11/INDEX.HTM >
In the United States, for example, wages of less-skilled workers have fallen steeply
since the late 1970s relative to those of the more skilled. Between 1979 and 1988 the
average wage of a college graduate relative to the average wage of a high school graduate
rose by 20 percent and the average weekly earnings of males in their forties to average
weekly earnings of males in their twenties rose by 25 percent. This growing inequality
reverses a trend of previous decades (by some estimates going back as far as the 1910s)
toward greater income equality between the more skilled and the less skilled. At the
same time, the average real wage in the United States (that is, the average wage
adjusted for inflation) has grown only slowly since the early 1970s and the real wage
for unskilled workers has actually fallen. It has been estimated that male high school
dropouts have suffered a 20 percent decline in real wages since the early 1970s. In other
countries, the impact of the demand shift has been on employment rather than on income.
Except in the United Kingdom, the changes in wage differentials have generally been
much less marked than in the United States. Countries with smaller increases in wage
inequality suffered instead from higher rates of unemployment for less-skilled
workers.
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Warrant: These harms can be quantified in a study looking at American income, showing that
wage losses could be so severe as to erase all wage gains in the past 30 years.
Bivens, Josh. Globalization and American Wages. Economic Policy Institute, 2007.
<http://www.epi.org/publication/bp196/>
In 2006, the impact of trade flows increased the inequality of earnings by roughly
7%, with the resulting loss to a representative household (two earners making the
median wage and working the average amount of (household) hours each year) reaching
more than $2,000. This amount rivals the entire annual federal income tax bill paid
by this household. Over the next 10-20 years, if some prominent forecasts of the reach
of service-sector offshoring hold true, and, if current patterns of trade roughly
characterize this offshoring, then globalization could essentially erase all wage gains
made since 1979 by workers without a four-year college degree.
Analysis: Similarly to the other response, this argument simply says that wage gains do not
materialize overall. Weighing these empirics and specific analysis over general economic theory
is a good way to mitigate both of the impacts of this spending power/specialization argument. If
people in poverty have lower wages and income, while the cost of goods increase, it is intuitively
impossible to raise them out of poverty.
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PRO$H$Specialization$
Argument: Globalization diversifies the labor market and goods markets.
Warrant: Globalization has caused increased specialization, notably in Europe
Krieger-Boden, Christiane. "Globalization, Integration and Regional Specialization."
(n.d.): n. pag. Kiel Institute of World Economics, Oct. 2000. Web. 4 Jan. 2015.
<https://www.ifw-members.ifw-kiel.de/publications/globalization-integrationand-regional-specialization/kap1009.pdf>.
Globalization and European integration are substantially changing the
interregional division of labor in Europe and the industrial specialization of
European regions, thereby potentially affecting the extent of disparities between
countries and regions. This paper reviews several theoretical approaches relevant for
explaining regional specialization in the process of integration (such as the new economic
geography, urbanization economics, and the theory of comparative advantages), surveys
the empirical evidence for European regions, and outlines an agenda for future empirical
research.
Warrant: Globalization increases availability of the best products through specialization.
"Benefits of Globalization - Boundless Open Textbook." Boundless. Boundless
Management, 27 June 2014. Web. 04 Jan. 2015.
<https://www.boundless.com/management/textbooks/boundless-managementtextbook/globalization-and-business-14/globalization-101/benefits-ofglobalization-470-3958/>.
A final argument supporting globalization's benefits focuses on how globalization
leads to the increased availability of diverse products, services, and technology.
Through pooling knowledge and exchanging more goods and services, domestic
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economies expand and benefit from technological and medical developments. This
increase in variety, even in basic goods, allows someone in Spain to drink Italian wine
and eat French cheese while typing on a Chinese keyboard. Global exchange can allow
the best of all worlds through specialization and maximizing various comparative
advantages that involve quality or efficiency.
Warrant: South Korea benefited from specialization .
"Benefits of Globalization - Boundless Open Textbook." Boundless. Boundless
Management, 27 June 2014. Web. 04 Jan. 2015. <https://
www.boundless.com/management/textbooks/boundless-managementtextbook/globalization-and-business-14/globalization-101/benefits-ofglobalization-470-3958/>.
From 1962 to 1989, South Korea's GDP growth averaged over 8%, year-on-year.
Exports and international trade grew enormously, along with the purchasing power of
South Korean individuals, supporting the argument that international exchange
creates opportunities for developing countries. This idea also supports the way
South Korea's economy began specializing in order to capture comparative
advantages and grow more competitive in the global marketplace.
Warrant: Specialization increases efficiency and reduces costs
"Trade and Globalization." (n.d.): n. pag. The Levin Institute, 2012. Web. 4 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.globalization101.org/uploads/File/Trade/tradeall.pdf>.
Countries have a mutual interest in specializing in the production of the goods and
services that their unique combination of labor, capital, and land will enable them to
produce most efficiently and cheaply. They can then trade goods and services that
they are relatively well-equipped to produce for goods and services produced by
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other countries. Countries seek goods and services from other countries that they
may not be able to produce efficiently or do not have the capacity to produce.One of
the most important and somewhat unexpected features of this principle of specialization
is that it applies even in cases in which a particular country has an efficiency or cost
advantage over other countries in all the products they are both able to manufacture.
Economists call this the theory of comparative advantage.
Warrant: Increased Specialization could pull people out of poverty in Africa
Nss, Petter A. "How Africa Can Benefit More from the Globalization of International
Trade." POPULAR SOCIAL SCIENCE. N.p., 12 June 2013. Web. 04 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.popularsocialscience.com/2013/06/12/how-africa-canbenefit-more-from-the-globalization-of-international-trade/>.
The positive development Africa has had recently in international trade is a good
starting point to benefit even more from trade. There are a number of measures
which can be put in to secure this. First of all it is important that African companies
start specializing even more than they do today. According to the theory
specialization is one of the most important advantages to benefit from international
trade. This can also increase the technological development on the continent, which is
much needed in Africa.With a big technological development more African countries
can base their exports to a larger degree on already manufactured products, and
less on raw materials, which will increase their incomes. If African countries can
manage this, they may also be able to decrease the great poverty on the continent.
This, in turn, can also help Africa benefit more from international trade.
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A2$$Specialization$
Answer: In some cases countries do not have comparative advantages in many industries
Warrant: Some impoverished countries lack many important competitive advantages
It can be said that Africa has lost out because of the new way big companies are
organized and the way trade is carried out, because African companies lack
important competitive advantages. Because of this it is important that African
companies renew themselves to adapt to the new way international companies are
organized, and thus benefit the most from international trade. Today, Africa as a
continent faces a lot of challenges, the biggest one being poverty.
Warrant: Specialization can decrease the available jobs in certain countries.
Bivens, Josh. "Trade, Jobs, and Wages." Economic Policy Institute. Economic Policy
Institute, 6 May 2008. Web. 04 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.epi.org/publication/ib244/>.
A wide gulf exists today in American politics. On one shore are voters increasingly
anxious about globalization and its effect on their jobs and communities. On the other are
economists, policy makers, and pundits who maintain that trade is good for the economy,
that the wider public is simply misguided about its benefits, and that politicians who
sympathize with those concerned about globalization are pandering to special interests at
the expense of the wider economy. This latter group relies heavily on the suggestion.
This reliance is odd given that mainstream economics actually argues that there are
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plenty of reasons for concern about globalizations effect on the majority of

American workers. This primer highlights two issues in particular that should
worry American workers about globalization: job losses stemming from growing
trade deficits; and downward wage pressure for tens of millions of American
workers. These problems are not unexpected consequences of expanded trade; quite
the opposite, they are exactly what standard economic reasoning predicts.
Warrant: IT is taking jobs in Europe.
Cosgrave, Jenny. "Why Europe Could Lose 1.9 Million Jobs by 2017." CNBC. CNBC,
20 Aug. 2013. Web. 04 Jan. 2015. <http://www.cnbc.com/id/100975246>.
Large firms in Europe are losing over 130,000 jobs each year in IT, finance and
other areas, as jobs are increasingly offshored to cheaper locations, meaning that by
2017, some 1.9 million European jobs will have disappeared, according to new
report. Offshoring, combined with technological advances that can replace jobs, and the
euro zone's low-growth business environment, could result in the loss of half of all "back
office" jobs that existed in Europe in 2002, according to a report by consulting firm The
Hackett Group. Of the roughly 4.2 million business services jobs that existed in Europe in
2002, 46 per cent, or 1.9 million, will have disappeared by 2017."For many people in
Europe seeking jobs in corporate finance, IT, or other business services areas, our
research offers a bleak picture," said Rashpal Hullait, managing director of The Hackett
Group. "The evolving offshore job market and the maturing of global business
services operations has simply eliminated many of the jobs that used to exist."
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Warrant: African countries are all trying to specialize in agriculture which could cause prices to
plummet, hurting them all.
African countries have historically led an isolationist and protectionist policy, and this is
one of the main reasons why many countries still have a weak economy. A more liberal
and open economic policy will generate greater economic growth for African
countries, according to the theory. However, since the early 1980s African countries
have increasingly liberalized their agriculture. There are many reasons why this has
happened, among others changes in the export and a drop in the prices of
agricultural products. Critics of this development state that if many countries
liberalize one industry at the same time they will increase the amount of goods being
exported so much that the prices will plummet, hence putting themselves in a worse
situation than before.
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PRO$$Increased$Employment
Argument: Jobs created by globalization offer a way to come out of poverty in less developed
nations.
Warrant: Globalization opens up doors for developing countries to boost employment.
Lall, Sanjaya. The Employment Impact Of Globalisation In Developing Countries.
International Labour Office of the United Kingdom, 2002.
<http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/pdf/qehwp/qehwps93.pdf>
Globalisation can offer many employment benefits to developing countries. In the
external world these countries face, markets become more accessible, transport costs
lower, information easier to get, technology easier to access and capital easier to
raise: this promises more exports, faster transfer of technology and greater
investment resources. On the domestic front, closer integration with the world
economy also promises much. Trade liberalisation, according to received trade theory,
promotes labour-intensity in (export and domestic -oriented) activities and so boosts
employment. Investment liberalisation leads to larger inflows of technology,
information, capital, skills and various services, often in a packaged form that lets
them be deployed quickly and efficiently. It may also give access to the internal
production systems of TNCs that increasingly span the world and offer massive
markets, rapid growth and technological as well as employment benefits. Opening
the economy to international service and infrastructure providers can help create
jobs, raise productivity and strengthen competitiveness. It is not just foreign firms
that benefit: local enterprises can respond to more intense competition and new
market opportunities by raising their productivity and collaborating with, learning
from and supplying to TNCs.
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Warrant: Export processing zones bring about significant increases in employment in

developing countries.
Rama, Martin. Globalization and Workers in Developing Countries. World Bank,
January 2003. <http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/pdf/10.1596/1813-9450-2958>
Globalization has also led to substantial job creation, however. The most visible
part of this creation is associated with foreign direct investment and, particularly,
with export-processing zones. The latter are often defined as fenced-in industrial
estates specializing in manufacturing for exports that offer free-trade conditions and a
liberal regulatory environment. But this definition is too restrictive. In countries like
China or Mauritius, firms are not geographically constrained in industrial estates. In
others, they are allowed to sell part of their output in the domestic market (Madani,
1999). In theory, export-processing zones represent a sub-optimal mechanism to integrate
a country with world markets, the optimum being to offer free-trade conditions and a
liberal regulatory environment across the board. In some countries, such as Sri Lanka,
social and political constraints may prevent the complete removal of barriers and
regulations in sectors with powerful vested interests. In this case, export-processing zones
can be seen as a way to reform at the margin . In other countries, like China, special
zones have been a way to experiment market-oriented reforms. Regardless of their
theoretical merits, export-processing zones have been a powerful engine of
employment generation. Figure 7 reports the share of the total labor force employed
in these zones in selected countries during the 1990s. The case of Mauritius is
outstanding. But the share is considerable in several of the other countries as well,
especially when taking into account that agricultural activities and the informal sector
still employ a considerable fraction of the labor force.
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Warrant: The jobs created by globalization are stepping-stones to higher paying jobs, thus
offering an avenue to alleviate poverty.
Schuman, Michael. The worlds poor need jobs, too. TIME Magazine, September 24
2010. <http://business.time.com/2010/09/24/the-worlds-poor-need-jobs-too/>
From the very beginning, Asias policymakers were highly concerned about
creating good jobs. For Lee Kuan Yew in Singapore, it was a near obsession. In the first
few pages of his colossal memoir, From Third World to First, Lee mentions that the need
to create jobs was among his earliest priorities upon Singapores independence in
1965.What Asias leaders did is connect their economies to the world economy,
capitalizing on their comparative advantages mainly cheap, plentiful labor to
woo factories from high-cost countries, thus creating millions of new, well-paying
jobs. But governments werent idle, either. They encouraged private enterprise and
foreign investment with goodies like tax breaks. Instead of wasting money on welfare
programs, they funneled resources into making the economy more productive and
efficient, especially by improving education and infrastructure. That helped Asian
countries move up the value chain into higher-tech industries (ships, cars,
electronics) that created yet better-paying jobs.
Warrant: Increased employment is the only way to solve problems of poverty in the long term.
Malhotra, Kamal. Making Globalization Work for the Least Developed Countries.
United Nations Development Programme, 2008.
<http://www.unohrlls.org/UserFiles/File/Publications/LDC/LDCs_Istanbul_ENG
LISH_final.pdf>
Poverty reduction may be achieved through either the creation of productive
employment opportunities for the poor or through different types of transfer
payments in cash (e.g., payment of welfare) or in kind (e.g., provision of
complimentary social services) to the poor. While these two approaches to
poverty reduction might be considered contradictory, they are in fact
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complementary. However, the creation of productive employment opportunities

is the only proven sustainable, long-term measure to reduce poverty, even though
the provision of transfer payments is an important short-term measure to alleviate
poverty. Despite this, and while both approaches are important, the latter
approach has gained dominance in recent years. The understandable desire
for quick results has encouraged developing countries and their development
partners to focus more and more on high-impact actions , which are
associated with transfer payments. Today, poverty reduction efforts are
mostly associated with the provision of social services, mainly basic health
and education. While the provision of social services is important for short-term
poverty alleviation, it cannot by itself help to ensure long-term, sustainable
poverty reduction. Moreover, if donors decrease their aid for social services,
many poor countries will find themselves unable to provide these services to
the poor. The only way for LDCs to decrease their high and sustained
dependence on aid money, and to invest in their social sectors in the long run in a
sustainable manner, is for them to promote high and sustained rates of economic
growth and employment.
Analysis: The strength of this argument comes from its tie to the central impact of this
resolution: poverty alleviation. Few Con teams will be able to counter that employment leads to
poverty alleviation, so Pro teams making this argument should emphasize in every speech that
employment is the only way to bring people out of poverty, so any harms of the Con side like
income inequality or low wages are irrelevant. Pro teams should leave the judge with the thought
that as long as more people are getting jobs, more people are being raised out of poverty. That
being said, Pro teams should be ready to respond to questions about the link to this argument.
The research is definitely inconclusive on how globalization affects employment. A way to deal
with these inconsistencies is to stick to the basics. Simple economic theory and common sense
lean Affirmative on this argument, so Pro team should stick to this argument s clear narrative to
persuade judges.
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Increased Employment
Response: Globalization has not improved employment around the world.

Warrant: As globalization has occurred, developed and developing countries have seen no
benefit to their overall employment.
Enhancing the Employment Impact of Globalization? International Labour
Organization, November 2004.
<http://www.ilo.org/integration/events/events/WCMS_084539/lang-en/index.htm>
There is insufficient evidence to support such a benign neglect of the employment
objective. High unemployment and underemployment remain serious problems in
many parts of the world and the current process of globalization has given rise to
new stresses in labour markets. There is no discernible improvement in the global
employment situation during the last two decades of globalization. Compared to
the fifties and sixties, open unemployment in the industrialized countries is
significantly higher. Data for developing countries is patchy and less reliable, but taken
as a whole, they do provide serious grounds for concern. Open unemployment rates
are surprisingly high in a number of these countries, contradicting the conventional
wisdom that unemployment is not an option in developing countries without
systems of unemployment insurance. At the same time there is evidence that
precarious and low-productivity employment in the informal sector has expanded
as a share of total employment. This reflects the slow growth of employment in the
modern sector.
Warrant: A case study of Nigeria shows that, on balance, its employment has been adversely
affected by globalization.
Abiodun Elijah, Obayelu. Effects of Economic Globalisation on employment trend and
wages in developing countries: Lessons from Nigeria experiences. Department
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of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, September 2007.

<http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/7433/1/elijah.pdf>
The number of jobs created in the informal sector are not, however, as good as
those lost in the formal sector. First due to high competition in the informal sector, the
survival rate of firms in the sector is very low making jobs in this sector very
insecure. Also after the economic reform which has led to increase in wages and salaries
in Nigeria in recent time, earnings in most of the informal sector are lower than in the
formal sector making workers in the sector vulnerable to poverty. Job creation and
job destruction are important in determining whether churning occurs against
globalisation by potential losers. Also the natures of jobs have change so that a worker
ceases to be covered for unproductively due to low wages. A permanent worker who used
to enjoy all benefits extended by formal labour regulations now loose the benefits. One
source of job destruction has been the downsizing of state-owned enterprises and
government agencies. In some cases, up to a half of the workforce in state-owned
enterprises needs to be considered redundant, if those enterprises are to be run as
private firms (Belser and Rama, 2001). Quite a number of people in Nigeria have lost
their jobs through state-owned enterprise downsizing and more are likely to be retrenched
as the exercise is still going on. It has been argued that public sector downsizing is not
directly connected to globalisation, but the two are not independent either since countries
that remain isolated from the outside world can keep their state sectors untouched for
much longer (Rama, 2001).
Analysis: Debaters can use these concrete examples to poke holes in the narrative of the
affirmative. While in theory, globalization would allow for more job opportunities, the overall
analysis from the International Labour Organization and the case study of Nigeria both show that
these benefits do not materialize. While opponents may have the general theory to back up why
globalization could help the poor, evidence like this can refute the specifics of the narrative.
Response: Even if rote employment numbers increase, they do not alleviate poverty.
Warrant: Wage stagnation increases poverty and unemployment in developed nations.
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Sakir, Salman. Globalization Is Only a Good Thing If It Benefits All Groups of

Society. Huffington Post, October 2014. <http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/salmansakir/globalization_b_5992002.html>
Another adverse impact of globalization may be wage stagnation in the developed
countries. The wages of people belonging to the lower-income group and the middle
class did not significantly increase in the last few decades as some of their
occupations have been increasingly under threat of being outsourced to developing
countries. The availability of low-wage workers in developing countries may have acted
as a hindrance for the rise in wages of lower-income and middle class workers in
developed countries. Any potential rise in their wages may encourage a business to
relocate its production or service unit to a developing country and take advantage of
competitive wages. Therefore, globalization may have contributed to wage stagnation
in the developed countries, especially for the lower-income and the middle class. The
wage stagnation may have adversely affected poverty in the developed countries. A
study by Joseph Rowntree Foundation revealed that there are more working families
living in poverty than non-working ones in the UK. This indicates that globalization
may play a role in the emergence of low-wage employment and stagnant wages in
the developed countries that again lead to increase in poverty.
Warrant: Any new jobs are of such a low quality that they are unable to bring people out of
poverty.
Globalization Failing to Create New, Quality Jobs or Reduce Poverty. Global Policy
Forum, December 2005.
<https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/162/27955.html>
The study finds that while in some areas of Asia economic expansion is fostering solid
growth in jobs and improvements in living conditions, other areas such as Africa and
parts of Latin America are seeing increasing numbers of people working in less
favorable conditions, especially in the agricultural sector. The KILM also says that
for millions of workers, new jobs often provide barely enough income to lift them
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above the poverty line, or are far below any adequate measure of satisfying and
productive work. The total number of working women and men living on less than $2 a
day has not fallen over the past decade although at 1.38 billion it is a smaller share of
global employment at just below 50 per cent, a decline from 57 per cent in 1994. The
report emphasizes that in many developing economies the problem is mainly a lack of
decent and productive work opportunities rather than outright unemployment.
Women and men are working long and hard for very little because their only
alternative is to have no income at all. The new KILM paints an in-depth picture of
both the quantity and quality of jobs around the world by examining 20 key indicators of
the labour market. The KILM covers quantitative topics such as labour force
participation, employment, inactivity, employment elasticities, sectoral employment,
labour productivity and unemployment, and qualitative issues such as hours worked,
wages, employment status, unemployment duration and others.
Analysis: This response should be framed as an even if argument, otherwise debaters run
the risk of contradicting themselves. Con teams should be sure that they remind the judge
that there is concrete evidence showing that there are not significant gains in employment,
and that some evidence points to job losses overall directly due to globalization. However,
on the off chance that some jobs are created (or the judge simply does not prefer your
evidence or buy the response), this response still shows that these new jobs do not translate
to poverty alleviation: the only impact that matters in the resolution.
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PRO$$Globalization$Spurs$Technological$Innovation$
Argument: Technology has significantly increased efficiency in the economy while benefiting
low skill job opportunities
Warrant: Advancements in telecommunications has increased access to information and
increased efficiency
"Information Technology and Globalization." Global Envision. Mercy Corps, 15 Feb.
2006. Web. 08 Jan. 2015. <http://www.globalenvision.org/library/7/970>.
Information Technology (IT) is a driving factor in the process of globalization.
Improvements in the early 1990s in computer hardware, software, and
telecommunications have caused widespread improvements in access to information
and economic potential. These advances have facilitated efficiency gains in all
sectors of the economy. IT provides the communication network that facilitates the
expansion of products, ideas, and resources among nations and among people
regardless of geographic location. Creating efficient and effective channels to
exchange information, IT has been the catalyst for global integration. Recent
advances in our ability to communicate and process information in digital form - a series
of developments sometimes described as an "IT revolution" - are reshaping the
economies and social lives of many countries around the world.
Warrant: IT is continuing to advance and is used in nearly every aspect in industrial states
Products based upon or enhanced by information technology are used in nearly
every aspect of life in contemporary industrial societies. The spread of IT and its
applications has been extraordinarily rapid. Just 20 years ago, for example, the use
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of desktop personal computers was still limited to a fairly small number of

technologically advanced people. The overwhelming majority of people still
produced documents with typewriters, which permit no manipulation of text and
offer no storage. Fifteen years ago, large and bulky mobile telephones were carried only
by a small number of users in just a few U.S. cities. Today, half of all Americans use a
mobile phone, and in some developing countries, mobile phones are used by more people
than the fixed line telephone network.
Warrant: Technology increases efficiency and is important to modern business
Using Technology to Increase Efficiency." Wells Fargo.com. Wells Fargo, 2015. Web. 8
Jan. 2015. <https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellsfargo.com%2Ffinancialeducation%2Fsmall-business%2Ftechnology%2F>.
Financial management software can help track sales and expenses, monitor
inventory purchases, manage cash flow, monitor payroll, track receivables, and
other purposes. Spreadsheets can be a valuable tool to help manage your business
finances, whether for regular daily needs or for doing ad hoc analysis. Businesses with
more sophisticated financial needs may need specialized financial accounting or
other packages.
Warrant: Technology creates jobs for low skilled workers
Bessen, James. "How Technology Creates Jobs for Less Educated Workers - HBR."
Harvard Business Review. Harvard University, 21 Mar. 2014. Web. 08 Jan. 2015.
<https://hbr.org/2014/03/how-technology-creates-jobs-for-less-educatedworkers/>.
Yet it is a mistake for managers to assume that they need to hire highly educated
workers to handle new technology; employees gain much critical knowledge about
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new technologies through experience on the job and such learning often does not
require a high degree of education. Managers need to understand the role of
technological maturity, the value of experience, and how employees technical skills
develop under different business models. Indeed, economic research shows that new
technology increases the need for more educated workers at first, but, as technology
matures, less educated workers are hired in general.
Warrant: Licensed practical nurses, despite lower education, increased both wages and job
opportunities
Bessen, James. "How Technology Creates Jobs for Less Educated Workers - HBR."
Harvard Business Review. Harvard University, 21 Mar. 2014. Web. 08 Jan. 2015.
<https://hbr.org/2014/03/how-technology-creates-jobs-for-less-educatedworkers/>.
Consider, for example, the licensed practical nurse (LPN, also known as licensed
vocational nurse in some states). Many hospital managers have stopped hiring LPNs,
arguing that they lack the education needed to handle new technology. The American
Nurses Association has urged replacing LPNs, who require from 9 to 18 months of
training depending on the state, with associate degree nurses who have two years of
college training. The Association argues that technology has made the LPN position
obsolete.But a strange thing happened on the way to obsolescence. From the 1970s
through the 1990s, the number of LPNs remained flat or fell slightly, depending on
which statistics you look at. Since 1999, however, the number of LPNs has risen
nearly 50% and wages have grown substantially. The reason: a combination of new
technology and a new business model. New technologies, including advances in in
electronics, fiber optics and anesthetics, allowed the widespread adoption of
techniques for minimally invasive surgery. Using these techniques, surgical patients
recover quickly enough to return home the same day, avoiding an expensive hospital
stay.
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A2$$Globalization$Spurs$Technological$Innovation$
Answer: Technology negates the need for less efficient human workers
Warrant: Profits are rising but wages are falling
Thompson, Derek. "Bash Brothers: How Globalization and Technology Teamed Up to
Crush Middle-Class Workers." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 13 Aug.
2013. Web. 08 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/08/bash-brothers-howglobalization-and-technology-teamed-up-to-crush-middle-classworkers/278571/>.
In a sentence: Globalization (in particular, increased trade with China) has opened
the doors to more consumers and more cheap workers while labor-saving
technology has created more efficient ways to serve those consumers. As a result, the
businesses are bigger, but the workers' share is getting smaller. Fifty years ago, the
four most valuable U.S. companies employed an average of 430,000 people with an
average market cap of $180 billion. These days, the largest U.S. companies have about
2X the market cap of their 1964 counterparts with one-fourth of the employees. That's
what doing more with less looks like.
Warrant: IT has made some jobs obsolete
However, the expansion of IT also introduces costs. Workers in certain sectors of
the economy lose their jobs as innovations in IT create a greater demand for hightech workers and introduce efficiencies that make jobs obsolete. Another negative
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consequence of the IT revolution is the inequitable distribution of access to IT,

called the digital divide. If the new technologies are to fulfill their promise, these costs
and concerns will need to be addressed.
Warrant: Job growth has declined, and will connote to decline, due to technology
Rotman, David. "How Technology Is Destroying Jobs." MIT Technology Review.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 12 June 2013. Web. 08 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/515926/how-technology-isdestroying-jobs/>.
Given his calm and reasoned academic demeanor, it is easy to miss just how provocative
Erik Brynjolfssons contention really is. Brynjolfsson, a professor at the MIT Sloan
School of Management, and his collaborator and coauthor Andrew McAfee have been
arguing for the last year and a half that impressive advances in computer technology
from improved industrial robotics to automated translation servicesare largely
behind the sluggish employment growth of the last 10 to 15 years. Even more
ominous for workers, the MIT academics foresee dismal prospects for many types of
jobs as these powerful new technologies are increasingly adopted not only in
manufacturing, clerical, and retail work but in professions such as law, financial
services, education, and medicine.
Warrant: Up to 47% of the jobs in the US are at high risk of being lost
Thompson, Derek. "Here Are The 47% Of Jobs At High Risk Of Being Destroyed By
Robots." Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc, 24 Jan. 2014. Web. 08 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.businessinsider.com/robots-overtaking-american-jobs-2014-1>.
Indeed, Frey and Osborne project that the next wave of computer progress will
continue to shred human work where it already has: manufacturing, administrative
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support, retail, and transportation. Most remaining factory jobs are "likely to
diminish over the next decades," they write. Cashiers, counter clerks, and
telemarketers are similarly endangered. On the far right side of this graph, you can
see the industry breakdown of the 47% of jobs they consider at "high risk.
Warrant: Technological advances are decreasing any disadvantages of robotics over human
workers
Thompson, Derek. "Here Are The 47% Of Jobs At High Risk Of Being Destroyed By
Robots." Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc, 24 Jan. 2014. Web. 08 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.businessinsider.com/robots-overtaking-american-jobs-2014-1>.
Meanwhile, lower-skill workers have been protected by the Moravec moat. Hans
Moravec was a futurist who pointed out that machine technology mimicked a savant
infant: Machines could do long math equations instantly and beat anybody in chess,
but they can't answer a simple question or walk up a flight of stairs. As a result,
menial work done by people without much education (like home health care
workers, or fast-food attendants) have been spared, too.But perhaps we've hit an
inflection point. As Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee pointed out in their book
Race Against the Machine (and in their new book The Second Machine Age), robots are
finally crossing these moats by moving and thinking like people. Amazon has bought
robots to work its warehouses. Narrative Science can write earnings summaries that are
indistinguishable from wire reports. We can say to our phones I'm lost, help and our
phones can tell us how to get home.
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PRO$$International$Trade$Politics$Benefit$Worker$Rights$
Argument: Regulatory laws passed by individual countries stifles growth and increases
inefficiency
Warrant: Pre-globalization, individuals states passed laws that decreased trade efficiency
Rodrigue, Jean-Paul. "Transportation, Globalization and International Trade." The
Geography of Trade Systems. Hofstra University, 2013. Web. 05 Jan. 2015.
<http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch5en/conc5en/ch5c2en.html>.
After World War I international trade became fairly regulated with impediments
such tariffs, quotas and limitations to foreign ownership. Trade mainly concerned a
range of specific products, namely commodities, (and very few services) that were not
readily available in regional economies. Due to regulations, protectionism and fairly
high transportation costs, trade remained limited and delayed by inefficient freight
distribution. In this context, trade was more an exercise to cope with scarcity than to
promote economic efficiency.
Warrant: Trade liberalization decreases poverty
Ben-David, Dan. "Free Trade Helps Reduce Poverty, Says New WTO Secretariat Study."
WTO. World Trade Organization, 2000. Web. 08 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres00_e/pr181_e.htm>.
The study finds that, in general, living standards in developing countries are not
catching up with those in developed countries. But some developing countries are
catching up. What distinguishes them is their openness to trade. The countries that
are catching up with rich ones are those that are open to trade; and the more open
they are, the faster they are converging.The study also finds that poor people within a
country generally gain from trade liberalization. It concludes that "trade
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liberalization is generally a strongly positive contributor to poverty alleviationit

allows people to exploit their productive potential, assists economic growth, curtails
arbitrary policy interventions and helps to insulate against shocks". This concurs
with a new World Bank study (2) which, using data from 80 countries over four decades,
confirms that openness boosts economic growth and that the incomes of the poor rise
one-for-one with overall growth.
Argument: International labor standards protect workers.
Warrant: International trade pressure increases labor standards
"Globalization and Labor Standards in Action." (n.d.): n. pag. Institute for International
Economics, 2003. Web. 8 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.piie.com/publications/chapters_preview/338/6iie3322.pdf>.
This chapters analysis of the developments in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Cote DIvor,
and Cambodia has demonstrated that trade pressure and incentives from
consumers and governments can lead to improved labor standards in LCDs. It has
also shown that cooperation from governments and international agencies, notably
the ILO, has been important in ensuring that activist pressure produces the desired
outcomes. The ILOs role in these cases suggests that it could do more to assist firms and
consumers in sorting through the various codes and monitoring procedures, perhaps
setting out some minimum standard for acceptable codes of conduct.
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Warrant: Globalization will lead to China respecting its workers more.

"Globalization and Labor Standards in Action." (n.d.): n. pag. Institute for International
Economics, 2003. Web. 8 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.piie.com/publications/chapters_preview/338/6iie3322.pdf>.
The interplay of trade and labor standards in China has yet to produce a clear
direction of change in standards. The more China deals with countries through
trade and investment flows, the greater is the potential for activists, corporations,
and unions to move China along the road towards higher standards and eventual
freedom of association. We anticipate that a mix of pressure from both domestic and
foreign activities and from democratic governments concerned with human rights,
along with technical assistance to the Chinese government on ways to improve standards,
will eventually field more evidence foe our thesis that trade and standards together
offer the best chance to improve the lives of workers in LCDs.
Analysis: Overall, globalization has decreased the amount of laws passed by specific countries
that were intended to protect domestic businesses. This decrease in regulation at the level of
individual nations has served to decrease poverty. Conversely, regulations between states, which
has occurred due to globalization, has increased the protection of workers in developing
countries.
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A2$$International$Trade$Politics$Benefit$Worker$Rights$
Answer: Thus far international trade organizations have done little to protect human rights
Warrant: International trade law makers dont advocate for human rights
Dillon, Sara. "Observations on Trade Law and Globalization." International Journal of
Legal Information. N.p., Spring 2005. Web. 8 Jan. 2015.
<http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.cornell.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Far
ticle%3D1007%26context%3Dijli>.
But be that as it may, in terms of the construction of global law, or global
governance as some like to put it, this split, this divide, between the thinking of
trade specialists and humanistic lawyers, has become profound, even absurd. Since I
am the permanently alienated humanist in the house of economic law technicians, maybe
my own example will shed some light on the problem. At the same time, as I have
become more involved in childrens rights themes, I am equally impatient with the often
sterile focus of human rights specialists on the UN reporting system.4 It seems to me
that human rights specialists do not know how to advocate for law reform at global
trade level, because they leave the entire operation to trade law specialists, perhaps
on the assumption that it all looks so hard, they must know what they are doing,
even if what they are doing is quite ill conceived.
Warrant: International instruments of trade institutionalize inequality
Shah, Anup. "Criticisms of Current Forms of Free Trade." Global Issues. N.p., 31 Mar.
2006. Web. 08 Jan. 2015. <http://www.globalissues.org/article/40/criticisms-ofcurrent-forms-of-free-trade>.
International instruments of trade and finance oversee a complex system of
multilateral trade laws and financial agreements that keep the poor in their
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Bantustans anyway. Its whole purpose is to institutionalise inequity. Why else would
it be that the U.S. taxes a garment made by a Bangladeshi manufacturer 20 times
more than it taxes a garment made in the U.K.? Why else would it be that countries
that grow 90 per cent of the worlds cocoa bean produce only 5 per cent of the worlds
chocolate? Why else would it be that countries that grow cocoa bean, like the Ivory Coast
and Ghana, are taxed out of the market if they try and turn it into chocolate? Why else
would it be that rich countries that spend over a billion dollars a day on subsidies to
farmers demand that poor countries like India withdraw all agricultural subsidies,
including subsidised electricity? Why else would it be that after having been plundered
by colonising regimes for more than half a century, former colonies are steeped in debt to
those same regimes, and repay them some $382 billion a year?
Argument: International trade organizations have been expected, incorrectly so, to regulate
human rights in trade
Warrant: The World Trade Organization should does not have jurisdiction over human rights
At some point, the criticism of the WTO as a symbol of globalization led to
corresponding expectations that the WTO could somehow, through the power of
trade law, present a legal response to child labor and human rights abuses.37 I
always had the impulse to point out that the WTO had no such role, no such explicit
mandate, no such subject matter jurisdiction. But real lawyers like law, and for a
period of several years, the WTO remained an irresistible focus on all sides.
Analysis: World free trade agreements have not helped all countries.
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Warrant: Trade agreements like NAFTA have not helped prosperity.

We recently marked the tenth anniversary of the NAFTA Agreement. NAFTA of
course has triggered a variety of changes in the North American trade relationship:
tariffs lowered or removed, other trade related restrictions eliminated, greater
rights for investors. Yet, despite all this, a recent Carnegie Endowment report indicated
that the overall economic effect on the average Mexican was a wash.41 NAFTA had
not brought significantly higher levels of employment, had not led to general
prosperity, had not raised the boats of the poor. Indeed, in the agricultural sector,
the effect was dazzlingly negative.42 This lack of a measurable benefit for most people
went mostly unremarked. Perhaps the study of law in general does not encourage linking
technique to larger purposes. Maybe it is not the job of a lawyer to wonder what a
particular set of laws is designed to achieve. It does seem an amazing abdication of
responsibility, however, to ignore these implications altogether.
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Increased Efficiency of Markets
Argument: Markets are more efficient and bring about economic growth for all in a globalized
world.
Warrant: Globalization allows businesses to operate on a larger scale, thus increasing their
efficiency.
Mourdoukoutas, Panos. The Good, The Bad, And The Ugly Side Of Globalization.
Forbes Magazine, September 10, 2011.
<http://www.forbes.com/sites/panosmourdoukoutas/2011/09/10/the-good-thebad-and-the-ugly-side-of-globalization/>
The good side of globalization is all about the efficiencies and opportunities open
markets create. Business can communicate efficiently and effectively with their
partners, suppliers, and customers and manage better their supplies, inventories,
and distribution network. Local producers can sell their products in distant markets
with the same ease and speed as in their home country. Sony Corporation
(NYSE:SNE), for instance, can sell its TV and game consoles with the same ease in New
York as in Tokyo. Likewise, Intel (NASDAQ:INTC), Apple (NASDAQ:AAPL), and
Cisco (NASDAQ:CSCO) can sell their high tech gear with the same ease in Tokyo as in
New York.
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Warrant: Countries with high growth achieve that economic development by integrating their
markets globally.
Lawlor, Benjamin. The Age of Globalization: Impact of Information Technology on
Global Business Strategies. Bryant University, April 2007.
<http://digitalcommons.bryant.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=ho
nors_cis >
Globalization has also led to companies being able to lower costs and increase
efficiency in their business functions. The terms outsourcing and off shoring have
become common terms in todays business world and are now apart of almost every
multi-national corporations business strategies. To be clear outsourcing means taking a
specific business function that your company was doing in-house and having another
company perform that exact same function for you. Offshoring by contrast, is when a
company takes one of its factories that is has locally and moving the whole factory off
shore. Outsourcing gives a company the ability to innovate faster and be more cost
efficient this allows companies to grow larger and gain a larger market share, while
hiring more varied specialists. A common misconception about outsourcing is that
outsourcing causes job loss, when in fact if a company can outsource, it lets them
innovate, save costs and gain a larger market share and grow and this growth
creates jobs for people. With offshoring companies are now setting up manufacturing
plants all around the world, whether it is because, that area is known for specializing in
producing that product, cheaper labor, lower taxes, healthcare costs, etc. In either
instance a company can either increase efficiency by taking advantages of areas that
specialize in manufacturing that product or lower manufacturing costs by finding
the least expensive labor and resource costs and setting up a plant there. Higher
efficiency and lower costs would not be available to companies if globalization was
not affecting the global market. Globalization allows for quicker information
transaction, quicker transportation, and a wider selection of mobility from country to
country in order to find the most efficient and cost effective location.
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Warrant: The effective markets created by globalization ensure global economic development
and decrease poverty.
Mahtaney, Piya. Globalization and Sustainable Economic Development. Issues,

Insights, and Inference. August 2013.
<http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137024992.0004>
The global economy is a multitude of systems and scenarios; every nation has its context
and circumstance, and thus even similar policies would result in disparate outcomes and
volatility. Thus, it is a plurality of strategies directed at increasing growth, reducing
poverty, improving distribution and delivery outcomes, and creating transmission
mechanisms that will enable the wider percolation of economic progress.
Development is not a trickle-down effect rather it is an outcome of policies that tackle
underlying structural problems. Discerning whether an increase in economic growth is
sporadic and temporary from the one that will run a much longer course is possible if one
understands the causes underlying economic growth and the changes that accompany it.
The Commission Report (2008) cites that if one were to cull out the single highest
factor from the development success stories of the postwar period, it is the effective
combination of efficient markets, capable governments, and high rates of saving and
investment that enable successful globalization and sustainable economic progress.
Warrant: Globalization inherently increases the efficacy of markets, which benefits global
economic welfare.
Gerber, David. Global Competition: Law, Markets, and Globalization. Oxford
University Press. January 26, 2012.
<http://books.google.com/books/about/Global_Competition.html?id=OGFONMmRZoC>
From a global perspective, the potential benefits are extensive. The core benefit is
the capacity of globalization to enhance global economic welfare by allowing
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markets to direct resources to their highest and best uses across an increasingly
large set of participants. International economics has generated new insights into
these benefits in recent decades, and they have become a central pillar in arguments for
globalization. Reducing barriers to competition creates larger, more efficient
markets, and these can reduce waste, increase output from available sources and
lower cost to consumers.
Analysis: This argument is the most intuitive on the affirmative because it is the backbone of
any economic narrative. Debaters on this side need to establish that markets become more
efficient when they are opened up to a globalized world, and that these more efficient markets
develop economies in a way that benefit the poor. The Gerber analysis provides a link to poverty
reduction, while many of the other cards shown here provide warrants for why a globalized
economy creates more efficient markets. Pro teams should use this argument as a basic economic
starting point for why other benefits, like lower prices or increased employment, occur. Because
of this, they should not spend too much time establishing the link to more efficient markets, and
should spend more time explaining why that matters and why it occurs in the real world, not just
in economic theory.
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A2$$Increased$Efficiency$of$Markets$
Response: Increased market efficiency worsens the employment of those in poverty.
Warrant: These efficient markets decrease job prospects and job quality for low-skilled and
low-income workers.
Markovich, Steven J. The Income Inequality Debate. Council on Foreign Relations,
February 3 2014. < http://www.cfr.org/united-states/income-inequalitydebate/p29052>
Economic forces underlie the growth of income inequality. Highly skilled workers
have greatly benefited from worldwide opportunities, from the star actor whose
movies reach a global audience to the entrepreneur who can quickly and cheaply
bring a new product to market through Chinese contract manufacturing.
Meanwhile, globalization has brought tough competition to other American workers
who have seen jobs move overseas, wages stagnate, and unions decline. The median
union member earns roughly a quarter more than a non-union counterpart. Forty years
ago, a quarter of private sector workers were represented by unions, but today it is only
6.9 percent. Despite a workforce one-fifth of the size, the public sector has more union
members (PDF).
Warrant: These harms are not unique to American trade; they also occur for developing
countries across the world.
Ekmekcioglu, Ercan. The Effects of Globalization on World Income Inequality.
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,
April 2012.
<https://www.academia.edu/1600985/The_Effects_of_Globalization_on_World_I
ncome_Inequality>
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According to Feenstra and Hanson (1997, Pg 371-393), the flow of foreign direct
investments into the developing countries has been found to create or widen
inequality levels in those countries. The reason being that transfer of capital from the
wealthy nations to the poor nations (developing), is equivalent to outsourcing of
activities which according to the developed nations views, are low skilled labour
intensive and vise versa for the developing countries. This massive transfer of capital
to the developing nations has created a huge demand for skilled labour which
proportionately has pushed up the relative wages earned by this skilled work force. But
on the other hand, the relative wages earned by the unskilled workforce has
deteriorated in the developing country which therefore means that inequality has
increased. Important is that this fact was proved in the study carried out in Mexico over
the period 1975-1988.
Analysis: Though there may be employment benefits from the more efficient market systems,
those only come to those who are wealthy. This response shows a few concrete ways that the job
prospects of those in poverty are only worsened by the market efficiency brought by
globalization.
Response: Though economic theory may claim that a more efficient market is good for all,
empirical analysis of the trade relationship between America and China shows that globalization
harmed the poor in the United States.
Warrant: When America and China increased trade, Americans in working in low-wage and
low-skilled jobs saw decreased employment, wages, and household income.
Autor, David. The China Syndrome: Local Labor Market Effects of Import Competition
in the United States. American Economic Review 2013, 103(6): 21212168.
<http://economics.mit.edu/files/6613>
Our analysis finds that exposure to Chinese import competition affects local labor
markets not just through manufacturing employment, which unsurprisingly is
adversely affected, but also along numerous other margins. Import shocks trigger a
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decline in wages that is primarily observed outside of the manufacturing sector.

Reductions in both employment and wage levels lead to a steep drop in the average
earnings of households. These changes contribute to rising transfer payments through
multiple federal and state programs, revealing an important margin of adjustment to trade
that the literature has largely overlooked. Comparing two CZs at the 75th and 25th
percentiles of rising Chinese trade exposure over the period of 2000 through 2007, we
find a differential increase in transfer payments of about $63 per capita in the more
exposed CZ. The largest transfer increases are for federal disability, retirement, and inkind medical payments. Unemployment insurance and income assistance play a
significant but secondary role. By contrast, Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA), which
specifically provides benefits to workers who have been displaced by trade shocks,
accounts for a negligible part of the trade induced increase in transfers.
Analysis: This response is great against Pro teams that primarily read theoretical pieces of
evidence about open markets and free, globalized trade. Debaters should make it clear for the
judges that their evidence is based on what actually occurred from globalization, not what should
have occurred or what economists predict, and that evidence based in concrete fact is more
legitimate than evidence based in speculation.
Response: More efficient markets hurt the poor in developing countries.
Warrant: When global markets lead to developed countries investing in less developed
countries, the technology they invest in only helps the wealthy.
Ekmekcioglu, Ercan. The Effects of Globalization on World Income Inequality.
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,
April 2012.
<https://www.academia.edu/1600985/The_Effects_of_Globalization_on_World_I
ncome_Inequality>
Another study also affirms that increased penetration of foreign direct investment
which is a product of globalization has continued to widen the gap of inequality
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among the developing nations. The issue being that besides multinational companies
outsourcing activities that rely heavily on low qualified cheap labour, they also
introduce new technologies that previously never existed in the developing nations.
Therefore, initially the introduction of these new technologies will create a demand
for highly skilled workers to operate these machines leading to an increase in their
wage levels, and consequently this creates inequality as well as market
segmentation. This study was finally proved in Ireland in the period 1979-1995 in which
the evidence found supported the so called inverted-U shape relationship between wage
inequality and inward flows of foreign direct investment. This fact is supported by studies
from who found out that diffusion or transfer of technology from the developed
nations to the less developing only continues to widen inequality levels in income
distributions in the middle income developing countries, due to the fact that these
countries are known for higher absorption capacity for new technologies compared
to their low income developing counterparts (Firebaugh and Beck 1994:631-653,
Stringer 2006, Windmeijer 2005:25-51, Mahler, Jesuit and Roscoe1999: 363-395, Figini
and Gorg (1999:135-145)
Analysis: Though slightly more complex, this card allows debaters to make the more nuanced
argument that the technology spread through the new markets created in globalization hurt the
poor in those countries. This means that even if direct investment and trade may not be harmful,
the technology shared only serves to widen inequality.
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PRO$$Increased$Competition$$$
Argument: Increased competition in markets benefits the poor by driving down prices.
Warrant: Competition from globalization brings down prices for consumers, making it easier
for those in poverty to afford the goods they need.
Pain, Nigel. Globalisation and OECD Consumer Price Inflation. OECD, 2008.
<http://www.oecd.org/eco/42503918.pdf>
The econometric findings are also used to quantify the overall impact of particular
aspects of globalisation on consumer price inflation in OECD countries over the period
from 2000 to 2005. Two facets of globalisation are considered the growth in
commodity prices estimated to have resulted from strong output growth in the non-OECD
economies, and a decline in the average rate of non-commodity import price inflation that
is estimated to have resulted from higher levels of trade with non-OECD economies.
Both of these estimates are uncertain and so a range of possible outcomes is considered in
the quantification exercise. On balance, if such changes had not occurred, it is likely
that inflation would have been higher in all the OECD economies considered, all else
being equal, consistent with the view that globalisation has had a disinflationary
effect. For most countries globalisation is estimated to have been associated with a
decline in the rate of consumer price inflation of between 0 to percentage point
per annum since 2000. The impact was found to be a little larger in many European
economies than elsewhere.
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Warrant: In the UK, globalization and open trade to lower prices and higher real income.
Erixon, Frederik. Globalization, earnings and consumer prices: taking stock of the
benefits from global economic integration. December 2008. The European
Centre for International Political Economy.
<http://www.ecipe.org/app/uploads/2014/12/globalization-earnings-andconsumer-prices-taking-stock-of-the-benefits-from-globalization.pdf >
The distance between nominal hourly earnings and CPI for goods represents the
evolution of the real income of wage earners in time. Inflation under earnings means that
real income is rising. If clothing prices and import unit values are an indicator of the
impact of globalization on prices, these figures clearly show that openness to trade in
goods and services pulls the inflation curve down, proportionately lifting real
income. If the level of prices in services is an indicator of what the general level of
inflation would look like without trade, the growth of real income in the UK would
have been close to zero since 1988.
Warrant: Within globalization, it is competition that is primarily responsible for this price
decrease.
Feenstra, Robert. Globalization, Competition, and the U.S. Price Level. Centre for
Economic Policy Research, May 26 2009.
<http://dev3.cepr.org/meets/wkcn/2/2402/papers/Weinstein.pdf>
This paper is the first attempt to derive theoretically and empirically the impact of
globalization on markups and welfare in a monopolistic competition model. To
achieve this, we work with a class of preferences that are new to that literature the
translog preferences, with symmetry imposed across products. Although the magnitude of
the consumer gains assuming translog preferences is similar to that assuming CES
preferences (0.7 percentage points between 1992 and 2005), the sources of these gains is
quite different. We estimate that only one third of the gains arise from new varieties
and two thirds arise from competition effects driving down markups of existing
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producers. Moreover, we estimate that these markup effects would have been
substantially larger had there not been substantial exit from US manufacturing.
Warrant: Feenstra furthers, quantifying this price decrease.
Feenstra, Robert. Globalization, Competition, and the U.S. Price Level. Centre for
Economic Policy Research, May 26 2009.
<http://dev3.cepr.org/meets/wkcn/2/2402/papers/Weinstein.pdf>
Our results suggest that globalization has been exerting important economic impacts on
the US economy. Our point estimate for the gains to US consumers from new
varieties and decreased markups is 0.7 percentage points over the period 1992 to
2005. However, the impact on the merchandise sector (agriculture, manufacturing,
and mining) was much more profound. Increased foreign competition drove down
prices by 3.6 percentage points and average markups by five percent over this time
period.
Warrant: Globalization benefits poor consumers by improving the goods they can access.
Griswold, Daniel. The Blessings and Challenges of Globalization. The CATO Institute,
September 1, 2000. <http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/blessingschallenges-globalization>
The greatest beneficiaries of globalization are the long-suffering consumers in
those nations that had been protected from global competition. Globalization
expands the range of choice, improves product quality, and exerts downward
pressure on prices. It delivers an immediate gain to workers by raising the real value of
their wages. It transfers wealth from formerly protected producers to newly liberated
consumers, with the gains to consumers exceeding the loss to producers because the
deadweight losses to the economy are recaptured through efficiency gains. Under
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autarky, consumers are often cursed with poor service and overpriced and lowquality goods because there is no real competition to spur domestic producers to
meet the demands of their consumers. This explains the poor quality of cars sold by
protected domestic producers in such places as India, where the standard Ambassador car
is based on the Morris Oxford, a make of car that went out of style in Britain four
decades ago.
Analysis: This argument is based in sound economic theory that most judges will be aware of,
but many of the impacts and empirical studies surrounding the idea of competition and price
level can still certainly be complex. Debaters should make sure that they do not lose their judges
in complexity while explaining why disinflation of the consumer price index helps people in
poverty. Harkening back to simple economics about increased competition driving down prices
to introduce and conclude arguments like this will help debaters ensure that judges do not
become confused in all of the economic jargon.
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A2$$Increased$Competition$$
Response: Increased competition from globalization does not actually lower prices.
Warrant: The increase in trade is not enough to lead to a decrease in prices.
Sbordone, Argia. Globalization and Inflation Dynamics: The Impact of Increased
Competition. Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports, April 2008.
<http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/staff_reports/sr324.pdf >
Overall, according to the model presented, it would be difficult to argue that the
increase in trade observed in the 90s in the US should have generated an increase in
competition that could lead to a decline in the slope of the inflation/ marginal cost
relation. It is indeed quite possible that the increased competition has instead
resulted in an increase in the slope. Moreover, this conclusion is obtained without
allowing for any increase in the frequency of price adjustment in a more competitive
environment, of the kind hypothesized by Rogoff (2003). Note, however, that since one is
comparing two different steady states, the results depend very critically on the curvature
of the demand function in the initial steady state, and on how far the new steady state is
from the initial one.
Analysis: This response is simple and easy to articulate, which is a gold mine in resolutions like
this where complex economic theory and confusing statistics are almost necessary in any
argument. This simply says that while competition can bring down prices, globalization does not
lead to enough trade to actually offset prices, and can actually make products more expensive.
Debaters should explain that this piece of evidence should be preferred over the Pros basic
economic theories, because it is based on what occurred in the real world.
Response: When this financial benefit does not occur, poor citizens are hurt.
Warrant: Citizens of less developed countries can see harms to societal welfare because of
globalization.
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Mendoza, Enrique. On the Welfare Implications of Financial Globalization without

Financial Development. National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2,
2007. <http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~quadrini/papers/WelfarePap.pdf>
This paper studied the welfare and distributional consequences of capital markets
liberalization among countries that are heterogeneous in financial development. We
found that, if financial globalization does not lead to financial development, it can
result in adverse effects for the social welfare of the less developed countries. The
quantitative analysis shows that these effects are large and may justify policy
intervention. These conclusions were obtained by studying the quantitative implications
of a two-country model with heterogenous agents and uninsurable idiosyncratic risks.
Market incompleteness derives from the unavailability of state-contingent contracts and
limits to the amount of borrowing.
Analysis: This response goes along well with the first response, because together they create a
clear narrative. The pros theories do not come to fruition in reality, and when they do not occur,
social welfare is adversely affected. Though I would recommend debaters read every study they
cite, they should especially look into the warrants of this NBER analysis to be sure that they can
explain how a lack of materialization of financial benefits leads to worsened income inequality
and societal detriment.
Response: Lower prices are actually harmful to the poor.
Warrant: For people in poverty with debt, jobs, and a stake in the economy not collapsing into a
recession, lower levels of inflation are harmful overall.
Walker, Cheryl. Benefits of inflation. Wake Forest University, April 19 2011.
<http://news.wfu.edu/2011/04/19/benefits-of-inflation/>
A low, stable inflation rate can be a good thing as it allows the labor market to cut real
wages during a recession. It is very difficult for an employer to cut wages, since who
wants their wages to be cut? But a wage freeze combined with a positive inflation rate
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amounts to a cut in the real wage (which is: how much can I buy with my wages), which
is often necessary during a recession to allow the labor market to clear. Thus, some
inflation can be good (especially if it is in line with inflation expectations). Deflation is
very dangerous for three main reasons: (1) it makes people spend less. Suppose I am in
the market to buy a car and a choose a car that is priced at $20,000 in 2011. Due to
deflation that car will be priced at $15,000 in 2012, and $10,000 in 2013. So why should
I buy the car in 2011? I should wait, and allow the purchasing power of my money to
grow as prices fall. If this happens economy-wide, then spending is severely cut back
which will likely lead to a recession. (2) Debtors are worse off when there is deflation
since their debts are more valuable in real terms when prices fall. (3) Real wages
actually rise when there is deflation; meaning employers are paying workers more
in terms of purchasing power. This could lead to layoffs if production doesnt match
the level of the real wage rate being paid.
Analysis: This response is great in contrast to complex economic arguments that are not as based
in humanity or in experiences that the judge would understand. Con teams should explain how
poor people in debt, in a more globalized and deflated economy, would only see that debt
worsen. The more human side of this argument will stick with the judges when the numbers and
economic theory do not, so devoting some time to this response and fleshing it out is definitely a
good investment of time in a rebuttal or summary speech.
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PRO$$Collaborative$Agricultural$Programs$
Argument: Economic globalization has provided a framework for a series of cooperative
projects to produce climate-adjusted plants by enabling organizations across the world to swap
breeding techniques and biotechnology innovations. Hailed by some as a Second Green
Revolution , these international public-private partnerships return scientific and humanitarian
benefits. This brief focuses on the Improved Maize for African Soil (IMAS) project, sometimes
also called Nitrogen-Use Efficient Maize for Africa (NUEMA). It is conducted by the
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), the Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation, USAID, the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, the Agricultural Research
Council of South Africa, and Pioneer Hi-Bred.
Warrant: Improved Maize for African Soil (IMAS) is founded on collaboration between public
and private sector groups from many different nations
Improved Maize to Boost Yields in Nitrogen-starved African Soils . CGIAR Research
Program on Maize. 10 Dec 2014. Web. Accessed 2 Jan 2015.
http://maize.org/improved-maize-to-boost-yields-in-nitrogen-starved-africansoils/
In 2014, 41 such varieties were nominated for release in nine countries in Africa, in
partnership with 24 seed companies. This year IMAS also worked with seed
companies to support the production and dissemination of 3,000 tons of seed of
nitrogen-use efficient maize hybrids in Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania and
Zimbabwe, potentially benefitting more than 120,000 smallholder maize farmers
and helping to enhance food security for over half a million household members,
according to Das. Close collaboration with the private seed sector has been
instrumental to IMAS since its inception, Das said. These partners host over a
quarter of the regional nitrogen stress screening network and have helped with the
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quick increase of seed of nitrogen-use efficient varieties and with managing farmer
demonstrations and field days to support the fast release of new varieties.
Warrant: IMAS partners collaborate on research efforts
Investing In Africa: Improved Maize for African Soils. DuPont Pioneer. 2013. Web.
Accessed 2 Jan 2015.
http://www.pioneer.com/CMRoot/Pioneer/About_Global/news_media/pannar/IM
AS_fact_sheet_061813.pdf
IMAS partners will leverage an array of advanced breeding techniques with a
goal to create maize varieties and hybrids that yield at least 50% more than
currently available varieties grown with existing nitrogen application rates. IMAS
seeks to improve nitrogen use efficiency in maize through three research efforts: 1.
Maize seed from conventional breeding introduced within four years. 2. Molecular
breeding will produce improved maize seed within 7 to 9 years. 3. Transgenic seed
within 10 years, pending regulatory approvals.
Warrant: IMAS is increasing yields of maize crops which will help farmers in Africa come out
of poverty
Improved Maize for African Soils: A public-private partnership in support of African
smallholders . The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
(CIMMYT). Web. Accessed 2 Jan 2015.
http://www.cimmyt.org/en/projects/improved-maize-for-african-soils/about-imasproject?task=callelement&format=raw&item_id=855&element=64167ff7-fad64380-b4b2-f7d3fed67ffa&method=download.
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After 10 years, the proposed research will have led to maize varieties and hybrids
with grain yields of at least 50% more than the best non-IMAS varieties in farmers
fields where low soil N fertility is the main constraint to yield, and increases of at
least 25% where other stress factors like drought are also important. In addition to
having improved yield under severely N-deficient conditions, these cultivars will be
more responsive to the small N doses that African farmers are likely to apply. We
expect half the increase to result from the incorporation of large-effect genes, either
via marker-assisted backcrossing of native trait alleles or by transgene incorporation, and
half from MARS and other enhanced conventional breeding methods. About 70% of
the 16.9 million ha of maize sown in eastern and southern Africa receives no fertilizer.
Assuming support for seed production and dissemination in the expected Phase II of
IMAS, it is reasonable to suppose that 20% of the region's area will be sown to
IMAS products, generating at least a 25% yield increase in the years immediately
following the project. Approximately 1 million tons of additional grain would be
produced under this scenario, representing an annual economic benefit to farmers
of USD 125-150 million at current prices. Given that sub-Saharan African farmers
are chiefly smallholders and among the world's poorest, use of IMAS varieties could
significantly improve their livelihoods and food security.
Warrant: Impoverished and female farmers will benefit economically from the IMAS project,
while as many as 59 million people will have increased food security
Improved Maize for African Soils: A public-private partnership in support of African
smallholders . The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
(CIMMYT). Web. Accessed 2 Jan 2015.
http://www.cimmyt.org/en/projects/improved-maize-for-african-soils/about-imasproject?task=callelement&format=raw&item_id=855&element=64167ff7-fad64380-b4b2-f7d3fed67ffa&method=download.
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The primary beneficiaries will be the smallholders who manage most of the 16.9
million ha of maize grown in eastern and southern Africa. Taking 0.4 ha per capita as
a rough average for farm size in the region and assuming that half the cropped area per
farm is in maize, at least 59 million people directly dependent on maize production in
N-deficient fields could benefit from non-transgenic IMAS varieties, if adoption
were complete, or about 15 million at the 25% adoption level targeted by the end of
Phase 2. Benefits will preferentially accrue to smallholders who are too poor to
invest in inorganic fertilizers and who lack the political support to access input
subsidy programs. Female farmers and women-headed households are likely to be
disproportionately represented among this target group. The high-NUE transgenic
varieties developed by the project may also be of interest and benefit to small- and
intermediate-scale farmers who apply some inorganic N fertilizer, because the transgenes
selected for efficacy under conditions of severe N depletion will have been previously
demonstrated to be effective under conditions of moderate N deficiency in the Pioneer
pipeline targeted for temperate systems.
Analysis: The IMAS is an effective example of economic globalization because this trade of
scientific ideas, technologies, and research across governments and private companies is
characteristic of economic globalization. It may be strategic to include a definition of economic
globalization that expressly states this. Although this brief focuses on the IMAS project, there are
other public-private partnerships similar to this program, including the Water Efficient Maize for
Africa (WEMA) project, the Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa (DTMA) project, and a rice seed
program by the International Rice Research Institute.
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A2$$Collaborative$Agricultural$Programs$
Answer (Specific to IMAS): The corporate involvement in seed development projects would be
more likely to increase capitalist control and commodification of natural resources than help
people in less developed nations work their way out of poverty. In fact, increased corporate
involvement in the agriculture of non-Western states may hinder poverty reduction.
Warrant: Seed corporations will consolidate power over agriculture as they use climate-ready
seeds to control farms and markets in less developed nations
Bronson, Diana and Hope Shand. Hot Pursuit The corporate grab on climate-proof
genes and patents . Earth Grab: Geopiracy, the New Biomassters and Capturing
Climate Genes. Oct 2010. Web. Accessed 2 Jan 2015.
https://books.google.com/books?id=iubBggHoHDYC&pg=PR6&lpg=PR6&dq=i
mproved+maize+for+african+soils+international+cooperation&source=bl&ots=7
_IfOs_XQY&sig=vbbwrqAO6dPxV8pxO2MQY_W_KTU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=K
QinVOHaFYGcgwTn94L4AQ&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=improved
%20maize%20for%20african%20soils%20international%20cooperation&f=false
The world s six largest agrochemical and seed corporations are filing sweeping,
multi-genome patents in pursuit of an exclusive monopoly over the plant genre
sequences. Marketed as crops genetically engineered to withstand environmental
stresses such as drought, heat, cold, floods, saline soils, and more, this development
could lead to their control of most of the world s plant biomass
whether it is used
for food, feed, fiber, fuel, or plastics. Under the guise of developing climate-ready
crops as a silver-bullet solution to climate change, these companies are pressuring
governments to allow the broadest and potentially most dangerous patent claims in
intellectual property history. But can patented techno-fix seeds provide the adaptation
strategies that small farmers need to cope with climate change? On the contrary, these
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proprietary technologies are poised to concentrate corporate power, drive up costs,

inhibit independent research and further undermine the rights of farmers to save
and exchange seeds. For the gene giants, the goal is biomasstery
to profit from
the world s biomass.

Answer: Economic globalization will create an amalgamated answer to climate change in
agriculture. A movement away from local, specialized processes will disrupt farming and food
security because it will not be as sensitive to local environmental needs.
Warrant: Responses to climate change must come at a local level because a globalized approach
will not adequately adjust to the needs of specific habitats
Bronson, Diana and Hope Shand. The Context . Earth Grab: Geopiracy, the New
Biomassters and Capturing Climate Genes. Oct 2010. Web. Accessed 2 Jan 2015.
https://books.google.com/books?id=iubBggHoHDYC&pg=PR6&lpg=PR6&dq=i
mproved+maize+for+african+soils+international+cooperation&source=bl&ots=7
_IfOs_XQY&sig=vbbwrqAO6dPxV8pxO2MQY_W_KTU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=K
QinVOHaFYGcgwTn94L4AQ&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=improved
%20maize%20for%20african%20soils%20international%20cooperation&f=false
Commercial breeders of crops and livestock stress yield and uniformity and
depend heavily on external inputs. Peasant breeding, on the other hand, depends on
diversity and stresses reliability, resistance to pests, disease and adverse weather
conditions. As global agriculture encounters climate change, farmers will not only
face radically different temperatures and growing conditions, but also highly erratic
weather that will place the premium on diversity and flexibility. In other words, large
monocultures of genetically uniform plant varieties will be the most vulnerable to
climate change. With the wide diversity of crop and animal resources conserved in
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the plots of small farmers worldwide, peasant agriculture has to be recognized and
supported.
Analysis: This card functions as a link turn. By arguing that economic globalization will actually
reduce the efficacy of climate change response initiatives, the Con is able to show that the Pros
position may actually augment the problems they aim to solve.
Answer: Past attempts to globalize agriculture were ineffective because of differences between
Western and non-Western food traditions. Therefore, economic globalization is unlikely to
increase agricultural cooperation without significant deviation from the status-quo.
Warrant: In 2010 Zimbabwe denied agricultural collaboration in the form of food aid
Mpofu, Thulani. Starving Zimbabwe rejects GM maize. The National. 7 June 2010.
Web. Accessed 2 Jan 2015. http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/africa/starvingzimbabwe-rejects-gm-maize
Zimbabwe has rejected genetically modified maize as food aid for its hungry
population after raising health and environmental concerns. About 2.2 million
Zimbabweans - almost 16 per cent of the national population - need emergency food
aid because low seasonal rains resulted in widespread crop failure, according to the
Famine Early Warning Systems Network (Fewsnet), a Washington-based global food
security organisation.
Warrant: The aid was rejected because of perceived threats to food safety and Zimbabwes
market competitiveness in organic exports.
Mpofu, Thulani. Starving Zimbabwe rejects GM maize. The National. 7 June 2010.
Web. Accessed 2 Jan 2015. http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/africa/starvingzimbabwe-rejects-gm-maize
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In January, he rejected a request by grain millers to import GM grain for local

milling, saying the businesses could better use the money set aside for imports to
support domestic agriculture to boost production. Sheunesu Mpepereki, a soil
science professor at the University of Zimbabwe in Harare, said that if unmilled
maize is imported, there is no guarantee that poor farmers, who cannot afford to
buy seed maize, will not use the aid as seed. "Just because we are hungry does not
make us accept food which we do not like," said Mr Mpepereki, who is also the
chairman of the National Soya-bean Taskforce, a grouping of farmers who specialise in
growing soya beans. "In any case, I do not think that our hunger is so desperate that
we can mortgage the long-term future and purity of our farm produce. Hunger is
not permanent." He warned that Zimbabwe could lose markets that don't allow GM
produce if it allows contamination of its farm produce by GM seeds.
Analysis: This answer mitigates the Pros link to poverty reduction by arguing that nations will
not cooperate because of cultural ideas about food production; American dedication to
genetically modified seeds has proven to disrupt agreements between states. Without this
international agricultural cooperation the Pro does not have a link to poverty reduction.
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PRO$H$Environmental$Justice$and$Sustainability$
Argument: Characterized by an exchange of technology and ideas, economic globalization is
the best way to combat environmental justice issues because it enables international actors to
openly share and coordinate on questions of sustainable development and resource conservation.
Collaboration is the only way to solve the environmental justice concerns that plague
impoverished people across the world; water scarcity and deforestation, among other matters,
strengthen barriers people already face to coming out of poverty.
Warrant: Economic globalization provides the framework necessary to combat environmental
issues because of the cooperation intrinsic to globalization
Blanco, Elena and Jona Razzaque. Globalisation and Natural Resources Law:
Challenges, Key Issues and Perspectives . Edward Elgar Publishing. 2011. Web.
http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=h9uV6U2M7_oC&oi=fnd&pg=P
R1&dq=Globalisation+and+Natural+Resources+Law:+Challenges,+Key+Issues+
and+Perspectives&ots=yqu0Resfye&sig=bVZxN2rDSpXyp5IflAGhaSuOh_M#v
=onepage&q=Globalisation%20and%20Natural%20Resources%20Law%3A%20
Challenges%2C%20Key%20Issues%20and%20Perspectives&f=false
Free trade promoted by globalization has a spill-over effect. Thus, problems
occurring at the national level are no longer purely national be it GHG from
factories or financial meltdown at the banking sector. This requires initiatives at the
global and regional scales. Many of the problems afflicting the world today, such as
poverty, environmental pollution and economic crises, are increasingly
transnational in nature and cannot be dealt with only at the national level. A
combination of inclusive decision-making at the national allowing public
participation along with an effective international legal framework can lead to
sustainable management of natural resources. Focusing only on a country specific
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management of resources can pose several problems including the overemphasis of

the sovereignty over natural resources and raises questions such as whether the state
shares benefits arising from resource use with the resource holder, whether the state
follow sustainable practices to manage natural resources and whether the state
expropriates foreign investments with appropriate compensation. A global mechanism to
protect natural resources provides guidance to states and, by providing cooperative
approaches to managing natural resources, makes globalization part of the
solution.
Warrant: Micro-financing, a tactic of economic globalization, encourages sustainable business
and resource use because of a commitment to social justice and a localized scale and execution
of programs
Rippey, Paul. Microfinance and Climate Change: Threats and Opportunities .
Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP). 15 April 2009. Web. Accessed 1
Jan 2015. http://www.cgap.org/publications/microfinance-and-climate-changethreats-and-opportunities
Meanwhile, new challenges, including migrations of poor people displaced by drought,
heat, flooding, and storms, are appearing. Within the microfinance sector, the word
sustainable has tended to be used in a very narrow way, mainly referring to
institutions that are financially viable. In the past few years, the term has broadened
to include social performance. Today, the increasing emphasis on responsible
finance has added environmental impact to the factors considered as measures of
success for a microfinance institution. Proponents of responsible finance sometimes
speak of the triple bottom line of profits, people, and planet
that is, maintaining
financial viability while advancing the social interests of stakeholders and protecting
the environment. Among many others, Calvert Funds specializes in socially
responsible investments, and Triodos assesses social and environmental benefits as
criteria for financing institutions and projects. Several MFIs, such as Grameen and
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BASIX, have begun to address specific aspects of climate change, including the need
to reduce emissions. Other MFIs, including ACLEDA in Cambodia, Findesa in
Nicaragua, FIE FFP in Bolivia, and Banco Solidario in Ecuador, report on social
and environmental, as well as economic, performance.
Warrant: Protection of biodiversity directly alleviates poverty, but this environmental issue
cannot be addressed without economic strategies
Turner, Will. Global Biodiversity Conservation and the Alleviation of Poverty.
BioScience. Jan 2012. Web. Accessed 1 Jan 2015.
http://constantine.typepad.com/files/global-biodiversity-conservation-and-thealleviation-of-poverty.pdf
Some have argued that the idea of integrated conservation and development is
conceptually flawed, is based on unrealistic assumptions about win-win solutions, and is
doomed to reduced efficiency and effectiveness relative to the focused, independent
pursuit of conservation and development objectives (e.g., McShane and Newby 2004,
Salafsky 2011). Overall, our analyses bracketed a range of possible ecosystem service
benefits, from the immediate benefits without transfers (essential services) to an
optimistic valuation alternative that assumes complete PES effectiveness (essential
services with transfers). The broadly similar results for these two very different
alternatives (figure 4) indicate that the importance of biodiversity conservation
priority areas for the poor is robust and not dependent on particular services or
financial mechanisms. This finding suggests that, regardless of whether adequate transfer
mechanisms emerge, biodiversity conservation provides both direct services (food,
fuel) and indirect services (pollination, clean water) that the poor have difficulty
replacing. Emerging evidence for this was found in recent quasiexperimental studies
for Costa Rica and Thailand in which similar districts with and without biodiversity
conservation were compared: The districts with protected areas experienced
approximately 10% less poverty in Costa Rica and 30% less in Thailand (Andam et
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al. 2010). We suggest that effective policies to manage these stocks of natural capital
will result in poverty-alleviation benefits, not simply as unintended side effects but
as part of deliberate, targeted strategies based on the biophysical dependence of
both biodiversity and human well-being on the same ecological systems.
Nonetheless, the biophysical flows of life-sustaining or economically valuable
services from natural habitats -- however substantial -- are not on their own
sufficient to lift people from poverty. Financial mechanisms for transfers will need
to be established, which may be complex and will incur transaction costs. Continued
attention will be necessary to advance finance and governance mechanisms that
minimize these costs and the potential for corruption. This highlights a dual role for
development agencies with expertise on poverty alleviation, including multi- and
bilateral institutions and foundations. First, the high level of support that ecosystems
provide to the poor suggests a much greater need for development agencies to support
biodiversity conservation (TEEB 2009). Second, their expertise is vital in designing
value-transfer mechanisms, such as PES, designed to benefit the poor.
Analysis: Teams running this argument must continually articulate the causal link between the
protection of the environment and the reduction of poverty. Opponents may focus on the
conservation aspect of this argument in an attempt to distract from the full impact scenario - and
the arguments connection to the resolution. Make sure to always bring the debate back to the
resolution by fully explaining how the protection of biodiversity helps people in poverty; the
Turner evidence explains that a healthy environment provides otherwise unattainable
commodities like food and fuel, as well as additional ecosystem services like water filtration and
pollution reduction. Without this analysis in the Final Focus, there is not a clear enough link
between how environmental protections won by economic globalization relates to poverty
reduction.
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A2$$Environmental$Justice$and$Sustainability$$
Answer: Economic globalization will only hinder the contextualized responses that
environmental issues need by shifting the focus from a local environment to generalized, largescale initiatives that do not address the individualized needs of specific habitats.
Warrant: Unless programs are specific to local communities conservation efforts can harm both
the environment and the poor
Davies, Tammy E. and Nathalie Pettorelli, Will Cresswell, Ioan R. A. Fazey. Who are
the poor? Measuring wealth inequality to aid understanding of socioeconomic
contexts for conservation: a case-study from the Solomon Islands . Foundation
for Environmental Conservation. 24 March 2014. Web. Accessed 3 Jan 2015.
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9397
012
Conservation interventions aimed at improving the sustainability of natural
resource use take place within a complex and dynamic ecological, economic, and
social landscape (Dawson et al. 2010; Rissman 2011). Understanding these
complexities is important for the design of successful conservation interventions,
especially in areas with high degrees of inequality, to ensure conservation
interventions do not inadvertently further disadvantage vulnerable people (Lawlor
et al. 2010). In response to the failure of fortress conservation efforts that often had
substantial negative impacts on local people, many conservation projects now aim to
work with local communities (community-based conservation) and include social
objectives, such as poverty reduction, as part of their aims (Hutton et al. 2005). However,
too frequently community-based conservation initiatives are implemented without
fully understanding the local socioeconomic context (Homewood 2013). This ignores
the heterogeneity of stakeholders and important factors, such as gender, ethnicity,
religion, livelihoods, and reliance on biodiversity, that affect how people are able to
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respond and interact with conservation initiatives (Agrawal & Redford 2006). Failing
to recognize these differences risks unequal distribution of costs and benefits from
the intervention, with powerful elites capturing the majority of benefits, and the
poor becoming further marginalized (Iversen et al. 2006; Saito-Jenson et al. 2010).
This not only violates the ethical responsibility of conservation to do no harm
(Homewood 2013), but is also likely to generate conflict between practitioners and
communities, undermine support for conservation and ultimately compromise the
long-term success of the intervention (Sommerville et al. 2010). Understanding the
local socioeconomic context can help mitigate the unequal distribution of costs and
benefits from conservation by informing the design of appropriate conservation initiatives
and associated monitoring strategies (Barrett et al. 2011; Homewood 2013).
Analysis: This argument can be used as a link turn. The Pro argues that when economic
globalization occurs responses to environmental issues will be consolidated. With the Davies
evidence, the Con can commander the Pros impacts by showing that generalized approaches
may actually hinder progress on environmental issues and poverty reduction.
Answer: Economic globalization proves to be empirically detrimental to the environment.
Warrant: The Industrial Revolution shows the lasting environmental impacts that economic
globalization can have
Huwart, Jean-Yves and Loc Verdier. What is the impact of Globalisation on the
Environment. Economic Globalisation: Origins and Consequences, OECD
Publishing. 11 April 2013. Web. Accessed 1 Jan 2015. http://www.oecdilibrary.org/docserver/download/0111111ec008.pdf?expires=1420156284&id=id
&accname=guest&checksum=3EAF2973C92EE2DE1B32F4035F714CF9
While the Industrial Revolution was a vector of globalisation (see Chapter 2), the
growth in cross-border trade and investment in turn fostered industrial activity.
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This is often a major source of GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions, as in the case of
electricity generation, which still largely involves burning coal, oil and derivates.
The intensification of globalisation, then, accentuated the greenhouse effect and
global warming. For decades, developed countries the pioneers of global
industrialisation were the worlds biggest polluters, responsible for the lions
share of GHG emissions. Today, the United States is responsible for around 20% of
global GHG emissions. But the very rapid development of emerging countries over
the past several years has also led them to become major emitters of GHG. As weve
seen, these countries developed largely thanks to globalisation, which fostered the
industrialisation of the Asian giants often at the expense of the environment. To
quench its thirst for energy, China opens one new coal-fired power plant every
week. Yet while coal is the cheapest and most abundant fossil fuel, its also the most
polluting Add to that Chinas mushrooming transport fleet and galloping urbanisation
and it became the worlds largest emitter of CO2, ahead of the United States, in 2007.
Agreed, China has also embarked on drastic renewable energy programmes in recent
years. But each day, emerging countries buy a little more into the logic of mass
consumption linked to globalisation. This means that they will largely be responsible
for rising GHG emissions in the years to come (see the conversation with Brendan
Gillespie at the end of the chapter).
Analysis: Historical examples are foundational to the Cons responses because they are more
realistic than the Pros somewhat idealized scenario of economic globalization. By showing past
failures to address the environment during times of economic growth the Con can make the
argument that the environment is more likely to be harmed than helped by globalization based on
observed patterns of development.
Argument: The recent climate talks held by the UN in Lima, Peru showed progress towards an
international strategy to combat environmental issues, indicating that economic globalization is
not integral to the Pros impact scenario.
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Warrant: Despite difficulties, the Lima conference produced an important foundation for
internationally coordinated action on climate change
UN members agree deal at Lima climate talks. BBC News. 14 December 2014. Web.
Accessed 1 Jan 2015. http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30468048
There was a good deal of optimism at the start of these talks as the recent
emissions agreement between the US and China was seen as an historic
breakthrough. But that good spirit seemed to evaporate in two weeks of intense
wrangling between rich and poor here in Lima. It ended in a compromise that some
participants believe keeps the world on track to reach a new global treaty by the end
of next year. None of the 194 countries attending the talks walked away with
everything they wanted, but everybody got something. As well as pledges and
finance, the agreement points towards a new classification of nations. Rather than
just being divided into rich and poor, the text attempts to reflect the more complex
world of today, where the bulk of emissions originate in developing countries. While
progress in Lima was limited, and many decisions were simply postponed, the fact that
194 nations assented to this document means there is still momentum for a deal in
Paris. Much tougher tests lie ahead.
Analysis: The fact that cooperation on climate change is happening at the international level
without a reinvigorated commitment to economic globalization can provide substantial offense
for the Con. This argument indicates that economic globalization is not the only link to poverty
reduction by means of environmental protection which enables the Con to access Pro impacts by
proving that the status quo solves the issue.
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PRO$$Capital$Flows$
Argument: Globalization opens up new foreign direct investment, bringing capital flows.
Warrant: Increased capital flows benefit poverty in a multitude of ways
Harrison, Ann E. Globalization and Poverty: An Introduction. Chicago: U of Chicago,
2007. National Bureau of Economic Research, Mar. 2007. Web. 3 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.nber.org/chapters/c10713.pdf>.
In theory, openness to capital flows could alleviate poverty through several
channels. If greater financial integration contributes to higher growth by expanding
access to capital, expanding access to new technology, stim- ulating domestic
financial-sector development, reducing the cost of capital, and alleviating domestic
credit constraints, then such growth should reduce poverty. Access to international
capital markets should also allow countries to smooth consumption shocks, reducing
output or consumption volatility.
Warrant: Development projects in Africa would not be achieved without foreign capital
Harmon, James A. "Report: A Ten-Year Strategy for Increasing Capital Flows to Africa."
(n.d.): n. pag. Commission on Capital Flows to Africa, June 2003. Web. 4 Jan.
2015. <http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/africa-report.pdf>.
Africa is a vital region of the world. With more than 800 million people and vast
natural resources, the regions opportunities and accomplishments are frequently
overshadowed by crises, conflicts, and chronic poverty. As a result, Africa is not a
primary destination for global, especially American, capital. But without significant
amounts of capital, Africas development objectives will not be achieved."
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Warrant: Investments in Africa have been successful

Harmon, James A. "Report: A Ten-Year Strategy for Increasing Capital Flows to Africa."
(n.d.): n. pag. Commission on Capital Flows to Africa, June 2003. Web. 4 Jan.
2015. <http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/africa-report.pdf>.
An increasing number of these countries have successful, profitable, and exportoriented private investments. These include mango exports from Senegal, cut-flower
exports from Uganda and Kenya, electronic data entry services from Ghana, aluminum
smelting in Mozambique, and back-office services from Mauritius. Due to the African
Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), more people today work in Lesothos private
sector as opposed to the public sector.These successful investments suggest that Africa
provides many opportunities for external capital to generate attractive returns and
for some African countries to emerge as examplesboth political and economic
for the rest of the continent to follow.
Warrant: Globalization has caused increased flows of capital
"Global Capital Flow Trends." Globalization and Development: Facts and Figures.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, May 2011. Web. 04 Jan.
2015. <http://dgff.unctad.org/chapter1/1.2.html>.
Financial globalization has proceeded at an even more rapid pace than trade
globalization over the past few decades. While the developed economies continue to
be the most financially integrated, more and more developing countries have
meanwhile liberalized and at least partially opened up their financial systems. Since
the early 1990s, private capital flows reached the shores of developing countries in
two strong waves. The emerging market crises of the late 1990s and the global crisis of
20082009 provided the major breaking points that saw sharp reversals (Chart). Apart
from crises, the monetary policy and business cycle in leading developed countries
provide the other key driving force for global capital flows involving the developing
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world (Chart). While more and more developing countries have become prominent
destinations of private capital inflows, especially since the 2000s, many have also
experienced rising private capital outflows.
Warrant: Developing countries have started to participate in financial globalization
Schmukler, Sergio L. "Benefits and Risks of Financial Globalization: Challenges for
Developing Countries." (n.d.): n. pag. Development Research Group, World
Bank, June 2004. Web. 4 Jan. 2015.
<http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEC/Resources
BenefitsandRisksofFinancialGlobalizationSchmukler.pdf>.
In this paper, financial globalization is understood as the integration of a countrys
local financial system with international financial markets and institutions. This
integration typically requires that governments liberalize the domestic financial
sector and the capital account. Integration takes place when liberalized economies
experience an increase in cross-country capital movement, including an active
participation of local borrowers and lenders in international markets and a
widespread use of international financial intermediaries. Although developed
countries are the most active participants in the financial globalization process,
developing countries (primarily middle-income countries) have also started to
participate.
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A2$$Capital$Flows$
Answer: Increased capital flows have not been shown to benefit poverty and more than a few
people have lost out due to it
Warrant: Increased Capital flows have hurt some countries
Prasad, Eswar S., Kenneth Rogoff, Sheng-Jin Weir, and M. Ayhan Kose
Globalization and Poverty. Chicago: U of Chicago, 2007. National Bureau
of Economic Research, Mar. 2007. Web. 3 Jan. 2015.
<http:// www.nber.org/chapters/c0114.pdf>.
The wave of financial globalization since the mid-1980s has been marked by a surge in
capital flows among industrial countries and, more notably, between industrial and
developing countries. While these capital flows have been associated with high
growth rates in some developing countries, a number of countries have experienced
episodic collapses in growth rates and significant financial crises over the same
period, crises that have ex- acted a serious toll in macroeconomic and social costs.
As a result, an intense debate has emerged in both academic and policy circles
about the effects of financial integration on developing economies.
Warrant: Financial Globalization has not benefited developing countries.
of Economic Research, Mar. 2007. Web. 3 Jan. 2015. <http://
www.nber.org/chapters/c0114.pdf>.
However, a systematic examination of the evidence suggests that it is difficult to
establish a robust causal relationship between the degree of financial integration
and output growth performance. Furthermore, from the perspective of macroeco-
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nomic stability, consumption is regarded as a better measure of well-being than

output; fluctuations in consumption are therefore regarded as having a negative
impact on economic welfare. There is little evidence that finan-cial integration has
helped developing countries to better stabilize fluctuations in consumption growth,
notwithstanding the theoretically large benefits that could accrue to developing
countries in this respect.
Warrant: Financial globalization has increased consumption volatility
of Economic Research, Mar. 2007. Web. 3 Jan. 2015. <http://
www.nber.org/chapters/c0114.pdf>.
In fact, new evidence presented in this paper suggests that low to moderate levels of
financial integration may have made some countries subject to even greater
volatility of consumption relative to that of output. Thus, while there is no proof in
the data that financial globalization has benefited growth, there is evidence that
some developing countries may have experienced greater consumption volatility as a
result.
Warrant: Capital Flight has hurt Africa
Collier, Paul, Anke Hoeffler, and Catherine Pattilo. "Aid and Capital Flight." (n.d.): n.
pag. University of Oxford and World Bank, Oct. 2004. Web. 3 Jan. 2015.
<http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ball0144/aid&cf.pdf>.
Capital flight is a major problem in Africa. As a by-product of the present analysis
we are able to draw an important conclusion about which strategies are likely to effective
and which ineffective in reducing it. To date, considerable emphasis has been placed on
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corruption as a driver of capital flight. However, our analysis suggests that corruption is
not central to capital flight. Tackling corruption is important for other reasons, but it will
not in itself have much effect on capital flight. Rather, capital flight is driven
predominantly by the risk-corrected rates of return available on domestically held
assets. In Africa risks have been high and returns have been low, so that riskcorrected returns have looked very unattractive relative to foreign assets.The
massive amounts of flight capital held outside Africa now provide an important
opportunity. If this capital could be attracted back it would make a major
contribution to development. We have found that increased aid can play a significant
part in inducing such a repatriation. So, too, can improvements in domestic economic
policies and political conduct.
Warrant: The volatility associated with capital flows has negative impacts on poor households
"Private Capital Flows: Foreign Direct Investment and Portfolio Investment." (n.d.): n.
pag. Towards Human Resilience: Sustaining MDG Progress in an Age of
Economic Uncertainty. United Nations Development Programme, 2009. Web. 3
Jan. 2015.
<http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Poverty%20Reduction/Inclusive
%20development/Towards%20Human%20Resilience/Towards_SustainingMDGP
rogress_Ch3.pdf>.
Further, the macro-economic effects typical of such volatility also impact poor
households through various channels. For instance, sudden and large inflows of
private capital have been associated with inflationary pressures, a real exchangerate appreciation, a deterioration of the current account and a boom in bank
lending (Calvo et al. 1994). And as is well known, inflation affects poverty through its
impact on real wages. Since poor households spend more of their budget, on average, on
necessities than on luxuries, the rise in prices of food and essential commodities affects
them more than it does non-poor households (Son and Kakwani 2006).
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PRO$$Decreasing$Poverty$in$Developing$Nations$
Argument: Globalization raised millions out of poverty in developing nations like India and
China.
Warrant: China has seen major decreases in poverty in the last few decades.
Towards the End of Poverty. The Economist, June 1 2013.

<http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21578665-nearly-1-billion-peoplehave-been-taken-out-extreme-poverty-20-years-world-should-aim>
Poverty rates started to collapse towards the end of the 20th century largely
because developing-country growth accelerated, from an average annual rate of
4.3% in 1960-2000 to 6% in 2000-10. Around two-thirds of poverty reduction within
a country comes from growth. Greater equality also helps, contributing the other third.
A 1% increase in incomes in the most unequal countries produces a mere 0.6%
reduction in poverty; in the most equal countries, it yields a 4.3% cut. China (which
has never shown any interest in MDGs) is responsible for three-quarters of the
achievement. Its economy has been growing so fast that, even though inequality is
rising fast, extreme poverty is disappearing. China pulled 680m people out of misery
in 1981-2010, and reduced its extreme-poverty rate from 84% in 1980 to 10% now.
Warrant: Globally, poverty is decreasing at an unprecedented rate.
Chandy, Laurence. With Little Notice, Globalization Reduced Poverty. Yale Global,
July 5 2011. <http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/little-notice-globalizationreduced-poverty>
We are in the midst of the fastest period of poverty reduction the world has ever
seen. The global poverty rate, which stood at 25 percent in 2005, is ticking
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downwards at one to two percentage points a year, lifting around 70 million people
the population of Turkey or Thailand out of destitution annually. Advances in
human progress on such a scale are unprecedented, yet remain almost universally
unacknowledged. Official estimates of global poverty are compiled by the World Bank
and stretch back 30 years. For most of that period, the trend has been one of slow, gradual
reduction. By 2005, the year of the most recent official global poverty estimate, the
number of people living under the international poverty line of $1.25 a day stood at
1.37 billion an improvement of half a billion compared to the early 1980s, but a
long way from the dream of a world free of poverty.
Warrant: This decrease in poverty is directly due to globalization.
Chandy, Laurence. With Little Notice, Globalization Reduced Poverty. Yale Global,
July 5 2011. <http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/little-notice-globalizationreduced-poverty>
These factors are manifestations of a set of broader trends the rise of
globalization, the spread of capitalism and the improving quality of economic
governance which together have enabled the developing world to begin converging
on advanced economy incomes after centuries of divergence. The poor countries
that display the greatest success today are those that are engaging with the global
economy, allowing market prices to balance supply and demand and to allocate scarce
resources, and pursuing sensible and strategic economic policies to spur investment, trade
and job creation. Its this potent combination that sets the current period apart from a
history of insipid growth and intractable poverty.
Warrant: India and China lead the world in growth and poverty reduction because of
globalization.
Goodspeed, Peter. The end of poverty: What globalization did that aid could not.
National Post, May 28 2011. < http://news.nationalpost.com/2011/05/28/the-endof-poverty-what-globalization-did-that-aid-could-not/>
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Over the next four years, the report predicts, another 300 million people should
escape poverty. At that point, the 1990 poverty rate will have been halved and then
halved again, the study says. Today growth is being driven by a number of big
countries which are home to large poor populations, said Mr. Chandry. Between
2005 and 2015, India (current population of 1.233 billion) Bangladesh (169 million),
Vietnam (89 million) and Ethiopia (87 million) are each expected to grow by at least
6.3% per year. In the process, each is likely to see a quarter of its population lifted
out of poverty. That economic growth generates a momentum all its own. This week a
UN report on the worlds economic prospects for 2011 predicted large economies in
developing countries such as China, Brazil and India, will continue to lead the
global recovery, amid weaker performances in relatively richer nations like Canada, the
United States and Britain, which are all plagued by concerns over huge public debts.
India and China have boomed since they abandoned central planning and adopted
globalized, market-driven economies powered by young, well-educated, low-wage
workforces and underwent rapid industrialization and urbanization.
Warrant: This increased growth and decreased poverty has benefitted these developing nations
without increasing income inequality.
Lerman, Robert. Globalization and the Fight Against Poverty. Urban Institute,
November 5, 2002. <http://www.urban.org/publications/410612.html>
Has the same pattern prevailed in the last decades? One big difference is lower
immigration. Over the last 25 years, 1-2% of the world's population immigrated, a rate far
lower than the 10% who immigrated between 1870 and 1910. The trade and foreign
investment components of globalization expanded significantly, though with large
variations across countries. Confirming what Williamson found for earlier episodes of
globalization, David Dollar and Aart Kraay (2000) have shown that low-income
countries most open to the rest of the world achieved significantly higher economic
growth than in developing countries that reduced their trade and higher than in
rich countries. Moreover, the added economic growth induced by globalization was
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broadly shared so that low-income families saw income growth as high as did other
groups in the economy. Although not every study finds clear, positive effects from
trade, none show gains for countries that chose to become less open to trade in the
1990s. On balance, then, the weight of the evidence goes in favor of globalization as
a force for narrowing income gaps between countries.
Analysis: This argument is an excellent way to create a case study for globalization bringing
millions out of poverty. While talking generally can work, having clear examples is key to
finding the best statistics and telling the clearest story. Arguments like this that focus on certain
countries or on certain types of countries should also be generalizable; that is, debaters should
make sure that their opponents cannot simply say that these are isolated examples. The pieces of
evidence here unique to India and China show clear examples of success, but the Yale Global
and Urban Institute cards show that these are examples of a general, global trend of poverty and
income inequality reduction.
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A2$$Decreasing$Poverty$in$Developing$Nations$
Response: Globalization has not decreased poverty in developing countries like India and
China.
Warrant: Statistics on poverty are flawed and have a large margin of error.
Wade, Robert. Is Globalization Reducing Poverty and Inequality? London School of
Economics and Political Science, 2004.
<http://cis.uchicago.edu/outreach/summerinstitute/2009/documents/cis_sti2009brady-is_globalization_reducing_poverty_and_inequality.pdf>
It is plausible, and important, that the proportion of the worlds population living in
extreme poverty has probably fallen over the past two decades or so, having been rising
for decades before then. Beyond this we cannot be confident, because the World
Banks poverty numbers are subject to a large margin of error, are probably biased
downward, and probably make the trend look rosier than it really is. On income
distribution, several studies suggest that world income inequality has been rising during
the past two to three decades, and a study of manufacturing pay dispersions buttresses the
same conclusion from another angle. The trend is sharpest when incomes are measured at
market-exchange-rate incomes. This is less relevant to relative well-being than PPPadjusted incomes, in principle; but it is highly relevant to state capacity, interstate power,
and the dynamics of capitalism.
Warrant: There is no link between globalization and poverty reduction in China.
Bardhan, Pranab. Poverty and Inequality in China and India: Elusive Link with
Globalisation. Economic and Political Weekly, September 2007.
<http://eml.berkeley.edu/~webfac/bardhan/papers/poverty.pdf>
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Yet there is no convincing statistical demonstration of this, as no one has yet tested a
causal model where, controlling for other factors and applying a suitable
identification strategy, global integration has been found to be the main cause of the
dramatic decline of poverty in China. In the absence of such a demonstration, a careful
eyeballing of the data suggests that the more important reason for the large decline
of poverty over the last three decades may actually lie elsewhere. The annual
national poverty estimates as well as World Bank estimates referred to above show
that the largest part of the decline in poverty already happened by the mid-1980s,
before the big strides in foreign trade and investment in China in the 1990s and
later. For example, in the former estimates the poverty percentage in 1987 is already
about one-third (i e, 16.8 per cent) that of 1981. In the World Bank estimates, of the half
a billion people lifted above the $ 1 poverty line between 1981 and 2004, about twothirds
got so lifted by 1987. Much of the extreme poverty was concentrated in rural areas,
and its large decline in the first-half of the 1980s is perhaps mainly a result of: (a)
the spurt in agricultural growth following de-collectivisation (agricultural output grew
at 7.1 per cent per year on an average during 1979-84 compared to 2.7 per cent during
1970-78) [Lin 1992]; (b) land reform, which by an egalitarian redistribution, subject
only to differences in regional average and demographic size, provided a floor to rural
income; and (c) readjustment of farm procurement prices. These are mostly internal
factors that had very little to do with global integration.
Analysis: These straightforward responses cast serious doubt on the example of Chinas poverty
reduction coming from globalization. Con teams should force their opponents to explain how
their argument stands if their statistics have too wide of a margin of error, and the actual poverty
reduction occurred before globalization happened. Debaters can frame this as a classic example
of correlation without causation; though poverty reduction and globalization happened around
the same time, one did not cause the other.
Response: Income inequality increases with globalization.
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Warrant: Increasing income inequality combined with a lack of poverty reduction only
increases poverty.
Wade, Robert. Is Globalization Reducing Poverty and Inequality? London
School of Economics and Political Science, 2004.
<http://cis.uchicago.edu/outreach/summerinstitute/2009/documents/cis_sti2009brady-is_globalization_reducing_poverty_and_inequality.pdf>
One combination of inequality measures does yield the conclusion that income
inequality has been fallingPPPincome per capita weighted by population,
measured by an averaging coefficient such as the Gini. But take out China and
even this measure shows widening inequality. Falling inequality is thus not a
generalized feature of the world economy even by the most favorable
measure. Finally, whatever we conclude about income inequality, absolute
income gaps are widening and will continue to do so for decades. If the
number of people in extreme poverty is not falling and if global inequality is
widening, we cannot conclude that globalization in the context of the dollarWall Street regime is moving the world in the right direction, with Africas
poverty as a special case in need of international attention. The balance of
probability is thatlike global warmingthe world is moving in the wrong
direction.
Analysis: This response takes the initial response one step farther by showing that not only did
globalization in no way decrease poverty in these nations; it actually worsened it by widening the
income gap. This shows that the only people to benefit from this globalization are the wealthy, a
group irrelevant in the context of this resolution. Con teams should remind the judge that the
only impacts that matter are those that affect poverty; worsening inequality and zero effect on
poverty levels are a net harm and a clear reason to vote Con.
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PRO$$Access$to$Education
Argument: Economic globalization creates momentum for privatization of other sectors and
institutions, including that of higher education. There is an increasing focus on higher education
programs in developing nations as the global economy and sphere of higher education become
more closely intertwined. Higher education is a critical poverty reduction mechanism because it
helps alleviate poverty on an individual and societal scale.
Warrant: Economic globalization directly leads to globalization and marketization of education
Rizvi, Fazal and Bob Lingard. Globalizing Education Policy . Routledge. 2010. Web.
http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=KlnhgWecmlUC&oi=fnd&pg=PR
3&dq=Globalizing+education+policy+Rizvi,+F&ots=5DrTjAUZM&sig=VzPgtfMbJhNN762WM9IkBuCHtYY#v=onepage&q&f=false
Public policies were once exclusively developed within a national setting, but now
are also located within a global system . While national governments continue to
have their ultimate authority to develop their own policies, the nature of this
authority is no longer the same, affected significantly be imperatives of the global
economy, shifts in global political relations and changing patterns of global
communication that are transforming people s sense of identity and belonging. In the
early 1990 s, these epochal shifts led some scholars such as Francis Fukuyama (1992) to
even speak of the end of history , suggesting that liberal democracy and market
ideologies had now become globalized and that this was the endpoint of the
ideological structure. These shifts have inevitably affected education policy. With the
rejection of the ideas associated with the Keynesian welfare state, governments have
increasingly preached a minimalist role for the state in education, with a greater
reliance on market mechanisms. As education systems around the world have
become larger and more complex, governments have been either unable or
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unwilling to pay for educational expansion, and have therefore looked to market
solutions. This has led to an almost universal shift from social democratic to neoliberal
orientations in thinking about educational purposes and governance, resulting in
policies of corporatization, privatization and commercialization on the one hand, and
on a greater demand for accountability on the other (Lipman 2004). At the same time,
educational purposes have been redefined in terms of a narrower set of concerns
about human capital development, and the role education must play to meet the
needs of the global economy and to ensure the competitiveness of the national
economy.
Warrant: Economic incentives encourage developing nations to prioritize and fund World
Class Universities (WCU)
Rhoads, Robert A. and Shuai Li and Lauren Ilano. The Global Quest to Build WorldClass Universities: Toward a Social Justice Agenda . New Directions for Higher
Education, Special Issue: Critical Perspectives on Global Competition in Higher
Education. 17 Dec 2014. Web. Accessed 6 Jan 2015.
https://books.google.com/books?id=Yj_vBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=
Critical+Perspectives+on+Global+Competition+in+Higher+Education&source=b
l&ots=g6B5WyeU57&sig=tkzRgQI0NAZStdSTXBuX4bYgyQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=symrVJTGCozWgwTT94PADA&ved=0C
DkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Critical%20Perspectives%20on%20Global%20Co
mpetition%20in%20Higher%20Education&f=false
The global quest to develop WCUs is extensive and has spread across both
developed and developing nations. For developing and rising nations, attaining
WCU status is a marker of national economic competitiveness; thus, government
support of top research universities may be considered an investment in a nation's
future. For example, Byun, Jon, and Kim (2013) pointed to the role the South Korean
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government has played in advancing programs to cultivate its WCUs through

capital investment in projects to strengthen research productivity and quality.
Vorotnikov (2013) identified a similar trend in Russia, where the government
allocated the equivalent of $20 million to top research universities to assist in their
quest to achieve world-class standing by 2020. China has also pursued the
development of WCUs, allocating billions of Chinese yuan to a group of more than
100 leading universities (Rhoads et al., 2014). Ngok and Guo (2008) identified the
converging interests of the Chinese government and the nation's top universities in
creating WCUs to increase China's economic standing in the growing knowledge
economy.
Warrant: Higher education is integral to poverty reduction
Ukwueze Ezebuilo R. and Emmanuel O Nwosu. Does Higher Education Reduce
Poverty Among Youths In Nigeria? Asia Economic and Financial Review. 2 Jan
2014. Web. Accessed 6 Jan 2015. http://www.aessweb.com/pdf-files/aefr4%281%29-1-19.pdf
According to Zo Oxaal (1997), the linkages between education and poverty can be
understood in two ways: (i) investment in education as a poverty reduction strategy
can enhance the skills and productivity among poor households; (ii) poverty is a
constraint to educational achievement both at the macro-level (poor countries
generally have lower levels of enrolment) and the micro-level (children of poor
households receive less education). He also asserted that education is a key factor for
confronting the multiple challenges of social dislocation, environmental degradation
and poverty eradication. This assertion is that education is a vital process to attain
human development goals and to place the African continent and other developing
countries on a pathway of sustainability (Asmal, 2002). There is another debate on
whether higher education is an important strategy to poverty reduction or not. The first
argument is that higher education correlates with economic growth by supplying the
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necessary labour and skills (human resources) for a knowledge driven economy,
learning by doing, and by promoting access and use of knowledge. The next argument
is that higher education has the potential of increasing access to education by
providing higher income for them and in turn increasing the employability of those
who have the skills for a knowledge- driven economy. The third argument is that
higher education could play a role in supporting the educational sector development
by supplying trained personnel for curriculum development of lower levels of
education.
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A2$$Access$to$Education$
Answer: The Pro will not equalize education among impoverished and wealthy nations because
economic globalization enables all nations to improve their education, meaning that the gap
between rich and poor nation s educational competitiveness and quality will remain the same
even as developments occur
Warrant: The development of education systems as a product of globalization will not equalize
education between rich and poor nations.
Bagley, Sylvia S. and Laura M. Portnoi. Setting the Stage: Global Competition in Higher
Education . New Directions for Higher Education, Special Issue: Critical
Perspectives on Global Competition in Higher Education. 17 Dec 2014. Web.
A primary social justice concern when considering global competition in higher
education is whether HEIs in all countries have a legitimate chance to compete in
the zero-sum rankings game with established global players. Based on their
postcolonial or postconflict situations, many countries are starting from a different
geopolitical position; in other words, the playing field is not level. Although less
established countries may be slowly improving their HEIs, dominant countries
continue to improve theirs at the same time, keeping the gap between more
developed and less developed countries intact.
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Analysis: This argument mitigates Pro solvency because it shows that poor nations will not
become more competitive in the aspect of education because of economic globalization. The
zero-sum nature of capitalism and economic globalization means that poor nations will not
come out of poverty through increased education because rich nations are developing at the
same, if not faster, rates in the same area.
Answer: Economic globalization inserts a competitive quality to higher education institutes
(HEIs) that changes the purpose of education. Intents to increase competencies and reduce
poverty are overshadowed by the repurposing of education as another mechanism to compete in
a capitalist globalized economy.
Warrant: Competition encouraged by globalization in education re-centers the wealthy and
overlooks the poor
Bagley, Sylvia S. and Laura M. Portnoi. Setting the Stage: Global Competition in Higher
Education . New Directions for Higher Education, Special Issue: Critical
Perspectives on Global Competition in Higher Education. 17 Dec 2014. Web.
With hundreds of HEIs striving to either place or increase their stature on
numerous global rankings, the drive toward meeting externally determined criteria,
with a skewed emphasis on research and elite status, has become stronger than ever.
What seems to be lost in the reputation race (van Vught, 2008, p. 169) is a focus on
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other critical mandates of HEIs
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such as meeting the needs of local communities
and providing affordable, high-quality education to citizens. Lemann (2014)

highlighted the severity of this conceptual split in the competing purposes of higher
education
providing world-class higher education while also offering education to the
masses. Many countries struggle to prioritize limited education resources, facing the
competing goals of becoming more internationally recognized while simultaneously
meeting the needs of local residents. For instance, providing funding to secure highlevel faculty members
who are central to maintaining HEIs status as world-class
research universities
necessarily means that those funds will not be prioritized for
broadening access. Indeed, this essential struggle to remain both locally and globally
relevant appears to be endemic to the very enterprise of higher education in the 21st
century.
Analysis: This answer addresses the Pros link between economic globalization and increased
access to higher education. The Bagley evidence can be utilized as both a critique of the
capitalist undertones of the Pros advocacy and also a warrant explaining that these undertones
directly reduce access to higher education by impoverished people.
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'FCSVBSZ
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Con$Arguments$with$Pro$Responses$
February$2015$
CONH$Inequality$in$the$Developing$World
Argument: Globalization Increases Inequality in the Developing World
Warrant: GINI indexes of developing countries are on the rise
Why Globalisation May Not Reduce Inequality in Poor Countries. The Economist. 2014
September 2. http://www.economist.com/blogs/economistexplains/2014/09/economist-explains-0
GLOBALISATION has made the planet more equal. As communication gets cheaper
and transport gets faster, developing countries have closed the gap with their rich-world
counterparts. But within many developing economies, the story is less rosy: inequality
has worsened. The Gini index is one measure of inequality, based on a score between
zero and one. A Gini index of one means a countrys entire income goes to one
person; a score of zero means the spoils are equally divided. Sub-Saharan Africa
saw its Gini index rise by 9% between 1993 and 2008. Chinas score soared by 34%
over twenty years. Only in a few places has it fallen. Does globalisation have anything
to do with it?
Warrant: Multinational corporations leave the poorest people out.
Why Globalisation May Not Reduce Inequality in Poor Countries. The Economist. 2014
September 2. http://www.economist.com/blogs/economistexplains/2014/09/economist-explains-0
But the high inequality seen today in poor countries is prompting new theories. One
emphasises outsourcingwhen rich countries shift parts of the production process to
poor countries. Contrary to popular belief, multinationals in poor countries often
employ skilled workers and pay high wages. One study showed that workers in
foreign-owned and subcontracting clothing and footwear factories in Vietnam rank
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in the top 20% of the country's population by household expenditure. A report from
the OECD found that average wages paid by foreign multinationals are 40% higher
than wages paid by local firms. What is more, those skilled workers often get to work
with managers from rich countries, or might have to meet the deadlines of an efficient
rich-world company. That may boost their productivity. Higher productivity means they
can demand even higher wages. By contrast, unskilled workers, or poor ones in rural
areas, tend not to have such opportunities. Their productivity does not rise. For these
reasons globalisation can boost the wages of skilled workers, while crimping those of the
unskilled. The result is that inequality rises.
Warrant: Wages increase for a segment of the workforce increasing the gap between the
wealthy and poor workers
Berger, Nahuel. Theorist Eric Maskin: Globalization Is Increasing Inequality. The
World Bank. 2014 June 23.
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/06/23/theorist-eric-maskinglobalization-is-increasing-inequality
In the less-worse version, inequality is tolerated as a necessary side-effect of
increased economic growth within a country. Through globalization, goes the
argument, the wages of a segment of the work force increase, but the same doesnt
happen for other segments, so the gap in between increases. In the worse version,
the wages of a segment of the work force (usually low-skilled and low-wage workers)
drop as a result of less demand for their skills, while the wages of higher-skilled
workers increase.
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Warrant: Global markets are instable and facilitate domestic inequality in developing countries
Globalization will increase inequality. Global Policy Forum. 2006 Feb 28.
https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/218/46552.html
A second reason why globalization is dis-equalizing is that global markets are far
from perfect. They fail in many domains. The classic example of a market failure is that
of pollution, where the polluter captures the benefits of polluting without paying the full
costs. At the global level, high greenhouse gas emissions of the US are imposing costs on
poor countries. Similarly with global financial crises; the financial crises of the 1990s that
affected Mexico, Thailand, Korea, Russian, Brazil and Argentina were in part due to
policy errors in those countries. But a healthy portion can be blamed on the panic that
periodically plagues all financial markets. The result tends to be dis-equalizing over
the long run within countries. In Korea, Mexico and Thailand, financial crises
reduced the income shares of the bottom 80 per cent of households compared to the
top 20 per cent. In Mexico, the accompanying recession in 1995 led the poor to take
their children out of school and many never returned. In developing countries, the bank
bailouts that follow crises generate high public debt (amounting to 10 to 40 per cent of
annual GDP compared to 2-3 per cent on average in advanced economies). High public
debt keeps domestic interest rates high, stifling investment, growth and job creation all
bad for the poor and increases the pressure on emerging market economies to generate
primary fiscal surpluses, in the long run reducing their ability to finance sound
broadbased investments in health and education and their ability to spend more on the
unemployment and other safety net programs that protect the poor in bad times.
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Warrant: High public debt as a result of global trade failures stifles innovation and investment
A second reason why globalization is dis-equalizing is that global markets are far from
perfect. They fail in many domains. The classic example of a market failure is that of
pollution, where the polluter captures the benefits of polluting without paying the full
costs. At the global level, high greenhouse gas emissions of the US are imposing costs on
poor countries. Similarly with global financial crises; the financial crises of the 1990s that
affected Mexico, Thailand, Korea, Russian, Brazil and Argentina were in part due to
policy errors in those countries. But a healthy portion can be blamed on the panic that
periodically plagues all financial markets. The result tends to be dis-equalizing over the
long run within countries. In Korea, Mexico and Thailand, financial crises reduced the
income shares of the bottom 80 per cent of households compared to the top 20 per cent.
In Mexico, the accompanying recession in 1995 led the poor to take their children out of
school and many never returned. In developing countries, the bank bailouts that follow
crises generate high public debt (amounting to 10 to 40 per cent of annual GDP compared
to 2-3 per cent on average in advanced economies). High public debt keeps domestic
interest rates high, stifling investment, growth and job creation all bad for the
poor and increases the pressure on emerging market economies to generate
primary fiscal surpluses, in the long run reducing their ability to finance sound
broadbased investments in health and education and their ability to spend more
on the unemployment and other safety net programs that protect the poor in bad
times.
Impact: Inequality slows poverty reduction
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Consider why high inequality matters, both within and across countries. It matters
especially within developing countries, where people are more likely (and
justifiably) to see in it signs of injustice, insider privilege, and unequal opportunity.
They are often right. In developing countries inequality is usually economically
destructive; it interacts with underdeveloped markets and ineffective government
programs to slow growth which in turn slows progress in reducing poverty.
Economic theory suggests why: weak credit markets and inadequate public education
mean only the rich can exploit investment opportunities. Middle income and poor
households cannot borrow and miss out on potentially high returns on their own farms
and small business ventures for example often higher returns than the rich are getting
on their capital. The most able children of the less rich miss out on the education and
skills that would maximize their own economic prospects and their countries' own
growth.
Analysis: There are several different theories as to why globalization is associated with more
inequality in the developing world, making this a really easy argument for the CON to win with
lots of solid warrants. First, it is important to paint the picture in the judges mind that
multinational corporations are not hiring unskilled workers, in fact, most of the workers they
have are some of the wealthiest individuals in those countries. Now, these people are receiving
even higher wages and the poorest individuals are left high and dry. Additionally, global markets
fluctuate and as the developing world becomes more dependent on trade, it is more vulnerable to
price fluctuations. This results in the poorest individuals taking hits as the countries experience
public debt. This also stifles investment and innovation, as people are less like to have money to
invest when the country is experiencing public debt.
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A2$Inequality$in$the$Developing$World$$
Answer: As the world becomes more globally connected, less people are poor
Warrant: Globalization contributes to the rapid growth of developing economies
Shrestha, Bigyan. Globalization, Growth and Development. Central Department for
Economics. 2010
http://www.academia.edu/313081/Globalization_Growth_and_Development
It is generally accepted among economists that globalization and growth are positively
related. Globalization creates synergy effect among the economies and brings the
positive outcome to the participating economies. By bringing economies into one
market place, globalization enhances the productivity of economies by
specialization, exposure, availability of new and improved technology and global
market place. This will help in rapid growth of the economies both developed and
developing countries.
Warrant: Globalization is associated with increased per capita income and HDI of countries
Shrestha, Bigyan. Globalization, Growth and Development. Central Department for
Economics. 2010
http://www.academia.edu/313081/Globalization_Growth_and_Development
The most of the association coefficient are positive. This shows that there is positive
association between the Globalization, Growth and Development. The GI and PCI are
highly associated. As this study only presents the association among variables and
doesnt present the casuality of the variables, it cannot be said that which variables are
dependent variable and which one is independent variable. The association between GI
and PCI can be interpreted as either high level of Globalization may lead to
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increased Per capita income of an economy or the countries with the increased per
capita income are highly globalized. The correlation coefficient observed are high
enough to support that there is high linear correlation between GI, PCI and HDI. Hence,
highly globalized countries are those countries with high PCI and high HDI.
Globalization, Growth and Development have positive relationship.
Warrant: A huge amount of people have been lifted out of poverty
Chandy, Laurence. With Little Notice, Globalization Reduced Poverty. Yale Global
Online. 2011 July 5. http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/little-notice-globalizationreduced-poverty
We are in the midst of the fastest period of poverty reduction the world has ever seen.
The global poverty rate, which stood at 25 percent in 2005, is ticking downwards at
one to two percentage points a year, lifting around 70 million people the
population of Turkey or Thailand out of destitution annually. Advances in human
progress on such a scale are unprecedented, yet remain almost universally
unacknowledged.
Warrant: The UN has achieved its goal of halving the amount of poor people globally
Chandy, Laurence. With Little Notice, Globalization Reduced Poverty. Yale Global
Online. 2011 July 5. http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/little-notice-globalizationreduced-poverty
In a new study of global poverty, we upend this narrative. By combining the most recent
country survey data of household consumption with the latest figures on private
consumption growth, we generated global poverty estimates from 2005 up to the present
day. Poverty reduction accelerated in the early 2000s at a rate that has been sustained
throughout the decade, even during the dark recesses of the financial crisis. Today, we
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estimate that there are approximately 820 million people living on less than $1.25 a
day. This means that the prime target of the Millennium Development Goals to
halve the rate of global poverty by 2015 from its 1990 level was probably achieved
around three years ago. Whereas it took 25 years to reduce poverty by half a billion
people up to 2005, the same feat was likely achieved in the six years between then and
now. Never before have so many people been lifted out of poverty over such a brief
period of time.
Warrant: When taking population into consideration, global income distribution is more equal
Global Inequality: Is globalisation a solution to world poverty? Sociology of
Globalization. 2010. http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/ssfa2/globalinequality.pdf
This tells us about country comparisons. The other way of measuring global
inequality takes into account population, rather than just comparing two countries
and disregarding their population size. This gives a better sense of the proportions
of the worlds population in terms of equality with one another, rather than just
country to country. Looking at it this way shows that global income distribution is
more equal (Milanovic 2003).
Analysis: The PRO should respond to the CON by simply making their argument appear weak
showing that the number of people below the global poverty line has gone down. This will allow
you to engage in the debate and question their impact. If less people are poor that is arguably
more relevant and indicative of globalizations success in reducing poverty than increased
inequality.
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CONH$Globalization$harms$the$poor$through$Climate$Change
Argument: When Globalization occurs, it forces more climate-harming industrialization upon
the world. This leads to implications that disproportionately harm the poorer and more
impoverished population of the world more than their wealthier counterparts.
Warrant: Globalization has destroyed the environment and allowed disease spread.
Wolfson, Elijah. "Ebola and Climate Change: Are Humans Responsible for the Severity
of the Current Outbreak?" Newsweek. N.p., 12 Aug. 2014. Web. 02 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.newsweek.com/climate-change-ebola-outbreak-globalizationinfectious-disease-264163>.
These, and other, pop culture characterization of Ebola-like viruses place the blame
for the spread of the disease squarely on the shoulders of globalization and man s
careless despoiling of the environment. It s not just Hollywood that believe that we are
the cause of our own potential demise. Humans are the major driver of emerging
diseases, says Jonathan Epstein, an epidemiologist at the non-profit EcoHealth Alliance
who studies Ebola and other infectious disease. Things like agricultural expansion and
deforestation...and certainly travel and trade
these are things that manipulate our
environment and allow pathogens to get from animal hosts to people and then travel
around the world.
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Warrant: Climate change causes disease outbreak like Ebola.

In a study published in 2012, researchers asked national infectious disease experts in
30 different countries whether or not they thought climate change would affect
infectious disease patterns in their countries. The majority agreed. Nevertheless, it s
unclear whether these beliefs are driven by good science, or, as Malcolm Gladwell
argued way back in 1995, a guilt-driven idea of disease as a punishment for wickedness.
It s true that West Africa, where the latest and most catastrophic Ebola outbreak is
currently raging, has faced unequivocal environmental changes in recent years. The
International Food Policy Research Institute published a report in 2013, finding
that in Sierra Leone (the epicenter of the outbreak), climate change has resulted in
seasonal droughts, strong winds, thunderstorms, landslides, heat waves, floods, and
changed rainfall patterns.
Warrant: Climate change spreads malaria and cholera, which affect poor populations.
On the other hand, research does suggest strongly that warming global temperatures
will make vector-borne diseases like malaria more common, mostly because the
vectors that carry those diseases
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the past few century, the temperatures of the oceans have risen significantly, at an
average of 0.13 degrees Fahrenheit per decade. And it turns out cholera thrives in
warm water; research has shown that rising sea temperature seem to be connected
to rising incidences of cholera. Further, as temperatures rise, the polar ice caps will
continue to melt, leading to rising sea levels. The most dire prognosticators warn that
low-elevation coastal zones This is particularly problematic in developing countries.
Globalization has led to significant change in the demographics in these parts of the
world; in Africa, more and more people are moving out of the rural areas and into the
growing cities. That, in turn, has had some serious public health consequences that look
to worsen in coming years.
Warrant: Cholera and Malaria kill hundreds of thousands each year.
And the reality is that both malaria and cholera have had
to have
and are expected to continue
a much bigger impact on public health than Ebola (unless the current outbreak
becomes a truly once-in-a-lifetime, Hollywood-style pandemic). The WHO estimates

about 110,000 deaths due to cholera every year; malaria killed an estimated 627,000
in 2012 alone. Meanwhile, since the first Ebola case was identified in 1976 there have
been only 1,600 Ebola-related deaths. That, though, is not exactly good news for human
populations. Because though modern society s impact on the Earth s environment
may not result in an explosion in Ebola, it seems that it will almost certainly drive
up rates of these other, far more dread diseases.
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Warrant: Global trade and interactions have harmed the environment and definitively led to a
change in the world s climate along with a loss of biodiversity.
McMichael, Anthony J. "Globalization, Climate Change, and Human Health
NEJM." New England Journal of Medicine. N.p., 10 Apr. 2013. Web. 02 Jan.
2015. <http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1109341>.
In recent decades, international connectivity has increased on many fronts,
including the flow of information, movements of people, trading patterns, the flow
of capital, regulatory systems, and cultural diffusion. These exponential increases in
demographic, economic, commercial, and environmental indexes have been labeled
the Great Acceleration.3 Remarkably, the resultant environmental effects are now
altering major components of the Earth system.4,5 The current geologic epoch is
being called the Anthropocene (successor to the Holocene epoch)5,6 in recognition of the
global force that Homo sapiens has become, pushing or distorting Earth's great natural
global systems beyond boundaries considered to be safe for continued human social and
biologic well-being.4,7 The loss of biodiversity, the greatly amplified global
circulation of bioactive nitrogen compounds, and human-induced climate change
have already reached levels that are apparently unsafe.
Warrant: Climate change from Globalization has specifically harmed low income populations
and created problems for the entire world.
These changes pose fundamental threats to human well-being and health.4,7 For
example, a positive relationship has been observed between regional trends in
climate (rising temperatures and declining rainfall) and childhood stunting in
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Kenya since 1975, indicating that as projected warming and drying continue to
occur along with population growth, food yields and nutritional health will be
impaired.8 These human-induced climatic changes often act in concert with
environmental, demographic, and social stressors that variously influence regional
food yields, nutrition, and health. Furthermore, at the current level of global
connectedness and interdependence, the environmental impact of human activity
has a wider geographic range, although its influence may be offset somewhat by more
effective global alerts and more rapid distribution of food aid. The extreme heat and
wildfires in western Russia in the summer of 2010 destroyed one third of that
country's wheat yield, and the subsequent ban on exported grain contributed to a rise
in the price of wheat worldwide, exacerbating hunger in Russia (where flour prices
increased by 20%) and in low-income urban populations in countries such as
Pakistan and Egypt.9,10 On the economic front, the recent global financial crisis has
underscored the domino-like interdependence of national economies.
Warrant: Economic Globalization is accelerating Climate Change
Goldsmith, Edward. "Globalization and Climate Change." Edward Goldsmith. N.p., 1
Jan. 2004. Web. 2 Jan. 2015. <
http://www.edwardgoldsmith.org/669/globalization-and-climate-change/>.
CLIMATE CHANGE may be the most daunting problem that humankind has ever
encountered, and economic globalization is accelerating it. The Inter-Governmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) now predicts a temperature change of up to 5.8 degrees
centigrade during the twenty-first century. However, the IPCC did not take into account
such added critical factors as the annihilation of our tropical forests and other vegetation,
especially because of global trade and development models. These forests contain six
hundred billion tons of carbon, almost as much as is contained in the atmosphere. Much
of this carbon is likely to be released into the atmosphere in the next decades by the
increasingly uncontrolled activities of the giant global logging companies. The directorgeneral of the United Nations environment Program recently said only a miracle could
save the world s remaining tropical forests.
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Warrant: Climate change will especially hurt poor farmers.

Goldsmith, Edward. "Globalization and Climate Change." Edward Goldsmith. N.p., 1
Jan. 2004. Web. 2 Jan. 2015. <
http://www.edwardgoldsmith.org/669/globalization-and-climate-change/>.
The IPCC tells us to expect a considerable increase in heat waves, storms, and
floods and the spread of tropical diseases into temperate areas, which will not only
affect human health but also that of our crops. It also tells us to expect a rise in sea
levels of up to eighty-eight centimetres, which will affect (by seawater intrusion into the
soils underlying croplands and by temporary and also permanent flooding) something
like 30 percent of the world s agricultural lands. This will be especially disastrous for
poor and small farmers occupying lowlands, such as in Bangladesh, and among
island nations, although it will also threaten much of the U.S. coastline. But, of course, if
the Hadley Centre s predictions are right, the implications are still worse than the IPCC
expects.
Warrant: Climate Change creates Poverty Pockets

Goldberg, Adam. "UN Scientific Panel Releases Report Sounding Alarm On Climate
Change Dangers." The Huffington Post. The Associated Press, 30 Mar. 2014.
Web. 02 Jan. 2015. <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/30/un-climatechange-report_n_5060317.html>.
And in the cases of the big storms like Haiyan, Sandy and Hurricane Katrina in 2005,
the poor were the most vulnerable, Oppenheimer and van Aalst said. The report talks
about climate change helping create new pockets of poverty and "hotspots of
hunger" even in richer countries, increasing inequality between rich and poor.
Report co-author Maggie Opondo of the University of Nairobi said that especially in
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places like Africa, climate change and extreme events mean "people are going to
become more vulnerable to sinking deeper into poverty." And other study authors
talked about the fairness issue with climate change.
Warrant: Climate change in India would create major food shortages from increased costs
increased costs disproportionately hurt the poor.
Revkin 6/27 (Andrew C., New York Times Opinion Section, Kerry Proposes U.S.-India
Push on Carbon and Climate, 6/27/13,
http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/27/kerry-proposes-u-s-india-push-oncarbon-and-climate/?_r=0)//LA
Here, too, extreme weather events are causing unbelievable disruption and dislocation
and India is not alone: extreme weather events are increasing all over the world and 12
of the hottest 14 years on record have occurred since 2000. Just last week, the World
Bank reported that within the next generation that same warming atmosphere could
lead to widespread water and food shortages, historic heat waves, prolonged
droughts, and more intense flooding. And tragically, India is a primary candidate
for all four. India helps feed the world, but extreme heat could actually cut in half
yields of the most productive areas, wreaking havoc on global food prices. The
Himalayan glaciers are receding, threatening the supply of water to almost a billion
people. What does that tell us? It underscores the imperative that we act forcefully and
cooperatively on climate change, not because of ideology, but because of science. The
global climate challenge is about opportunity, security, even our very survival in the long
term. These challenges are interconnected and we have the opportunity
right now
to address them in ways that move our economies forward and deliver tangible benefits to
the global community.
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Warrant: Climate change hurts poorer countries much more than the wealthier ones.
Ball, Jeffrey. "Climate Change Is Hurting Poor Countries Right Now. Why Won't Rich
Countries Act?" The New Republic, 4 Nov. 2014. Web. 02 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.newrepublic.com/article/120124/ipcc-report-climate-change-likelybe-ignored-until-felt-locally>.
The most intense effects of climate change, the report says, are likely to be felt most
acutely by the poorest
that is, the least politically potent
people and places.
Global warming will increase the risk from storms, landslides, air pollution, and
other problems mostly for those lacking essential infrastructure and services or
living in exposed areas, the report says. Throughout this century, climate change is
expected to lead to increases in ill-health in many regions and especially in
developing countries with low income. Certain parts of the world could face very
high impacts from climate change, impacts that could slash several percentage
points of GDP. What are those places? Some low-lying countries and small island
states. This raises a fundamental equity issue, of course, since the developing countries
likeliest to feel the early effects of climate change haven t been the major emitters of
carbon dioxide and typically don t have the money to adapt to these ill effects. But
global inequity tends by itself not to motivate political action.
Analysis: If Globalization creates major climate change problems, the implications for poverty
in the world is seen in two different ways: One: It clearly causes disproportionate harm to the
poorer populations of the worlds
they are the ones more likely to rely on agriculture production
for their incomes and the ones least likely to be able to adapt to the problems, as they don t have
the money to do so. Two: The climate change causes disease spread and economic harms that
would put more people into unstable situations and poverty, creating the very problem that the
Aff wants to solve.
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A2$$Globalization$harms$the$poor$through$Climate$Change$
Answer: Globalization has helped solve health problems in the world.
Warrant: Global interactivity allows for countries to work together to solve problems more
efficiency, like health and disease.
There are, of course, certain aspects of globalization that are beneficial to health,
such as the enhanced flow of information, improvements in internationally
coordinated vaccination programs and systems to respond to infectious diseases,
and a greater capacity for long-distance responses to disasters.
Analysis: If problems can be solved through Globalization, then the problems that Globalization
may create aren t an issue, and the impacts can be nullified.
Answer: Climate change can lead to improved crop yields.
Warrant: Increased CO2 can act as a fertilizer.
Moore, Thomas G. "Global Warming." Hoover Institution. Stanford, 16 Nov. 1995. Web.
02 Jan. 2015. <http://web.stanford.edu/~moore/TESTIMONY.HTML>.
Warmer nighttime temperatures, particularly in the spring and fall, create longer
growing seasons, which should enhance agricultural productivity. Moreover, the
enrichment of the atmosphere with CO2 will fertilize plants and make for more vigorous
growth. Agricultural economists studying the relationship of higher temperatures
and additional CO2 to crop yields in Canada, Australia, Japan, northern Russia,
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Finland, and Iceland found not only that a warmer climate would push up yields,
but also that the added boost from enriched CO2 would enhance output by 17
percent. Researchers have attributed a burgeoning of forests in Europe to the
increased CO2 and the fertilizing effect of nitrogen oxides.
Analysis: If climate change boosts food production, it could help poorer populations
nutritionally, not hurt them.
Answer: Efforts to reduce climate change would create more poverty.
Warrant: More poverty would result from climate change reduction because of the economic
harms.
Orlowski, Andrew. "Eco-nomics: Was Stern 'wrong for the Right Reasons' ... or Just
Wrong?" The Register. N.p., 4 Sept. 2012. Web. 02 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/09/04/beyond_stern_climate_morality/>.
For an issue that is discussed in stark moral terms
good guys favour cutting carbon
emissions, and bad guys don't things are not what they seem, suggests former Cabinet
Minister Peter Lilley. Poverty is the greatest killer on the planet, robbing societies of
the ability to protect themselves, and look after their most vulnerable. A legacy of
our obsession to cut carbon dioxide emissions aggressively may be to trap billions in
poverty, and the avoidable suffering that goes with it.
Warrant: Developing countries and the impoverished would be hit especially hard.
Yeatman, William. "Global Warming 101: Costs." GlobalWarmingorg RSS. N.p., 4 Feb.
2009. Web. 02 Jan. 2015. <http://www.globalwarming.org/2009/02/04/globalwarming-101-costs/>.
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Making energy more expensive would be catastrophic for the developing world, for
which access to affordable energy is a precondition for economic growth, the most
important driver of human well-being. Costly emissions reductions policies would rob
the world s poorest people of opportunities to escape poverty. Alarmists claim that
rising temperatures threaten human welfare but reducing emissions from energy
production also threatens human welfare, especially in the developing world, since
doing so limits economic growth. So what is worse, the warming or the policy?
Analysis: This response functions as a turn to the argument - By hurting the very countries that
have these poorer populations, we would be creating more poverty, not solving it.
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CONH$Globalization$Increases$Exposure$to$Health$Problems$
Argument: Globalization Increases Exposure to Health Problems
Warrant: Obesity is becoming a more common problem than malnutrition due to Globalization
Globalization. Harvard School of Public Health. N.d.
http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesitycauses/globalization-and-obesity/
Many low- and middle-income countries struggle with the so-called dual burden
of obesity and underweight; but although malnutrition persists in many places,
overweight is rapidly becoming a more common problem than underweight. (6)
Indeed, for the first time in human history, the world has more overweight than
underweight people, (7) and globalization is a major reason for this: It has brought
McDonalds franchises to Mumbai and SUVs to Shanghai, digital TVs to Dar es Salaam
and Nestles supermarket barges to the Amazon River delta. (811) It has thus supercharged the nutrition transition, a term for the obesity-inducing shift from
traditional to Western diets that accompanies modernization and wealth.
Warrant: Trade liberalization and spread of fast-food chains as a result of globalization leads to
more consumption of high-calorie foods in the developing world
Changes in food prices have been linked to changes in how much people eat, and in
turn, their risk of obesity. (14,15) But thats not the only way that free trade contributes to
the problem. Trade liberalization gives people access to different types of food and,
often, more high-calorie processed foods. It also removes barriers to foreign
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investment in food distribution and allows multinational food companies and fastfood chains to expand into new countries.
Warrant: The developing world is more at risk of obesity and related diseases
Economic growth and urbanization lead to predictable shifts in diet, called nutrition
transitions. In hunter-gatherer societies, people forage for food. Next, they shift to
rudimentary agriculture, often enduring famine. As wealth and technology grow and
famine recedes, calorie intake rises, leading to overeating and obesity. (3,5) Globalization
has helped move many countries from famine to food sufficiency. But in many low- and
middle-income countries, globalization has also accelerated the shift from food
sufficiency to Western-style feastand in turn, to obesity and obesity-related
diseases.
Warrant: The global overweight population is rivaling underfed populations
Shah, Anup. Obesity. Global Issues. 2010 Nov 21.
http://www.globalissues.org/article/558/obesity#ObesityontheIncrease
For the first time in human history, the number of overweight people rivals the
number of underweight people. While the worlds underfed population has
declined slightly since 1980 to 1.1 billion, the number of overweight people has
surged to 1.1 billion.
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Warrant: Childhood obesity is effecting the developing world more than the developed world
The problem [of childhood obesity] is global and is steadily affecting many low- and
middle-income countries, particularly in urban settings. Globally, in 2010 the number
of overweight children under the age of five, is estimated to be over 42 million. Close
to 35 million of these are living in developing countries.
Warrant: Obesity increases risks of many health problems
With obesity comes increasing risks of: Cardiovascular disease (mainly heart
disease and stroke) already the worlds number one cause of death, killing 17
million people each year; Diabetes (type 2) which has rapidly become a global
epidemic; Musculoskeletal disorders especially osteoarthritis.; Some cancers
(endometrial, breast, and colon).
Warrant: Obesity kills three times as many people as malnutrition globally.
Adams, Stephen. Obesity killing three times as many as malnutrition. The Telegraph.
13 Dec 2012. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/9742960/Obesitykilling-three-times-as-many-as-malnutrition.html
Obesity is now killing triple the number of people who die from malnutrition as it
claims more than three million lives a year worldwide, according to a landmark
study.
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Warrant: Increased international food trade has led to more populations being vulnerable to
foodborne diseases.
Sommerfield, Johannes. Globalization and infectious diseases: A Review of the
Linkages. UNICEF. 2004.
http://www.who.int/tdr/publications/documents/seb_topic3.pdf
Although poor statistics make it difficult to estimate the global incidence of foodborne
diseases, and there is substantial under-reporting, data from industrialized countries
indicate that up to 10% of populations are affected annually by foodborne diseases
(Kaferstein et al., 1997). Mass production, handling procedures, environmental
factors, new and emerging pathogens, and poor regulation are believed to be
contributing to a marked increase in worldwide incidence (Lang, 2001; Kaferstein et
al., 1997; Swerdlow and Altekruse, 1998). Several factors may be responsible. First, the
increasing reliance on producers abroad means that food may be contaminated
during harvesting, storage, processing and transport, long before it reaches overseas
markets. For example, outbreaks of Salmonella poona infection in the US associated
with eating imported melons from Mexico have been linked to unhygienic irrigation and
packaging practices at source farms. Low-income countries may also cultivate nonindigenous crops to meet the needs of the export market, and these may be more
susceptible to indigenous pathogens. This happened when Guatemalan raspberries
became contaminated with the protozoan Cyclospora, causing outbreaks of gastroenteritis
in the US and Canada.
Warrant: Unregulated access to pharmaceuticals is creating drug resistant viruses
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Finally, unregulated access to, and inappropriate consumption of, pharmaceuticals

in a global marketplace raises the issue of drug resistance. These factors have, for
example, contributed to the spread of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)
worldwide, and will lead to further spread of resistance to antiretrovirals for HIV,
particularly given the important role that the unregulated private sector plays in
providing care for stigmatizing conditions (Brugha, 2003).9 Control of such diseases
could therefore be jeopardized, and the misuse of pharmaceutical products facilitated, if
sufficient regulatory mechanisms (including proscribed standards of use with adequate
monitoring and enforcement) are not implemented alongside globalization of the
pharmaceutical industry.
Warrant: Sickness keeps people out of school and work
Kern, Ann. Dying for Change. World Bank. N.d.
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPAH/Resources/Publications/Dying-forChange/dyifull2.pdf
The World Bank study Voices of the Poor , which gathered the views of more than
60,000 poor people across the globe, highlights many of these issues. Voices of the
Poor looks broadly at poverty, its determinants and consequences. Health and ill- health
emerged as central concerns of those consulted, prompting WHO and the World Bank
to collaborate on a separate publication that would highlight the relationship between
poverty and poor health from the perspective of poor people. Dying for Change is the
result. It aims to illuminate from a human, qualitative perspective what many quantitative
studies have already recorded: how poverty creates ill- health, and how ill- health leads to
poverty. It also highlights the link between good health and economic survival. Poor
people everywhere say how much they value good health. A fit, strong body is an asset
that allows poor adults to work and poor children to learn. A sick, weak body is a
liability, both to the individual and those who must support them.
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Analysis: The CON should argue throughout the entire round that general trends of poverty
reduction during the age of globalization does not mean that globalization is responsible for
poverty reduction. In doing so, the CON needs solid warrants as to why globalization has
actually limited poverty reduction. One example is this argument. By showing that obesity and
higher risks of viral diseases come with globalization, the CON can argue that the reduction of
poverty has not been as successful as it could have been had there not been globalization of
health problems in the process.
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A2$$Globalization$Increases$Exposure$to$Health$Problems$
Answer: Globalization is improving our ability to fight infectious diseases
Warrant: The potential to detect and report disease outbreaks has quickened
Along with changes to spatial boundaries, Lee (2003) argues that globalization is
leading to changes in how we experience and perceive time. Globalization is shaping the
timeframe in which natural and human-induced phenomena take place, as well as the
time available and necessary for responding to these phenomena. For example, the time
taken for some infectious diseases to spread across territorial space has become much
quicker as a result of the increased amount, frequency, and speed of population mobility.
Similarly, the potential capacity to detect and report disease outbreaks has
quickened due to the advent of global information and communication systems.
Warrant: Healthcare is becoming more globalized
Schroth, L. Globalization of healthcare. Front Health Service Management Journal. 2007.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18220175
Healthcare worldwide is undergoing a dramatic change consistent with the changes
that globalization has brought in many major industries. While medical care has a
long tradition of international cooperation and sharing of expertise, this current
phenomenon is very different because of the unique combination of demand from
international hospitals paired with a new ability and willingness of U.S. hospitals to
become engaged in international endeavors. Educated and Internet-savvy consumers, a
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growing middle class in emerging markets, highly trained physicians, and struggling
public health systems that are unable to meet the needs and expectations of patients are
some of the forces behind the demand for globalization in healthcare. This significant
demand is being met by the capacity of major U.S. medical centers to transfer
comprehensive management expertise and intellectual property to international
sites. Consequently, the mobilization of health services globally is concurrent with the
expectation that healthcare services will be validated through standardization of quality
and safety measurement systems. This universal movement to define "quality outcomes"
will provide the platform that finally pushes the true globalization of healthcare.
Analysis: As the world becomes even more interconnected, it is easier for other nations to work
to improve the health care in the developing world. The PRO should respond to the CONs
argument by focusing on turning the warrants. By showing improved health conditions as a
result of globalization, the PRO can win that they effectively reduce poverty by mitigating health
problems that keep the poor out of work.
Answer: Without globalization, malnutrition would be much more prevalent and kill more
people
Warrant: In the age of globalization, food security has improved
Diaz-Bonilla, Eugenio. GLOBALIZING HEALTH BENEFITS FOR DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES.International Food Policy Research Institute. December 2002.
http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/16292/1/tm020108.pdf
Food security, on average, appears to have improved over the past four decades.
Total food availability for all developing countries, measured in daily calories and
grams of proteins per capita, was more than 30 percent higher in the second half of
the 1990s compared to the 1960s, even though the population in the developing
countries more than doubled from 2.6 billion to 5.7 billion persons during that time
(Diaz-Bonilla and Thomas, 2001).
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Warrant: The number of malnourished children has gone down.

Diaz-Bonilla, Eugenio. GLOBALIZING HEALTH BENEFITS FOR DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES.International Food Policy Research Institute. December 2002.
http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/16292/1/tm020108.pdf
The number of malnourished children under five (a better indicator of food
problems than average food availability, because it captures directly income
distribution effects) declined between 1970 and 1997 by about 37 million, and the
incidence of malnutrition dropped from 46 percent to 31 percent in the same period
(Smith and Haddad, 2000). However, although food security has improved in general,
some regions and countries are at risk, and some have become more food insecure.
Average food availability is still low for regions such as sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and
for the least-developed countries (LDCs). More distressing, the number of malnourished
children under the age of five has actually increased in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from
1970 to 1997 by 14 million, and the incidence of malnutrition is still very high there and
in South Asia (Smith and Haddad, 2000).
Analysis: The PRO should make the argument that in the long run, without globalization,
malnutrition would have escalated and been an exponentially larger issue than obesity. The PRO
should also use logic to explain that a malnourished person is not able to work while an obese
person would arguably be more likely to be able to continue working, particularly in factory jobs
that are more common and require less physical activity. Additionally, make sure you point out
that the CON is mostly focused on the health problems of obesity and disease, but still does not
show that its effect on poverty reduction is so large that it outweighs the drastic reduction that we
have seen in the age of globalization.
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CONH$Homogenization$of$Culture$Hurts$Impoverished$Societies$
Argument: Homogenization of Culture Hurts Impoverished Societies
Warrant: Globalization has led to a homogenization of culture
Tomlinson, John. Globalization and Cultural Identity. 2003 March 19.
https://www.polity.co.uk/global/pdf/GTReader2eTomlinson.pdf
To begin, let me sketch the implicit (for it is usually implicit) reasoning behind the
assumption that globalization destroys identities. Once upon a time, before the era of
globalization, there existed local, autonomous, distinct and well-defined, robust and
culturally sustaining connections between geographical place and cultural
experience. These connections constituted ones and ones communitys cultural
identity. This identity was something people simply had as an undisturbed existential
possession, an inheritance, a benefit of traditional long dwelling, of continuity with the
past. Identity, then, like language, was not just a description of cultural belonging; it was
a sort of collective treasure of local communities. But it was also discovered to be
something fragile that needed protecting and preserving, that could be lost. Into this
world of manifold, discrete, but to various degrees vulnerable, cultural identities there
suddenly burst (apparently around the middle of the 1980s) the corrosive power of
globalization. Globalization, so the story goes, has swept like a flood tide through
the worlds diverse cultures, destroying stable localities, displacing peoples, bringing
a market-driven, branded homogenization of cultural experience, thus obliterating
the differences between locality-defined cultures which had constituted our
identities. Though globalization has been judged as involving a general process of loss
of cultural diversity, some of course did better, some worse out of this process. Whilst
those cultures in the mainstream of the flow of capitalism those in the West and,
specifically, the United States saw a sort of standardized version of their cultures
exported worldwide, it was the weaker cultures of the developing world that have
been most threatened. Thus the economic vulnerability of these non-western
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cultures is assumed to be matched by a cultural vulnerability. Cultural identity is at

risk everywhere with the depredations of globalization, but the developing world is
particularly at risk.
Warrant: Homogenization of language through the Internet limits the illiterate and poor
Cavanagh, John. Alternatives to Economic Globalization: A Better World is Possible.
Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc. San Francisco, California. Print. 2004
Technology is also advancing one culture and one language. The United States has
more computers than the rest of the world combined. English is used on 80 percent of
Web sites, yet fewer than one in ten people worldwide speak the language.
Everywhere, Internet access divides educated from illiterate, men from women, rich
from poor, young from old, and urban from rural.
Warrant: The poorest people adopt wealthy consumption habits
Thomas, Dr. Saju Eapen. HAS GLOBALIZATION LED TO THE SPREAD OF
MATERIALISTIC VALUES AND HIGH CONSUMPTION CULTURES
ENABLED BY DEBT IN URBAN INDIA? Kochi Business School. Asia
Journal of Marketing and Management Review. 2013 December.
http://indianresearchjournals.com/pdf/APJMMR/2013/December/6.pdf
The increasing globalization practices have seen phenomenal increase in the
quanta of world trade and have brought changes in cultural values in many
developing countries. The aggressive penetration strategies supported by easy
availability of debt is enabling this. A large body of literature points out links the
increase in such consumption habits with the spread of materialism. This study is an
exploratory work which looks at the existence materialistic behaviour among Indian
executives based in the three major cities of south-India, Bangalore, Hyderabad and
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Kochi. The study also looks at the role of attitude to debt as one of the contributors of
materialism and related consumption behaviours. The results clearly show the existence
of materialism among our respondents and also the contributory role played by attitude to
debt in development of materialism. Results also support the premise that materialistic
individuals tend to take credit to pursue their acquisition goals.
Warrant: Materialism has replaced traditional ways
Firouzeh, Nahavandi. Globalisation and Homogenisation of Culture: The Role of Mass
Medias in Developing Countries. University of Brussels. 2004.
http://www.krepublishers.com/06-Special%20Volume-Journal/JHE-00Special%20Volumes/JHE-12-Soc-Respons-Life-Sci-Web/JHE-SI-12-28-235-239Firouzeh-N/JHE-SI-12-28-235-239-Firouzeh-N-Text.pdf
However, for developing countries the impact of medias goes far beyond, changing
attitudes. It is not only the spread of new attitudes but also of visions of life that are
completely unfamiliar and even alienating. A materialistic culture and consumerism
are spread through mass medias. A mechanistic and individualistic way of life
replaces the traditional ways. In that sense, the homogenisation brought about by
globalisation is superficial as it is limited to material level and consumers goods. It is
consumer culture that is artificially promoted by mass medias.
Warrant: Globalization and materialism hurts local cultural and economic structures
Firouzeh, Nahavandi. Globalisation and Homogenisation of Culture: The Role of Mass
Medias in Developing Countries. University of Brussels. 2004.
http://www.krepublishers.com/06-Special%20Volume-Journal/JHE-00Special%20Volumes/JHE-12-Soc-Respons-Life-Sci-Web/JHE-SI-12-28-235-239Firouzeh-N/JHE-SI-12-28-235-239-Firouzeh-N-Text.pdf
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Very soon values presented in television shows turned out to be the opposite of the
local values bound to survival in a harsh surrounding, that is community
cooperation, sharing, and nonmaterialism. The introduction of television brought
new needs, disinterest in native language, but also desire of cars even though
communities had no roads. Disdain for traditional work, fishing or hunting,
destruction of relations between young and old and a stop to storytelling followed.
So, concludes Mander, television is clearly the most efficient instrument ever invented
for global cultural cloning, and it is the path breaker for what follows: cars; paved roads;
Western franchise goods; loss of traditional skills, economies converted from selfsufficiency to corporate export. Television serves as the worldwide agent of imagery for
new global corporate vision.
Warrant: In traditional societies, needs and wishes match potentialities
Szirmai, Adam. The Dynamics of Socio-Economic Development: An Introduction.
Cambridge University Press. N.d.
http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/17639/excerpt/9780521817639_excerpt.pdf
The desirability of economic growth and socio-economic development is not
undisputed. Critics have pointed out the drawbacks of growth, development and
modernisation. They have pointed to the irreversible disruption of traditional societies
and lifestyles, and the spread of a uniform materialistic mass culture, which may lead to
cultural shallowness, loss of meaning and spiritu- ality and to the increasing exploitation
of people as a result of the spread of capitalist market relations. Sometimes it is suggested
that people are happier in traditional societies than in modern societies. They would
be more in tune with their natural environment, and their needs and wishes would
balance their potentialities. There is a strong Malthusian movement which maintains
that continued economic growth will disturb the balance of nature, and will eventually
lead to ecological catastrophes (Brundtland et al., 1987; Meadows et al., 1972). The
present debates on environmental pollution, global warming and climate change are good
examples of this way of thinking (IPCC, 2001; Lindahl-Kiessling and Landberg, 1994;
World Bank, 2003).
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Analysis: As globalization occurs, there is (arguably) a spread in the homogeneous nature of

culture. Various elements of the spread of western culture limit poverty reduction. First, as the
Internet becomes more and more important in international trade and business, those who cannot
speak English are limited as 80 percent of the web is dominated by the language. Second, this
leads to a spread of consumerism and materialism that are both characteristic of western culture,
which is said to take over traditional ways, causing local peoples to value and spend their money
on goods that they do not need, for example, a man living on one dollar a day will want (and
even purchase) an iPhone instead of traditional technology that allows him to manage his local
business.
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A2$$Homogenization$of$Culture$Hurts$Impoverished$Societies$$
Answer: Globalization enhances cultural identity
Warrant: People are not objects, they are capable of rejecting or integrating culture
Wang, Yi. Globalization Enhances Cultural Identity. Harbin Engineering University.
Journal of Intercultural Communications Studies. 2007.
http://www.uri.edu/iaics/content/2007v16n1/09%20Yi%20Wang.pdf
Culture is changing. People make culture, culture makes people (Tomlinson, 1999).
Culture does change in dialogue with changing economic and socio-political
circumstances. A culture changes with other cultures with which it is brought into contact
through commercial or political relations. However, cultures are constructed by people.
At the source of culture, there is social agency: a group of people with freedom and
creativity. Creative persons can contribute to the change and development of a
culture. People are not mere objects of cultural influences, but subjects who can sift
various influences and reject or integrate them. Sometimes, advocates of antiglobalization overlook the power of peoples subjectivity.
Warrant: Togetherness that comes with technology makes cultural identity stronger
Wang, Yi. Globalization Enhances Cultural Identity. Harbin Engineering University.
Journal of Intercultural Communications Studies. 2007.
http://www.uri.edu/iaics/content/2007v16n1/09%20Yi%20Wang.pdf
Nowadays, globalization is an overwhelming world trend. Advocates of Antiglobalization view globalization as homogenization. In fact, globalization is not simply
homogenization; on the contrary, it enhances cultural identity. First, People are not mere
objects of cultural influences, but subjects who can reject or integrate culture. Besides,
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with the development of science and technology, people are closer than before. The
sense of togetherness brought with globalization is not at all in conflict with
diversity. In the new era of globalization, people become much more concerned
about the uniqueness and particularity of their own culture. Cultural identity
provides the global significance of local knowledge and the sense of self, community and
nation. In terms of science, technology and economic development, globalization reflects
somewhat the theory of convergence and hegemonic control, but in deeper sense, it
promotes cultural identity. This paper tries to explain how globalization and cultural
identity can form a fruitful interaction. If globalization is viewed in terms of togetherness,
the world is more diverse and more together.
Analysis: Through globalization, people are brought closer together as a result of technological
development. The PRO should argue that this sense of togetherness brings people with similar
cultures together from around the globe, uniting them in their common interests and allowing
them to both adapt to the new global climate, but also maintain their traditional heritages with a
larger access to support systems due to connections through technology.
Answer: Big corporations contribute to better lives globally
Warrant: Big brands can benefit any culture
Hollis, Nigel. Culture Cash: Globalization Does Not Imply Homogenization. Millward
Brown. 2009 May. http://www.millwardbrown.com/docs/default-source/insightdocuments/points-of-view/MillwardBrown_POV_CultureClash.pdf
Brands can be an integral part of a culture, and in many ways the relationship
between culture and brands is symbiotic. Brands that successfully anticipate trends
in popular culture prosper better than those that do not (see the September 2007
Point of View What Makes an Iconic Brand?), while brands that are not aligned
with local cultures can find it difficult to prosper at all. Brands contribute to cultures
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not only through the needs they address but also through their role as social currency.
They provide new cultural reference points and topics of conversation.
Warrant: People are living longer, better lives due to globalization
Norberg, Johan. In Defense of Global Capitalism. CATO Institute. 6 June 2008.
http://www.cato.org/events/globalization-worlds-rising-living-standards
Despite the conclusions one might draw from the constant barrage of media
negativity, never before have people lived longer, healthier, and wealthier lives with
lower risks of malnourishment, illiteracy, or death by war or natural disaster. In a
recent report for the Swedish government, Cato senior fellow Johan Norberg has
documented the largest, most rapid rise in human living standards ever, which
occurred over the last four decades. He will review the factors that generated these
advances and explain how even more economic liberty, free trade, and globalization are
necessary to sustain them.
Analysis: The CONs argument rests on the premise that traditional cultures cannot benefit from
adopting new technology as it strays from what they know. However, the PRO should explain
that the only way for the poor to advance economically is to learn to make use of the technology
that allows global competitors to be successful in similar industries. By remaining static, cultures
and peoples will never develop economically. Materialism may sound bad, but ultimately it
drives the poor to buy products which will allow them to profit and become wealthier in the
long-run.
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CON$$Food$Sovereignty
Argument: Economic Globalization deprives small, local famers of their ability to be selfsustainable.
Warrant: Exposure to corporate practices and privatization of farms prevents self-sustainable
agriculture that the poorest rely on.
Shen, Aviva. Why Seven African Nations Joined Anti-Monsanto Protests Last
Weekend. Think Progress. 17 October 2013. Web. 4 January 2014.
<http://thinkprogress.org/health/2013/10/17/2787921/african-countries-join-antimonsanto-protests/>.
True, some elements of the anti-GMO movement have trumped up mostly baseless
claims that all genetically modified food is poisonous or dangerous to human health. But
African farmers also have very legitimate concerns about Monsantos reputation for
investigating, suing, and ruining farmers who try to save GM seeds. Monsanto
aggressively enforces its patents against American farmers who use secondgeneration seeds produced by the prior harvest rather than buy new seeds each
year, often bankrupting these farmers through legal fees. The company has sought
similar protections abroad, most recently causing an uproar in Chile. Food
Sovereignty Ghana warns against the control of our resources by multinational
corporations and other foreign entities, and the avaricious calculations behind the
proposition that food is just another commodity or component for international
agribusiness. Instead, they call for collective control over our collective resources.
Experts in international development also have their doubts about introducing Monsanto
to the developing world. Because of the patent issues surrounding GMOs, the prestigious
International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for
Development advised that developing nations avoid GM seeds. Its 2008 analysis warned
that GMOs high costs, uncertain yields, and the threat to local non-GM crop breeds
posed more risks to poor farmers than benefits. Farmers who use GM seeds may not be
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able to exchange seeds with other farmers, while paying double the cost of conventional
seeds for promises of higher yields that may or may not come true.
Warrant: Economic globalization of the agricultural sectors have held developing and
developed countries to unfair standards.
Young, E. M. Globalization and food security: novel questions in a novel context?
Progress in Development Studies. 2004. Web. 4 Jan 2014.
<http://www.sagepub.com/dicken6/Additional%20Resources%20for%20Geograp
hy/Sage%20articles/young.pdf>.
Transformations associated with globalization remain contentious and have generated
numerous debates. One of the most urgent concerns their implication for global food
security and associated issues of public health reviewed above. Has economic
liberalization, the mechanism through which much globalization is realized, enhanced
food security? Throughout its hegemony, traditional forms of malnutrition continued to
reduce the life chances of milions of people in the developing world. In addition, new
forms of malnutrition in the form of obesity are exported across the globe with western
consumption habits. It has also facilitated the diffusion of industrial agricultural systems
to the detriment of social and environmental conditions in developing countries.
Globalization of food and agriculture, intensified by economic liberalization in the
1980s (effected through Structural Adjustment Policies) was boosted by the signing of
the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) as part of on-going WTO negotiations in
Marrakesh in 1994. The consequences have been very mixed and simple distinctions
between developed and developing interests are far from satisfactory. But it is certainly
important to recognize that liberalization policies have been implemented more
thoroughly in the developing world than the developed; this is significant. It reflects
the importance that countries in the developed world, especialy the EU, USA and
Japan, grant their agricultural sectors and signals their refusal to concede their food
sovereignty. Such countries have found ways and means to subsidize their
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agricultural sectors and promote corporate interests while insisting, through the
IMF and WTO, that less powerful players remove all forms of agricultural support
and, in effect, relinquish their food sovereignty (Murphy, 2001; Sreenivasan and
Grinspun 2002).
Warrant: Food sovereignty is important; it protects the communitys right to self-determination
and development, and globalization undermine this.
Claeys, Priscilla. Food Sovereignty: A Critical Dialogue. Yale University. 15 Sept.
2013. Web. 3 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.yale.edu/agrarianstudies/foodsovereignty/pprs/24_Claeys_20131.pdf>.
But food sovereignty is more than an alternative paradigm. It has been claimed by
the movement as a new human right. Interestingly, the right to food sovereignty has
not been claimed as an individual right, but rather as the right of communities, states,
peoples or regions. In many ways, it evokes collective rights already recognized by
the UN, such as the right to self-determination, the right to development and the
right to permanent sovereignty over natural resources. As I have developed
elsewhere, the right to food sovereignty has an internal dimension the right of a
people to choose its own political, economic and social system and an external
dimension the right of states to develop their agriculture (Claeys 2012, 849).
Warrant: Liberalization of agriculture deprives the poorest of the resources they need to feed
themselves.
Young, E. M. Globalization and food security: novel questions in a novel context?
Progress in Development Studies. 2004. Web. 4 Jan 2014.
<http://www.sagepub.com/dicken6/Additional%20Resources%20for%20Geograp
hy/Sage%20articles/young.pdf>.
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Most serious is that such productionist perspectives are simplistic and empirically
unfounded. This perspective holds that simply increasing the amount of food available
will reduce levels of malnutrition. This still popular interpretation was first critiqued by
Sen (1981). He argued that people are hungry because of their lack of entitlements,
their inability to command food, rather than a lack of food availability. Hunger and
malnutrition are never simply about food availability and increases in food supplies
do not necessarily reduce the incidence of hunger or malnutrition (Devereux, 1993;
Watts and Bohle, 1993; Young, 1996a, b, 1997; Adams, 2001). Indeed in many places
the expansion of commercial agriculture has exacerbated malnutrition because the
rural poor lose access to key entitlements (Kay, 1999; Madeley, 2000, 2002; Shiva
2000). The concentration of farm ownership increases levels of landlessness.
Privatization means that access to common property resources is denied and
mechanization replaces agricultural labour and increases rural unemployment.
Agricultural liberalization often results in cheap imports that decimate domestic
producers and their entitlements. This has occurred repeatedly, most recently with
respect to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and Mexican corn
producers. Millions of peasant farmers in the South have suffered destitution as a
result of agricultural liberalization (Madeley, 2000).
Analysis: The way to use this argument is to show that many of the poor today are only able to
support themselves through subsistence farming; this relies on things like pubic lands, and
traditional communal ownership of farming techniques. The privatization of these techniques and
lands deprives many of the poorest people of the ability to support themselves. The way to weigh
this argument is to weigh it in terms of magnitude; essentially, depriving the poorest of food is a
huge impact compared to other benefits of globalization such as slightly cheaper food or
processed goods.
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A2$$Food$Sovereignty$
Answer: The globalization of agriculture is helping to reduce hunger and poverty.
Warrant: Increased production is necessary to keep up with economic and population growth.
Motes, Dr. William C. Modern Agriculture and Its Benefits Trends, Implications and
Outlook. Global harvest Initiative. Web. 3 Jan 2014.
<http://globalharvestinitiative.org/Documents/Motes%20%20Modern%20Agriculture%20and%20Its%20Benefits.pdf>.
Population. Today, the world has more than 6 billion people, with more than 5
billion of those in developing countries. Developing country populations are
projected to continue to grow relatively rapidly1.2 percent annually to 2030
before declining to a 0.9 percent annual average to 2050. By contrast, populations in
industrial countries are projected to grow a more modest 0.3 percent annually to 2030 and
0.2 percent annually to 2050. Global Wealth. While world population growth will be
important to future markets for food, economic growth will be much more important.
Not only has the rate of economic growth in developing countries come to outpace
that in developed areas, but it has made them increasingly urban, as well. By 2050
global per capita income is expected to increase to nearly three times the 2005 level.
While developed country growth continues at less than 2 percent annually, the pace in
developing countries could exceed 5 percent per year, a trend reversal that began in the
1990s. This shift has enormous implications for global agriculture as it creates more
and more higher-income consumers, (defined in terms of local economic conditions)
with dramatically different food spending patterns.(Chart 3, 4, 5, and Table 1)2 It
implies obvious benefits for millions of consumers, but also caries serious threats
should agricultural productivity lag and basic foods become more expensivean
especially damaging trend for the poorest consumers.
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Warrant: Even in situations of unequal distribution, food insecurity still declined due to the
globalization of more effective farming methods.
PAARLBERG, ROBERT. Attention Whole Foods Shoppers. Foreign Policy. 26 April
2010. Web. 4 January 2015. <http://foreignpolicy.com/2010/04/26/attentionwhole-foods-shoppers/>.
Its true that the story of the Green Revolution is not everywhere a happy one.
When powerful new farming technologies are introduced into deeply unjust rural
social systems, the poor tend to lose out. In Latin America, where access to good
agricultural land and credit has been narrowly controlled by traditional elites, the
improved seeds made available by the Green Revolution increased income gaps.
Absentee landlords in Central America, who previously allowed peasants to plant
subsistence crops on underutilized land, pushed them off to sell or rent the land to
commercial growers who could turn a profit using the new seeds. Many of the displaced
rural poor became slum dwellers. Yet even in Latin America, the prevalence of hunger
declined more than 50 percent between 1980 and 2005.
Warrant: The global spread of food production methods has helped dramatically reduce hunger
and poverty.
PAARLBERG, ROBERT. Attention Whole Foods Shoppers. Foreign Policy. 26 April
2010. Web. 4 January 2015. <http://foreignpolicy.com/2010/04/26/attentionwhole-foods-shoppers/>.
The development and introduction of high-yielding wheat and rice seeds into poor
countries, led by American scientist Norman Borlaug and others in the 1960s and
70s, paid huge dividends. In Asia these new seeds lifted tens of millions of small
farmers out of desperate poverty and finally ended the threat of periodic famine.
India, for instance, doubled its wheat production between 1964 and 1970 and was
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able to terminate all dependence on international food aid by 1975. As for indebted
and discontented farmers, Indias rural poverty rate fell from 60 percent to just 27
percent today. Dismissing these great achievements as a myth (the official view of
Food First, a California-based organization that campaigns globally against agricultural
modernization) is just silly.
Warrant: The benefits of better technology has been increased environmental protection and
increased productivity.
Biotechnology has, to date, delivered specific agronomic traits designed to
overcome production constraints for perhaps 12 million of the worlds farmers18.
This has resulted in improved productivity and profitability from the technology
applied to over 111 million hectares in 2007, and has made important, positive socioeconomic and environmental contributions even though only a limited range of
agronomic traits have been commercialized so far, for a small number of crops. The
technology has delivered economic and environmental gains through a combination of
their inherent technical advances and by facilitating the use of technology in more cost
effective and environmentally friendly farming practices. More specifically: The gains
from the insect resistant traits have mostly been delivered directly from the
technology (yield improvements, reduced production risk and decreased the use of
insecticides), so farmers (mostly in developing countries) have been able to both
improve their productivity and economic returns while also practicing more
environmentally friendly farming methods; The gains from herbicide tolerant traits
have come from a combination of direct benefits (mostly cost reductions to the farmer)
and the facilitation of changes in farming systems. Thus, herbicide tolerant technology
(especially in soybeans) has played an important role in enabling farmers to capitalize on
the availability of low cost, broad-spectrum herbicide (glyphosate) and, in turn, facilitated
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the move away from conventional to low/no tillage production systems in both North and
South America.
Warrant: Globalization has allowed the benefits of crop technology to spread productivity
increases globally.
Productivity Growth Sources. Modern productivity growth comes from many
directionsand, depend on technologies that are attractive to producers because
they boost their incomes and have been doing so globally for many years (Table 5).
These include, but are not limited to biotechnology and better genetics. By 2007,
biotech crops were grown in 18 countries and were estimated to increase farm
income by more than $10 billion. During the decade 1996-07, these increases were
valued at more than $44 billion (Table 5). 158 million acres planted last year, but
Brazil likely will have the largest gain with 53 million acres planted by 150,000
farmers, mostly in soybeans, a 35 percent increase from 2008.17 Argentina, with the
second largest biotech area in 2007, fell to third, but still relies more heavily on
biotech crops than India, Canada and China. China planted 9.1 million acres of
biotech crops - mostly cotton - last year, but its recent approval of genetically modified
rice and corn suggests plantings there will expand soon. Genetically modified corn and
rice will be field tested for two or three years before being planted commercially.
Analysis: The way to use this counter argument is to focus completely on the weight of the
impact. Essentially, human economic and population growth is happening incredibly fast, and
the only way to sustainably feed the population and meet demand is to globalize the kinds of
production methods that are being protested. The argument is that the global community is the
most important subject in the debate, and that lowering food costs benefits everyone, even the
poorest farmers that might be displaced by privatization.
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CON$$Financial$Instability
Argument: Economic Globalization creates financial instability by allowing capital to be
volatile.
Warrant: Economic globalization creates volatile financial and capital markets.
Mohandas, Siddharth. Market Fundamentalism: A review of Joseph Stiglitz's
Globalization and Its Discontents. Council on Foreign Relations. 2002. Web. 3
Jan 2014. <http://www.cfr.org/globalization/market-fundamentalism-reviewjoseph-stiglitzs-globalization-its-discontents/p4663>.
The IMF's free-market religion is revealed most clearly by its unshakable
commitment to something called "capital-account liberalization" the removal of
barriers that prohibit the flow of capital into and out of countries. Although open
capital markets bring some benefits, such as foreign direct investment, they also
create a substantial risk of instability. Despite this, the IMF, believing that free capital
markets make economies more efficient, pushed liberalization onto developing countries.
In Stiglitz's view, this push was the single greatest contributing factor to the economic
turmoil of the 1990s, and he illustrates this through detailed studies of the Asian financial
crisis and Russia's botched transition to capitalism. The problem with full capitalaccount liberalization is that it allows speculative "hot money" to flow into a
developing economy funds that can be pulled out overnight at the slightest shift in
investor confidence. For instance, the devaluation of the Thai baht in 1997 prompted just
such a reversal. As bankruptcies spread among firms that had borrowed abroad, the IMF
made emergency loans to crisis-afflicted countries seeking to shore up their currencies.
But they were conditional on rigid reforms: higher interest rates, fiscal austerity, and a
reduction in imports.
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Warrant: The impact of capital volatility is greater unemployment and social discontent.
Stiglitz compares these moves to Herbert Hoover's insistence on a balanced budget
during the Great Depression. Higher interest rates prompted more bankruptcies,
lower government spending spurred greater unemployment, and reduced imports
spread the crisis to other countries by lowering regional income. Policies intended to
bolster investor confidence thus had the opposite effect. In Indonesia, for example,
the IMF demanded a cut in food subsidies that led to widespread rioting and
precipitated that nation's violent political revolution. Asia paid a steep price for
these errors: Unemployment shot up threefold in Thailand, fourfold in Korea, and a
staggering tenfold in Indonesia.
Warrant: Capital mobility enhances the power of those with large amounts of mobile capital,
while undermining the power of other groups such as labor.
Whasun, Jho. Theoretical Review of Globalization Thesis : Capital Mobility and the
State. Global Economic Review: Perspectives on East Asian Economies and
Industries.7 Dec 2007. Web. 4 Jan 2014.
<http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/12265080308422928>.
Another important issue in discussing the impact of globalization on the state is the
governance of financial markets.4 The issue of globalization of financial markets is
related to the dismantling of "capital market governance."5 First, the most
important and direct effect of financial globalization is the augmentation of
structural power of investor and borrowers, the shifts in the domestic power
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configuration, and the changes in the way the power is translated into the policy.
Financial globalization enhances the structural power of the mobile asset holders to
influence the regulatory process (Winters 1996; Hirschman 1978). Financial
globalization means that it considerably reduces the need to use "voice" for those
who have "exit" option. It also means that the monopoly of lobby as a political tool
becomes highly undermined. In a world of increasing capital mobility, not "voice" but
"exit" is the main form in which capitalists express opposition to a state's policies.
Obviously, the power of exit is dependent on the availability of alternatives. Countries
that are vulnerable to exit pressures will have to make sure that they implement
policies that are attractive to capitalists in order to avoid capitalists' moving their
resources abroad (Hirschman 1978). Jeffrey Frieden agrees with Hirschman in that
"global financial integration makes it easier for investors to get into or out of a particular
sector", while he assumes that actor's "voice" rather than "exit" is the key to explaining
the effect of financial deregulation (1991:443). In short, financial globalization clearly
enhances the leverage of investor interests by reducing barriers to exit. Owners of
mobile capital thus gain influence at the expense of less mobile capital and labor. It
also brings to the political forefront the structural power by changing the nature of
domestic power game, which has long been the tradition and essence of Western
democracy. This, however, does not necessarily mean that the "voice" option disappears
completely from the political scene.
Warrant: A large problem with financial integration is that is forced on weak economies,
having adverse short term impacts.
Agnor, Pierre-Richard. Does Globalization hurt the Poor? World Bank. 9 September
2002. Web. 4 January 2014. <
http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/pdf/10.1596/1813-9450-2922>.
In recent years, financial globalization in many transition and developing
economies has taken the form of greater penetration of the domestic financial
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system by foreign banks. Unlike trade liberalization, which has often resulted from
unilateral decisions by governments to lower tariffs, this form of financial integration
has often been less a matter of choice than a decision imposed by the countrys
situation--in several cases, the need to recapitalize domestic banks in the aftermath
of a banking crisis (see Agnor (2001)). Although there are potentially large benefits
associated with greater foreign penetration (such as enhanced quality of financial
services, better techniques for credit analysis, and reduced risks of domestic financial
instability), which may translate into higher growth rates and lower poverty, there are
potentially adverse effects as well. Most importantly for the issue at stake, to the
extent that foreign penetration is accompanied by a greater concentration of credit
flows toward large firms producing tradables, and reduced access to loans by small
and medium-size firms (which tend to be more labor intensive than larger ones), it may
lead to reduced levels of economic activity, lower demand for labor, and possibly to
a greater incidence of poverty. Evidence on this issue is still rather tenuous, but the
possibility cannot be dismissed.
Analysis: The argument here is that economic globalization will create long term systemic issues
in the economy. This is because its driven to favor the most powerful economies at the cost of
developing economies, with financial liberalization often being forced on these countries. This
ends up causing short term economic crises as well as long term volatility. An interesting way to
weigh this argument might be to concede the argument that globalization is a good thing, but that
the impact of social instability turns people off of supporting globalization as a whole. The
argument becomes an issue of perception, and gives you a new link to focus on.
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A2$$Financial$Instability$
Answer: Financial integration helps the economy in the long term.
Warrant: Financial integration gives countries the tools to help stabilize financial crises.
Brezigar-Masten, Arjana, Coricelli, Fabrizio, and Masten, Igor. Financial integration
and financial development in transition economies: What happens during
financial crises? Economic and Business Review. 2011.Web. 4 January 2015.
<http://www.ebrjournal.net/ojs/index.php/ebr/article/view/93/pdf>.
In this respect, our estimates show that a higher degree of financial openness does
not aggravate the effects of financial crises. Quite the opposite, financially more
open countries experience a smaller decline in the supply of finance and thus a
smaller amplification of the business cycle through the finance-growth nexus. In other
words, financial integration stimulates a steadier provision of finance through
domestic financial markets also in crisis times. These findings lead to important
implications for the future policy of financial integration. Our results show that
responding to financial crises through financial protectionism is bound to be
counter-productive. Such policies may insulate domestic financial institutions from
international financial shocks, but they also deprive them of sufficient sources of
finance and risk-hedging opportunities. To pay the price, the domestic economy
faces higher financial constraints. Protectionist measures of many countries are thus
bound to results in a bad global equilibrium and prolong the effects of the crisis.
Intense efforts of developed countries and international financial institutions to
stabilize international flows of capital represent a correct policy response.
Transition countries, as the region that has suffered the most from this in the
present crisis, would benefit from such policies the most.
Answer: Opening financial markets increases Foreign Direct Investment.
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Warrant: The overall financial literature shows that liberalization increases Foreign Direct
investment.
Majocchi, Antonio and Strange, Roger . The FDI location decision: does liberalization
matter? UN Conference on Trade and Development. 2007. Web. 3 Jan 2014. <
http://unctad.org/en/docs/iteiit20072a1_en.pdf>.
Several researchers have addressed the effects of liberalization on FDI in various
regions of the world, though most have concentrated on the impact of privatization
of previously State-owned firms and/or trade liberalization. For instance, Trevino et
al. (2002) found a positive relationship between privatization and FDI in Latin
America, and suggest that this is because privatization policies are seen by foreign
investors as an indication of a countrys positive attitude towards private firms.
Various studies have investigated the link between trade openness and FDI, but with
mixed results. Wheeler and Mody (1992) found that Brazil and Mexico attracted large
inflows in the 1980s despite low levels of trade openness, but several more recent studies
(Sin and Leung, 2001; Sun, Tong and Yu, 2002) seem to confirm a positive relationship
between external trade liberalization and foreign capital inflows. There have been few
studies of the effects of financial liberalization on FDI, and most empirical analyses
have focused on the effects of capital controls. Asiedu and Lien (2004) provide a
review and report that older studies had mixed results, but that more recent studies
seem to suggest an inverse relationship between capital controls and FDI.
Warrant: Capital liberalization increases the incentives to invest.
Desai, Mihir A., Foley, Fritz C., and Hines Jr James R. Capital Controls,
Liberalizations, and Foreign Direct Investment. Harvard Business School. 2005.
Web. 4 January 2014. <http://www.people.hbs.edu/ffoley/capcontrols.pdf>.
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This paper offers evidence that the foreign affiliates of American multinational
firms circumvent capital controls by regularizing dividend remittances and
relocating profits. Avoiding capital controls in this way is costly given the tax and other
business considerations that would otherwise guide dividend repatriations and trade
between related parties. Countries imposing capital controls have significantly higher
interest rates than do otherwise-similar countries without capital controls.
Multinational firms contemplating new investments in countries with capital
controls therefore face high costs of local borrowing and significant costs associated
with the actions necessary to avoid the impact of capital controls, and as a result,
their incentives to invest are significantly reduced. Capital account liberalizations
are associated with reduced levels of profit relocation, a lower propensity to pay
dividends, and increased multinational activity, including greater investment. While
this paper evaluates the activities of existing foreign affiliates of American multinational
firms, the costs associated with capital controls undoubtedly discourage many
potential investors from establishing affiliates in the first place.
Warrant: Foreign Direct investment has many benefits.
Loungani. Prakash and Razin, Assaf. How Beneficial Is Foreign Direct Investment for
Developing Countries? IMF. June 2001. Web. 3 January 2014. <
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2001/06/loungani.htm >.
The case for free capital flows
Economists tend to favor the free flow of capital across national borders because it
allows capital to seek out the highest rate of return. Unrestricted capital flows may
also offer several other advantages, as noted by Feldstein (2000). First, international
flows of capital reduce the risk faced by owners of capital by allowing them to
diversify their lending and investment. Second, the global integration of capital
markets can contribute to the spread of best practices in corporate governance,
accounting rules, and legal traditions. Third, the global mobility of capital limits the
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ability of governments to pursue bad policies. In addition to these advantages, which in

principle apply to all kinds of private capital inflows, Feldstein (2000) and Razin and
Sadka (forthcoming) note that the gains to host countries from FDI can take several other
forms:
FDI allows the transfer of technologyparticularly in the form of

new varieties of capital inputsthat cannot be achieved through
financial investments or trade in goods and services. FDI can also
promote competition in the domestic input market.
Recipients of FDI often gain employee training in the course of

operating the new businesses, which contributes to human capital
development in the host country.
Profits generated by FDI contribute to corporate tax revenues in the

host country.
Analysis: The way to use this argument is to argue that, the argument made by the con is
probably true, but is very shortsighted. There s always a short term problem with any innovation;
some volatility will occur as the economy deals with adjusting to dealing with more mobile
capital. However, in the long term, financial integration has benefits that allow economic growth
to happen at a greater pace. Overall, this helps poor people more than trying to shield them from
capital volatility. A good analogy might be describing your opponent as an overprotective
parent, while you re policies are meant to be more practical.
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CON$$Drugs$Trafficking
Argument: Globalization enables a greater flow of drug trafficking, as well as money laundering
that funds trafficking because of decreased regulation.
Warrant: Globalization has enabled the spread of the drug trade.
Globalization and new technologies: challenges to drug law enforcement in the twentyfirst century. International Narcotics Control Board. 2001. Web. 6 Jan 2015.
<https://www.incb.org/documents/Publications/AnnualReports/AR2001/AR_01_
Chapter_I.pdf>.
The assimilation of national economies into a single global system, dominated by
the performance of stock exchanges and capital markets, extends beyond economics
to the roots of cultural and social identity. The fall of ideological barriers has been
accompanied on the one hand by economic homogenization and on the other by political
and social fragmentation. In many parts of the world, areas of economic prosperity
coexist with pockets of worsening marginalization and poverty, while, especially in
developing countries, traditional bonds of social cohesion have been weakened by
the rapid pace of change. These disparities are exploited by drug dealers and
traffickers in their attempts to develop new markets. Moreover, in the course of the
last decade, the growth in trade and financial activity has provided criminals with
greater possibilities for concealing the illicit transfer of goods such as internationally
controlled drugs and precursor chemicals and for disguising the proceeds
therefrom. Thus, technological change and the globalization of trade and finance have
provided opportunities not only for social advancement, but also for new and traditional
forms of drug-related crime.
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Warrant: Globalization has played a large role in the the narcotics trade.
Jenner, Matthew S. International Drug Trafficking: A Global Problem with a Domestic
Solution. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies. 1 July 2011. Web. 6 Jan
2015.
<http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1465&conte
xt=ijgls>.
Globalization has transformed the world economy over the past forty years. The
spread of ideas and technology across borders has facilitated new avenues of trade,
creating new markets and expanding others. In this world of free trade, countries can
access goods from around the world. Lines of communication and flows of trade
have opened among the rich, the poor, and everyone in between. We are all
connected; we all affect one another. However, beneath this sanguine exterior lies a dark,
bloody underground. The somber side of globalization is a complicated network of
illicit markets ranging from drugs and arms trafficking to the smuggling of humans
into slavery and prostitution.' These illicit industries, or black markets, are the
product of globalization. They represent some of the gravest problems in all
societies spanning the globe, jeopardizing international safety and security. One of
the largest and most profitable of these industries is the market for illicit drugs. 2
Estimated at over $500 billion a year, 3 the illegal drug trade is an international
business that has sustained itself for over forty years. The global market for drugs is
comprised of several interconnected stages-from cultivation to consumption-that
attempt to satisfy the insatiable demand of the industry. The most troublesome of
these stages is drug trafficking.
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Warrant: The conflicts that come as a result of the narcotics trade undermines development.
Thematic Debate of the 66th session of the United Nations General Assembly on Drugs
and Crime as a Threat to Development On the occasion of the UN International
Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking UN General Assembly. 26 June
2012. Web. 6 Jan 2015.
<http://www.un.org/en/ga/president/66/Issues/drugs/drugs-crime.shtml>.
In the past decade, there has been significant growth in the illicit trafficking of
drugs, people, firearms, and natural resources. Trafficking in these and other
commodities is generally characterized by high levels of organization and the presence of
strong criminal groups and networks. While such activities existed in the past, both the
scale and the geographic scope of the current challenge are unprecedented. In 2009,
the value of illicit trade around the globe was estimated at US$1.3 trillion and is
increasing. Transnational organized crime and drug trafficking is of growing concern,
and particularly illicit trades broad impact on development. Few, if any, countries are
exempt. Drug trafficking has particularly severe implications because of the vast
illegal profits it generates: an estimated 322 billion dollars a year. In several drug
production and transit regions, criminal groups undermine state authority and the
rule of law by fuelling corruption, compromising elections, and hurting the
legitimate economy. In all cases, criminal influence and money are having a
significant impact on the livelihoods and quality of life of citizens, most particularly
the poor, women and children.
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Warrant: Drug trafficking has huge social, health, and economic costs.
Pastrana, Andrs. Globalization: Free Trade and the Drug Trade. Columbia Journal. 20
Sept 2000. Web. 6 Jan 2014. <http://colombiajournal.org/colombia31.htm>.
Drug trafficking is a part of globalization, but clearly not the type of globalization
that we want. Drug trafficking destroys the lives of consumers, destroys the social
fabric, destroys the natural resources in the producing countries, and destroys the
institutions upon which democracies and democratic principles are edified. Each
year in the United States alone, drug abuse is linked to 52,000 deaths and costs
nearly $110 billion in healthcare, accidents and loss of productivity.
Analysis: The argument here is pretty much a systemic argument, and actually goes beyond
simply drug, although this is probably the most significant example of the impact of decreased
regulation as a result of globalization. In any system of decreased regulation, in terms of business
and finance, and decreased government oversight, the ease of black market transactions will
increase. As a result, more people have access to illegal goods; this can extend to issues such as
arms trafficking or human trafficking as well. The way to weigh this argument is to show that the
instability that issues like drug trafficking causes, such as outright wars in countries like Mexico
and Colombia, outweigh the marginal benefits per capita in other parts of the world due to
globalization.
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A2$$Drug$trafficking$
Answer: The problem isnt globalization; the war on drugs and criminalization of drugs is the
root cause.
Warrant: The war on drugs increases profits for criminals.
Becker, Gary S. and Murphy, Kevin M. Have We Lost the War on Drugs? Wall Street
Journal. 4 Jan 2013. Web. 7 Jan 2015.
<http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB100014241278873243740045782176823056050
70>.
Prices of illegal drugs are pushed up whenever many drug traffickers are caught
and punished harshly. The higher prices they get for drugs help compensate
traffickers for the risks of being apprehended. Higher prices can discourage the
demand for drugs, but they also enable some traffickers to make a lot of money if they
avoid being caught, if they operate on a large enough scale, and if they can reduce
competition from other traffickers. This explains why large-scale drug gangs and
cartels are so profitable in the U.S., Mexico, Colombia, Brazil and other countries. The
paradox of the war on drugs is that the harder governments push the fight, the
higher drug prices become to compensate for the greater risks. That leads to larger
profits for traffickers who avoid being punished. This is why larger drug gangs
often benefit from a tougher war on drugs, especially if the war mainly targets smallfry dealers and not the major drug gangs. Moreover, to the extent that a more aggressive
war on drugs leads dealers to respond with higher levels of violence and corruption, an
increase in enforcement can exacerbate the costs imposed on society. The large
profits for drug dealers who avoid being caught and punished encourage them to try
to bribe and intimidate police, politicians, the military and anyone else involved in the
war against drugs. If police and officials resist bribes and try to enforce antidrug laws,
they are threatened with violence and often begin to fear for their lives and those of their
families.
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Warrant: Because the drug trade is illegal, it exposes civilians to higher risks.
Barnett, Randy E. The Harmful Side Effects of Drug Prohibition. Georgetown
University Law Center. 2009. Web. 7 Jan 2014.
<http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1837&contex
t=facpub>.
First, users are forced to rely upon criminals to regulate the quality and strength of
the drugs they buy. No matter how carefully they measure their dosages, an
unexpectedly potent supply may result in an overdose. And if the drug user is
suspected to be a police informant, the dosage may deliberately be made potent by the
supplier. Second, users are likely to be the victims of crime. I would estimate that
approximately half the murder cases I prosecuted as an Assistant States Attorney in
Cook County, Illinois were drug related in the sense that the victim was killed
because it was thought he had either drugs or money from the sale of drugs. Crimes
are also committed against persons who seek out criminals from whom to purchase
prohibited drugs. Because drug users and dealers want to avoid the police, crimes
against these groups are unlikely to be reported.33 As a result, these crimes are likely
brought to the attention of the authorities only when a victims body is found.
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Warrant: Prohibition makes civilians into criminals; this isnt reversible.

Barnett, Randy E. The Harmful Side Effects of Drug Prohibition. Georgetown
University Law Center. 2009. Web. 7 Jan 2014.
<http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1837&contex
t=facpub>.
Prohibition automatically makes drug users into criminals. While this point
would seem too obvious to merit discussion, the effects of criminalization can be subtle
and hidden. Criminalized drug users may not be able to obtain legitimate
employment. This increases still further the likelihood that the artificially high
prices of illicit drugs will lead drug users to engage in criminal conduct to obtain
income. It is difficult to overestimate the harm caused by forcing drug users into a life of
crime. Once this threshold is crossed, there is often no return. Such a choice would
not be nearly so compelling, nor as necessary, if prohibited substances were legally
available and reasonably priced. Further, criminalization increases the hold that
law enforcement agents have on drug users. This hold permits law enforcement
agents to extort illegal payments from users or to coerce them into serving as
informants who must necessarily engage in risky activity against others.38 Thus,
prohibition both motivates and enables the police to inflict harm on drug users in
ways that would be impossible in the absence of the legal leverage provided by drug
laws. In all these ways, drug laws harm users of drugs well beyond any harm caused
by drug use itself, and this extra harm is an inescapable consequence of using legal
coercion as means to prevent people from engaging in activity they deem desirable.
While law enforcement efforts typically cause harm to criminals who victimize others,
such effects are far more problematic with laws that seriously harm the very people for
whom these laws are enacted to help. Support for drug laws in the face of these harms is
akin to saying that we have to punish, criminalize, poison, rob, and murder drug users to
save them from the harmful consequences of using intoxicating drugs.
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Answer: New job opportunities from globalization provides options to leave trafficking.
Warrant: Growth of jobs due to globalization provides alternative oppurtunities.
Bacchetta, Marc. GLOBALIZATION AND INFORMAL JOBS IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES. WTO. 2009. Web. 7 January 2015.
<http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/jobs_devel_countries_e.pdf>.
The integration of the world economy has reached unprecedented levels. In 2007,
according to the World Development Indicators, the volume of world trade
represented more than 61 per cent of world GDP. The financial crisis has further
demonstrated the importance of world trade as an engine of global growth and revealed
the extent of the international spillover of shocks. Moreover, around one out of five
jobs is trade-related even in large economies such as the United States (International
Trade Administration, 2006) because they are either in exporting firms or are with
producers of essential services for trade-related activities. The expansion of world
trade in particular as several large countries representing more than half of the
world population opened up during the 1990s has sustained economic growth
around the globe and led to a rapid expansion of employment opportunities. The
International Labour Organization has estimated that between 1995 and 2005,
thanks to this global expansion, 40 million additional jobs have been created every
year in its member countries.
Analysis: The argument here is simple; that the reason trafficking is an issue in the first place is
because drugs shouldnt be considered a criminal issues, and because it is, there are multiple
negative effects of that. Essentially, when describing these arguments, you need to be able to
explain that in a world without criminalized drugs, none of the issues of conflict and instability
would have to happen because it wouldnt be a black market activity; it could be regulated by the
state. This essentially wipes out the impact that the negative side gains from that argument.
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CON$$Double$Standards
Argument: Globalization is forced on developing countries, putting them at a disadvantage in
international trade, undermining economic development.
Warrant: The drivers of globalization, organizations like the IMF, arent accountable, and only
serve the interests of the wealthy, not the poor.
In seeking to unravel why the IMF persisted in its approach, Stiglitz argues that
the IMF and its masters in the U.S. Treasury Department are fundamentally
influenced by Wall Street. He does not allege a conspiracy per se but rather a dangerous
mindset. Echoing an argument originally made by trade economist Jagdish Bhagwati,
Stiglitz says those who make economic policy generally interact with and are drawn
from the financial community, and consequently are attuned to its interests and
ideology. The enthusiasm for capital-account liberalization and the emphasis on
paying back foreign creditors during the Asian crisis can thus be explained by
American and European banks pushing for both. IMF managers can get away with
this, Stiglitz argues, because they spend billions in public funds but are not directly
accountable to any public authority. To remedy this, he calls for greater transparency
and a greater role for developing nations at the IMF, so that it will be forced to defend its
decisions to those affected by them.
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Warrant: The double standards on the process and rules of globalization are put developing
countries at a major disadvantage.
RIGGED RULES AND DOUBLE STANDARDS trade, globalization, and the fight
against poverty. Oxfam. 2002. Web. 7 Jan 2015.
<http://nghiencuuquocte.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cr-rigged-rules-doublestandards-010502-en.pdf>.
Lack of market access is not an isolated example of unfair trade rules, or of the
double standards of Northern governments. While rich countries keep their markets
closed, poor countries have been pressurised by the International Monetary Fund
and World Bank to open their markets at breakneck speed, often with damaging
consequences for poor communities. The problem of low and unstable commodity
prices, which consigns millions of people to poverty, has not been seriously
addressed by the international community. Meanwhile, powerful transnational
companies (TNCs) have been left free to engage in investment and employment
practices which contribute to poverty and insecurity, unencumbered by anything
other than weak voluntary guidelines. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) is
another part of the problem. Many of its rules on intellectual property, investment, and
services protect the interests of rich countries and powerful TNCs, while imposing
huge costs on developing countries. The WTOs bias in favour of the self-interest of
rich countries and big corporations raises fundamental questions about its legitimacy.
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Warrant: Protectionist policies like the EU CAP policy undermine the economies of developing
countries that are forced to reduce trade barriers.
Green, Duncan and Griffith, Matthew. Dumping on the Poor: The Common Agricultural
Policy, the WTO and International Development. CAFOD. Sept 2002. Web. 7
Jan 2015.
<http://www.iatp.org/files/Dumping_on_the_Poor_The_Common_Agricultural_P
o.htm>.
The EUs Common Agriculture Policy is enormously expensive and enormously
damaging. A typical family of four currently pays 16 a week in taxes and higher food
prices to prop up a regime with a disastrous track record of overproduction,
environmental degradation, and food safety scares. If the CAP only affected Europeans,
international aid agencies like CAFOD would leave the debate to others, but the CAP
also undermines the livelihoods of millions of farmers in developing countries by
dumping cheap produce in their markets and denying them export opportunities to
the largest single market in the world. Agriculture is central to developing
countries economies and their people, half of whom make their living from
farming. In some countries this figure rises to over 80 per cent. Agriculture also
plays a central part in reducing poverty, since three quarters of the worlds 1.2
billion extremely poor people live and work in rural areas. The CAP, and the
subsidies and protectionism employed by the other major economic powers,
constitute a roadblock on the path to development for dozens of the worlds poorest
nations. They are preventing them building on their agricultural potential to
improve the lives of their poorest people and communities. Today, reports from
CAFOD partners from Chile to Kenya say that subsidized products such as milk
and sugar are causing serious damage to agricultural producers. When developing
country farmers do achieve the capacity to export, they frequently find that the
markets of European countries are closed to them by high tariffs and other
obstacles, while in other markets they face competition from subsidized European
exports.
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Warrant: Trade liberalization and the unfair playing field has lead to increasing deficits and
financial volatility.
RIGGED RULES AND DOUBLE STANDARDS trade, globalization, and the fight
against poverty. Oxfam. 2002. Web. 7 Jan 2015.
<http://nghiencuuquocte.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cr-rigged-rules-doublestandards-010502-en.pdf>.
Unbalanced liberalisation produces balance-of-payments pressures. Import
liberalisation has been accompanied by widening trade deficits across much of the
developing world. The average deficit for developing countries as a whole in the
1990s was almost three percentage points of GDP higher than in the 1970s, even
though average growth rates were lower (UNCTAD 1998). Two factors have
contributed to this outcome. First, import liberalisation has led to surges of imports in
many countries, with local industry being displaced. Second, trade restrictions in
industrialised countries have limited export opportunities. Large trade deficits have
been covered in a number of countries (notably in Latin America) by speculative
flows of capital, creating instability and increasing exposure to economic risk. The
Mexican financial crisis at the end of 1995, the East Asian crisis of 1997, and the
Argentine crisis of 200102 were all, in part, a consequence of private capital flows
being used to overcome balance-of-payments deficits.
Warrant: Double standards in industries like agriculture are a major source of poverty.
Borders, Max and Burnett, Sterling H. Farm Subsidies: Devastating the World's Poor
and the Environment. National Center for Policy Analysis. 24 March 2006. Web.
8 Jan 2015. < http://www.ncpa.org/pub/ba547>.
Subsidized agriculture in the developed world is one of the greatest obstacles to
economic growth in the developing world. In 2002, industrialized countries in the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) spent a total of
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$300 billion on crop price supports, production payments and other farm programs.
These subsidies encourage overproduction. Markets are flooded with surplus crops
that are sold below the cost of production, depressing world prices. Countries with
unsubsidized goods are essentially shut out of world markets, devastating their local
economies. Moreover, farm subsidies lead to environmental harm in rich and poor
nations alike.
Analysis: This argument is a very structural argument, and that makes weighing this argument at
the end of the round a little easier. An effective way of comparing this argument against more
utilitarian arguments is to argue that this will always be a problem with globalization.
Essentially, as long as theres any kind of significant power difference between countries, the
benefits of globalization will always go to the rich at the cost of the poor, because they will
always have the power to dictate the terms of globalization. That permanent problem undermines
globalization from being beneficial to the poor, because they will always be playing on an unfair
playing field.
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A2$$Double$Standards$
Answer: Even with the double standard, the overall impact of globalization has been economic
growth for poorer countries.
Warrant: The overall impact of globalization has been faster economic growth.
Kraay, Aart and Dollar, David. Trade, Growth, and Poverty. IMF. Sept 2001. Web. 7
January 2015. <http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2001/09/dollar.htm>.
Per capita GDP growth in the post-1980 globalizers accelerated from 1.4 percent a
year in the 1960s and 2.9 percent a year in the 1970s to 3.5 percent in the 1980s and
5.0 percent in the 1990s (Chart 1). This acceleration in growth is even more
remarkable given that the rich countries saw steady declines in growth from a high
of 4.7 percent in the 1960s to 2.2 percent in the 1990s. Also, the nonglobalizing
developing countries did much worse than the globalizers, with the former's annual
growth rates falling from highs of 3.3 percent during the 1970s to only 1.4 percent
during the 1990s. This rapid growth among the globalizers is not simply due to the
strong performances of China and India in the 1980s and 1990s18 out of the 24
globalizers experienced increases in growth, many of them quite substantial.
Warrant: Overall, some of the poorest countries in the world have seen poverty rates decrease.
Kraay, Aart and Dollar, David. Trade, Growth, and Poverty. IMF. Sept 2001. Web. 7
January 2015. <http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2001/09/dollar.htm>.
Poverty has declined. The combination of increases in growth and little systematic
change in inequality in the globalizers has considerably boosted efforts to reduce
poverty. In Malaysia, for example, the average income of the poorest fifth of the
population grew at a robust 5.4 percent annually. Even in China, where inequality
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did increase sharply and the income growth rate of the poorest fifth lagged behind
average income growth, incomes of the poorest fifth still grew at 3.8 percent annually.
The fraction of the population of these countries living below the $1 a day poverty
threshold fell sharply between the 1980s and the 1990s: from 43 percent to 36
percent in Bangladesh, from 20 percent to 15 percent in China, and from 13 percent
to 10 percent in Costa Rica, to name a few.
Answer: Globalization results in improved opportunities and quality of life.
Warrant: The industries that globalization encourages generally has higher wages and better
working conditions.
Countries, Cind. THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON WORKING
CONDITIONS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES An Analysis Framework and
Country Study Results. World Bank. March 2008. Web. 7 January 2015.
<http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLM/2145781103128720951/21692675/EPPNoteNo9_Eng.pdf>.
Consistent with theory, these countries have experienced an increase in demand for
labor in sectors attracting FDI flows and a fall in the employment shares of importcompeting industries for which FDI inflows are negligible. In fact, evidence that
support a decline in the employment share particularly in agriculture and a corresponding
rise in the employment shares in the FDI-intensive/export industries is observed. Data on
industry-specific wage differentials and measures of working conditions for
Cambodia, El Salvador, Indonesia and Madagascar indicate that labor in the FDIintensive/export industries have generally better wages and non-wage working
conditions than much of the rest of the local economy. In each case, wages and nonwage working conditions in agriculturethe default industrywere found to be far
below the economy-wide average. In contrast, wages and non-wage working
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conditions in the FDI-intensive/export industries were found to be either at or above

the economywide average.
Warrant: Globalization is associated with stronger protection of rights, rule of law, and less
government bureaucracy .
Fisher, Richard W. Globalizations Hidden Benefits. YaleGlobal. 4 July 2006. Web. 7
January 2015. <http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/globalization%E2%80%99shidden-benefits>.
We looked at how the countries in the A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy index fared on 18
measures of public policy, from the World Bank, the Fraser Institute, the Heritage
Foundation, Harvard University and Transparency International. Overall, as nations
become more globalized, they tend to be more open to international trade,
maintaining lower tariffs and reducing other barriers. They are more open to
foreign capital, allowing foreigners to participate in their economies as direct and
portfolio investors. Increasing globalization is associated with fewer and betteradministered regulations, a more favorable corporate tax environment and policies
that stimulate innovation. In countries with a higher degree of globalization, policies
tend to support more accountability in the private and public sectors. These nations
are more likely to maintain courts that recognize property rights and enforce the
rule of law. Their governments are more effective and less corrupt. Policies in these
more globalized countries tend to be more stable, essential for long-term planning
by business.
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Warrant: Globalization produces cheaper consumer goods and greater economic oppurtunities.
Fisher, Richard W. Globalizations Hidden Benefits. YaleGlobal. 4 July 2006. Web. 7
January 2015. <http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/globalization%E2%80%99shidden-benefits>.
DALLAS: How does globalization work? Citizens and companies do not seek to do
business in faraway places for the sheer adventure of it. They do it because it makes
them better off. This is the natural process of capitalism, constrained by the cost of
transport and information and accelerated by technologies that make it cheaper to
move goods, services and ideas. Globalization will proceed apace unless or until the
governmental authorities intervene to stop it. Policymakers in both the political and
monetary realms must come to grips with this if we are to fulfill our mandates.
Analysis: These counter arguments are relatively straightforward; basically, even if there are
some sectors of the economy in which there is an unfair playing field, the overall impact that free
trade and market liberalization has helps the poor and increases economic growth. A good
analogy to use regarding issues like inequality might be explaining that unequal growth isn t
inherently a bad thing; if poor people become richer, then the gap between the rich and poor
grow, and in that same vein of thought, people that are wealthy getting wealthier doesn t
negatively impact the poor. This argument shows that regardless of relative differences in
wealth, absolute differences have improved.
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CONH$Globalization$Displaces$the$Poor
Argument: Globalization creates change in a society that forces demographic change and
displacement towards the poor in some countries. This has negative implications that do nothing
to help solve poverty, but rather just enforce it.
Warrant: Globalization forces displacement upon the poor and tribal communities.
Meher, Rajkishor. "Globalization, Displacement and the Livelihood Issues of Tribal and
Agriculture Dependent Poor People." Journal of Developing Societies. SAGE
Publications, 2009. Web. 6 Jan. 2015.
<http://re.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Globalization%20%26%20Displ
acement.pdf>.
This essay contends that the economic liberalization, privatization and globalization
(LPG) model of development in India is virtually depriving the tribal people and other
agriculture dependent poor people of their traditional means of sustainable livelihood
by promoting the unregulated growth of mineral-based industries in the tribal regions of
India. In the name of modernization and the country s economic development, the
elites in India are taking over the life sustaining resources of the poor and pushing
them into a further marginalized state of living as a result of displacing them from
their land and homes. Such development serves the interests of these elites while it
impoverishes the tribal people and poor peasants in these regions who are dependent on
the life sustaining resources of the ecosystems in which they live. The mining and other
industries that are taking over the resources of the ecosystems of these tribal people and
poor peasants fail to provide them with an improved and sustainable means of making a
living.
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Warrant: Millions are displaced from Globalization.

acement.pdf>.
According to the World Bank, development projects every year involuntarily
displace one million people in the developing countries from their land and homes
(World Bank, 1994). In India alone, between 1951 and 1990 around 21.3 million persons
were displaced by development projects. Among this number 8.54 million (40 per cent)
were tribal or indigenous people and only 2.12 million (24.8 per cent) were resettled
(Government of India, 2002: 458). According to the latest estimates, the total number of
people displaced during the last 60 years has reached almost 60 million (Mathur,
2008: 3). In recent years this displacement has become more intensified due to the
conditions created by globalization and economic liberalization, which favour the
growth of many mineral based industries set up by the MNCs and large Indian corporate
houses (ICHs) in the mineral rich tribal regions of the country.
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Warrant: The Displacement is forceful and discriminatory.

acement.pdf>.
This problem has created increasing conflict between these ecosystem dependent
peoples and the elites. The former are fighting to defend their traditional and sustainable
forms of subsistence and the latter are intruding into the territory of these people to
exploit the land, forests and minerals in their ecosystems. In the name of development
and of civilizing, assimilating and mainstreaming the tribal people, the affluent
elites are evicting these poor people from their homes and land (Gadgil and Guha,
1995). Mega development projects like multipurpose river dams and large scale
mining generate benefits for the few relatively better off sections of population while
marginalizing and excluding the poorer tribal people (Oommen, 2004, 2006, 2008).
The majority of the latter become the victims of development. It is found that in large
mining projects tribals lose their land not only to the project authorities, but also to nontribal outsiders who converge on these areas and corner both land and the new economic
opportunities in commerce and petty industry (Fernandes, 1994; Government of India,
2002: 458). Their status changes from self-sustaining members of their local ecosystem
to ecological refugees who are forced into the slums of the large urban centres and urbanindustrial towns created by the development pathologies of our time (Gadgil and Guha,
1995; Omvedt, 1993; Oommen, 2006).
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Warrant: The Displaced people are often forced into slums.

acement.pdf>.
It is found that in large mining projects tribals lose their land not only to the project
authorities, but also to non-tribal outsiders who converge on these areas and corner both
land and the new economic opportunities in commerce and petty industry (Fernandes,
1994; Government of India, 2002: 458). Their status changes from self-sustaining
members of their local ecosystem to ecological refugees who are forced into the
slums of the large urban centres and urban-industrial towns created by the
development pathologies of our time (Gadgil and Guha, 1995; Omvedt, 1993;
Oommen, 2006).
Warrant: Very few of those that are displaced actually get resettled.
acement.pdf>.
According to the World Bank, development projects every year involuntarily displace
one million people in the developing countries from their land and homes (World Bank,
1994). In India alone, between 1951 and 1990 around 21.3 million persons were
displaced by development projects. Among this number 8.54 million (40 per cent)
were tribal or indigenous people and only 2.12 million (24.8 per cent) were resettled
(Government of India, 2002: 458).
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Warrant: Globalization destroys cultures and breaks apart populations.

Wolf, S. Rowan. "Shifting Tides: Migration in the Era of Globalization, Global Conflict,
and Environmental Collapse." Shifting Tides: Migration in the Era of
Globalization, Global Conflict, and Environmental Collapse (n.d.): n. pag. Forum
on Public Policy. Portland Community College, 2009. Web. 6 Jan. 2015.
<http://forumonpublicpolicy.com/archivesum07/wolf.pdf>.
Incredibly important to recognize is that these refugees are not simply individuals trying
to survive. It is not merely individuals who are being impacted by these various issues.
Populations, and increasingly, entire cultures are being swept apart by the economic
changes from globalization, and the environmental forces of resources and climate.
Warrant: Globalization is the primary cause of economic refugees and displacement.
Economic refugees make up much of the current undesirable migration to rich
nations. People are being driven by the inequality of the current process of
globalization. Repeatedly in the literature and in discussions, globalization is the
primary factor in current migration patterns (IMP 2003). Loss of jobs, displacement
from agriculture, and poverty drive people from their home countries to countries of
historic or contemporary economic ties.
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Warrant: Displacement causes the poor to live as an invisible population that is exploited and
subjected to terrible conditions.
These refugees (many of whom are undocumented) are seen as a cheap and
exploitable labor force. They are vulnerable due to their undocumented status. They
end up part of an invisible population, often living in substandard conditions on the
fringe of the society. Frequently they join the marginalized ranks of others from
their home nations or regions. Their marginalization may lead to increasing levels of
conflict.
Warrant: The displacement caused by Globalization increases poverty.
Globalization has made inequality and the creation of economic refugees
profitable. The economic factors pushing people away from their native lands and
homes, while generating increasing levels of poverty, also provide a lucrative stream
of remittances back. In fact, last year immigrants sent home $300 billion dollars -3
times the combined amount of global foreign aid (NY Times 2007).
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Warrant: 40% of small farmers in Mexico are displaced by Free Trade.

The pressures driving these refugees to the United States are largely economic.
Nearly 40% of small farmers in Mexico have been displaced by the North American
Free Trade Act (NAFTA).3 Inflation, decreased wages, and concentrated hiring
(factories hiring young women for very low wages in so-called maquiladoras4 ) provide
economic stressors for migration. The maquiladoras primarily hire young women , which
often leaves husbands unemployed and unable to support their families. Maquiladoras
also divert the natural resources of the region. These conditions create a huge push force
into the United States. At the same time, there are entire industries that see this migration
as desirable for a variety of reasons.
Warrant: China exploits and kicks people out of their homes in Africa for Oil
Harman, Danna. "In Sudan, China Focuses on Oil Wells, Not Local Needs."The Christian
Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor, 25 June 2007. Web. 08 Jan.
2015. <http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0625/p11s01-woaf.html>.
But the Chinese operations were marked "from the beginning," by a "deep
complicity in gross human rights violations, scorched-earth clearances of the
indigenous population," says Sudan activist Eric Reeves, a professor at Smith College
in Northampton, Mass. Giving expert testimony before the congressionally mandated USChina Economic and Security Review Commission last August, Mr. Reeves claimed the
Chinese gave direct assistance to Khartoum's military forces which, in turn, burned
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villages, chased locals away from their homes, and harmed the environment while
prospecting for oil. Brad Phillips, director of Persecution International, an aid
group working in South Sudan, has seen the destruction firsthand. "The Chinese
are equal partners with Khartoum when it comes to exploiting resources and locals
here," he says. "Their only interest here is their own." He would love to see the
Chinese sponsor a school here, he says, or a clinic, or an agricultural program, or
"anything for the people." But there is nothing like that in sight. Just miles of desolate
land.
Analysis: When Globalization causes displacement and displacement leads to these wide
reaching impacts, then the poor aren t being brought out of poverty
they re being thrown
further into it. Moreover, even if some people are brought out of poverty, others will outweigh
that small benefit when they get kicked out of their homes and suffer the health and economic
consequences of that occurring.
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A2$$Globalization$Displaces$the$Poor$
Answer: Globalization increases income, so people can afford to live in their homes more easily.
Warrant: Income distribution improved as globalization occurred, giving the poor more money.
Scully, Gerald W. "Economic Freedom, Government Policy and the Trade-off between
Equity and Economic Growth." Public Choice 113.1/2 (2002): 77-96. The
National Center for Policy Analysis, Mar. 2008. Web. 7 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/st309.pdf>.
Economic freedom increases the rate of economic growth in a nation and improves
the distribution of market income. In advanced countries, economic freedom improves
equity by increasing the share of market income going to the lowest income quintile and
lowering the share going to the highest income quintile. The share of income going to the
middle class appears to be unaffected by the amount of economic freedom that exists.
Warrant: Income is a large determining factor when it comes to reducing poverty.
"Towards the End of Poverty." The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 01 June
2013. Web. 06 Jan. 2015. <http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21578665nearly-1-billion-people-have-been-taken-out-extreme-poverty-20-years-worldshould-aim>.
Poverty rates started to collapse towards the end of the 20th century largely because
developing-country growth accelerated, from an average annual rate of 4.3% in 19602000 to 6% in 2000-10. Around two-thirds of poverty reduction within a country comes
from growth. Greater equality also helps, contributing the other third. A 1%
increase in incomes in the most unequal countries produces a mere 0.6% reduction
in poverty; in the most equal countries, it yields a 4.3% cut.
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Analysis: If people are making more money, then they can better afford their houses. This can
counteract any displacement in the long run. Moreover, if income is increased, the additional
funds can go to a general improvement in standard of living. With more money comes more
food, better sanitation, and more opportunities in the future.
Answer: Globalization gives more people jobs, and jobs outweigh.
Warrant: More employment opportunities are available in developing countries because of
Globalization.
Bacchetta, Marc, Ekkehard Ernst, and Juana P. Bustamante. Globalization and Informal
Jobs in Developing Countries. Geneva: International Labour Organization,
2009. World Trade Organization. International Labour Organization, 2009. Web.
7 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/jobs_devel_countries_e.pdf>
In many developing countries, a majority of workers are employed in the informal
economy with low incomes, limited job security and no social protection. Globalization
and particularly trade has the potential to raise global welfare and to improve
employment outcomes.
Analysis: If people are getting jobs, then it guarantees an income that can be used for paying for
a home, and maintaining a house that way. This directly responds to the Con s impacts. The job
also is effective in promising these people a way to maintain a consist, improved lifestyle
because of the income it affords them.
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Answer: Globalization has improved people s standing in poorer countries.

Warrant: Hundreds of millions have been pulled out of poverty in lower income countries at the
expense of only the super-advanced.
Spence, Michael. "Globalization and Unemployment." ForeignAffairs. N.p., July-Aug.
2011. Web. 07 Jan. 2015. <http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67874/michaelspence/globalization-and-unemployment>
The massive changes in the global economy since World War II have had
overwhelmingly positive effects. Hundreds of millions of people in the developing
world have escaped poverty, and more will in the future. The global economy will
continue to grow -- probably at least threefold over the next 30 years. One person's
gain is not necessarily another's loss; global growth is not even close to a zero-sum
game. But globalization hurts some subgroups within some countries, including the
advanced economies.
Analysis: Globalization pulling people out of poverty at the cost of a few people in super
advanced countries losing a small share of income proves a major net gain for these people this
vastly outweighs any impacts from displacement, especially because the hundreds of million
pulled out of poverty is simply larger than the amount that may be displaced from Globalization.
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CONH$Corruption$Prevents$the$Benefits$from$Reaching$the$Poor$
Argument: Corruption Prevents the Benefits from Reaching the Poor
Warrant: Firms are discouraged to invest in the poorest countries, because they have to pay
bribes, which are akin to a tax.
Wei, Shang-Jei. Corruption and Globalization. Brookings Institute. April 2001.
http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2001/04/corruption-wei
Corruption, however, is a major impediment to the progress of these countries. For
international investors, having to pay bribes and deal with official extortion is
equivalent to facing an extra tax. Some foreign firms may have obtained business
because of the bribes they paid. But for every dollar of business that these firms
obtain, the country loses multiple dollars of potential foreign investment. My
research estimates that an increase in the host country corruption from a low level such as
that in Singapore to a higher level, such as that in Mexico, has the same negative effect
on inward foreign direct investment (FDI) as raising the corporate tax rate by fifty
percentage points. This negative impact is akin to a tax on firms in that it discourages
investment. But, unlike a tax, corruption generates no tax revenue for the government. If
anything, the same corruption typically erodes the domestic tax base, since many
developing countries are eager to attract foreign direct investment by offering generous
tax benefits to foreign firms. My research suggests that reducing corruption could in fact
be more effective in achieving this objective without sacrificing government revenues.
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Warrant: Poverty is on the rise because of corruption

Shah, Anup. Poverty Around the World. Global Issues. 2011 November 12.
http://www.globalissues.org/article/4/poverty-around-the-world
Latin America has the highest disparity rate in the world between the rich and the
poor: Internal, regional and external geopolitics, various international economic factors
and more, have all contributed to problems. For example, the foreign policy of the US in
that region has often been criticized for failing to help tackle the various issues and only
being involved to enhance US national interests and even interfering, affecting the course
and direction of the nations in the region through overt and covert destabilization. This,
combined with factors such as corruption, foreign debt, concentrated wealth and so
on, has contributed to poverty there.
Warrant: Globalization is not a solution for corruption in developing countries
Lalountas, Dionisios. Corruption, globalization and development: How arethese three
phenomena related? Journal of Policy Modeling. 2010 November 1.
http://www.academia.edu/778858/Corruption_globalization_and_development
This paper examines the existence of any relations between globalization and corruption
using cross-section data for 127 countries. The estimation results indicate that, under
the assumption of a linear model,a positive correlation between corruption and
globalization exists, while when linearity is dropped there seems to be no signicant
effect of globalization on corruption. According to our analysis, linearity isa good
approximation only for middle and high income countries. Hence, our main conclusion
is that globalization is a powerful weapon against corruption only for middle and
high income countries, while for low income countries globalization has
no signicant impact on corruption. For such countries ghting corruption requires
additional global action aiming at the reduction of poverty
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Warrant: The wealthy elite are the ones who benefit in developing countries as a result of
corruption
The flawed contention of the World Bank is you cannot eat omelettes without breaking
some eggs. As this paper has demonstrated, the eggs most often broken are those of the poor
who are left with no alternative livelihood. The paper has also noted the high level of
corruption, implying that those who would eat the omelette so to speak, would be the
wealthy elite and multinationals.
Warrant: The poorest people are affected by corruption disproportionately
Corruption is both a major cause and a result of poverty around the world. It
occurs at all levels of society, from local and national governments, civil society,
judiciary functions, large and small businesses, military and other services and so on.
Corruption affects the poorest the most, in rich or poor nations, though all elements of
society are affected in some way as corruption undermines political development,
democracy, economic development, the environment, peoples health and more.
Warrant: Globalization has led to conditions where corruption flourishes
The issue of corruption is very much inter-related with other issues. At a global level,
the international (Washington Consensus-influenced) economic system that has
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shaped the current form of globalization in the past decades requires further
scrutiny for it has also created conditions whereby corruption can flourish and
exacerbate the conditions of people around the world who already have little say
about their own destiny. At a national level, peoples effective participation and
representation in society can be undermined by corruption, while at local levels,
corruption can make day to day lives more painful for all affected.
Warrant: Globalization policies encourage corruption
Shah, Anup. Corruption. Global Issues. 2011 September 4.
http://www.globalissues.org/article/590/corruption
Corruption scandals that sometimes make headline news in Western media can
often be worse in developing countries. This is especially the case (as the previous link
argues) when it is multinational companies going into poorer countries to do business.
The international business environment, encouraged by a form of globalization that
is heavily influenced by the wealthier and more powerful countries in the world
makes it easier for multinationals to make profit and even for a few countries to
benefit. However, some policies behind globalization appear to encourage and
exacerbate corruption as accountability of governments and companies have been
reduced along the way.
Warrant: Multinationals afford billions in concessions as a result of corruption
Shah, Anup. Corruption. Global Issues. 2011 September 4.
http://www.globalissues.org/article/590/corruption
For multinationals, bribery enables companies to gain contracts (particularly for
public works and military equipment) or concessions which they would not otherwise
have won, or to do so on more favorable terms. Every year, Western businesses pay
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huge amounts of money in bribes to win friends, influence and contracts. These
bribes are conservatively estimated to run to US$80 billion a yearroughly the
amount that the UN believes is needed to eradicate global poverty.
Analysis: Corruption in the developing world prevents the poor from being able to lift
themselves out of poverty by concentrating wealth in the hands of a small elite. The CON can
talk about how corruption prevents wealth from globalization from ever reaching the poorest
people and the effect of globalization in making corruption worse. Because multinational
corporations participate in the corruption process and fund bribery, the CON side can make the
argument that they are encouraging the practice.
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A2$$Corruption$Prevents$the$Benefits$from$Reaching$the$Poor$
Answer: Global efforts are working to eliminate corruption in the developing world
Warrant: IMF and World Bank policies work to eliminate corruption
The IMF's Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF): Is It Working?
International Monetary Fund. 1999 September.
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/esaf/exr/
So the policies work. The challenge is to help countries stay the course of reform,
provide an enabling environment for private investment, and boost growth further
by pushing ahead more decisively in tackling corruption, cutting red tape,
improving the efficiency of government, and investing in people (their health and
education) and basic infrastructure. These are the issues on which, in close
cooperation with the World Bank and aid agencies, current ESAF-supported
programs are focusing.
Warrant: Global efforts are working to raise awareness about corruption

The Global Programme Against Corruption. United Nations Office on Drugs and
Crime. 2004 September.
http://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/corruption/toolkit/corruption_un_anti_corruption
_toolkit_sep04.pdf
Since 1994, unprecedented efforts have been made to raise awareness about
corruption, its insidious nature and the damaging effects it has on the welfare of
entire nations and their peoples. Corruption not only distorts economic decisionmaking, it also deters investment, undermines competitiveness and, ultimately, weakens
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economic growth. Indeed, there is evidence that the social, legal, political and economic
aspects of development are all linked, and that corruption in any one sector impedes
development in them all.
Warrant: The UN Anti-Corruption Tool-Kit is working to eliminate corruption
The Global Programme Against Corruption. United Nations Office on Drugs and
Crime. 2004 September.
http://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/corruption/toolkit/corruption_un_anti_corruption
_toolkit_sep04.pdf
Nevertheless, some jurisdictions have developed successful anti- corruption measures.
The Anti-Corruption Toolkit is based on those and on lessons learned from the
technical cooperation activities facilitated by the Global Programme against
Corruption. The Toolkit provides, based on the recently adopted UN Convention
against Corruption, an inventory of measures for assessing the nature and extent of
corruption, for deterring, preventing and combating corruption, and for integrating
the information and experience gained into successful national anti- corruption
strategies.
Analysis: As a result of globalization, countries are coming together to form global institutions
like the IMF and UN to work to solve global problems. The PRO can make the argument that
these institutions are effectively working to eliminate corruption in the developing world. While
corporations may never effectively work to prevent corruption, a different product of
globalization is effectively counterbalancing and eliminating corruption, so it has less of an
effect on the poorest people.
Answer: Multinational corporations provide opportunities for higher income for the poor
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Warrant: Multinational corporations provide opportunities for higher income for the worlds
poorest individuals
Ahiakpor, James. Multinational Corporations in the Third World: Predators or Allies in
Economic Development? Acton Institute. http://www.acton.org/pub/religionliberty/volume-2-number-5/multinational-corporations-third-world-predators-o
Multinational corporations (MNCs) engage in very useful and morally defensible
activities in Third World countries for which they frequently have received little
credit. Significant among these activities are their extension of opportunities for
earning higher incomes as well as the consumption of improved quality goods and
services to people in poorer regions of the world. Instead, these firms have been
misrepresented by ugly or fearful images by Marxists and dependency theory
advocates. Because many of these firms originate in the industrialized countries,
including the U.S., the U.K., Canada, Germany, France, and Italy, they have been viewed
as instruments for the imposition of Western cultural values on Third World countries,
rather than allies in their economic development. Thus, some proponents of these views
urge the expulsion of these firms, while others less hostile have argued for their close
supervision or regulation by Third World governments.
Analysis: The PRO can show that multinational corporations are working to hire poor people. If
corporations are hiring the poorest individuals in the developing world, they can effectively
eliminate the issues associated with corruption by benefitting the poorest people and allowing
them to have higher wages, improving their lifestyles and lifting them out of poverty.
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CONH$Destruction$of$the$Agriculture$Sector
Argument: Destruction of the Agriculture Sector in Developing Nations
Warrant: As a result of globalization, agriculture growth has been reduced leading to
widespread food insecurity
Byerlee, Derek. Agriculture for Development: Toward a New Paradigm. Berkeley
University. N.d.
http://are.berkeley.edu/~esadoulet/papers/Annual_Review_of_ResEcon7.pdf
The fundamental role that agriculture plays in development has long been recognized. In
the seminal work on the subject, agriculture was seen as a source of contributions that
helped induce industrial growth and a structural transformation of the economy.
However, globalization, integrated value chains, rapid technological and
institutional innovations, and environmental constraints have rapidly changed the
context for agricultures role. We argue that a new paradigm is needed that recognizes
agricultures multiple functions for development in that emerging context: triggering
economic growth, reducing poverty, narrowing income disparities, providing food
security, and delivering environmental services. Yet, governments and donors have
neglected these functions of agriculture with the result that agriculture growth has been
reduced, 75% of world poverty is rural, sectoral disparities have exploded, food
insecurity has returned, and environmental degradation is widespread. Mobilizing
these functions requires shifting the political economy to overcome anti-agriculture
policy biases, strengthening governance for agriculture, and tailoring priorities to country
conditions.
Warrant: East and Central African countries are losing money due to an overreliance on cash
crops
Robbins, P. The Impact of Globalization on the Agricultural Sectors of East and Central
African Countries. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. 2003.
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http://www.iita.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=6197ca60-fd67-4896-b93c45055cea7888&groupId=25357
Over the last two decades, the adoption of internal and international market
liberalization polices has led to a catastrophic fall in the prices of many of the
agricultural products exported by ECA countries. The plunge in prices has been
caused by systemic overproduction stimulated by components of structural adjustment
programs. Economists call this phenomenon, the fallacy of composition, i.e., less income
is earned as more commodities are produced. ECA countries are highly dependent
on the production of cash-crop commodities for employment, economic growth, and
export revenue.
Warrant: Globalization prioritizes cash exports making the developing world vulnerable
Whats Behind the Global Food Crisis? Food & Water Watch. July 2008.
http://documents.foodandwaterwatch.org/doc/GlobalFoodCrisisF.pdf
But rising production costs are not the only culprits in the food crisis. The globalization
model that prioritizes cash crop exports over food self-sufficiency has helped make
Africa and other developing regions vulnerable to volatile global food prices.
Warrant: Local farmers were often displaced by low-priced imports
In the last dozen years, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization encouraged
developing countries to switch from growing food for domestic markets to growing cash
crops for export to industrial countries. Traditional African food crops like sorghum,
cassava, yams and mil- let are not traded internationally, so they typically were
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ignored by international agribusinesses and globalization proponents. Instead,

farmers were encouraged to grow crops like coffee, sugar, cocoa beans, tea and
cotton and then use the export earnings to purchase food, often low-priced imports
from industrial countries. Globalization cheerleaders viewed food self-sufficiency as
obsolete. Although imported food benefited consumers in the developing world when
prices were low, local farmers were often displaced by low-priced imports. Now that
imported food prices are rising, consumers cannot afford sustenance and there is too little
local production to provide food for local markets in many countries.
Warrant: Imported food prices are rising, so consumers cannot afford food
In the last dozen years, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization encouraged
developing countries to switch from growing food for domestic markets to growing cash
crops for export to industrial countries. Traditional African food crops like sorghum,
cassava, yams and mil- let are not traded internationally, so they typically were ignored
by international agribusinesses and globalization proponents. Instead, farmers were
encouraged to grow crops like coffee, sugar, cocoa beans, tea and cotton and then use the
export earnings to purchase food, often low-priced imports from industrial countries.
Globalization cheerleaders viewed food self-sufficiency as obsolete. Although imported
food benefited consumers in the developing world when prices were low, local farmers
were often displaced by low-priced imports. Now that imported food prices are rising,
consumers cannot afford sustenance and there is too little local production to
provide food for local markets in many countries.
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Warrant: Growth in the agriculture sector is necessary for poverty reduction

Food and Agriculture in National and International Settings. Food and Agriculture
Organization. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/004/y3557e/y3557e.pdf
Growth in the agricultural sector has a crucial role to play in reducing poverty.
The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) estimates that seven
out of ten of the world's poor still live in rural areas. They include smallholders,
landless labourers, traditional pastoralists, artisanal fishers and marginalized groups such
as refugees, indigenous peoples and female-headed households.
Analysis: When international trade becomes more common, markets put pressure on local
economies to produce cash crops that they cannot consume, so the poorest people are forced to
import food for consumption. When food prices rise, poor consumers cannot afford the
sustenance they need to live. Additionally, poor farmers become competitors with food
producers around the world. These problems in agriculture are detrimental to poverty reduction,
because the majority of the worlds poorest people come from rural areas and work in
agriculture.
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A2$H$Destruction$of$the$Agriculture$Sector$in$Developing$Nations$
Answer: Declining agricultural production is not an indicator of food scarcity or poverty
Warrant: World population growth is slowing, so there is less demand for agricultural
production
World Agriculture: towards 2015/2013. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2002.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/y3557e/y3557e00.htm#TopOfPage
However, the slowdown has occurred not because of shortages of land or water but
rather because demand for agricultural products has also slowed. This is mainly
because world population growth rates have been declining since the late 1960s, and
fairly high levels of food consumption per person are now being reached in many
countries, beyond which further rises will be limited. But it is also the case that a
stubbornly high share of the world's population remains in absolute poverty and so lacks
the necessary income to translate its needs into effective demand.
Warrant: The proportion of undernourished people is on the decline with poverty
Global progress in nutrition is expected to continue, in parallel with a reduction in
poverty as projected by the World Bank. The incidence of under-nourishment
should fall from 17 percent of the population of developing countries at present to
11 percent in 2015 and just 6 percent in 2030. By 2030, three-quarters of the
population of the developing world could be living in countries where less than 5 percent
of people are undernourished. Less than 8 percent live in such countries at present.
Answer: Smart free trade is the solution to problems in the agriculture sector
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Warrant: The problem is not free trade, but rather encouraging trade of the wrong products
Trade has an important role to play in improving food security and fostering agriculture.
Some estimates put the potential annual increase in global welfare from freer trade in
agriculture as high as US$165 billion. But the progress made in the current round of trade
negotiations has been limited and the benefits so far remain modest. If future reforms
focus too narrowly on the removal of subsidies in the countries of the Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), most of the gains will
probably be reaped by consumers in developed countries. Developing countries
should benefit more from the removal of trade barriers for products in which they
have a comparative advantage (such as sugar, fruits and vegetables), from reduced
tariffs for processed agricultural commodities, and from deeper preferential access
to markets for the least developed countries.
Warrant: Focusing on the comparative advantages of certain countries allows them to have a
more efficient allocation of resources and facilitates global welfare.
Trade Theory and Natural Resources. World Trade Report. 2010.
http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/anrep_e/wtr10-2c_e.pdf
Countries differing natural resource endowments and their uneven geographical
distribution play a critically important part in explaining international trade.
Traditional trade theory emphasizes that differences in factor endowments prompt
countries to specialize, and to export certain goods or services where they have a
comparative advantage. This process allows for a more efficient allocation of
resources, which in turn leads to an increase in global social welfare the gains
from trade.
Warrant: The solution to food shortages in Africa is free trade
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Mwaniki, Angela. Achieving Food Security in Africa: Challenges and Issues. United
Nations. N.d.
http://www.un.org/africa/osaa/reports/Achieving%20Food%20Security%20in%20
Africa-Challenges%20and%20Issues.pdf
There is need to remove the barriers to trade. The focus by most African governments
has been to open up markets in the hope that their people will benefit. Study shows that
the projected gains of world trade liberalization tend to be minimal in Sub-Saharan Africa
and that the income gains from trade liberalization will go to countries with a competitive
advantage in the markets concerned9. Perhaps it is time that Africans produced for
Africans both within the continent and diaspora, increased their south to south
trading, and consolidated their efforts on their comparative advantage for mutual
benefit. We would have more control of the market if we acted as one.
Analysis: The PRO can respond by questioning the link story of the CONs narrative, saying that
if agriculture has been so adversely affected and is so essential to poverty reduction, it does not
make sense that we see less people who are underfed paired with less people in poverty. Clearly,
farmers are still selling food if there are less hungry people and less poor people, as well.
Additionally, free trade and globalization is still a great solution to food shortages and related
problems, we just need to be making use of smart trade and ensuring trade barriers are removed
on products that countries have a comparative advantage in producing.
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CON$H$Globalization$creates$Urbanization,$which$harms$the$Poor
Argument: Globalization forces people to move to more urban environments and creates larger
urban centers of population which causes harm to the poorer communities, and can often lead to
other negative side effects on their populations.
Warrant: Globalization has forced many developing countries to have more Urban centers.
This is particularly problematic in developing countries. Globalization has led to
significant change in the demographics in these parts of the world; in Africa, more
and more people are moving out of the rural areas and into the growing cities. That,
in turn, has had some serious public health consequences that look to worsen in coming
years. As you move towards these megacities and mega populations on coastal
areas, you wind up with huge vulnerability to infectious outbreaks because of
inadequate sanitation and water, says Stephen Morrison, the director of the Center for
Strategic & International Studies Global Health Policy Center. And then if you have
flooding, those coastal environments will be more at risk because of climate change.
You'll be at a higher risk of the kind of infectious outbreaks like cholera.
Warrant: Cities and Urban Centers spread disease more easily
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This is particularly problematic in developing countries. Globalization has led to
significant change in the demographics in these parts of the world; in Africa, more and
more people are moving out of the rural areas and into the growing cities. That, in turn,
has had some serious public health consequences that look to worsen in coming years.
As you move towards these megacities and mega populations on coastal areas, you
wind up with huge vulnerability to infectious outbreaks because of inadequate
sanitation and water, says Stephen Morrison, the director of the Center for Strategic &
International Studies Global Health Policy Center. And then if you have flooding, those
coastal environments will be more at risk because of climate change. You'll be at a higher
risk of the kind of infectious outbreaks like cholera.
Warrant: Children living in developing-country-cities die much more often than their developed
counterparts.
"Urbanization and Globalization." The United Nations Special Session of the General
Assembly for an Overall Review and Appraisal of the Implementation of the
Habitat Agenda, (n.d.): n. pag. The United Nations, June 2001. Web. 2 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.un.org/ga/Istanbul+5/brochure.pdf>.
Poverty can be found in cities everywhere. But in cities in the developing world, it is
deeper and more widespread. A child born in a city in a least-developed country is 22
times more likely to die by the age of five than his counterpart born in a city in a
developed country. In richer countries, less than 16 per cent of all urban households live
in poverty. But in urban areas in developing countries, 36 per cent of all households and
41 per cent of all woman-headed households live with incomes below the locally-defined
poverty line. The urbanization and feminization of poverty have resulted in over one
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billion poor people living in urban areas without adequate shelter or access to basic
services.
Warrant: Poverty is a much larger problem in developing country cities.
Poverty can be found in cities everywhere. But in cities in the developing world, it is
deeper and more widespread. A child born in a city in a least-developed country is 22
times more likely to die by the age of five than his counterpart born in a city in a
developed country. In richer countries, less than 16 per cent of all urban households
live in poverty. But in urban areas in developing countries, 36 per cent of all
households and 41 per cent of all woman-headed households live with incomes
below the locally-defined poverty line. The urbanization and feminization of poverty
have resulted in over one billion poor people living in urban areas without adequate
shelter or access to basic services.
Warrant: Urbanization is increasing with globalization in Asia and Latin America.
In the developed world, urbanization is a familiar phenomenon. Perhaps less well known
is that Latin America and the Caribbean are already highly urbanized, with 75 per
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cent of their populations residing in urban areas. But Africa and Asia, both still
predominantly rural, face an explosive demographic shift, as their urban
populations surge from 35 per cent to over 50 per cent in the next 30 years.
Urbanization and globalization are modern-day facts of life.
Warrant: Globalization has created far more urbanization than in the past.
Glaeser, Edward L. "Why Has Globalization Led to Bigger Cities?" The New York
Times. N.p., 19 May 2009. Web. 02 Jan. 2015.
<http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/19/why-has-globalization-led-tobigger-cities/>.
In the developing world, urbanization has often taken the form of exploding
populations in megacities. Mumbai s population increased to 19 million in 2007
from 10.8 million in 1985. Bangalore, the urban symbol of the flat world, has had its
population double over two decades, to 6.8 million today from 3.4 million in 1985.
The growth of these cities and the continuing strength of older urban areas
York, London and Paris
like New
is no accident. Globalization and new technologies attract
people to big cities, by increasing the returns to urban proximity. While it would be
technically possible to sit and write software somewhere in the Vale of Kashmir (at least
if you didn t mind the bullets), the innovators in Indian information technology cluster
around one another in Bangalore. America s computer wizards likewise choose to cluster
in Silicon Valley rather than disperse.
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Warrant: Urbanization creates violence and can exacerbate poverty.

Brender, Natalie, and Robert Muggah. "RESEARCHING THE URBAN DILEMMA:
URBANIZATION, POVERTY ANDVIOLENCE." RESEARCHING THE
URBAN DILEMMA: URBANIZATION, POVERTY AND VIOLENCE(n.d.): n.
pag. INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE, 2012. Web.
2 Jan. 2015. <http://hasow.org/uploads/trabalhos/99/doc/852753071.pdf>.
However, urbanization has also brought new challenges in terms of conflict,
violence, poverty and inequalities. The World Bank s landmark 2011 World
Development Report highlighted the significance of violence as a development problem.
It noted how violence is changing, becoming less structured around notions of civil war
and conflict, and more focused around criminal violence, terrorism and civil unrest. The
Report also underscored the close relationship between violence and poverty, stating
that no low-income fragile or conflict-affected state has yet to achieve a single
Millennium Development Goal. The impacts of violence on human development are
significant and varied. They can include direct costs such as death and injury, as well as
indirect costs like psychological trauma, population displacement, and reduced economic
growth. Today s cities are centres of multi-layered violence. Criminal and organized
violence associated with the drug trade have in some countries become entwined
with national politics. Gangs and militias have come to substitute for public
authority, offering some protection to communities, but often at great cost. Social
violence, including violence within the household, is also a significant problem,
particularly for vulnerable youth and women living in these contexts.
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Warrant: Urban Centers induce large amounts of violence.

Brender, Natalie, and Robert Muggah. "RESEARCHING THE URBAN DILEMMA:
URBANIZATION, POVERTY ANDVIOLENCE." RESEARCHING THE
URBAN DILEMMA: URBANIZATION, POVERTY AND VIOLENCE(n.d.): n.
pag. INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE, 2012. Web.
2 Jan. 2015. <http://hasow.org/uploads/trabalhos/99/doc/852753071.pdf>.
City homicide rates tend to be higher than national averages. The rates in Caracas,
Cape Town and Port of Spain, for instance, are respectively 2.6, 1.77 and 1.72 times
higher than in Venezuela, South Africa, and Trinidad and Tobago as a whole. Highly
urbanized and poorer areas of cities present the highest risks of homicide, and
homicide rates can be several times higher in low-income areas than in the rest of
the city. At the global level, male homicide rates are roughly double female rates. At
the national level in poor settings, the ratio can be even more extreme. Endemic
urban violence has been shown to gradually transform relationships in ways that erode
effective collective action which is essential for enabling predictable exchanges within
political, market and social domains. Urban violence can have an impact on child and
adolescent learning, undermining well-being as well as future earning and productive
potential.
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Warrant: The total number of people living in slums and in poorly sanitized urban areas has
been increasing.
"Deadly Showers: Urbanization, Water, and Sanitation." Mapping Health. N.p., 2010.
Web. 02 Jan. 2015. <http://www.mappinghealth.com/sanwater>.
Although the rate of safe water and sanitation is improving in both rural and urban areas,
the total number of city dwellers without safe water and sanitation is increasing.
This is because the improvements are not keeping pace with the high rate of urbanization
many countries are experiencing14. Within cities there is a severe disparity between
the slums and other urban areas. And although the percentage of people living is
slums is decreasing, the total number is still growing.
Analysis: Clearly Globalization is creating a situation of mass urbanization, and that
urbanization results in people living in an environment that is unhealthy, dangerous, and violence
inducing. It is not going to improve the poverty problems the Pro claims Globalization can solve,
because instead of bringing these people into better living situations, it is forcing them into areas
that are far worse than the state they were previously in.
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A2$$Globalization$creates$Urbanization,$which$harms$the$Poor$
Answer: Living in cities is actually much better than living in the rural villages the Con talks
about.
Warrant: People have more potential to get jobs and live better when in proximity to a city.
Glaeser, Edward L. "Why Has Globalization Led to Bigger Cities?" The New York
Times. N.p., 19 May 2009. Web. 02 Jan. 2015.
<http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/19/why-has-globalization-led-tobigger-cities/>.
But there is no future in rural poverty. Nehru, in his response to Gandhi, had it
right: a village, normally speaking, is backward intellectually and culturally and no
progress can be made from a backward environment. The slums of Mumbai attract
hundreds of thousands of migrants because they offer more hope than the static,
backward-looking world of rural India. The millions of poor people who choose to
live in Mumbai, and Bangalore, reflect the strength of these cities, which offer
economic opportunity not found in Gandhi s beloved villages. The right response to
the problems of megacities is not to get misty-eyed about village life, but rather to work
to improve the quality of infrastructure in those growing urban areas.
Analysis: If cities are preferable to their rural counterparts, then all of the impacts and harms of
urban centers provided by the Con can be turned against them, because even if the urban centers
seem bad from the Con case, they re still an improvement as a whole.
Answer: Globalization can help solve health problems like those that might occur from
urbanization.
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Warrant: Global interactivity allows for countries to work together to solve problems more
efficiency, like health and disease.
There are, of course, certain aspects of globalization that are beneficial to health,
such as the enhanced flow of information, improvements in internationally
coordinated vaccination programs and systems to respond to infectious diseases,
and a greater capacity for long-distance responses to disasters.
Analysis: If disease and sanitation can be solved because of Globalization, then clearly the
problems posed that the Con provides are less impactful.
Answer: Urbanization alleviates poverty.
Warrant: When people move to urban areas, it increases the economic activity in the area, and
gives funds to those who would usually be living in poverty.
Cali, Massimiliano, and Carlo Menon. "Does Urbanization Affect Rural Poverty?
Evidence from Indian Districts." : Policy Research Working Papers. The World
Bank, Jan. 2013. Web. 02 Jan. 2015.
<http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/pdf/10.1596/1813-9450-6338>.
Although a high rate of urbanization and a high incidence of rural poverty are two
distinct features of many developing countries, there is little knowledge of the effects of
the former on the latter. Using a large sample of Indian districts from the 1983 1999
period, the authors find that urbanization has a substantial and systematic povertyreducing effect in the surrounding rural areas. The results obtained through an
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instrumental variable estimation suggest that this effect is causal innature and is
largely attributable to the positive spillovers of urbanization on the rural economy
rather than to the movement of the rural poor to urban areas. This rural povertyreducing effect of urbanization is primarily explained by increased demand for local
agricultural products and, to a lesser extent, by urban-rural remittances, the rural
land/population ratio, and rural nonfarm employment.
Warrant: Urbanization results in a sharp decrease in poverty in surrounding rural areas.
Cali, Massimiliano, and Carlo Menon. "Does Urbanization Affect Rural Poverty?
Evidence from Indian Districts." : Policy Research Working Papers. The World
Bank, Jan. 2013. Web. 02 Jan. 2015.
<http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/pdf/10.1596/1813-9450-6338>.
Do the poor in rural areas benefit from the population growth in urban areas? If so, what
is the size of the benefit? Despite the importance of these questions, little empirical
evidence is available to provide adequate answers. We have attempted to address this gap
by analyzing the effects of urbanization on rural poverty. Using dataon Indian districts
from 1983 to 1999, we find that urbanization has a significant poverty-reducing effect
on the surrounding rural areas. The results are robust to the inclusion of a number
of controls and to the use of different types of specifications. The results of the IV
estimation suggest that the effect is causal and that the failure to control for
causality downwardly biases the coefficient of urbanization. We find that an
increase in the urban population of 200,000 determines a decrease in rural poverty
in the same district of between 1.3 (lower bound) and 2.6 percentage points.
Analysis: If urbanization reduces poverty, then this response can act as an effective turn to the
Con s impacts. Even if some people are being moved into the city, that isn t necessarily a bad
thing and the impact as a whole can be turned against them if, even with some people being
moved into urban areas, far more are being brought up and out of poverty.
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CON$$Globalization$only$helps$members$of$the$upper$class
Argument: When globalization occurs, it does lead to profits, but the profits go to the upper
class and CEO s, not to the impoverished.
Warrant: CEO s and company heads make huge profits from Globalization.
Smith, Lisa. "Globalization: Progress Or Profiteering?" Investopedia. N.p., 28 Jan. 2007.
Web. 01 Jan. 2015. <http://www.investopedia.com/articles/07/globalization.asp>.
For business leaders and members of the economic elite, globalization is good.
Cheaper labor overseas enables them to build production facilities in locations where
labor and healthcare costs are low, and then sell the finished goods in locations where
wages are high. (For related reading, see What Is International Trade?) Profits soar due
to the greatly reduced wages for workers, and Wall Street rewards the big profit
gains with higher stock prices. The CEOs of global companies also get credit for the
profits. Their rewards are usually generous compensation packages, in which
company stock and stock options figure prominently. Institutional investors and
wealthy individuals also take home the big gains when stock prices increase.
Warrant: This increases the competition for jobs for lower classes, making it harder for them.
But globalization doesn't only affect CEOs and high-net-worth individuals. Competition
for jobs stretches far beyond the immediate area in a global marketplace. From
technology call centers in India, to automobile manufacturing plants in China,
globalization means that workers must compete with job applicants from around
the world.
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Warrant: This is increasing the gap between the poor and the rich.
The Effects of Globalization: The ever-increasing flow of cross-border traffic in terms of
money, information, people and technology isn't going to stop. Some argue that it is a
classic situation of the rich get richer while the poor get poorer. While global
standards of living have risen overall as industrialization takes root in third-world
countries, they have fallen in developed countries. Today, the gap between rich and
poor countries is expanding, as is the gap between the rich and poor within these
countries
Warrant: Globalization is a rising tide that doesn t lift the poor.

Politicians have latched onto the idea of the disappearing middle class as a political
issue, but none of their income redistribution schemes are likely to have any immediate
substantial impact. (For related reading, see Losing The Middle Class.) The Bottom Line:
Public scrutiny of CEO compensation has encouraged business leaders to begin to
see that a rising tide doesn't necessarily lift all boats. In many cases, low-wage
workers get hurt the most because they don't have transferable skills.
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Warrant: Extra profit didn t go to the poor, it went to the CEOs of the companies.
Ma, Lin. "GLOBALIZATION AND TOP INCOME SHARES." GLOBALIZATION
AND TOP INCOME SHARES (n.d.): n. pag. US Department of Commerce, Feb.
2014. Web. 1 Jan. 2015. <http://www2.census.gov/ces/wp/2014/CES-WP-1407.pdf>.
How does globalization affect the income gaps between the rich and the poor? This
paper presents a new piece of empirical evidence showing that access to the global
market, either through exporting or through multinational production, is associated
with a higher executive-to worker pay ratio within the firm. It then builds a model
with heterogeneous firms, occupational choice, and executive compensation to model
analytically and assess quantitatively the impact of globalization on the income gaps
between the rich and the poor. The key mechanism is that the gains from trade are
not distributed evenly within the same firm. The compensation of an executive is
positively linked to the size of the firm, while the wage paid to the workers is
determined in a country- wide labor market. Any extra profit earned in the foreign
markets benefits the executives more than the average worker. Counterfactual
exercises suggest that this new channel is quantitatively important for the observed surge
in top income shares in the data. Using the changes in the volume of trade and
multinational firm sales, the model can explain around 33 percent of the surge in top
income shares over the past two decades in the United States.
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Warrant: The gap between the poor and rich workers at a company increase by 50% when the
country acts internationally.
Ma, Lin. "GLOBALIZATION AND TOP INCOME SHARES." GLOBALIZATION
AND TOP INCOME SHARES (n.d.): n. pag. US Department of Commerce, Feb.
2014. Web. 1 Jan. 2015. <http://www2.census.gov/ces/wp/2014/CES-WP-1407.pdf>.
This paper studies the relationship between globalization and income inequality with a
special focus on the gap between the rich and the poor. Empirically, this paper presents a
new fact that within-firm inequality is higher among the firms that have access to the
global markets. On average, the CEO-to-worker pay ratio is about 50 percent higher
among the exporting and multinational firms than among domestic firms. The
differences in within-firm inequality are mainly driven by differences in firm size.
Exporting and multinational firms are more unequal because they are usually larger than
their domestic counterparts.
Warrant: Globalization has forced poverty upon the lower income groups of poor countries
whilst helping the western business leaders. It puts profit over the people.
Kazi, Tasnim B. "Effects of Globalization on Work and Organizations: Exploring PostIndustrialism, Post-Fordism, Work and Management in the Global Era." Student
Pulse. N.p., 2011. Web. 1 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/601/effects-of-globalization-on-work-andorganizations-exploring-post-industrialism-post-fordism-work-and-managementin-the-global-era>.
In short, what globalization has done by way of neoliberalism is, as Chomsky
(1999) states, put profit over people . By briefly discussing the neoliberal regime, it
will be evident how the effects of globalization on work and organizations have been
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brought about by this regime. Neoliberalism is the current economic paradigm that,
by protecting the interests of the very wealthy and less than a thousand
corporations, allows them to control public and social life so that their personal
profits may be maximized. It emphasizes free markets, prices being set by markets, the
liberalization of trade, privatization, and consumer choice. The government is believed to
be parasitic, and unable to do any good, and is thus undermined. Lowering taxes on the
wealthy, the exploitation of the weak and poor, environmental violations, dismantling of
public education and social welfare have all not needed to be defended, because, as is
stated, any activity that might interfere with corporate domination of society is
automatically suspect because it would interfere with the workings of the free market
(Chomsky, 1999, p8). The results of the neoliberal regime are wide-ranging,
including: a huge increase in social and economic inequality, significant growth in
extreme deprivation for poor nations and its people, an unstable global economy
and of course, an increase in the bank balances of the wealthy.
Analysis: This argument is designed to prove that even if Globalization has benefits, those
benefits don t actually help decrease poverty because the benefits go to the CEO s and company
heads instead of the ones who deserve it most. Instead it hurts the poor, and creates the problem.
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February$2015$
A2$$Globalization$only$helps$members$of$the$upper$class$
Answer: Countries with globalization have the fastest growing lower income groups in the
world.
Warrant: Fast growing incomes result from Globalization.
Dollar, David. "Making Globalization Work for the Poor." World Bank Live. The World
Bank, 2 Feb. 2004. Web. 01 Jan. 2015. <http://live.worldbank.org/makingglobalization-work-poor>.
It is true that corporations everywhere focus on maximizing profits. It is important to
have a strong framework of laws and regulations if that profit-seeking is to produce social
benefits. I do not accept that the tendency of globalization is to widen the gap between
the rich and the poor. The fastest growing incomes in the world are in the developing
countries, indicating that integration can be a powerful force for development that
reduces worldwide inequality. The tendency toward inequality in the world today
comes from the fact that about half of the developing world population lives in
countries that are successfully integrating and catching up with the rich world,
while half of the population lives in countries that are largely outside of
globalization.
Analysis: Even if the gap is wide, the fact that the bottom is moving up due to globalization is
still a benefit. Just because a problem isn t being 100% solved, doesn t mean progress isn t worth
something.
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Answer: Where globalization is happening, the income gap is closing.

Warrant: It is the areas outside of where globalization is occurring that is making the gap get
wider. The income gap is closing in areas with globalization.
Dollar, David. "Making Globalization Work for the Poor." World Bank Live. The World
Bank, 2 Feb. 2004. Web. 01 Jan. 2015. <http://live.worldbank.org/makingglobalization-work-poor>.
It is true that corporations everywhere focus on maximizing profits. It is important to
have a strong framework of laws and regulations if that profit-seeking is to produce social
benefits. I do not accept that the tendency of globalization is to widen the gap between
the rich and the poor. The fastest growing incomes in the world are in the developing
countries, indicating that integration can be a powerful force for development that
reduces worldwide inequality. The tendency toward inequality in the world today
comes from the fact that about half of the developing world population lives in
countries that are successfully integrating and catching up with the rich world,
while half of the population lives in countries that are largely outside of
globalization.
Analysis: This reinforces that Globalization isn t responsible for the widening income gap. In
fact, it is responsible for a large amount of the progress that has been made to stop it. The income
gap is attributable to areas where Globalization isn t happening.
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Answer: Globalization has acted to reduce income inequality in the developing nations.
Warrant: Income inequality is going down in the countries where Globalization is happening,
so it is good.
"The Effects of Globalization on World Income Inequality." The Effects of Globalization
on World Income Inequality. International Journal of Academic Research in
Business and Social Sciences, Apr. 2012. Web. 01 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.academia.edu/1600985/The_Effects_of_Globalization_on_World_In
come_Inequality>.
Due to globalization there has been a significant correlation between foreign direct
investments (FDI) and income inequality levels in the world. Globalization has
resulted to increase in the flow of foreign direct investments between countries and
this flow has brought a fundamental impact in the distributive consequences among
various economies. Studies by economists such as Mundell 1957 (Pg 321-335) found out
that foreign direct investments (FDI)into developing nations has had a remarkable
effect of reducing inequality levels in terms of income distributions. His major reason
being that, foreign direct investment flows mainly from the developed nations to
developing world leading to a general rise in the capital quantity in the developing
countries, which subsequently means that the marginal physical product of labour
increases. As a result of this increase in the marginal physical product, real wages as
well as nominal wages are bound to increase hence reducing inequality in the
developing nations.
Analysis: Income inequality going down means that clearly the rich are not the ones that are
primarily benefitting from Globalization - it is helping the poor, even when comparing their
benefits to their more wealthy counterparts.
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CON$$Increased$Terrorism
Argument: Economic globalization allows increased terrorism funding, which is devastating to
poorer regions of the world.
Warrant: The increased mobility of capital is a major part of economic globalization.
Rogowski, Ronald, and Tannenbaum, Daniel. Globalization and Neo-Liberalism: How
Much Does Capital Mobility Restrain Government Policy? Federal Reserve
Bank of Philadelphia. Nov 2005. Web. 4 Jan 2014.
<https://ncgg.princeton.edu/IPES/2006/papers/rogowski_tannenbaum_F1130_2.p
df>.
A major aspect of globalization is that capital moves faster and more easily across
national borders. Countries, it is argued, therefore compete more intensively for
investment and are driven to converge on the most capital-accommodating policy,
regardless of local preferences or factor endowments. A simple model of local
preferences and cross-border competition for capital, characterized by Cournot equilibria
among national policies, leads us to more nuanced conclusions, namely:1) while capital
mobility always induces policy convergence, and convergence increases with the number
of countries, among unequal countries convergence is less pronounced in (a)
geographically disadvantaged, (b) richer, and (c) ex ante less capital-friendly countries;2)
paradoxically, among similar countries capital mobility is normally welfare-diminishing
for the average citizen (though beneficial for owners of capital), and hence would
presumably not be chosen under fully democratic governance; but 3) among unequal
countries capital mobility is often welfare-improving for the average citizen of countries
that are (a) geographically advantaged, (b) poor, or (c) initially friendlier to capital.
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Warrant: Terrorism gets funds through evasive means, and increased funding increase the
effectiveness of terrorist attacks.
Feiler, Gil. The Globalization of Terror Funding. Bar Ilan University. Sept 2007. Web.
3 January 2014. < http://www.biu.ac.il/Besa/MSPS74.pdf>.
Islamic terrorism1 is financed by a global array of individuals, fronts, businesses,
banks, criminal enterprises, nominally humanitarian organizations and states.
Financial flows take a variety of routes some complex, some simple, but all are
evasive. The combined annual budget of Islamic terror groups between 1995-2005
hovers around the US $1 billion mark the equivalent of $100 million per annum. 2
This represents a substantial increase from estimates for the years 1984-1994 of US
$80 million. Execution of terrorist activities requires a reliable cash stream. After
his capture in 1995, Ramzi Yusif, the convicted mastermind behind the 1993 World
Trade Center bombing and other attacks3 admitted that cash problems prevented
his operatives from making as large a bomb as they had intended. Former FBI
Director Louis Freeh made a similar assessment, stating the operation did not follow
its original plan and was hastily executed due to inadequate resources. 4 Judging
from subsequent attacks, Islamic terrorist funders realized their mistake.
Warrant: Money laundering and other means of financing terrorism are enabled by the
decreased regulations of economic globalization.
Kumar, Leena Thacker and Campbell, Joel R.. Global Governance: The Case of Money
Laundering and Terrorist Financing. Forum on Public Policy. 2009. Web. 3
January 2014.
<http://forumonpublicpolicy.com/spring09papers/archivespr09/kumar.pdf>.
As the most prominent global terrorist organization, al Qaeda created an extensive
global financial network. This included the smaller network created to fund anti-Soviet
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operations in Afghanistan during the 1980s, as well as connections to sympathetic

financial facilitators among the business community and charities in Saudi Arabia and the
Persian Gulf states. Before 9/11, they were able to use European and Middle Eastern
banks for much of their operations (Comras, 2005: 1-5). Why are money laundering
and terrorist financing major concerns for the international economic community?
Among other things, it may threaten the integrity of global financial institutions,
add risks to financial transactions, and heighten the volatility of international
capital flows.$ Money laundering and terror funding have gone global and, due to
the unevenness of legal standards, are more difficult that ever to control (IMF,
The IMF and1). Terrorism in any one country can have an impact globally, e.g., the
Mumbai attacks in 2008 killed nationals from seventeen countries. Terrorists have
demonstrated their ability to exploit the ease by which anyone can use international
travel and financial transactions in order to launch attacks in other countries. There
is a growing gap between the space where the issues are defined (global) and the space
where the issues are managed (the nation-state)# (Castells, 2005: 10). All significant
local issues have global effects or implications. Events in one part of the world, are
conditioned by events in other places. As Tony Blair states, the world is
interconnected, [and so] the only way for the world to work is to have a set of common
values. We have no option but to work together# (Message form Davos, 2008: 1).
Combating international terrorism requires cooperation in a wide range of areas#
among states and international organizations (Banks, et al., 2007: 232). Diplomatic
efforts are needed to maintain, strengthen and implement international antiterrorist laws
and to encourage more states to endorse international treaties and organizations.
Accordingly, various forms of cooperation and building of coalitions among states are
vital to making the international system work well and taking care of both global and
regional problems (Marquina, 2009: 2-4).
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Warrant: Terrorism decreases FDI because the increases in instability increases economic risk
and causes capital to leave the country.
Abadie, Alberto, and Gardeazabal, Javier. Terrorism and the World Economy.
University of Basque. October 2005. Web. 4 January 2014.
<https://addi.ehu.es/bitstream/10810/6734/1/wp2005-19.pdf>.
In this paper we have shown how terrorism influences the equilibrium decisions of
international investors in an integrated world economy. We have introduced
terrorism as catastrophic risk in a standard endogenous growth model and analyzed the
effect of an increase in terrorist risk on the net FDI position of countries. The model
suggests that in an integrated world economy, where international investors are able
to diversify other country risks, terrorism may induce large movements of capital
across countries. The empirical evidence, based on cross-country regressions,
indicates that terrorist risk depresses net foreign investment positions. This
relationship is robust to the introduction of demographic factors, country-specific
risk indexes, governance indicators, and other financial and macroeconomic factors
such as per capita GDP and FDI restrictions which might determine the countrys FDI
position. Our estimates suggest that a one standard deviation increase in the
intensity of terrorism produces a 5 percent fall in the net FDI position of the country
(normalized by GDP). Both the model and the empirical evidence suggest that the open
economy channel may be an important avenue through which terrorism hurts the
economy.
Warrant: Terrorism impacts the poor and poorer countries the most.
Doherty, Ben. Pakistan attack reveals the truth about terrorism: it kills more poor
Muslims than rich westerners. The Guardian. 17 December 2014. Web. 4
January 2015.
<http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/18/pakistan-attack-
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reveals-the-truth-about-terrorism-it-kills-more-poor-muslims-than-richwesterners>.
The global terrorism database maintained by the National Consortium for the
Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism at the University of Maryland
shows a surge in terrorist attacks in recent years from around 5,000 in 2011 to more
than 8,000 in 2012 and nearly 12,000 in 2013 the three largest years on record for
terrorist attacks. But, as Bernard Keane analyses here, the raw numbers are not the full
story. The number of terror attacks in western countries did rise, and rise significantly,
last year. In 2012, there were 140 incidents of terrorism in the west. In 2013, that figure
was more than 250, the increase driven by a sharp rise in attacks in Northern Ireland and
Greece. Twelve people died. But those figures are dwarfed by attacks outside the west. In
non-western countries, the increase was from 8,000 incidents in 2012 to more than
11,000 in 2013, the rise driven by continuing sectarian violence in Iraq and
Pakistan, and deepening unrest in the Philippines and Egypt. The number of nonwestern terrorism deaths in 2013 was over 22,000. In November of this year, nearly
5,000 people died in Islamist fundamentalist terror attacks, the majority of those at
the hands of Islamic State (Isis) or Boko Haram. Just over half the dead were
civilians, the vast majority Muslim, the International Centre for the Study of
Radicalisation said.
Analysis: The way to use this argument is to focus on the link between decreased regulation and
increased ease of funding terrorist groups; its very difficult to contest that link specifically. At
that point, the impact of increasing instability prevents the kinds of long term political and
economic stability that facilitates decreasing poverty. Its relatively easy to relate this to lay
judges; mention Iraq and ISIS or look to Afghanistan. The long term impact of leaving entire
parts of the world conflict ridden easily outweighs marginal increases in standard of living for
the majority of people, because of the absolute devastation that terrorism wreaks.
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Increased terrorism
Answer: Globalization decreases terrorism by decreasing poverty and improving human rights.
Warrant: Poverty has declined significantly over the last few years.
Chandy, Laurence, and Gertz, Geoffrey. With Little Notice, Globalization Reduced
Poverty. Macmillan Center at Yale. 5 July 2011. Web. 4 January 2014.
<http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/little-notice-globalization-reduced-poverty>.
WASHINGTON: It is customary to bemoan the intractability of global poverty and the
lack of progress against the Millennium Development Goals. But the stunning fact is
that, gone unnoticed, the goal to halve global poverty was probably reached three
years ago. We are in the midst of the fastest period of poverty reduction the world
has ever seen. The global poverty rate, which stood at 25 percent in 2005, is ticking
downwards at one to two percentage points a year, lifting around 70 million people
the population of Turkey or Thailand out of destitution annually. Advances in
human progress on such a scale are unprecedented, yet remain almost universally
unacknowledged. Official estimates of global poverty are compiled by the World Bank
and stretch back 30 years. For most of that period, the trend has been one of slow, gradual
reduction. By 2005, the year of the most recent official global poverty estimate, the
number of people living under the international poverty line of $1.25 a day stood at
1.37 billion an improvement of half a billion compared to the early 1980s, but a
long way from the dream of a world free of poverty.
Warrant: Economic globalization has been a major reason poverty has declined.
Chandy, Laurence, and Gertz, Geoffrey. With Little Notice, Globalization Reduced
Poverty. Macmillan Center at Yale. 5 July 2011. Web. 4 January 2014.
<http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/little-notice-globalization-reduced-poverty>.
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This stunning progress is driven by rapid economic growth across the developing
world. During the 1980s and 1990s, per capita growth in developing countries
averaged just 1 to 2 percent a year, not nearly fast enough to make a serious dent in
poverty levels. Since around 2003, however, growth in the developing world has
taken off, averaging 5 percent per capita a year. How and why sustained high economic
growth in developing countries took hold are questions likely to be debated by economic
historians for many decades. Already one can point to a number of probable sources
emerging or accelerating around the turn of the century: an investment boom
triggered by rising commodity prices; high growth spillovers originating from large
open emerging economies that utilize cross-border supply chains; diversification
into novel export markets from cut flowers to call centers; spread of new
technologies, in particular rapid adoption of cell phones; increased public and
private investment in infrastructure; the cessation of a number of conflicts and
improved political stability; and the abandonment of inferior growth strategies such
as import substitution for a focus on macroeconomic health and improved
competitiveness. These factors are manifestations of a set of broader trends the
rise of globalization, the spread of capitalism and the improving quality of economic
governance which together have enabled the developing world to begin converging on
advanced economy incomes after centuries of divergence. The poor countries that display
the greatest success today are those that are engaging with the global economy, allowing
market prices to balance supply and demand and to allocate scarce resources, and
pursuing sensible and strategic economic policies to spur investment, trade and job
creation. Its this potent combination that sets the current period apart from a history of
insipid growth and intractable poverty.
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Answer: Globalization does not increase terrorism; if anything, it decreases it.

Warrant: Occupation is the major cause of terrorism; globalization is insignificant.
Rozen, Laura. Researcher: Suicide terrorism linked to military occupation. Politico. 11
Oct 2010. Web. 4 Jan 2014.
<http://www.politico.com/blogs/laurarozen/1010/Researcher_Suicide_terrorism_l
inked_to_military_occupation.html>.
Robert Pape, a University of Chicago political science professor and former Air
Force lecturer, will present findings on Capitol Hill on Tuesday that argue that the
majority of suicide terrorism around the world since 1980 has had a common cause:
military occupation. Pape and his team of researchers draw on data produced by a sixyear study of suicide terrorist attacks around the world that was partially funded by
the Defense Department's Defense Threat Reduction Agency. They have compiled the
terrorism statistics in a publicly available database comprising some 10,000 records
on some 2,200 suicide terrorism attacks, dating back to the first suicide terrorism attack
of modern times the 1983 truck bombing of the U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut,
Lebanon, which killed 241 U.S. Marines. "We have lots of evidence now that when
you put the foreign military presence in, it triggers suicide terrorism campaigns, ...
and that when the foreign forces leave, it takes away almost 100 percent of the
terrorist campaign," Pape said in an interview last week on his findings. Pape said
there has been a dramatic spike in suicide bombings in Afghanistan since U.S. forces
began to expand their presence to the south and east of the country in 2006. While
there were a total of 12 suicide attacks from 2001 to 2005 in Afghanistan when the U.S.
had a relatively limited troop presence of a few thousand troops mostly in Kabul, since
2006 there have been more than 450 suicide attacks in Afghanistan and they are
growing more lethal, Pape said. Deaths due to suicide attacks in Afghanistan have
gone up by a third in the year since President Barack Obama added 30,000 more
U.S. troops. "It is not making it any better," Pape said.
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Warrant: Empirically, increased economic globalization has almost no impact on terrorism.

Li, Quan, and Schaub, Drew. Economic Globalization and Transnational Terrorism.
Pennsylvania State University. April 2004. Web. 4 January 2015.
<http://people.tamu.edu/~quanli/papers/JCR_2004_terrorism.pdf>.
Based on a sample of 112 countries from 1975 to 1997, we find interesting patterns
of statistical association between economic globalization and transnational terrorist
incidents. In general, trade, FDI, and portfolio investment of a country do not
directly increase the number of transnational terrorist incidents inside its borders.
Economic development of the country and its top trading partners reduces the
number of terrorist incidents inside the country. To the extent that economic
globalization promotes development, globalization can have an indirect negative
effect on transnational terrorism. We should note that our analysis has focused on the
linkages between economic globalization and terrorism as a first cut. We raise caution
about generalizing the findings to other aspects of the globalization phenomenon. Future
research should also look at the effects of immigration, cultural globalization, and the
role of transnational nongovernmental organizations if we want to understand fully the
effect of globalization on transnational terrorism. Our analysis is informative in terms of
how a countrys economic integration affects the number of terrorist incidents within the
country. Our research findings should, therefore, be interpreted accordingly. Future
research could also investigate how economic integration affects the target choice of
terrorists.
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February$2015$
Warrant: If anything, increased trade openness decreases terrorism.

Li, Quan, and Schaub, Drew. Economic Globalization and Transnational Terrorism.
Pennsylvania State University. April 2004. Web. 4 January 2015.
<http://people.tamu.edu/~quanli/papers/JCR_2004_terrorism.pdf>.
More important, economic openness, to the extent that it promotes economic
development, may actually help to reduce indirectly the number of transnational
terrorist incidents inside a country. Closing borders to foreign goods and capital
may produce undesirable effects. Economic closure and autarky can generate more
incentives to engage in transnational terrorist activities by hindering economic
development. Antiterrorism policy measures should be designed with caution. They
should not be designed to slow down economic globalization. Promoting economic
development and reducing poverty should be important components of the global
war against terrorism. Such effects are structural and systemwide. It is in the best
interest of the United States not only to develop by itself but also to help other
countries to grow quickly. The effect of economic development on the number of
transnational terrorist incidents is large. The role of economic development deserves
much more attention from policy makers than it currently enjoys.
Analysis: The way to use these answers is to explain that the causes of terrorism are varied and
globalization plays a small role; even before globalization was a large phenomenon, many
insurgency groups had large amounts of funding. Then, you can use the arguments regarding
poverty and terrorism to argue that the potential pool of terrorist recruits is much smaller than it
could be because globalization has driven development and economic growth in many parts of
the world.
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CON$$Globalization$exploits$the$poor$through$sweatshop$labor
Argument: When globalization occurs, it encourages the construction of factories and manual
labor facilities that, in order to maximize profits, provide poor working conditions and hurt the
workers who are predominantly impoverished.
Warrant: In some countries, Globalization has literally forced slave labor upon the workers.
Balko, Radley. "Backgrounders: Sweatshops and Globalization." (n.d.): n. pag. School of
Business & School of Languages and World Affairs - College of Charleston.
Jesus Sandoval-Hernandez, 11 Dec. 2007. Web. 1 Jan. 2015.
<http://sandovalhernandezj.people.cofc.edu/index_files/egl_36.pdf>.
Globalization critics often cite sweatshops as a prime example of the "race to the
bottom" phenomenon. A "race to the bottom" is what happens, they say, when
world markets are opened to free, unfettered trade. Without transnational labor
guidelines and regulations, big corporations will look to place factories and
manufacturing plants in countries with the most relaxed environmental and -- for our
purposes -- labor standards. Developing countries then compete for the patronage of
these companies by lowering labor standards -- minimum wages and workplace safety
requirements, for example. The result: horrendous working conditions like those
described above, and no state oversight to make the factories change them. Critics of
free trade say in some countries it s gotten so bad that companies have begun using
slave labor, workers compelled to work unpaid by totalitarian governments eager to
entertain western businesses.
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Warrant: The people living in poverty are exploited for the wests gain.
Tonelson goes on to say that it is workers, then, who must shoulder globalization s
burdens, while western companies win cheap labor, western consumers win cheap
sneakers and straw hats, and corporate CEOs win eight-figure salaries. And,
Tonelson and his supporters argue, it s not just third-world workers. Western workers
lose when factories in the U.S. close down, and migrate overseas in search of laborers
willing to work for poverty wages. Critics say sweatshops are a way for corporations
to exploit the poverty and desperation of the third world, while allowing them to
circumvent the living wages, organization rights, and workplace safety regulations
labor activists have fought long and hard for in the west.
Warrant: The impoverished are forced to work. It s not by choice.

"In a village in the Mekong delta in Vietnam a woman and her twelve-year old daughter
sit all day in the shade from five in the morning until five in the evening making straw
beach mats. For their labour they receive $1 a day." "In China, workers at Wellco Factory
making shoes for Nike are paid 16 cents/hour (living wage for a small family is about 87
cents), 11-12 hour shifts, 7 days a week, 77-84 hours per week; workers are fined if
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they refuse overtime, and they re not paid an extra rate for overtime hours." Stories
like these are common when we hear talk about "sweatshop" plants in the developing
world. We hear worse, too -- terrible stories about women and children tricked into
bondage, of union organizers getting beaten or killed, of terrible working
conditions, long hours, and no bathroom breaks.
Warrant: Globalization encourages the creation of worse conditions at the workplace, proving
they would be better off without it.
Globalization critics often cite sweatshops as a prime example of the "race to the
bottom" phenomenon. A "race to the bottom" is what happens, they say, when
world markets are opened to free, unfettered trade. Without transnational labor
guidelines and regulations, big corporations will look to place factories and
manufacturing plants in countries with the most relaxed environmental and -- for our
purposes -- labor standards. Developing countries then compete for the patronage of
these companies by lowering labor standards -- minimum wages and workplace safety
requirements, for example. The result: horrendous working conditions like those
described above, and no state oversight to make the factories change them. Critics of
free trade say in some countries it s gotten so bad that companies have begun using
slave labor, workers compelled to work unpaid by totalitarian governments eager to
entertain western businesses.
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February$2015$
Warrant: Sweatshops from Globalization pay below the poverty line, and below what is
mandated by law.
Barboza, David. "In Chinese Factories, Lost Fingers and Low Pay." The New York
Times. The New York Times, 04 Jan. 2008. Web. 31 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/05/business/worldbusiness/05sweatshop.html?
pagewanted=all>.
" I work on the plastic molding machine from 6 in the morning to 6 at night, said Xu
Wenquan, a tiny, baby-faced 16-year-old whose hands were covered with blisters. Asked
what had happened to his hands, he replied, the machines are quite hot, so I ve burned
my hands. His brother, Xu Wenjie, 18, said the two young men left their small village in
impoverished Guizhou Province four months ago and traveled more than 500 miles to
find work at Huanya. The brothers said they worked 12 hours a day, six days a week,
for $120 to $200 a month, far less than they are required to be paid by law. When
government inspectors visit the factory, the young brothers are given the day off,
they said. A former Huanya employee who was reached by telephone gave a similar
account of working conditions, saying many workers suffered from skin rashes after
working with gold powders and that others were forced to sign papers volunteering to
work overtime. It s quite noisy, and you stand up all day, 12 hours, and there s no airconditioning, he said. We get paid by the piece we make but they never told us how
much. Sometimes I got $110, sometimes I got $150 a month.
Warrant: Sweatshops often make workers lose fingers.
Barboza, David. "In Chinese Factories, Lost Fingers and Low Pay." The New York
Times. The New York Times, 04 Jan. 2008. Web. 31 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/05/business/worldbusiness/05sweatshop.html?
pagewanted=all>.
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And so while American and European consumers worry about exposing their children to
Chinese-made toys coated in lead, Chinese workers, often as young as 16, face far more
serious hazards. Here in the Pearl River Delta region near Hong Kong, for example,
factory workers lose or break about 40,000 fingers on the job every year, according
to a study published a few years ago by the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences.
Warrant: Sweatshops exploit women in China
Lendman, Stephen. "Global Sweatshop Wage Slavery: Worker Exploitation in America
and Globally." The Race Poverty Environment. ReimagineRPE, 25 Feb. 2010.
Web. 01 Jan. 2015. <http://reimaginerpe.org/node/5247>.
In its mission statement, the National Labor Committee (NLC) highlights the
problem stating: "Transnational corporations (TNCs) now roam the world to find
the cheapest and most vulnerable workers." They're mostly young women in poor
countries like China, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Indonesia, Nicaragua, Haiti, and
many others working up to 14 or more hours a day for sub-poverty wages under
horrific conditions. Because TNCs are unaccountable, a dehumanized global workforce
is ruthlessly exploited, denied their civil liberties, a living wage, and the right to work in
dignity in healthy safe environments. NLC conducts "popular campaigns based on (its)
original research to promote worker rights and pressure companies to end human and
labor abuses. (It) views worker rights in the global economy as indivisible and inalienable
human rights and (believes) now is the time to secure them for all on the planet."
Analysis: Clearly the impacts provided in this argument can be used in a devastating manner. A
lot of Pro impacts rely on improved incomes, or new job opportunities, but this argument
manages to directly respond to that, and give additional offense for the Con. This is because the
new jobs and the incomes that are being provided are accomplished through terrible working
conditions in factories and sweatshops that only serve to harm the population the Pro wants to
help. Forcing slave labor upon a poor community does nothing to reduce poverty.
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A2$$Globalization$exploits$the$poor$through$sweatshop$labor$
Answer: Sweatshops may be bad but they re better than the alternatives.
Warrant: When the sweatshops leave, it costs the poor jobs and money.
So far, evidence has shown that boycotts and public pressure do get results, but perhaps
not the kinds of results that are in the best interests of sweatshop workers. Free traders
argue that instead of providing better working conditions or higher wages, which
had until then offset the costs of relocating overseas, western companies respond to
public pressure by simply closing down their third world plants, or by ceasing to do
business with contractors who operate sweatshops. The result: thousands of people
already in a bad situation then find themselves in a worse one. In 2000, for example,
the BBC did an expose on sweatshop factories in Cambodia with ties to both Nike and
the Gap. The BBC uncovered unsavory working conditions, and found several examples
of children under 15 years of age working 12 or more hour shifts. After the BBC expose
aired, both Nike and the Gap pulled out of Cambodia, costing the country $10
million in contracts, and costing hundreds of Cambodians their jobs.
Warrant: In Bangladesh, children that lost sweatshop options were forced into crime and
prostitution, or they starved to death.
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In the early 1990s, the United States Congress considered a piece of legislation
called the "Child Labor Deterrence Act," which would have taken punitive action
against companies benefiting from child labor. The Act never passed, but the public
debate it triggered put enormous pressure on a number of multinational corporations.
One German garment maker that would have been hit with trade repercussions if
the Act had passed laid off 50,000 child workers in Bangladesh. The British charity
organization Oxfam later conducted a study which found that thousands of those
laid-off children later became prostitutes, turned to crime, or starved to death. The
United Nations organization UNICEF reports that an international boycott of the
Nepalese carpet industry in the mid-1990s caused several plants to shut down, and
forced thousands of Nepalese girls into prostitution.
Warrant: The mean income in Pakistan dropped 20% after a loss of sweatshops.
In 1995, a consortium of anti-sweatshop groups threw the spotlight on football
(soccer) stitching plants in Pakistan. In particular, the effort targeted enforcing a
ban on sweatshop soccer balls by the time the 1998 World Cup began in France. In
response, Nike and Reebok shut down their plants in Pakistan and several other
companies followed suit. The result: tens of thousands of Pakistanis were again
unemployed. According to UPI, mean family income in Pakistan fell by more than
20%. In his book Race to the Top, journalist Tomas Larsson discussed the Pakistani
soccer ball case with Keith E. Maskus, an economist at the University of Colorado: "The
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celebrated French ban on soccer balls sewn in Pakistan for the World Cup in 1998
resulted in significant dislocation of children from employment. Those who tracked
them found that a large proportion ended up begging and/or in prostitution." In
response, several activist groups have stopped calling for boycotts, and have since started
calling for pressure from the governments in whose countries the multinational
corporations call home. Still, free traders argue, companies make decisions that are in the
best interests of their shareholders and investors, and so if locating overseas isn t offset
enough by cheap labor to make the investment worthwhile, companies will merely chose
not to invest, costing poor countries thousands of jobs.
Warrant: The sweatshops pay significantly more than national averages.
Powell, Benjamin. "Sweatshops and Third World Living Standards: Are the Jobs Worth
the Sweat?: Publications: The Independent Institute." The Independant Institute,
27 Sept. 2004. Web. 1 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.independent.org/publications/working_papers/article.asp?id=1369>.
Figure 1 shows that if working 70 hours per week, apparel workers average income
exceeds the average income in each country.3 In 9 of 10 nations, average apparel industry
income exceeds the national average at only 50 hours per week. Apparel workers in the
Dominican Republic, Haiti, Honduras, and Nicaragua earn 3 to 7 times the national
average. National income per capita divides the total output of the economy by the total
population, both workers and non-workers. If apparel industry workers tend to be young
and without a family, or women and children, then comparing apparel wages to average
income per capita gives a fairly accurate assessment of how they live compared to others
in their economy since their income is only supporting one person. Women and children
were often the workers in 19th century U.S. and British sweatshops, and some anecdotal
evidence from the Third World suggests this may be true there too.
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Analysis: This proves that no matter how bad the conditions are in sweatshops, the loss of them
hurts the poor even more, creating more poverty and more problems for the impoverished. This
directly turns all the impacts provided by the Con even if sweatshops are not great, they re
better than all alternatives and the result of them being eliminated would likely just increase the
poverty in the area,
Answer: Sweatshops are a sign of economic development, and even if they seem temporarily
bad, they lead to prosperity in the long run.
Warrant: International trade improves working conditions in the long run.
Every prosperous country today was once mired in "developing" status. And every
prosperous country today once employed child labor in its economic adolescence that
would today be considered "sweatshop" working conditions. That includes Britain,
France, Sweden, Germany and the United States. Only with the prosperity brought by
international trade, globalization s adherents say, can a country then afford to
demand better working conditions for its workers.
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Warrant: A middle class has appeared in China because of sweatshops.

WuDunn, Sheryl. "Two Cheers for Sweatshops." The New York Times. The New York
Times, 24 Sept. 2000. Web. 01 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/24/magazine/two-cheers-forsweatshops.html?src=pm&pagewanted=2>.
The truth is, those grim factories in Dongguan and the rest of southern China
contributed to a remarkable explosion of wealth. In the years since our first
conversations there, we've returned many times to Dongguan and the surrounding towns
and seen the transformation. Wages have risen from about $50 a month to $250 a month
or more today. Factory conditions have improved as businesses have scrambled to attract
and keep the best laborers. A private housing market has emerged, and video arcades and
computer schools have opened to cater to workers with rising incomes. A hint of a
middle class has appeared -- as has China's closest thing to a Western-style
independent newspaper, Southern Weekend.
Analysis: If prosperity comes in the long run, then even if the Con proves harms to the
impoverished right now, this will eventually reduce poverty making it a net benefit. Long-term
impacts will always outweigh short-term harms, especially when it means people s lives are
being saved because they re being pulled out of poverty.
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Answer: The poor often want these jobs because they provide more opportunity to work.
Warrant: The workers at these jobs like working at the factories and enjoy the long hours.
WuDunn, Sheryl. "Two Cheers for Sweatshops." The New York Times. The New York
Times, 24 Sept. 2000. Web. 01 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/24/magazine/two-cheers-forsweatshops.html?src=pm&pagewanted=2>.
There we visited several factories, including one in the boomtown of Dongguan, where
about 100 female workers sat at workbenches stitching together bits of leather to make
purses for a Hong Kong company. We chatted with several women as their fingers flew
over their work and asked about their hours. ''I start at about 6:30, after breakfast, and go
until about 7 p.m.,'' explained one shy teenage girl. ''We break for lunch, and I take half
an hour off then.'' ''You do this six days a week?'' ''Oh, no. Every day.'' ''Seven days a
week?'' ''Yes.'' She laughed at our surprise. ''But then I take a week or two off at Chinese
New Year to go back to my village.'' The others we talked to all seemed to regard it as
a plus that the factory allowed them to work long hours. Indeed, some had sought
out this factory precisely because it offered them the chance to earn more.
Analysis: Clearly if the workers want to work there, and they like the long hours, the sweatshops
are helping them, not hurting their current status. Willingness and intent of the workers is
extremely important, because the Con can t claim harms exist if the workers are making the
choice, and its not being forced upon them.
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Champion Evidence Globalization Poverty

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A return to on balance means a return to utilitarianism, though it is unlikely that many

excellent study by Pranab Bardhan which examined poverty alleviation in China:

Adapting throughout the Month

Resolved: On balance, economic globalization benefits worldwide

Foreword: We, at Champion Briefs, feel that having deep knowledge

What is globalization and what has caused it?

Asian Workers benefit from Globalization

Others say that globalization benefits the poor

Quality of Life has improved in China

Globalization can create incentives for peace

Argument: Infrastructure allows those in poverty to access the economy

Warrant: Those in poverty need infrastructure

Warrant: Infrastructure has little relevance to poverty.

Warrant: A successful example of globalization in medicine is the establishment of a medical

Warrant: Microcredits help women become more financially stable (1)

Opponents of globalization often assert that opening up international trade will

Response: Income on the whole is not positively affected.

plenty of reasons for concern about globalizations effect on the majority of

Warrant: Export processing zones bring about significant increases in employment in

complementary. However, the creation of productive employment opportunities

Response: Globalization has not improved employment around the world.

of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, September 2007.

Sakir, Salman. Globalization Is Only a Good Thing If It Benefits All Groups of

of desktop personal computers was still limited to a fairly small number of

consequence of the IT revolution is the inequitable distribution of access to IT,

liberalization is generally a strongly positive contributor to poverty alleviationit

Warrant: Globalization will lead to China respecting its workers more.

Warrant: Trade agreements like NAFTA have not helped prosperity.

Increased Efficiency of Markets

Mahtaney, Piya. Globalization and Sustainable Economic Development. Issues,

decline in wages that is primarily observed outside of the manufacturing sector.

Mendoza, Enrique. On the Welfare Implications of Financial Globalization without

proprietary technologies are poised to concentrate corporate power, drive up costs,

the world s biomass.

In January, he rejected a request by grain millers to import GM grain for local

management of resources can pose several problems including the overemphasis of

that is, maintaining

Warrant: Investments in Africa have been successful

nomic stability, consumption is regarded as a better measure of well-being than

Towards the End of Poverty. The Economist, June 1 2013.

government has played in advancing programs to cultivate its WCUs through

such as meeting the needs of local communities

and providing affordable, high-quality education to citizens. Lemann (2014)

providing world-class higher education while also offering education to the

who are central to maintaining HEIs status as world-class

necessarily means that those funds will not be prioritized for

these are things that manipulate our

Warrant: Climate change causes disease outbreak like Ebola.

thrive in warmer climates. In

and are expected to continue

becomes a truly once-in-a-lifetime, Hollywood-style pandemic). The WHO estimates

Warrant: Climate change will especially hurt poor farmers.

Warrant: Climate Change creates Poverty Pockets

that is, the least politically potent

people and places.

they are the ones more likely to rely on agriculture production

good guys favour cutting carbon

Finally, unregulated access to, and inappropriate consumption of, pharmaceuticals

Warrant: The number of malnourished children has gone down.

cultures is assumed to be matched by a cultural vulnerability. Cultural identity is at

Analysis: As globalization occurs, there is (arguably) a spread in the homogeneous nature of

ability of governments to pursue bad policies. In addition to these advantages, which in