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( )
( )
+2
( )
( )
3 ( ) = 15 ( )
If we replace f(x) by a variable y and g(x) by variable x, then the above equation becomes,
5
+2
3 = 15
Ordinary differential equations (ODE) are the differential equations which involve only one
independent variable. Example,
3
= 5 is ODE because it has only one variable y whose value changes when we
change x.
Why differential equations?
Differential equations are vital in every branch of science and mathematics to represent a
characteristic property in a simplified way which can be solved further to generate the
required equations and solutions.
The most important Schrodinger Equation in Quantum Mechanics is a differential equation.
Double
derivative
of u(x) with
respect to
x
The del and Laplacian operators in mathematics are also differential equations.
.E = /
is also a differential equation.
The family of various curves can be simply represented by means of differential equations.
Order of a differential equation
It is defined as the order of the highest order derivative of the dependent variable with respect
to the independent variable. It is always a natural number as fractional order signifies
fractional derivative which is not a valid derivative.
= sin
1.
+2
+5 =0
only.
3.
= 25
which has
order 5.
1.
is 1 only.
2. 10
+2
is 3 and
+5 =0
term.
/
3.
= 25
Order of a differential equation is always defined but not its degree. Example,
= 5 log
Another example,
=0
.....(i)
y = ex + c
.(ii)
y = ex + 3
.(iii)
= ex and
= ex.
Eq.(ii) contains an arbitrary constant c and hence it represents a general solution of the
differential equation(eq.(i)), whereas eq.(iii) has a constant 3 in place of an arbitrary
constant c and hence it represents a particular solution.
The basic difference between general and particular solution is that the general solution has
many graphs but the particular solution has only one graph.
General
solution
= y,
Particular
solution
1. Take the equation and count the number of arbitrary constants which is equal to the
order of differential equation.
2. Differentiate till that order.
3. Eliminate all the arbitrary constants.
Example,
Let
+
+ + (1 ) = 2( + )
.(iv) be the equation of
family of circles centred at (1,a) with radius b units. We attempt to find the differential
equation of all the circles belonging to this family.
Here a and b are two arbitrary constants, so order = 2. Degree cant be determined
beforehand!
Differentiate eq.(iv),
,
=1+
.(v)
Differentiate eq.(v),
1+
+( )
,,
=0
.(vi)
Solving eq.(v) and (vi) to eliminate a and get required differential equation,
(1 +
)+
,, (
1 )= 0
+ ( , )
= 0.
A. Variable separable
As the name suggests, the logic is to separate the variables and integrate to get the
solution.
1.
( , ) = ( ). ( )
= ( , )
2. f(x)dx + g(y)dy = 0
3. ( ) + ( )
=0
tan y =
(1 -
)=
( , )
1. Put
2.
where
(vii)
=0
as a function of x and y.
=
.(viii)
Let ( , ) =
Then (
)=
( , )
and
(
in eq.(viii) to get
=
)
= ( +2 )
+ ( ).
= (sin )
+2
.(ix)
( )=
and ( ) =
= 1+
Find solution by solving the following integral,
. (1 +
) = (1 +
).
. (1 +
)=
)=
=
tan
Example,
Consider differential equation,
8
+6
+6
+6
+6
5
5
tan
+3 (
)+3
+
=0
) +3
=0
=0
5 tan
+ 3(
) + 3
=0
P(x,y)
Q
Sub-tangent
R
S
Sub-normal
| | 1+
| | 1+
Orthogonal Trajectory
Let a family of curves be represented by the equation ( , , ) = 0. The family of curves
which cuts each member of the above curve at right angles is called orthogonal trajectory of
( , , ) = 0.
The procedure for finding the orthogonal trajectory is as follows,
2. Replace
= 0.
2
=0
=0
= 0.
where
= (
=
is a constant of proportionality
)
..(x)
and