Department of Physics

Amity Institute of Applied Sciences

AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics II
TUTORIAL SHEET: 1
(Module I: Wave Mechanics)
1. What do you understand by the wave nature of matter. Obtain an expression
of de Broglie wavelength for matter waves.
2. Discuss wave particle duality and describe briefly Davisson and Germer
experiment for qualitative verification of matter wave.
3. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of an electron and a photon each of
energy 2eV.
4. Show that the wavelength of a 150 g rubber ball moving with a velocity of
30m / s is short enough to be determined.

5. Energy of a particle at absolute temperature T is of the order of k BT .

Calculate

the

wavelength

of

thermal

neutrons

at 27 0 C .

Given:

mn 1.67 10 27 kg , h 6.60 10 34 Js and k B 8.6 10 15 eV / 0 C .

6. Can a photon and an electron of the same momentum have the same
wavelengths? Calculate their wavelengths if the two have the same energy.
7. Two particles A and B are in motion. If the wavelength associated with particle
A is 5 10 8 m , calculate the wavelength of the particle B if its momentum is
half that of A.

Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences

AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics II
8. Show that when electrons are accelerated through a potential difference V,
their wavelength taking relativistic correction into account is
h
2Vem 0

Ve
,
m0 c 2

where e and m0 are charge and rest mass of electrons, respectively.

9. A particle of rest mass m 0 has a kinetic energy K. Show that its de Broglie
wavelength is given by

hc

K K 2m 0 c 2

Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences

AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics II
TUTORIAL SHEET: 2
(Module I: Wave Mechanics)
10. Define group velocity. Show that group velocity of a wave packet equals the
particle velocity.
11. Distinguish between phase and group velocity. Prove that product of phase
and group velocity is square of velocity of light.
12. Derive an expression for phase velocity of wave in terms of angular
frequency and propagation constant. Show that the phase velocity of wave
associated with a material particle is not equal to particle velocity.
13. Show that the phase velocity of de-Broglie waves associated with a moving
particle having a rest mass m0 is given by
m c

vp c 1 1 0
h

where the symbols have their usual meanings.

14. An electron has de-Broglie wavelength of 1.0 pm. Calculate its kinetic energy
and the phase and group velocities of its de-Broglie waves. Given: Plancks
constant, h 4.136 10 15 eV sec and rest energy of electron, E0 511 keV .
15. Explain Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Describe gamma ray microscope
experiment to establish Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
16. How does the Heisenberg uncertainty principle hint about the absence of
electron in an atomic nucleus.
17. Calculate the uncertainty in momentum of an electron confined in a one0

dimensional box of length 1 A . Given: h 6.626 10 34 Js .

Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences

AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics II
TUTORIAL SHEET: 3
(Module I: Wave Mechanics)
18. Differentiate between and II 2. Discuss Born postulate regarding the
probabilistic interpretation of a wave function.
19. Write down the set of conditions which a solution of Schrdinger wave
equation satisfies to be called a wave function.
20. What do you mean by normalization and orthogonality of a wave function?
21. Show that if potential energy V(x) is changed everywhere by a constant, the
time independent wave equation is unchanged. What is the effect on the
energy Eigen values?
22. Show that ( x ) eikx is an acceptable eigen function, where k is some finite
constant. Also normalize it over the region a x a .
23. Explain the meaning of expectation value of x. write down the Eigen
operators for position, linear momentum and total energy.
24. Show that time independent Schrdinger equation is an example of Eigen
value equation.
25. Derive the time independent Schrdinger equation from time dependent
equation for free particle.

Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences

AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics II
26. For a free particle, show that Schrdinger wave equation leads to the deh

Broglie relation p .
27. Write Schrdinger equation for a particle in a box and determine expression
for energy Eigen value and Eigen function. Does this predict that the particle
can possess zero energy.
28. Find the expectation values of the position <x> and that of momentum
<px> of a particle trapped in a one dimensional rigid box of length L.
29. An electron is bounded by a potential which closely approaches an infinite
square well of width 2.5 10 10 m . Calculate the lowest three permissible
quantum energies the electron can have.
30. A particle is moving in one dimensional box and its wave function is given by
n ( x) A sin

nx
. Find the expression for the normalized wave function.
L

31. Calculate the value of lowest energy of an electron moving in a one0

dimensional force free region of length 4 A .

32. A particle of mass 10 6 kg is moving with a speed of 10 4 m / s in a box of
0

length 10 3 A . Assume this to be one dimensional square well problem,

calculate the value of n.

Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences

AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics II
TUTORIAL SHEET: 4
(Module II : Crystal Structure and X-ray Diffraction)
1. Define crystal lattice, basis and crystal structure.
2. Define Single Crystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous materials.
3. What do you understand by primitive cell and unit cell?
4. Specify 3-Dimensional Bravais lattices pointing out their characteristic
features.
5. Explain the concept of miller indices? Draw (i) the (110), (120) and (211)
planes, in a cubic unit cell, and (b) draw [100], [110], [111], [211] directions in a
cubic unit cell
6. In a crystal, a lattice plane cuts intercepts a, b / 2,3c along the three axes,
where a, b, c are primitive vectors of the unit cell. Determine the Miller indices of
the given plane.
7. A plane is parallel to y and z axes. Determine its Miller indices.
8. Find the Miller indices of a plane which makes intercept in the ratio of 3a:4b on
the x and y axes and are parallel to z axis, a, b, c being primitive vectors of the
lattice.
9. Derive the expression for spacing between two adjacent planes of a cubic
lattice.
10. In a Simple Cubic crystal: (a) find the ratio of intercepts of three axes by (123)
plane. (ii) Find the ratio of spacings of (110) and (111) planes.

TUTORIAL SHEET: 5
(Module II : Crystal Structure and X-ray Diffraction)
11. Calculate the interplanar spacing for a (321) plane in a simple cubic lattice
whose lattice constant is 4.2 .
6

Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences

AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics II
12. In a tetragonal lattice, a = b = 2.5 and c =1.8 . Calculate the lattice
spacing between (111) planes.
13. What do you understand by Reciprocal lattice? Derive the expression for
Reciprocal lattice of Simple cubic, Body Centered Cubic (BCC) and Face
Centered Cubic (FCC) lattice.
14. Derive Braggs law for X-ray diffraction.
15. Discuss Laues experiment for X-ray diffraction
16. Explain Braggs spectrometer for experimental determination of crystal
structure.
17. The spacing between principal planes of NaCl crystal is 2.82 . It is found
that first order Braggs reflection occurs at an angle of 1 0o. What is the
wavelength of x-rays?
18. The distance between adjacent planes in calcite is 0.3nm. Find the smallest
angle of Braggs reflection for 0.03 nm X-ray.
19. X-rays of wavelength 0.71 are reflected from (110) plane from NaCl crystal
(a = 2.82 ). Calculate glancing angle for second order reflection.

Module III : Semiconductors & Superconductivity

TUTORIAL SHEET 6
1. Distinguish between insulator, semiconductor and conductor on the basis
of energy band gap. Differentiate between intrinsic & extrinsic
semiconductors.
2. Deduce expressions for carrier concentration of free electrons and holes
in an intrinsic semiconductor.
3. Show that the Fermi level lies half way between valence and conduction
bands in an intrinsic semiconductor.

Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences

AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics II
4. What do you mean by forward and revesse biasing of a p-n junction diode.
Describe the V-I characteristics of p-n junction diode.
5. Discuss the position of the Fermi level in extrinsic semiconductors.
6. Explain the working of a Zener diode. What is its use.
7. Find the concentration of Ge atoms in a pure Ge crystal from the following
data : atomic weight of Ge = 72.6, density = 5.32x10 3 kg/m3 and Avogadro
number, NA= 6.02x1023.
8. The mobilities of electrons and holes in a sample of intrinsic Ge at room
temperature are 0.36 and 0.17 m 2/V-s respectively. If the electron and hole
densities are each equal to 2.5x10 19 /m3, calculate the electrical
conductivity and resistivity of Ge.
9. Calculate the position of Fermi level Ef at 300 K for Ge crystal containing
5x1022 arsenic atoms/m3.
10. In a n-type semiconductor, the Fermi level lies 0.3eV below the conduction
band at 300 K. If the temperature is increased to 330 K, find the new
position of the Fermi level.

Module III : Semiconductors & Superconductivity

TUTORIAL SHEET 7
1. What do you mean by superconductivity. Distinguish between Type I &
Type II superconductors. Also explain isotope effect in superconductors.
2. Describe Meissner effect.
3. Give the basic idea of BCS theory of superconductivity and show that this
theory provides adequate explanation of the superconducting state. What
are cooper pairs.
4. The critical temperature, Tc for Hg with isotropic mass 199.5 is 4.185 K.
Calculate its critical temperature when its isotropic mass changes to
203.4.
8

Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences

AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics II
5. The transition temperature for Pb is 7.2K. However, it loses the
superconducting property if subjected to a magnetic field of 3.3 X 10 4 A/m.
Find the value of H0 (0) which will allow the metal to retain its
superconductivity at 0K.
6. The transition temperature for lead is 7.26 K. The maximum critical field
for the material is 8 X 105 A/m. Lead has to be used as a superconductor
subjected to a magnetic field 4 X 10 4 A/m. What precaution will have to be
taken.
7. A superconducting material has a critical temperature of 3.7 K in zero
magnetic field of 0.0306 tesla at 0K. Find the critical field at 2K.
8. The critical field for niobium is 1 X 10 4 A/m at 8 K and 2 X 10 5 A/m at 0K.
Calculate the transition temperature of the element.
9. For a specimen of superconductor, the critical fields are 1.4 X 10 5 and 4.2
X 105 A/m respectively, for temperature 1.4 K and 13 K respectively.
Calculate the transition temperature and critical fields at 0 K and 4.2 K.

Module IV : Dielectric & Magnetic Properties of Materials

TUTORIAL SHEET 8
1. What are polar and non-polar molecules. Give examples.
2. What are three electric vectors in dielectrics. Define them & establish a
relationship between them.
3. Explain the phenomenon of polarization of dielectric medium. Show that k
= 1 + e.
4. Derive an expression for the energy density of electric field establish in a
dielectric medium.
5. State and prove Gausss law in dielectrics.

Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences

AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics II
6. Two parallel plates have equal and opposite charges and separated by a
dielectric 5 mm thick having dielectric constant 3. If the field intensity in the
dielectric is 106 V/m. Calculate (a) The polarization P in the dielectric (b)
The displacement D in the dielectric (c) The energy density in the
dielectric.
7. An isotropic material of relative permittivity r is placed normal to a uniform
external electric field with an electric displacement vector of magnitude 5
X 10-4 m2. If the volume of the slab is 0.5 m 3 and the magnitude of
polarizability is 4 X 10 -4 m2, find the value of r and total dipole moment of
the slab.
8. For a gas the value of dielectric constant at 0 oC is 1.000038. Calculate the
electric suspectibility at this temperature.
9. The dielectric constant of medium is 4. Electric field in the dielectric is 106
V/m. Calculate the electric displacement and polarization.
10. The electric susceptibility of a material is 36 X 10 -12 C2/N-m2. Calculate the
value of dielectric constant and absolute permittivity of the material.

Module IV : Dielectric & Magnetic Properties of Materials

TUTORIAL SHEET 9
1. Define intensity of magnetization, permeability and magnetic susceptibility.
2. Give the relation between B, H and I. Also, derive the relationship r = 1 +
m.
3. Distinguish between dia- , para- and ferromagnetic materials.
4. Give an account of Langevins theory of paramagnetism and prove that
magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic substance is inversely
proportional to absolute temperature.
5. Describe the Weiss molecular theory of ferromagnetism and derive the
Curie Weiss law.
10

Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences

AMITY UNIVERSITY
_____________________UTTAR PRADESH_______________________
Applied Physics II
6. Discuss the domain structures in ferromagnetic materials.
7. An iron ring of mean circumferential length 30 cm and cross-section 1 cm 2
is wound uniformly with 300 turns of wire. When a current of 0.032 A flows
in the windings, the flux in the ring is 2x10 -6 weber, find the flux density in
the ring, the magnetic intensity, and the permeability of iron.
8. The magnetic field strength in silicon is 1000 A/m. If the magnetic
susceptibility is -0.3 X 10-5 calculate the magnetization.
9. The magnetic susceptibility of medium is 9.48x10 -9. Calculate the relative
permeability.
10. A magnetic core has 10 turns per cm of wire wound uniformly upon it
which carries a current of 2 A. The flux density in the material is 1
weber/m2. Calculate the magnetization and relative permeability of the
material.

11