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UPS Battery & Critical Reserve Power (photo by Infinity Power Solutions)
After the emergency when the quick charger is closed the full battery will receive a boost charge and at the same time
only the voltage of 98 cells will appear across the load.
If a second emergency occurs during quick charging, then immediately all the 115 cells are connected to the bus by
closing the switch meant for the purpose. During routine daily testing of emergency DC motors connected to main
distribution board middle section, supply has to be taken from the quick charger and the middle section has to be kept
isolated from the left and right sections of main distribution board.
This is to test the quick charger.
AVR
The DC voltage is maintained at desired value automatically by means of AVR unit provided at panel board.
Electrostatic Precipitator
Dust extraction from industrial gases has become necessity for environmental reasons or for improving production.
Most of the plants in India use coal as fuel for generating steam. The exhaust gases contain large amount of smoke
and dust, which are being emitted into the atmosphere. This has posed a real threat to the mankind as a devastating
health hazard. Hence it becomes necessary to free the exhaust from smoke and dust.
There are various ways of extracting dust. Electrostatic dust precipitation method is most widely used as its efficiency
is excellent and it is easier to maintain. Its other advantages are:
Ability to treat large volumes of gases at high temperature
Ability to cope up corrosive atmosphere
Offer low resistance path for gas flow.
An electrostatic precipitator is equipment, which utilizes an intense electric force to separate suspended particles from
the flue gases. The process involves:
Electrical charging of suspended particles
Collection of charged particles from collecting electrode.
Removal of particles from collecting electrode.
The flue gases pass between electrodes and are subjected to an intense electric field. The emissive electrodes are
connected to the negative polarity of HV power supply while collecting electrodes are connected to positive polarity
and grounded.
The HV power supply equipment is supplied in two parts:
The high voltage transformer rectifier (HVR)
The electronic controller (EC)
The EC-HVR equipment provides high voltage DC across the precipitator electrodes. The EC provides controlled AC
voltage through thyristors (SCR) and associated controls to the primary of step up transformer. The EC has been
designed to supply 0 to 415V to the primary of step up transformer through AC reactor. The equipment operates as
constant current controller.
Heaters
Heaters are provided to raise the temperature of flue gases, as they become conductive when heated. 24 heaters are
provided for stage I electrostatic precipitators. Rating: 550W heaters
Zones
The flue gases from the boiler section reach electrostatic precipitator section through ducts. The flue gases are
allowed to pass through various zones each having its own heaters, collecting and emissive electrodes and DC
supply. These zones are provided to lessen the burden on a single zone and to take the load of other zone in case of
maintenance or damage of a particular zone. Stage I have 16 zones eight belonging to PASS A and rest to PASS B.
Stage II has 20 Zones five belonging to each PASS A, PASS B, PASS C and PASS D.
Diodes
These are provided to rectify the AC voltage to the required DC voltage for electrostatic precipitators to work. The
required DC voltage is 70 kV, 1000 mA. Type: BY 127
Motors
Rapping motors are provided along with each zone. A hammer is coupled to each of the motors shaft. Due to rotary
motion of motor these hammers hit the collecting electrodes after a certain time delay and the ash is allowed to flow
down through outlet in form of slurry. Rating: .5A motors
A GD screen (gas diverting) motor is also provided in electrostatic precipitator to provide a zigzag motion of flue gas
so as to allow the heavy dust particles to settle down and removed.
Features:
Spark regulation
Flashovers of extremely low intensity are difficult to detect using the comparator technique. Non detection results in
sustained arcing which may damage the collecting electrode. For such digital detection system is adopted.
Modes of operation
Back corona mode
In this mode the precipitator voltage decreases with increase in precipitator current. This reduces the efficiency of
precipitator and consumes unnecessary power.
Charge ratio
This mode supplies current in pulses and provides a dense corona for a short circuit time and at same time gives a
low current to avoid back corona.
Sources: Internet and several books of Electrical Engineering