1

j
DISCOVERIES

MATHEMATICS,
"i

INTRUDUaNG

VMM

pBmanjtB.

vobitouk.

WHICH

ABRIDGE

THE

ALL

buoatioms.

double

OPERATIONS

OF

ALGEBRA

ARITHMETIC.

"

THS

rom

DEMOMBD

OU

OT

k ACADEMY
IBfl SGHOOU,
C0LLEQE8,

nm

THX

!"

TBIATUB

A"

GFFICK,

OF

XXLABOmXlIT

0O2CTOCATION

VNITKBtlTY

AVrSTA

AJf

AIAAinr

if.
M

NKXSKS.
nOMT

X,

OF

T.

BTMMMTt

T.

K"

OF

IMk

J"ly

AUTBOB

8TATB

THX

BIIOBI

BIAD

TUWM,

"

FUBLiaSSB.

AND
MOOM

14, Jf.

Mm,

T.

1881.
"
*

""""

"

"""

"

"

'"

""""""

"
"

"

"

"

""

";

""":"

"

":

"

!"

."%**"

"

"

A^^

2S3

Xaterad

aooordiiMr to

ComrreM.

of

aot

tlM

in

fmt

IICI, bf

V
HETER
1b

OAo"

the

LlbnurUn

the

of

All

JV. A"

iifiy "i^"iifffn"wf
iWI

"M

pr9"t"emtt4 9o

WAirrKiK

""

""

PRXOX

oC

Kezoa'f

Bhort-Hand

lo.tittdo, to TtMhen.

"

"

"

""

"

:"

"

""""

;"

"

"

"

""

"

ih^

WMhlngton.

at

(^

"M"

600*.

itOI

be

tew.

iiftrtieiiUniaddroM

troatiae.

"

G^puHfM

prosent

"

OoncrMs,

lA^

on

of

"

of

BinenreA

Mleni

For

NBXSEN,

Bights

PKIOK

DlMOttAt

"

M.

th""

Biiurle copi"Hi "S.M.

PabtinliAr.

Diteonnc

to

tmd""

Arithmetic*. (" terf^ loor Is)" t.M".

Sohooto

and

OollagM.

PRKFACE.

B7
of

the
th"

which

"

read

were

RECENT

DISCOVERIES

the

VMIVER8ITT

YORK.

July

betoro

NEW

Prinoiplee

and

if

treatiBe

the

by

ISMp

AND

formolo

presented

are

paper,

"xtraetft

titled

"

8TAXX

OF

T.

this

in

THX

X.

Albany

full,

ARITHMETIC

OF

at

in

as

^LOEBRA

GONTOCATION

13th

printed

Ohtm""Uor

UU"

D..

writer

present

IK

L.

Bbnbdiot,

i\

toHowinff

the

Univeraity,

from

Ebabtuh

of

request

whioh

work,

wHI
.

ABBRKVIATK

AIX

ABmnfBno,

learn

to

or

/"r

Um

way

them

both

Hmmf

than

it

We

will

OPKRATIONII

together,

takes

the

show

and

this

can

make

separstely

either

AMgrktm^

learn

to

priaeiples

same

how

or

aktmid

done,

if

of

by

tlM

possible

prefered

them

hoihi"

AMD

it

the

in

aim

gwem

be

AIX^XBRA

OF

kxticnt^

vabt

rttrtwfatet

whmimfr

because

both.

teach

for

mehe,

THK

"ilwpfaN

or

should

latroduetlott.

to

and

ordinary

^iriffc*

gOf"m

i"

"

INTRODTJOnON.

How

It

by

is

dinarr

Rnnici

TO

Alobbbau*

CONDENSATION

is

power

of
which

gained,

la

i'.raMkruntt

algebraio
by

Inat

*,

that

terms,

algebfaie

thto

nztnorSm

ezpanaion.

pi^t

11.

For

the

instanne.
iermt,

manif

The

on

And

the

law

otts,

but

the

Powers

any

other

on

page

and

Important
and

to

89

to

with

greatrr

numbers

Is

at.

mathematician,

"*

M.

by

aid

OtefficiriHU,
curi*

only

not

him

in

flndinir

than

flMlllty

by

illustrated

dedtu!tion"

by

formulm

which

Logarithms

which

BbDUCS

to

propose

present
do

and

functions,

not

to

principles

which

besides,

what

11

pases
19,

and

and

90

9".

99,

ws

Arithmetic.

will

Bubtraotion.

or

logarithms

surpass
not

can

volution
In-

Division.

Addition

faoilitate

formu-

Opibatiohs.

Multiplication,

facilitate

to

and

Evolution,

of

explained

is

algebrale

on

pages

on

branch

every

by

90,

those

like

those

like

facilitate

and

this

ABITHMCnOAI.

aloel^ra,

algebra

invented

were

and

arithmetie.

fnun

cf

and

19

paires

on

in

TWO-THIBDS

OANCBI.

wo

OPKRATIONfl,

examples

reduetian$

lind

ws

^^
to

evident

the

of

development
paces

KQVATION8"

FoBMUZJB

that

their

of

DOVBLK

and

19,

several

by

But

on

the

AI4i"EBRAIC

vsoal

and

in

Boots

of

nse

ALOSBRAIC

Ho

and

forth

to

made

Is

possess.

to
aa

si.

formation
sot

and

paces

process.

the

Ue

the

on

formate

and

condensed

be

can

note

new
n

96.

8ign$,

very

the

By
OF

for

and

will

those
23,

pages

KtponenU,

formnto,

reader

which

power

examples

Newtonian
the

be

done

by

logarithms.

PaniGiPXiB

Hultiplication

Addition,
AddUkm
case

By

or

MuUipUtatUm

requires.

sinvU/WNf

pohiiUm,

To

""o.

Bee

the

AddiWm,

XAirr

FioiLiTAn

and

of

Involution

19,

pages
we

ths

oxaeUy
90.

and

nooo""mily

Omunova.

be

can

torma,

"mm$

99.

pexlormed
aoeocdiBg

hy
aa

tk"

the

"

siaipH/V

MMMpHtrnHmt,

/a-

Iktrciouctiok.
the

B7

Powora

Disoount,

Involution

of

and

cf

facilitate

wo

Numbern.

which

th^m

a/f

exist

to

and

etc

whatever

batiti.

and

else

this
these

amonir

common

Interest

and

MalUpU-

Addition,

Compound

Mensuration,

Evolution,

termg

reflur^

thus

and

Boots

Annuities.

BimUaritv

prinr*i|"le,

ono

and

Insurance.

upon

finding

of

operation
the

cation,

different

Bee

pends
de-

do

we

by

ches
branand

19

paces

n,
anothor

B7

principle,

IKTKOBATIOK

We

nnd

also

the

than

simpler

are

the

that

Product
thf

oofitoin

In

number

simply

of

We

that
the

poworty

by

Boot

algobralo

eorious

Index
the

the

the

Among

Index

MAKT

by
UnO

FAM

division,

of
the

METONB

this
faot.

TBM

af

the

contains,

is

Bee

Powers

the

of

sum

by

and

not

this

And

ST.

patfe

any

expressed

raised

be

to

whatever

the

will

factors

more

the

to

many
PJUB8EMT

in

would

wa

finding

ths

the

invite

Boots

next,

LUOTB

and
Of

of

partiemtmbers

AT

ALL

ABCEBTAUnSD

in

8nTBit"

system,

that

tain
ascer-

contain

also

method.

This

new

which

S7.

thus

and

Boot,

required
M

and

lo^rithm

the

dividing

of

divisors

the

of

factors

this

of

ABM

double

ihtrff"rc

PBINOXFLB.

flndinir

of

is

(instead

Of

FIOVBE8

BOOT

short

of

pases

illustration

llrst-4o

Power.

of

Bee

advantages

attention,

of

of

Adtantaobs

ttlar

beoause.

twust

because

which

sum

contains,

the

Ikotors

Power.

sum

Power

required.

ihcy

SAME

Power

itself

required

dicide

which

extent
a

number

contain

the

logarithms

TBB

labor

the

vast

which

the

exactly

therefore

quotient,
of

will

produce

readily
'

the

1^

logarithm,

its

ON

abridge
to

faf^rs

multiplying

quantity

HFPRNDBNT

wo

equal

of

the

of

factors.

Numbers

of

Faotobs.

Addition

factors,

it"

resent
rep-

ixwabithvs.

the

by

to

9T.

of

thbib

Addition

the
contains

their

manner,

Boots

by

]UX"TH

AND

this

and

of

of

whioh

to.

devised

and

Addition

performed

Power

or

sum

POWBBN

is

91.

FAGTORS

the

alluded

loflrarithms

to

thh

addition

than

of

the
19

upon

thb

FaCTOKS.

already

or

mrtain

Arithmetic.

DIFFERENGK

pmcos

basrd

nUher

Uicmsolveii.

'

8eo

Division,

of

OV

TERMS

factors

irlven

of

branches

"nd
THE

Multiplication

Any

PirFBBKlfTIATIOlf

factors.

tfiven

instead

as

AND

HUM

Multiplication

80

various

CONTAIX

THKMSELVKa^

Subtraction.

nnd

th"

that

facilitate

we

Multlplloatlon*

f"f

kinds

ao

on,

ONCE,
MUBACH-

LOQAMITaWh

\
I

iMTnODUCTION.

alAO

iM

ht

at

advantnirn

tlmn

of

flffun^H
hiirh

"linff

an

-^xre^dh"uly,
tlion^foro

ia

im.

bo

to

fur

k'c

31*

The

now

for

rulo

for

whirh

inbora

doinontttrution
found

Im*

will

the

busiM.

niblnationn

"V"*

of

tho

invito

iittMl

with

"lition

Kor.

the

of

of

tables

bi^yond

fur

w'h

comhinnflonH

(*ertiiin

KTationa

that

Miw.

iMita

of

other

this

t"tc..

both

also

in

pre-

perform

to

fUruroa.

t"m

ruHolYod

into

no

thoae

to.

the

work,

extraordinary

facilitate

we

and
and

them

to

hlraplify

Diviaion.
kinda

tho

ahowa

Yaluo

of

other

many

of

which

ARiTHmBTia

contaiuH

arithmetically

certain

Bbort-Hakd

power

different

many

and

can

Numben*.

formube.

ao

reducing

by

Subtraction,

Arithmetic,

and

Altfobrale

into

alirebraically

Nkxrkr'b

ac^e

him

be

can

to

Compound

Alir""bra

niMin

atinir

all

addition

ron"*optlon.

rnaolved

Arithmetic,

and

nlraplifyinff

ultiplicationH.

clawilfy

combination

of

onablo

ordinary

iNmw^AHCH.

iH"uld

we

by

page

PRINCIPLE8.

lar(ff*ly In

Subtraction

to

operationa

and

fn"*iUtate

tabl"*M
will

rof""nMl

juKt

principle
AUf("bm

of

buHlH.

mmon

will

(*omblnatlonM.

of

dcmonHtrnted

and

U"

can

OTHKR
ilavlnir

diH"*ovi"r

tlicy

hh

numlN."ra

eombinationa

of

illinna

on

difterent

to

the

connlder
1ft.

rniildity.

Mioarintf.

many

ko

alno,

numbera.

to

and

nUlllonH

an

apply

to

formula.

miinnor.

riMtdcr

pfu^*H

on

of

on

Facilitated.

roduoea
uh

and

fl(;urc8

extnK"rdinttry

nioMt

which

onablo8

prnnonted

found

UMual

m(*th"Nl

Greatly

alho.

i)rin"'iplo

oomnion

tliiM

we

aouffht

Napior.
Ih

bn

tlio

thla

muoh

Lord

will

ti.

and

:
so

numberH,

by

EMBOM,

intontHtintr.

V(*r"'

Addition

i*"Aidcs,

of

bo

to

othor

aa

of

pntfo

in

eCe^

mrery

TO

valu"\

suoh

on

or

na

nhart^ns

ng

any

oubos

iMirformcd

six

doalred,

bo

Lt.iBlLlTY

than

the

Kquarinff.
Ik)

only

multipUoationa,

incal"ruiablo

of

fln"llncr

cannot

OnomHtri"*al

mllablo

than

more

that

ALL

mnthomatcianH,

icrf*uf"*Ht

procoHri

flndinff

Atoidkd.

in.

AVOIDH

mon*

and

13).

paico

of

in'"re.

manjr

Hyatom.

doHldorutum

tho

by
now

IT

(mn)
way

nmnt

Ebbor

To

thin

in

ntlatinn

would

porforminir

Liability

udvanta"rn

flndinir

i"roduc")8

Myntom

iDotlior

in

in
mom

uh

when

or

All

tli"* toilinuH

"*uBt("iiiiir)'"

annwnr.

now

Iniernilnablo.

aid

not

]N"worn.

thiH

oreaa

in

an

do

lotfarithmH

."min.

an*
ovor

fUrurcH

rt^ti

doci"k'"l

fltfun)

"

tlio

whoro

KM*ltlly
rt

'

abbremethoda

calculutl("n.

.We
"7i"a

ider
hich
*

tho

lopt

hope

alao.

In

teachinir

each

principle

mind

AXD
to

work

very

aa

tho

and

k"amed
which

ayatem

EXEMCISK

thla

the

that

which

will

wiae

ffraai"a

facilitate

DKTELOF

/Uii"
ht$t

d^r^
By$tfm

will

and

the

edneation

ao

tmat

that

aubiecta
much,

tULABONIKG

alf#frr"te

abran-

many

different

THE

of

aee

many

ao

and

FOWKBM
our

trmlmim$

eoUesea
yeC

will

prodnoed.

\^

W"

present

thf"

on

mnthfHl

new

Thin

UM*.

and

in

th"*

The

author

hy

G.

tht*

Colleiro

Kubjeet

of

to

Y.

The

author

of

his

for

'State,
discoveries

sho

Mathematles

the

of

before

prominently

it

of

University

to

Profeeaor

merits

the

members,

the
the

of
and

si

of

Convention

Maryland,

of

Marylai

of

author,

Pr

to

Teaohers

for

in

Stato

bring

of

of

which

author
this

assembi

Hiffb

would
SoImmiI

thia

meet

its

but

the

pleased

or

Aeademy,

to

Instit

aabject.

body,
demise
said

to

render

his

to

Sooi"

Fhiloeophloal

honorable

dealrimr

thia

In

nnezpeoled

preeentation

be

Smithsonian

interest

Washington

the

to

work

the

of

deep

before

it

prevented

author

Hikbt.

Jonra
manlletted

the

invitlnff

the

the

thanks

Schools

the

of

publication,
of

Wafthinffton,

deaired

of

Sehool

introduction
their

his

present

to

Md"

late
at

The

kindness

introduction

of

Normal

State

Association

The

Colleffe,

the

eoui

useful.

of

for

brinirinff

beff

personal

Cumberland

by

the

Superintendent
the

before

Teachers

tion

for

Chanoellor

the

also

State

President

at

thanks

York,

thereby

would

Nkwbll.

A.

and

more

now

finished

Gonvooation.

University

M.

of

and

far

Professor

New

of

attention

N.

of

his

Alcrebra

any

Altfebra

formerly

City

nuperiority

hicrhir

mora

malcinir

Esq.

the

the

of

express

D"K'harty.

supercede

to

benefit

of

would

H.

State

the

praetieabilitf

the

Ahow

to

old.

Intended

not

nhow

to

oxamph^

an

the

over

trentlee

hut

pAfff*

set

to

of

toi

one

body.

assistance
introdnca

to

thia

woi

C0MPAKI80M

a744)eba0" iU

a4)tm

146X
14

X
X

11

What

METHOD,

\K\%"

9="
"=

f9t

""

"d

.1

^th

root

to

eleTenth

i.4

Thb

Cnl. 5d

Col.

of

mot

i^

5th

root

Col.

OoirmffniiK

Root

of

ii

4ch

Cnl.

Am

Pfkin"*
7th

91

98

80

41

in

15

10

90

a5

50

84

190

IB

85

70

190

910

880

Oil.

50

190

959

409

448809:1108

04

910

409

S090115H4

6899800SO4

190

330

63605799

099141508
889996719

91

4A

106

3059HW

01604999

10

55

170448

4099000

70497079

998989490

119

5794

188859

4431040

80143899

1174810960

114

5959

200790

4858100

90707989

1879634008

115

0184

913660

5311990

103368894

UA

0490

996880

5793996

114960884

190

0660

340088

0803980

11774866640944

199

0904

964999

0849880

130117859007744

194

7169

969800

09589080780

190

7404

986190

707481]590n

19ft

7600

988800184

130

7990

991519010

i:i94

797990

7488997738
9474803730
U834496640
1389614640967illM

143603907418777t
147486U109187n

139M
'^th Cnl.

Pth

lOtk

Col.

Col.

1
11

1
9

10

45

56

105

106769099679

831604188844

95370040890

179793410500

681091000464
8087509802934009070660

37090068044

983787919300

94i|88080671 109111381180

51907964400

314149934671148017004

70940979640

:440589508554m8058130

75905088097117004410
81099OIS4i78TMM004
11(1.3480.

neiurly.

J
10
043008:170088
860091039313
83970089311098868983034

843913S7t9i01O1717fr0
3830
693
507
36

whi"fb

In

Ariik,

IMXta
X*"
X"-W

eleTenth

Cnl.

Ath

jNtf^

fl9f) " JKWmJU^th_K.-l."

i.MS^

In the

Se^

ii

aa)tai

Boot.

What

MSTHOPM.

OI"D

1"
Ut

METHOD,

/bc Col.

in the

4"

1^

OZD

NXW

OF

trifle

loo

meet.

coisrrKisn\s.

OmtroHt

iNawoirn

Alfmbrnit*

Now

Algebrale

Canoeled

Diminution
diMiiiced

fnmi

ApplifAtioii

of

To

FiictorH

Kfiunriiitf

11

11.

Addition

of

Two

of

8")vonil

To

diHfvivcr

bf

Multiplication
New

FormubD
Qeomotrical

16

Hultiplcation

Addition.,

FA"^illtato

which

Alffobni

im
do

li.

the

upon

for

to

19.

nhortonoil

Arithmt)ti"*.

Formula)

banod

Now

\'\

Numboni

Addition

in

in

ati

la,

Niinib")rs

CombiiiationH

TomiH

Kamo

tlio

*n

Addition

MultipIicatlonM

t""

Niimt^'rH

To

of

lu

\%

Prinoiplo

Principio

To

Himilarity

KqiMUons...
A

Quantittich.

or

Alffobra

thiH

To

pa^o

11

Ik"able

by

Incbbaab

Introduction

soe

Formulir

Contmctod

MnltiplictttlonA

Equal

Hethodn.

Old

tV

Cond"^nAfittonf",

it

Hquarinir

DifT.

St

Hum

of

Hoot,

Square

tlio

Fantoni

Examples

with

19
21

23,

%i

W.

30

'

Difforonce
Powers
And

To

Baise

New

between

anr

Formula

OootrMi

38

Fai^ors

their

Examples

34
35

Power

Anf

to

Cubing

Numbers,

etc

Powers
Now

of

of

to

37

'

ao

ao

"

33

GoTDminc
between

Formuloi

for

finding

Power

Any

CoeiBcienta

Series,

Arithmetioai
Law

of

Sum

'

Becupitulation
Law

Nombeni

two

the

on

with

Higher

Hquarinir
of

Squares

Number
for

for

of

depondont
Boot*

Anf

Formula

New

the

Boots

To

Illustration

S9

showing

Kzpunents
the

the
and

Newtonian

Coeflloient

of

and

Anr

Term

84

Siirns
new

XonnukB

i
f

"

.1

VOShKSHATtaXH,

AtMKHIiMV
Abbrevlatloiui

of

M"(a-f

Let

N-(b-f-v), then

x). then

Httltiplylnff
of

briefer

when
N

the

will

M,

tli"*lr

a-\-uHa-\-x)^"H

'

thiM value

(VTKn

6-t u)\

f^r.jxu-a

oru)-f-

az+J(/=eKN

\a^v,n

M+y,

And

we

"

etc
"^i^

pirmeileml tmXrmtmHmm
known.

made

FOHMt

Tboa.

L.ii,

t^/ t-ry,

1- x)\xy

(M-/MN

i y) }-3iiz+zi/~a(N-i

Formui"jb.

Gkhbbai*

4 z)+yy,

M":K.

2jr) ! ly-

b^aa.
6^:^J".

4.

MXN,

when

6=4"i.

i.

MxN.
MvN,

whrn

6=^ifl. C

f-tf)(a-iz)-a('Wi-ftfHa"ur+zi/"a(N{3/)4ari/
MXN.
^

i 4/) rjy

(ia+w)(atz)^rt(l"+V)4-Jar-^3ri/=a(N+ii)-iiw=:"
i";+yv=a\N-l-Jjr)-raru=

1.

".

when

f i/Ka+7)-a"'2a

Oia

-I /y-fl(N

l.
6=

If
whon

Via

(4a-hW)(tt farJ-^aC*/!i w) Ua/

of

followlnir

the

produce

hh4

TEUn.

or

Romomber

Hi"|"n"*ation aro

CfPNTHA

( h\y){a'\x)^n(

GowdbitsaTION

z.

mtttkemmtUmi

fitter f"r
of

Bt

a=M"

nod

a-fv. 9a4y.
fitic(i*HHlvel)r,
valu"*fi
of
N.
by M.

equal

difforont

furmuUB,

times

M.

a+z"

ri-taditionn

the

Formvlae

Algvbrale

Ix^t

II

when

a.

6=J",

7.

(i"+l/Ma4/)='

a(N+3x)+zw.

when

I"=Ja.

8.

(ia-f-vHa-'-z)^

a(N4i7)+zv.

when

b=}"

t.

(Ja-f i/Ka

/)^-a)l"4-wH

a-^M"

As

T"^N+z

ka

",

th"Mi

formula

which

If^urii. (hut.

wo

Wten

hro

any

(luiintitlos

other

fteo

of

or

Hen""

any

Two

fr/u'r/i

nuioberit

tiiinuf

Nuinbens

ll"nci*

tliat,

ho

oQuidlHtiint
M

and

Hence.
^ny

two

and

both

am

The

ftven faetmra
As

bear

(a+f/Ha"

of

Awff
^rhich

to

(a),

wo

jry.

bettor

will

oontinue

system

of

Tiro

yHndtrm,

itt

the

^qual

that

etc..

whi"*h

pro(bui

of

y.

ttte

to

frotn
OP
^rhith

will

tnese

for

lyfUKAHK

by

the

Uiem,
THK
both

rymidbdmmt

similar

hereafter
now

those
;

/H(*tom

ami

of

one

iMiih

t""

dtgermnm

of

mtvy

Jiiffn,

AND

show

oould

and

of

relatire

on"

the

nwvdktrw

of

rrtrrerlif ^qttidUtant

are

by

Jlrnl ttifferenre.
*emH"
differenrt

""i"twi"on

by

witli

giren

Prwh

leave

rtt9uT

to

or

aT+zy.

")=:aT"

the

the

{a\. ami

mMults

next.

a=ar"

f*om|"tir"Ml

minun

or

from

M"

dlfrcr'*n(*(*H

the

product

the

N~o=u~

DiMlNVTlON

ptu$

yKA-"H"iT+zv.

but
^^xamples

ithow a

diminished

the

n)(N*n)=/(/-

it Is

whou

EQUAL

an

(a+i/)(a+z)"

(a"

(a),

numberg^

FACTOHM),

the

oxpruHH

Prodnet

other

'^produced by
OiVKS

y,

nuni)M*rH

(M"

oxpressod

And

will

wo

thon
thi'H

^^o-f-v.
M=a4/.

As
As

(/)

In

fguhiiflant

whioh

xy,

fqnnl

reverm^y

are

of

value

tM

UlMIStHHKn

KQVALLY

a#f

any

T.

and

N)

and

or
nuiiiiM^r
quantity
Ik? rerfrnely
equifiiftntiifaHnrn

will

Prmlnrt

The

pftM

by

N+A

and

(M

/aclorn,

lUfmKAHKU

ANiP

beeomen

(3)

aT-^xy.

ia-^vHa^x)--'

by

numUir

asoninir.

bf" illustrated

tne"irieA

contraetinir alitv^braic formula*.

flrst. In order
Thus

that

With
to

CAMCBLLATtOn

1:1

ExprefM
of

the

et^h

that

HO

terms

under

OnwW

the

MMCAaOM,

T"

of

th*9

which

we

products
and

addinic

"aT-4zy,
This

For

by

a+x.

and

the

multiplications

proceedinir
tho

Hence

many

multiplications

80

of

that

see.

we

multiplications
not

result

the

unlike

Wo

the

"

term
I

must

add

that

notice

by two

double
the

set

and

multiplier

differont

a+y-N.

Let

a4-x"M.thena

them
a-4

by

and

xy,
are

alHO

are

a-i /.

discani

useless,

and

would

only

useless.

aHav-^"ar-{-Tv,

'performlnff

so

four

with three
we
dispense
in
required
multiplying
that

claim

we

double

by

alKobraic
tw".

any

equations,

equations

of

produoe"l

are

numbers

by

equivalents.

Thus

iriven

the

N4-x

to
is

(a), to form

the

repeated, while

second
the

increas-

firstly, by
quantity

same

(x). to
T.

produoinir
f^wstors

to

Mso+x,
of

set

muldpUcand

and

the

flrst

and

And

couplets,

Is ezpieased.

a+iH^

"

besides.'

N+"

-T,

then

-T-x-a+y

M-x

"=a.

then

airaJn.
"aj-xa"a-l-x

4"y
aH-"H-"4"y-a("+y4^BH"/-"=(M-"XN-fxHxy"MN"aT

(a+yK"+a)-""N4"H"y

T,

+XV-N1I.

NxM"(ll*sKN-HB)+xy"*a(N+sH-xyaT-HEy

'

and

equivalents.

then

Let

aT.
they

aUrebralc multiplications, but obtain

superfluous
and
multiplying
only
by oancelllnff the like terms

these

flrst

the

T^x

discarded.

equations
nfasf"n,

of

first term

irct without

can

afterwards

this

and

x*

we

multhem.

because

they

also

are

"z4art/.

without

of

term

both
by comparing
Secondly,
a.
produoinir
have
N==a-|-y. and
of the muhiplier
ia), we

WB

ox-i-Tx"

last

oecauso

them

which

the

produced

the

is

remain.

that

dirainishinff

produce

retain

and

oz-f-ax-Hry

multiplication

mulitpli^ation

as-f syH-ox.

afv,

aUrobraio

-^ax+Tx-^x",

which

to

times

multipliod.

rotain

of

the

a.
z

aT"

direct,

the

in

by

onlf

which

thus.

boon

only

the

in

every

many

which

be

will

e"tuals. eithei
their
by equals,

unnncctsarr

that
we

produced

double

immediately,

notice

Inir and

H"

avoid

only

we

the

equa"

are

{ 1/

is obtained

tiirms

only

bo

of

for

many

find

of

aT"

to

bv

have

nmult

z".

we

value,

out

and

equivalents,

Tory

that

times

disappoars,

tcmiH

the

terms

any

y.

unlikt)

result

require
is equal

thof
multiplied

bo

multiplications

produ"*ts of

aT+xy

the

T-7.

mulUpIr

T-x

tu

unlike

which

yield

find

we

find

a*-f ay+ox+xy.

19

three

the

and

now

we

but

then

following

the

"+

"

eqaiTalent
and

terms,

liittor. b(N*uuHo

equals

"T-ax+Tx"

we

the

if

and

throe

AiOiin,

the

but

equation,

useless

which

the

curious

is

aro

the

arrange

like

flrst

we

sT-ox

wo

ox.

which
tiie

T-^

""

of

and

umUkf,

tM

T-r.

for

double*

discard

term

Tliea

preforimr

avoided,

are

and

usoksss.

under

timos

only

only

not

repeat

muliipUoHtlon
t

aT"

that

so

is

will
stand

obtain

equal

it to

tiplif"tions

by

bo

different

mtiMpip

take,

can

will

oquiralento,

two

mQUATiint.

equivalents.

and
the

M"0"RLE

we

(s \-r) timos

forranr, is

BV

shall

terms.

two

a4ae.

l^"mplote

to

z,

times

terms

anr

For
of

br
eontaln

^-i-wta, mnA

of

TKMMH

which

a+A

like

thmUkm

term

them

unliko

produ"*t

lint

of

multlplter

tione.

MJKM

malUpllAAiid,

make

Mn"l

OF

is fenDola
:

as

formula

K".

Ma

".

IS

We

wish

now

multiplied,
which

terms

the

we

and

the

and

by

that

vast

this

tione

to

and

obtolnliiK
and

cy,

and

this

enable

ealenlote

to

me

without

AvpuGATioN

and

Hhe

Sum

ef

EQUAL

firotn

if

TO

diminiBh

one

this

Uifflcult

fully,

cf

ean-

other

ALL

eo

THE

ADVANCEa,

producing

disoover

we

tens,

EQUAL

twenties,

974-

99-^llmJOO

g^=fe.1

7+i""

will

and

have

that

Huad

to

of

WU"

sas^mMiT

will

40

=s40

the

combinations

thorn

into

therefore

of
series

simplify

which

numbers

in*tabular
any

of

the

form.
moot

ocour.

ever

Tables

all

arranired
and

learn,

BrobT-HaITD
bt

M.

7-t-i""

disoover

we

followinc

easier

thiitlea.

Thos

^-laa^

Nbxskm'S

othere,

inereaee

to

ae

DIMINUTIONS,

TUE

"^l*'

additions

o"

ie,bif
there

when

others,

or

other

by
thmi

INCtUSASB,

0+lalO

to

two

any

numbere,

given

0+islO

easy

the
and

by

numbers

snbtraetlnff

and

T+Ss/O

principle,

are

'

will

and

are

IH-lsiO

involves,

addition

of

man

the

numbere,

aa-H^mSii

Notice

Multiplication*

disappears

N,

the

to

from

the

ALL

intuitively,

even

MM-0:=rfO

enwr*
oeeavo-

basis,

and

AND

more

or

OF

numbers.

eqnaliaed

J;

to

add.

OF

a"1d.

to

equal

ineremee

AMOUNT

AMOUNT

TUE

Which

both

calevla^

their

same

U)

to

equidielant

to

to

THE

numbers

By

proTe

Additioii.

of

but

DIMINUTION

nmmher

one

we

MAKING

or

OF

numbers

several

For

only

Addition.

value

adding

Nmmbere,

rerereely

are

QVANTtTT

uiMng

by

n""t

liability

To

N+H=afT.

M.

Two

Any

which

numbere

are

and

also

logarlthoM.

of

the

also

Therefor*

H"

from

frotp

miuidistant

that

but

ean

of

lAir

bers,
num-

cation,
Multipli-

wanteftel

the

to

Pbincipub

lIL-x^a,

to

discover

wo

This

are

OMaroaee

all
vee

we

manr

reduces

the

Or

N+x^T.

add

If we
celation,

which

numbers,

of

and

all

irv^oter

principle,

Roots

and

that

therefore

with

resalta,
the

is

Powers

but

two

Addition,

AUrobra

and

decree,

of

multiplications,

of

by

al"M". that

prinripU,

numbers

Arithmetic

ellmlnatliiip

direct

that

the

that

avoided,

of

the
are

roultiplir*ation

INGRKAHK

eame

vrry

that

is.

quantities,

two

show

to

alrendr

have

we

that

the

for

alffcbraio

many

remarkable

ordor

in

Roots

and

of

a"ldition

AND

the

hy

Powers

be

con

thin,

whieh

T,

addition,

requlrod

aro

only

not

extent,

principle,

abbreviated

the

DIMINUTION

curtail

to

and

mUiMff

for

do

we

BQUAI*

can

simplify

tomm

whieh

which

terms

saron

AN

of

the

thoMt

roquirod

bo

quantitloA.

principle

that

prore

exactljr
mar

identically
those

to

are

and
O"inl"in"tioni,
36* and
tec
3S*
45,
Mget
whicli
thb
Miliiicct n
trcau
AniTBMBno
uacful
and
not
iattfttttof.
eoly curious, but vary
'

ADDinwr

airrtcuLT

facjutatmo

TWto

UW

HHlM

af

Om

"

Oh

OK

dMlnMli,

manv

9U999999
1

lo~30~so

40

f"6

70

so

9+

9+

8-^

ffrt

50

^0

^0

6.7

_8

JO

10

_6_7

30

Ifi BQ

eo

70"

J.
TO

so

so

^v

so

so

Mfcir

a*

Or

Explanations

of

complement

the

As

the

thn*

decimal,

Tabm

number,

any

of

complement

that
it

because

2,

Gombinationa.

require*

number

takes

with

of

the

make

tn

it

numberN,

they

much

We

call

therefore

evidently

contain

sum

require

90*

30.

tngether,

of

complements
make

to

which

fl"rure.

thorn

make

i"j

a"l"lition8
that

and

inution

in

made,

subtraction

th"m

all

JHtninUh

rrmtitM

the

In

Notice

Notice
to

added

for

simple

three

of

Combinations

l*hese

tribiing,

etc.

fur

three

the

of

groups

number

additional

the

also

can

combinations

Table

dim-:

equal

Hteim

msM

i'1,

page

Hmt

and

many

7*3,

uniln

"

learned,

the

by

4,

there

of

\%

scries,
fCfif

many

simple
such

10,

to

at

nines

\ 3^30.

84-84-4*

uniu

two

mdfh

are

Ac,

unit

mt

as

of

procrst

94-1,

doubling,
N

f 0,

"

equals

nines

and

ones,

and

is

therefor

twier.

M-H+4=ao,

equals

a^elshts

and

twus,

and

is

therefor

twic"

(H4a),

74-74-6=90,

equals

threes,

thi^refor

Iw1"h)

(7 f 3).

84-8-i-8=20,

equals

therefor

twice

(644).

949-1-9+3=30,
84-8+84Hi=30,
7+7-^74-9=30.

and

nines

and
and

sixes

nines

and

equals

equals

3 ei^rhts and

equals
make

and

8 sefens

90.

fours,

and

ones,

8
t

twos,

threes,
nines

and
and

is
is

(ofi).

is therefor

times

(94

and

is therefor

times

(h42).

and

is therefor

times

(748).

and

make

tkf

J%un,

ittdieale,

amount

each

begins

thut,

of

number

Oi-^4

Combinations,

of

and

equal

an

Thus,

which

8*3,

be

tuM

9404-1=30,

sevens

Y^

aimrle

Mcj*

examples

teno.

group

nines

which

of

tieritmnlm

1"ecause

this

first

t,

it,

amount

Arittantiie,

of

and

ninen

the

for

of

neeetnary

Src

number

in

nine,
in

complement
nines,

two

the

figure

every

the

principle

in

remembered,

same

as

subtraction

Mkerm
an

total,

nwn

be

can

the

to

arfrml

Hhitrt-Hand

on

firitt Hcries
amount

Vor

added

for

from

taking

Hence

often

an

the

work

author*!*

will

imrrmtie

fn

mf

frnpUmniUm

ike

Ramo

the

dicate.
in-

ADDinOK.

KOK

optratinn

vMntmeH

The

1.

units,

to

thin

flifffs

ifmoHWiW
other"i

ntntthrr,

one

repeat

ami

evident.

RITI^K

mf

the

to

they

; because

sjgniflicant figures

decimalM

hoo""ni"f

"M|ual

the

mtmt

the

Im

canct^ls.

becomes

Inorease.

Uiem,

decimals

400,

which

the

Mrprrmn

with

it

and

decimals,

of

number

nxiuiru

Murplufl

10.

as

number

rombining

they

the

numbers

certain

nf"if

otherm,

wbatovor

such

Wheuk

Hrii"r.
mfrrmi

and

the

is
all

decimals.

become

f)f

how

showing

numbers,

th"^

scTeral

of

complement

the

Then

mak*

to

H,

an

ten.

ed

whatever

i"
Is

DaoiMAii

Or

30.

et4^.

See

Notics

1).

1,

vil.

Doobltnff

t-KH^-OS.

we

get

4+H-H."4f"40.

At

ComMaaliMi

No

Dmibliiur

S-HH-f"",

we

get

"f8+84-H't"40.

At

ONnbinatimi

No

M.

OoutOiDir

4+T+f"",

we

get

"+7+T+H-f"40.

At

Dmibllllir

T+0"1B,

we

get

T+7+8+8aBao.

comMnadon

No

M.

Duubllnff

H-f

we

get

"+"+"4fs'aO.

""

conbiaacioo

No

ts.

"-f-74"-}

Ifl twice

"*"

of

order
For

=1A.

ochrm,

18.

8, and

T,

i,

tM

"*f

47

Nsisni's

SboBT-HaND

COMBniATIONfl

INTO

8-8+1.

then

"+8+8s"f4-8-|-(an

As

8=t8+8.

then

f^f 848+6=8+8+84

As

6"4+l,

then

84-8+8+8

A"

8i,

the

by

nataral

9,

poge

RnOLTIIIO

ItomembenHl

("ff)+a+8).

No

CoMMaatlo"

AbITHMCTKI.

C^MPOIIBrT

TRHB

TbHS.

l)=(H-l)+(8+8)=80
(34-8)=""^-8+3H"(8+8)="+l0-80.

"8+8f

U)=(9fl)+(8+8+4)=10+""8ll.

U4

'

f+8+8^(8+[l)4(4]+8)"90.

AffAln

Eto.

"f8U^8f(84C"+al=".

8o

that

only

"

of

Hinirle

theec

of

from

term

flad

two

liow

or

each.

and

(i"mblnation8,

To

difficult

romblnationw.

Kfcat

"*("mblnation

Let

he

wlU

the

tho

In

leiim

to

mmembcr

of

any

onlinary
by

nnoM.

imiii)

eanily

nine*,

maay

add

to

Hlmplo

mom

aiw

way.

oondensatton

conntnK^

of

Home

them.

ronablnatloiM

th^fi"

iihonid

contaia.
f

When

tkerv

It

of

complement

lUHffie

it

9,

thtf

Tak^

with

aK"iociated

figure

any

fl/ 9.

romptnnrtU

than

greater

It

(which

A*Ofn

9)

the

the

figure

which

rambin^

v^

exreedt

tens

\^Xx

Thv8

the

In

at

atui

it,
that

y^ith

tecond

boiniT

4+8,

(he

rmaiwitr

series
9

witl

the

mnd

figitre,

Ich-hand

the

at

than

mora

hnw

deeignate
make

will

9,

of

the

nvmbor

of

table.

aiwoolate

9+8

nin^f

tnany

c(*rtatn

ftoo

ninee,

get

we

4+8+9+9=30.
Whem
the

ihtre

eightt,

tW0

mre

of

complement

(which

8"

is

associated

with

Take

4,)

figure

any

(the

i.

than

greater

cf

9um

ttte

twice

amtplemeniti

of

nrnnbrr
will

make

than

frarn

eighin,)

"(f fifio

Hint

alfi^ii. wMr/t,
a

eniHhknifd

only

TBAiwfoiTioy

trantpoaitioB
at

"wne,

Nodoe.
That

"iae,

of

"+"+8a98.
Some

of

figures

difficult

of

tome

to

add,

thot

them,

to

add
Some

to

tack
of

9i9|9i9i8i8

more

8+8+8+9s80.

FiovBn.

Of

can

84

Ibond

be

8+9.

tMt

In

84-8+9.

or

table,

by
to

aaMuat

the

4+9+f+8-9+9+8+4="30.
tbcto

oombinatioot

caa

""

atv"a"

tkcae

maka

tkoM

coaibinatloat,
b

abo

bt

oqual

to

caa

Hmcb

if

all

dgbtt

bo

fetaembcrtd
9*

wHk

lako

w"

aad

t-M

fiva

by
:

tbo

by

icmtwbcrcd

becante,

f+f++T+T+8=94^H-9+7+T"Ma,

Notice.

Tk",

of

Combination

Any

shnpie

eightn.

two

being

8^8+8.

get

we

Vtf

deeignaU

the

and

figure

Thus

tens.

nine,

one

will

remainder
that

with

of

number

eertain

aesoelate

4+8+8.

the

and

figure,

"Qwd

unit,

dgbu
a

nest

Iroia

aqaal

taUo.
Mch
88.

muhiplkatioa.
to

88+"+8"

aad

These
endless

bo

recognized
if

For.

form

series

an

of

bulic

any

is

of

Decimals,

is

or

quantity.

work

all

of
like

10.

90.

Because.
and
then

Because

for

OF

aoo,

400,
full

THBSI

It

as

which

by

meaaored

be

900,

or

weights,

of

can

loo.

leaps,

over
were.

to

by
See

etc..

wel^

Scale

of

the

author^s

of

addtttoiai

treatment

COMBZHATIOKa.

as

more

as

9+9+3,
9+9-1-4,

is

9+9+4=99.

iS

"

more

than
than

as

9+9+6,

is

"

more

than

as

9+9+i

iS

more

9+9+7.
9+9+i,

is

more

is

"

mora

as
as

than
than
than
than

less
less
less
less
loss

than

96.

is

lesa

than

97.

is

than

98,

,9+8=17.
9+8+3=90.
9+8+4=91.

is

is

is

0+8+5=99.

is

9+8+6=93.

is

9+8+7=94.
9+8+8=96,

9+7+4=94-^=90,
9+7+6=9^-*=9i.

then

amount

nines

amount

three

times

to

times

eight

As

or

to

eight

39.

etc

"=95

9+9+7=97"

9+9+6=97"^=24
9+9+6=97-4=98
9+9+4=97"^=99

As

9+9-4-f.

9+9+9.

9+9+9.

90,
93.
94.
96.

Is

97,
or

or

three

or

less

tlmea

than

mors

than

nine,
eights

four

eto.,

94,

altfitiu

9Q,

and
wiU

is

is

'

is

is

is

less
less

less
les"
less

than

nines,

than
than
than
than

nines.

nines.

nines.

nines.

As

7+7+7"9l,

then...

7+7+6-91"

or

9+9+9+9=86,

STeTS^*i^

"-H+i-l"-l.

IS

amownt

tXli

1-90,

9+9+9+7s"8*-#.

9+9+8=30-4a96.

three

7+7+^tt+l"

8+8+8+9""+i.

9+9+8+8=38

Then

eto.

8+8+8=94.
8+8+7=94"1=98
g+8+6=9^-""9a
8+8+9a94+ia9l

then

than

than
than

EtO.

9+0+9=97.
9+9+8=97"1=96

then

9+9+9,
9+9+1.
9+9+a.

A=9X

9+7+6=96"

three

9+7

as

9+7+7=97"4=98,

As

by

gained

Is

power

9+9+3=91.
9+9+6=93,
9+9+6=94.
9+9+7r='i6.
9+9+8=96,

four

fonned

9+9+3=90,

then

As

va$t

scale

Abithmbtic,
USBS

bofw

flgnrea,

ten

be

can

strides

by

etc..

40.

ean

wonderfuL

magnitudes,

FUBTHBB

Because

like

only

combinations,

performed

80,

Sbobt-Hand

on

is

ci
aacHv

order.

by

formed

elassiHoation

transposition)

systematic

Combinations.

addition

nnmbers

So

Decimals,

be

of
It

(by

their

can

Decimal

of

; and

Scale

numbers

flgnros?

Scale

this

By
nnmbors

which

by

combinations

of

combinations

of

millions

and

arrangement,

oombinations,

remembered,

and

millions

many

methodical

of

Tarioty

(1+1+*)

-4=34.
Eto.

Sla

lesa

than

tana^

thMi

eights
lo

11
rACILtTATKD

ADDtnOJf

DZMimsHiiia

^iMf

UmM

We

eaoh

"maii1i"".

ram

NUMBKRa.

EQUAL

Thtti
7

"

"

"

ft

"

"

54

IS

iS

li

t. bocatue
of luldition

by

multiply

xmcbbau

to

mmk"

thu"

UBl

egiMi/

which

obbatbb.

ram

KUXMUSMA

MQUAZtMiKa

BY

eotumn

91

tlm

(3) indicates
oontalne.

19

1/

number

5
1
i#"

if

of

figures

of

flinirm

#8785
4

tinm

equal
We
which

Xt

99

9k

to

multiplr
by
each
column

Ume9

We
eaoh

of

StimM

Multiply

by

by

7.

cnmtains.

.1

99

99

90

5.

IS

90

indicating

as

5
9S

the

90

9S

.1
90

number

of

f.

which

ft

87

si

as

90

iS

IS

90

before,

for

10

the

9S

90

9S9OU

given

n^ason

for

the

for

the

reason

given

above.

equal
by

figures

87

tiiaee

Muhiply

Of

"

equal

MS

90

oontains.

times

Multiply

IS

"

iO

equal

number

the

(4) indicates

addition

eC

by

multiply

19

eoloma

i9

because
addition

4.

#giMi"

reason

as

before.

90

al"ov"*.

1
90

fs

i^

\
SimiiiBmr

HaTinff
and

Or

Ih

Aoditioii

N+x

that

seen

alwo

Tmm

M"

that

NowAdd*maltlplr.

N+M=(M-x)+(N+x)=""+T.

but

NXM=(M-x)X(N+x)="aXT.-fxv.
The

upon

which

the

inoreaso

also, the
of

one

The

other

product
thoAO

of

either

one

of

one

the

-fx

sy.

Ji

t.

-z"

Naaiben"

Two

Anj
of

pfiduct

the

versr

mf

Nttmken,
y*hirh

Xtmihrrt,

the

of

Wmon

II.I.raTSATE

TMK

squzoistavt

rAOZZiZTATE

A"D

OmSAT

wbioh

the
both

fkolon

bear

TEBM8"

O^MM^ir

T#

8QUABXVO,

40.

ru"9veKm

bt

'

SUBTRAOTXOV;

N+a;=T

then

N=

T"

then

11=

a4-"=

S2-2=

er

69+i=

10

62=

M
tlw

MB*

"""

'

a5=

a+
a+

NxMsaxl;

60

68-i=

'

OAZiOUXJkTXOirf.

M"

=a+T,

br

or

uires
req-

Afl

N+M

and

product

As

fl;=a

Sum

KQU4Li,T

uruBERa,
; but

vubkbeas,

ADDXTXOV

by

numben^

MUZiTZPUEOATXOir,

that

be formed

other

difforpnces,

equidistant

e^tial io ths

ig

either

to

Therefore

before.

qivks

the

roquirea

boar

factors

can

the

Increase

to

product

SQUAXi

Hence,

baiwd

are

qnaatltleii"

Muao

iriven numbom,

both

explained

as

Ttro

Anp

the

of

which

lycttKA^isQ

ADDXTXOir,

Taka

of

nnmbcrR.

them,

those

of

KXAMPLES

mmmwrniQ

]ixN""T+

difforcncos

Other

Ajm

from

the

but

J*rodurt

Tiro

Ahv

besides,
to

ciiuidiRtant

Dunna/iunfa

taking

beatdea
rBpoa"""d

mnltiplieatlon

the

of

tind

Sutn

Product

aa

Prodnot

and

M="tt4-g"a4-g

from
the fsiren numben.
br wqmmtt^
equidiHtont
revoreely
tind
the giren
nmmkerm,
by takinjr from
inereanlmg
or
one

aro

ilhuinUhing
to

and

Sum

addition

N"T*g"i"4y

and

it

"=T

Thrrpfore

the

and

=".

a-iT.

"

M+N"

Hrnoe.

aiT,
y

M+N

set

we

Henee.

Xoi"TiPLi04noy.

amd

la ailHlM

y
x

+^

6O-H^g"0-h

f)

Qw

OmramoA*

H7

w.|s

rr

I8-^=
9+i=

70

70-lgW-

/
^

63"3=5390

=i-t7

86-i=

8S

"89+7=

40

16=

85+1=0+48

40-1=0"
19^
SS^-84!ew

=125

125

77+1=10+

"48

72-5=

70

70+t=tt+48

284-g=

SO~.f=$fi-

JOO

^0=2100

=100

-84

S:

^+1=68

68-1=0+89
4S+l=0+

113

80^=80^+

=118

4-""

67-"=

"5

67=

8S+i'.

78+g=

80

78=

")-^:

14s

62^=5200+

=148

89+")=69

89=
29=

29-JO=-i
"ew

Im-18=
87+i"=
2371^

^"

1=^"

1"

^-i=-i+^

82=

82"^=

+"ff

"Saisiaoo

=68

yf+80=117

119

=119

88+t^ll7"

80+t=

3084^2SPO+

"+tt
a"f

674

687=

674+

18=700"

18

700

687=

700"

18=700"

18

=1874

471969ss471800+

+i6"

LoiMBimBa

Ffom

the

of

Sum

fgurth,

the

mnltiplyinf

or,

and

numbcn.

thone
liear

ben

T"

But

the

to

ikote

ud

fmrth,

toyarUhMl*

METHOD
1

tS,

ntnnter

Iht

for

68=
69=

ae

85=

6*0+"5

67=

70-3

SS+

85=

BB-^-XS

67=
67=
67=

70-2

85=
85=

60+^3+8

85=83+62-""
85=83+42

11

28="""

IS

23=*?-""""

St*

tlif

86+t

37'
82'

80+%

119=ii5+4
s

-8

M,

pate

of finding

Metkode

39=

""-^

29=

30"1

68=

70-"

+/

+i=

70"1

117=ii5+"

69=

117=87+*^

69=89+""

69=29+*"

J40+7

70:

70

70+7

77:
77'

70+8-1
78-1

69-8

69+8

77=

-70

78+69-7"9

thefirttU given.
8=7*"

57"

th*

/or

the

/oltmtimt

Second

Differenee,

86+1
86=
.39=-,^+x

78=

45+a

81=

-Izs

-1

8=

46+1

=86-40

46""ff-89

30^t

-47=-^-^

47=

"9"

,8=77"70+1

117-82+"ff

AVERA"S

2=^-""+l

AiHthmelic

lame

-1

fi*-i

2=70"

I?: 70+*

difference^vhen

jr"

"M

70

67=68+69

ft'+2

aoi-

eliowB.

already

147=

the aeoond

int

two

ftrtt

two

ar

ir0~i

70=

find

the

"

HuhiplicBtiea

tlia
have

we

70-8

60

To

Miaben

of

product

TEE

60=

iO

Icavw

fint

foUonatm

two

"a",

Decimal

137=i.*o-"

third

the

dllfereiieci, which

OFFINDnrO

60+f^

83=

the

muitipli":alioa,

finurth

pat*

tt

ef

Omtracted

the

the

complete!

Arithmrtir,

of

Sua

pfoduoee,

ulitfy

to

taUnf

the

iMerly

product

the

third,

Mto

ShorUIland

tiiird, predueet

generalljr wdSdent

i"

numbers,
of

third

bcton,

or

the

to

MoxanuoMnm.

amb

"indwn

two

tnf

added

which

Abdrioii

33=

36-4
+8
"5-"

88=78-4*
83=^-47

Wkett
for

*n"l

bs",

equal

beeoinea

to

formula,

("4s)t="(N-l-/H
We

forniuto.

two

/)

vMai

(at

and

r*.

equal

to

redaoed

are

/)

zHa-f

(at

bwsimoii

(N-x)(N-l-x)+r"

formula

for

and

led

now

equal

at

aud

xy

b""ooiiieN

tlierefoM.

numbers,

squarlnff

formnla

xy

(N-aeMN-l-/)+zi

to

th#-

which

1h

Fdrmula

lOCh

to

once

fobmulx

caimucTiNa

to

(a-t x)",

"--

a(N+z)-}

that,

no

(M-/HN-}-x)4-arw

z*.

thus

are

Tbuii.

beoomos

"(N-f-x)4-3C", and
"eeond

flrnt

the

v*3r,

nambern.

sqiiarinir

for

tub

powers

kumbkrb,

of

("+z)t=a"4-laz+z"=a(a+u)4-x"=a(Ca+xl+z)+z"=a(N-l-z)-fx"=(N-x)(N4-*)+x"
In

which

we

times

N+x.

N"

by

And

By

similar

which

case,

which

will

ThB

roosonini;.

mf

N+x.

and

miMBKR

that

bofore

the
the

these

that

of

and

heo

any

U).

nam-

equidistance

numbers,

and

JNCRKAaiNO

therefore.

are

in

it by

that

of

equidistant

/.

express

we

x)*-aT+x*

(a"

product

AND

by

formula

Henee

square

MMtSIHHlKQ

HQUARED,

usual
if

diminishinc

values.

to

plu"

beintf

T,
TMK

rerer$ely

equi-

numbers.
lb

Ueaee.

square

VThen

f^.
is

x,

numbers,
of

Notice

comparatively

the

then

of

rerer$elv

the

illustrate

rules

for

add

the

6fi7.

reeersely

required,

and

19,

then

of

of

by

687

and

square

prrMluct

square

x=l.

product

diminish

toirethor.
the

equidistant

beoominir

so.

the

as

Ns=aT+i3as+9a+l"(a+D".
equidistant
Hmiee

aT4-xs=a*+8ax-|-xs.

because

oH-aox.

the

Let

the

that

multi|"ly

small,

equal

almost

also,

and

augment
we

47i800+Ut9=47itM9.

diminishes.

will

We

which

making

must

value

We

^'T^,

and

of

"87,

AgMmr

700

obtain

to

show,

show

equal

x.

and

(a+x)s=aT+zt.

exohanire

in

that

so

have

(x).

eqttitlhtant,

i"

also

BR

TO

plus
;

which

the

of

terms

also

by

and

RQVALLY

by

produced

dintani

it

will

number

Numhfr,

Any

two

a=N^x

could

we

which

flrst

a+ax

to

equal,

its

(a-l-2x)

then
we

e"iual

Im

(N)

number

ffifen

1-2 will

times

the

T.

the

make

only

between

N~x.
are

by

increase

Bqumre

berf.

as

a+x=N.

NHx

and

a.

be

(a'-iaax).

produces

squarlnir.

thon

therefore

the

contains

aM-Sox.

N=a+x,

as

must

multiplied,
for

thiit

nee

because,

times,

(a)

numbers,

cubing,

squaring,

is

equal

aT^oH-^ax,
by

etc..

examples

hereafter.
the

By

Ust

example,
that

principle

"ame

of

multiplieation

we

e^ual

"74.MT--7O0+"7i
which
of

ply

shows,
the
for

that

square,

its

square.

is

that

and

fiictorB.

equalM
the

number

half

the

so

that

aN='a4
twice
to
sum

depends

squaring

do

multiplication

beoomes

M+N=s"+T.

Hmmw"

show

addition

un

be
of

T.
:

hme*

un

the

upon

for

squaring

become

tharefore

squared,
the

and

equal

N"A(4H-T).
"

which

aquldistant

Wk.^%
is

very
is the

"

the

numben

for

|(70H^i"
square
w"

root

moiti-

Rquakb
Thm

Stpmr"

number

9,

mvUlnif

Half

divisor

now

three

or

the

same

But

which

the

THAT

th"

the

/5.

68T-f

17a

the

nearest

be

by

divide

Booi,

Square

WHTlOOp

700,.,

the

of

root

square

By

the

of

thom.
ITHMSf
471909

by
and

S8.01780,
third

S)660SS71

only

by

one

at

in

by

time,

and

JUB

Qvoramt.
DIVISOB.

'

BooSi

BqUABS

nMim^

woiiwxoonno^
*"

t)M03S70gyoU87^

28.017801442a43ft-8q.

than
two

division,

division

division,

small
as

far

which

oaa

Its

the

w"
or

any

table

limito

of

and
follow, doubling
division.
Whereas,

be

found

nsefnlnesa

is

but

yield

Boot

this

groater

OF

find

by

the

find

we

of

the

method

than

781,

venturo

and

root

m^^Mls,

evolves
of

farther

axtm

usual

that

of

root

rodoubling
the

of

system

logarithms

by

of

root

squaro

logarithms,

sixty

ZOQAE*

other

any

about

get
least

at

UHJTd

divisions,
as

would

we

would

THE

logarithms,

beyond

go

time

by

very

succeeding
heaee

fourth

fifth

small

very

we

SQiiutd.

"

thus,

Div.-fQuaR

OUTBEACH

Is about

those

fignre at
a

operation,

one

which

eaeh

flffors ot

Sqvabi.

700

28.01780+.

sooner

division

farther

fignres

many

by
; and

roots

be

first

tanasnn

VJSr

figures,

087,

emn

^0l780iu"a79980-.

thus,

for,
be

to

square
to

and

we

EX"Kmn

Instrer

nnw
siM$7i

similar
root

UOO*

root,

proceed

Boot

next

thirty correct

tn

FXW
OV

than

?.

78S

Square

evolve

TXBT

the

074

oW

Squabbs,

087

"5788

Correct

for

and

700.

or

087

I'.Rt Is

""

8QVABE

Is nearer

"

to

"volvs

also,
A

square

done

squared.

"74

AT19MsiW-Htf71"00l

two

flv*

produces
divisor

ITS

ahrays

47,i9,e9

we

Keareei
6ST"

root

find

.^ '.

of

; so

which

correct

wt

Thus,

4T

eoiw

manr

STSnCM

THOVUH

must

of

new

examples.

be

BTEIf

thuH.

pro*

for

this

as

they

KNOWN

with

alwaye

this

root

square

period

and

IWuros,

"g7.

"atn

flffure,

BY

quo*

eq^mre,

of

number

and

the

besides,

another

as

flcuros.

root

prove

muet

and

affain

Booi

sum

divisor,

new

AST

peAod,

the first

whateven

root

For

correct

will

we

PBBIOD,

any

ther

thirty

firet divisor,
to

as

the
o

more

one

the

TOO

twice

or

siin"iilcant

one

OUTBEACH

FAB

ascertain

to

flftoen

about

way

of

flffores, which

or

DIVISIONS*
ABITHMSi

divisor

often

redouble

to

fquidisiami
TlMMfov*

half

the

perfectly

and

us

half

taking

to

this

amuminff

root

contains,

flffures, and

root

fourteen

to

vcn

the

loads
a

root

conect

seven

with

correct

and

square,

divisor

that,

so

Tory

mj

from

dkrteor

and

ths

neartr.

dietant

quoMtmi
;

cf

film

ywf

number,

anff

equally

nearlr

produces

divisor,

new

flffuros ;

or

ffifen

the

as

another

the

ef

mtm

quotient,

Amies

rrH"t
{IS

the

to

and

divisor

fh"

exactly

Hr

be

muet

1h"

th0SQ!utir"

471960.

700,

half

{9

gtroduce
gay

divisor

Boot,

ttie

3*MfM5"r,

Square^

and

Thtrtfm^
iluvee

mf

muUiplied,

anjf

97U9

tient

JUhH

tohich

Root.

any

groat
othsc

PoWBBH

NoU"*o.

Extra

differonco
If

divide

the

Remember

have

that

assumed

and

make

last

of

square

divisions

the

root

will

we

shorter
be

of

example.

assumed

an

roo",

can

ipot

tra
ex-

divisions.
curtailed

vastly

of

root

square

by

whether

it,

produces

together,

little

in

number,

any

multiplied

which

numbom,

nearly

of

is

equal

are

equals
of

av"ra"e

that
the

equals
numbers,

three

any

the

too

ffreat

of

sum

the

fn"m

providinK

nearly

or

of

equidistant

not

or

third

one

proportionally

factors,

the

number,

any

are

thom

the

Because

the

equidistant
or

root

of

of

three

that

33,

pace

the

which

two

'

these

as

the

the

in

smalL

too

factors

whether
all

all

fquare,

oube

the

80,

on

the

throe

twice

mixstitions,

that

of

aum

little

by

prevent

se^n

the

produces
or

by

square,

remainder,

alno,

divisor,

half

l"7 taking

found,

ofton

and

Division.

Contracted

We

icivvn

CoHTIIIUilD.

be

can

quotient

the

flffures.

root

half

the

diminish

wo

and

flmiret

root

between

Roon

AMD

any

root

of

product

the

oube.

is

third

of

their

and

aam"

The

of

avenuro

And

the

number

or

avemffiiur

ipquirod
other

For

root.

which

roots

"ii4^saK,

also.

sum

number

or

of

number

the

by

any

we

power,

the

is

power,

any

of

tors
fac-

those

find

can

of

average

any

several

Thus

assumed.

Thersforr^

a*-a*.

bo

their

thus.
of

factors

rcM"t

may

and

of

numborH,

divided

sum,

of

third

one

of

factors,

assumed
the

it

number
their

of

the

factors,

any

la

untwiuol)

or

numbers,
By

of

avornffo

(cfiual

three

any

a"""i"4-

Henoe

a*4-a".

t "a" I If

IM

aHta

a")o"

Trb

QuonniT

Tbb

DnrxsoB

a*

rontaing

^im{

fartorn,

Tna

Dinaoii

""

eontainn

equal

fartorn,

fgual

/ortora,

etmtainB

a*

Addiko.

mn

ronUiin9

11

Thsbspobb

BQUiiiB

the

Aa

tka

product

la the
T

80

of

7.
any

indicates,

But

and

when

two

oiponent,

eontains
or

will
but

thersloM

contain

as

powers

more

be

oaeh

the
powvr

aum

(6a+MH-M)-M^

it

eontaina

aa

ol

Its

Ita

eontaina

equal

together,

exponents
the

which

48,

the

of

sum

factors,

prodnot

multiplied
the

thus

factors,
the

factors

lesser.

equal
the

are

of

14,

factors.

their

contains

those

the

many

aa

9a,
llo.

or

akto

contain
aa"

or
or

of

sum

eontaina

irroater

therefore

will
a*

product

multiplied,

will

power

Thua

their

the

the

Ba,

numbers

more

contains

7.

fm,

or

ISquaxji

or

contain
times

Because

i*f"ll,

two

any

also

will

product

and

of

product

factarg,

e^ual

product

of

the
of

its

oxiKNuent
and

root

ponent.
ex-

arfa-r"

the

index

powers

its

root

of

Just
and

POWEBS

The

product

of

whirh

U""

prpditeCi

ponding

notice,

that

So

for

thoiie

the

by

inir to

the
as

addition

the

the
of

the

the

product

the

those

be

factors

of

its

the

HOOT,

OF

it

root

eorrBspondinff

and

exponents

answer-

and

exponent

in

series

products

cation
multiplithe

satisfy

to

powers,

the

root^

the

time,

same

the

if

for,

of

power

the

by

the

the
of

added,

the

powers.

at

roots

contain

mm

jiriiliieia

of

roots

of

addition

necessitates

by

the

of

of

index
poumm

eontains.

power

products

of

powers

the

that

product

exponents

which
some

the

exponontA.

those

of

product

the

contains

power

of

exponents

multiplied

involve

of

power

index

the

is

mrrm

the
lh"

ffcrir

for

which

adding

emmimin

powen

mmd

for

hf

empemenio

A^

mf

mtm

rmmtB

added

are

tfr"w

exponents,

product

nocessarily

exponents,

tbilt

the

fM

tktk'

mf

and

pownm,

the

of

mtUminB

exponents

btraum

addinK

each

therefore

And

the

"

rompmmd

ioaethe^,

more

rooit,

COMTUIVIDw

powers,

tiamintn,

or

their

Indicates,
We

two

while

product

mort)

pmrtrm

while

tnat

hg

or

mtUttpUied

of

product

tmnUipilod

two

eatpommiB

We
the

ItOOTS

AKD

tions,
multiplica-

of

be

necessarily

must

added.

FIND

TO

off

Point
dex

decimal

only

IN

root

always

taking

the

aimilar

Ae

neareot

preference

Is

DiTiDB,
half

make

and

IcMi

its

the

required

as

find

Ute

the

root

root,

apprcximate

the

cootais

the

root

of

sum

the

equal
of

each

dioido
and
to

higheet

the

the

Not

find

double

by

the

take

and

but

comparing

whichever

and

ieesp

or

period

taking

heretofore),

way
we

lu

trible

this
it

figures

of

its

this

of

is
in

root

usual

the

index

of

smms

quoUent

of
of

witt

power,

according

before

the

these

be

the

the

other

that

to

erpo^

anti

found,

raising

the

repeat

these

new

index,

a*

the

thac

exponent),

been

by

power

(when

which

already

powers

required

the

and

the

as

that

of

to

root

root

its

quotient

exponents

6,

before,

as

half

one

required

have

as

quotient,

divisor
the

of

as

raised

half

greatest

extract

the

tfie

of

iu

by

number

or

index

ar^d

this

to

attd

power,

somctine*

period

find

to

us

quotient,

many

designated

quotient,

of

near

twice

uutil

Multiply

the

divisor

and

DiTZDS,

may

to

greater

figure

uke

11,

ituUcates,

power

eratiotts,

vtayn,

which

that

TO

roots,

the

of

like

consider
index

about

off

from

hoth

eateeeded*

been

period,

enables

so,

io

alwajrs

wthether

this

Italf

one

new

to

in-

rounling

once.

divisor,

and

for

nent,

at

number,

period

that

supposed

Doing

number

Vie

of

TO

root

the

figures

odd

an

off

the

aa

and

imito,

number

or

haa

period* (which

other*

by

designated

th"ugh

nearest

of

any

for

figures

many
at

whole

thai

approoeimation,

root

Aesume

index

th"
the

in

of

Bomber

a$

count

figure

root

even

powers

to

in

period

POWKU,

begintiing

decimate,

are

nearest

power,

nearest

root

the

trial, find
giren

highest

of

period$

indiotUea,

tlunre

ANY

figures.

two

or

the

of

The

into

power,
rw"t

wJien

point.
one

Bv

given

required

left, Bui

the

to

the

the

of

THE

last

of

the

op*

divisors

root.

quotient,

prodmete,
root

by

required,

the

by
the
or

index

index
a

of
rerg

Boon

Fnr

tk8 ti^ffpoMd roof

figmrtB, impohs
to th" 9iren power,
tmd
pfffBci divi"or

furthfir deeinuU
btfore, for a mcrt

mn

Lengthy
iwo

tvtiee

gHting
eaeh

11

dMekme

time,

i """"

a$

of

+
,

Trb

QuoniHT

Thb

DnruoB

Th"

DimoB

the

mnd

mofty,

or

00

ihen

nwre

one

Theraloro

fltsflS.

a*

eontaine

egual faetore,
egual factors,
" fgual fartorn,

rontaine

ti

TBSBifomx

Bquals

ll*+"ii.

that
11

19

or

11

the

as

2.1SlSa
;"

14"X

""

itN "nd

Xl".

is the

We
Cube

osftims

Ike

seteath

therefore
root

make

and

9,

trifletoo

and

10

or

its sixth

power

great.

90

: wo

divisor.

mucA
4

of

IT
divide

to

MMr^nf

We

always

XXOEED

R."1.8

R.al,9B

tii

XA=
y ""

W
yt

it

)IS68
Boot

ConmrucD.

i9ni.nM8Ui,9M9U4-

wsortfr

/or f^

ite 5th

9197) 8.6IOS777

(!"""=

i.9"m-"

root

period faoiL

TBOUOB

which

1.MSS,
1

Root.

Thb

(4)i"l"a84 is vsry
lA^rr/ow

9a,
llo.

it* fnd
a99)s="l.M41s*'l.C7"T76

1.4S

)mt
UH

SVEN

root

Ti

IS
1*

xjj=w_

emeeede

it

rout

At

What

^h

iu

1MX9^

14

tl

An^iwrr

f9t

11

t""" 1 -^^

IK

(ia)"""MflS4)ll#

a7*4Xian"

a46)s"

""(to

fto+ftH^oH-li*

Equals

root, and

ai)""17THSl)Il.

a*)*"

to,

So,

or

between

stands

root

or
or
or

egual f adore,

of

root

the

Heneo

eonlainn

eleventh

Thus

"""nN-as-hP.

""

iH tho

dottle.

eontuine

a*

the

Alt

It is OTident
therslOTB tnr

tkr

to get
dividing only fmr enough
etippoeed root, ihen
by the nexJt ditieioH
of root ftgure"
dimblhig th" nember
oh,

ADDmo.

What

y"ay.

rtpMi

wmece"9anf,

mre

three JIgurte

or

half

rttoi

rul$.

ths

"f

opermtionB

EuMVUBk

AVD

the period
root,
tdke

,.

19811.

lAon

^ongh

errm

Ue

the NKARS8T

"Answer

984.

(8)T"f 197 ;
eeeemth

TO

we

jwtt^n*

period,

thai period.

(4)"."9B6n98ii.7i"48i8.9i093*4

hy

of.

4808908

"4l88^XjN^M"
n

What

is the

fifth root

oC

"D"
8888.i8"9fj988l-f-lc"/Br

88oa|ni8n988Tt
;

-38808^

Of

9(pmre

^nsiasrfiT.
rod

ie

iu,x*^J09$

PowEM

What

the

in

VJM+^U

fifth

for

of

root

nearest

GW6"

for

4.16

6if

rool

nMr"r

iW-*-run7M^i7MMS9S,

eq,

root

ie

root

i$

WO,

X^

oube

the

"s""

UTW.X'"

roolie

sf.

tSt^

XB"

is

"

the

is

the

of

root

nearest

root

to

"Pd9""e9"i"P

or

Answer

1"M0,M94.M7".

that

90.

oq"ial

:.\..f=f""

In

doubling

the

same

find

we

the

And

this

But.
on

the

of

sum

of

other

by

the

of

several

number

factor of
numbei

factors

that
to

of

its

^A

on

pace

700,

and

is

find

we

the

which

their

is

product

to

equals

the

of

sum

tlie reaulrod

equals

s"]uare.

be

cubed,

or

nearly

tmdnr

the

fry

itm

"/

ypiwer,

poter.

of

sum

to

power,

be

of

a=:T

of

find

Ui^

factors

ttte

root,

by

the

power,

iBvohred.

any

or

of

of

which

and

of

19,

and

the

on

paire

91

we

which
which

of

is

power,

is

the

a"eir"

contains,

together

example

diminishing

by

or

the

contain

therefore
it

last
;

(which

power

factors,

its

will

remainder

fsetors
all

pa"e

therefrom

product,

remain,
the

on

drawn

factors)

factors,

which

factors

the

UuU

tfie

M+N"

conclusion

product

Sum

soYerml

example

same

number

while

ef

why
that

of

(A)

and

90.

pace

of

factors.

formula

by

the

product

factors

squared,

nttwUter,

amp

/betoiw

reason

index

those

of

age

the

is

^he

by

the

cube.

the

ef

"HiH

and
numbers

eoniaina

the

the

by

nearly

or

any

fat^tors,

HtttHptytng

ihm

ilirided

the

required

Therefore,
afcMM

of

sum

be

to

o"iualH

that
two

squared.

be

to

triblinic

manner,

the

equals

pnxluct

of

equidistant

numlwr
number

any

thoir

while

factors,

thn

687,

the

of

sum

any

iiowers.

find

we

on

of

necessarily

true

seToral

99.

exampleH

product

also

equally
of

pace

on

tho

that
but

is

and

19.

paire

product

thu

twice

that

So

687

tsjk,

to

this

the

squarinir

on

factors,

; and

of

or

plainly

their

factor*

numbers,

and
see

contains

thos"

In

B
we

paffe.

only

not

tif

formula)

Xt=l07i

(597)" nearly.
""x

By

MS,

then

1040,

1040M94KI76^M0)tsl0l0Re34-i-M=9W138."

following

e,M99eOM-f

Antmer

.9604H68)"

fourth

^M.

M"SMs4.16f76

".960?

""9

.3MH^/or(")t

What

of

root

)"wSr

7LW11M.

Us

"

is

It

4i".a"^

U6

What

"M

x"""

US,

thus

woermgimg,

dieieor

new

4.lifVt.

aeeumed

2%"
Alitl

Antwtr

19M

ttf

"4)*."l9.ew,

Boom.

AVD

divide
to

shoald

is
the
of

sum

that
find

ways
alsum

the

quantity
the

aTonig"o

other
the

/
TO

A"9um$

Note

the

though

It

differenee

MuUipty

the

MuUiplv

NUMBER

be

between

the

Vie

aeeumed

when

of

that

half

It

required

the
the

half

by

numbers.

aseumed

and

power.

number).

i
Divide

of

the

the

muUipliers

Raise

the

which

the

thi

between

the

See

author's

Fttr
to

given

the

to

number

again
i

smaU

and

%nd

assumed

numbers,

as

Is

power

MuUiply
of their

Vie

of

the

powers

Raise

this

ThiM

as

the

at

this
once

inHtoad
The
the

very
of

Index

the

their

by
and

power,

thv

divide

sum

multiplied

number

given

the

subtract

indices, and
the

of

Vie

by

rem4iinder

by

index

remain.
to

to

the

by

indicated,

power

found,

and

auUior's

the

by

allow

Treatise

divisor

and

Vie

raise

theti
indicate,
muUipliers
the difference, in tho
for

their

which

powers

Just

powers

N.

allowed

only

is

the
each

Boots

and

Powers

The

on

B.

for

will

for,

are

as

frequently

be

disregarded,

thus

to

obtain

avoid

Teriflcaiion

of

at

an

enormous

the

be

found,

especially

that

oalculationa
root

of

usual

of

half

brevity ;
all toffethor

any

shown^

process.

with

term,

interesting^,

the

difference

the

left hand

which

will

which

are

any

ful
use-

but

ffiven have

the

very

when

approximation

supposed

by

are

more

and

found

are

exponent

and

far

power

already

time

and

explained

very

can

flffures

be

oontaininir

greater

examples

ooefBcient

clearly

far

root

the

iUrui^

one

the

flndinir

with

many

operation,

Newtonian,

the

require,

that

reason

required,
and

the

they

as

siirn.

It

are

than

will

which

formulos,

new

flndin"r only

of

answer,

when

introduces

in

laws

when

half

greatest

half

one

becomes

half

last

the
the

and

remains

of

index

the

of

half

easier

be

shall

which

what

until

product

mathematician

proper

the

required

terms

many

and

Numbers.

taking

of

uking

numbers,

from

quotient

the

Of

number,

which

treatise

to

Always

difference
oubinff, etn.
the

Numbers.

of

remains,

assumed

explained

way

by

half

one

further

numbers

multiply

then

squarimr.

numbers

found

to inrolre.

the

of

assumed

"

atui

products,

inder-

srreral

indices

in

multiplied.

was

for

POWERH.

HIGU

asswne

with

odd

an

Vte

dMsor

the

by

it

allow

Powers

VERT

powers,

wJuU
easy

the

on

wltich

by

together,

power,

of
and

the power

to

powers

pwters

required

indicated

power

two

Treatise

high

very

raise

numbers.

aeeumed

the

to

difference V

the

by

juet found,

attd

given
found,

rOB

products

iL

these

the

the

thus

assumed

MuUiply

of

of

quotient

produced

Raise

difference

reQuir^l

the

of

index

odd

an

re^irM

the

to

liumber).

giren

index

number

half,

greatest

the

given
the

by

raUed

eatUy

more

than

POWER,

ANT

TO

be

e^in

greater

given number,

(or iu

power

ANY

vihioh
fiiifii6"r,

"ny

(trtn

power,

RAISE

number

be

to

fUrores
tho

satisfy
useless
is

or

desired.

aXOMETRICAL

OW

ILLUSTRATION

Bqvil

DiMmuTioif
DEMONSTRATING

Let

take

US

aide

of

two

USE

ITS

with

as

4^

equal

aidea

QvAimiM*

SQUARINO.

IN

marked

biooks

"Qoaie

marked

ffular bkKske

Ov

\xzKuam

Am]"

Of

PEINOIFLX

THE

and

to

and

x",
aide

ona

two

oC

a*

SB*.

13

By

different

oombinations

following
both
composed
two

that
and
So

by
that

1^

wa

the

tiM

that

addition^

Tery

aide

atill maintain

adding
eqaal

an

Ns

K"

It,
of

ab

eqvAl

to

one

aide

in

area

"idM

aT

racunglc

th"

the

aorfaoa

of

top

second

first flgniw

aad

"nbtractloa

from

ia taken
of

the

flffure.

vi

emewt

what

they are
p"rtien]avly

notice

and

the

TO

the

the

other,

flmiraa.

two

bat

aT-H^

LetT"

X.

"

of

tlM

KQXTAJL

N-

Then

form

we

tha

form

we

becaaso

area,

1.

Wig*

Let

of

in

from

as

bloeka,

fonr

"qaal
bkMsks

same

block

principle

la by

abore
be

moat

taJcinir the

it to

addinir

the

of

aimply

tke

of

flffurea, which

T"

and

T"

aT

and

sgnafa

a("flK)"aHtas

"

/
"

we

find

that

aT-NB"

Xe"0csf

sM#

iftds

Ma

i/

sM#

-"

mf

as+Sas-H^*
Ae

m"tUmffit

("+")"

-"

H*
^

iigiiam
^

Ma

I
^

iKTOLUnON.

Notioo.

that

b(3"M"ni"s
width

thif

Th"

Arra

of

ttian

nide

one

whone

"idf

niden

attd

side

Hence,

the

upon

given

square,

and

of

the

niden

when
either

tfie

Therrfi"re.
side

of

they
Mce

IIniI

I'orrenpond

pa^e

the

marl;c"t

their
the

a,

fonnn

the

of

the

I*

the

of

area

purpoeet.

Any

of

Num"

which

between

is

equal

it

in

niden

Boot

longest

and

additional

equmre

divisor

shortest

sides

and

square.

u"kleh

the

sum

square

Number,

of

the

gi/cen

given

the

of

ef

sum

the

ef

Sma

half
the

of

of

the

to

witen

side

one

nide

the

tfte given
sides

indicate,

the

at

the

those

plus

twice

of

those

given

loot

of

of

any

ihe

to

and

our

quotient.
the

of

gle
rectan-

the

lire*

equal

to the

as

aiiiiibevs"

tW0

cf

their

equal

is

is

muUipUed

sum,

the

to

difference,

their

of

product

Pbopobsxcxvai.
(aT),

29.

page

or

Meax

rectangle

product

numbers

the

the

of

numbers.

is

square

a^WMPifs
twice

given

difference,
smattest

to

one

the

which

becomes

many

numbern

Square,

equal

bet*reen

minus

sum,

of

smallest

the

square

aqaare

Hqtiarr,

shortest

between

Uieir

of

HftMir

given

equal

for

The

two

Square

nide

and

and

diflbrenee

square

by

N.

T.

The

the

hngent

mf
the

square

equal

that

Other

is

the

be

to

given

to

shorter,

die

because

'. and

33

in

equidintaure.

and

half

take

Oeometrically,
hettceen

Any

the

Beetangle

any

of

rectangles

such

any

the

rectangle,

square

of

of

rectangle,

7b

hecaune

of

in

nidn

Area

side

"mailer

the

assumed

of

difference

of

nide

we

the
one

conclude

nqtiare

the

of
the

alnii.

be

JiertaMyte

nny

an

mf

nhortfr

PLUS

area

prtnluct

the
Arra

ef

nrene

".

Area

Us

flffum
down

why

reason

thm

to

itecond

narrow

(aT).

the

therefore

ox

the

is

between

difference,

more

the

plus
The

Aicain.

this

to

square

rectangle

iMitfe

equal

eqnidintant,

Hhc

dijferettce

may

on

in

giren

the

thiH

longfr

the

the

more

marked

e^wU

the

smaller
and

much

an

the

of

It,

Therefore

^er,

of

equal

eiltirr

ba^cd

in

tho

blockH
;

8"|iiarr,

any

hmgfH

tho

diminiBhos

an

Uxmmes,

x*

iN'cnuHo

aooordini;

who^a

iiinaHor,

squiiiv.

of

square

by

muK^IM

Thus

xJ=i(o+x)t

tt"+aax+

a"

x"="tt-t-x)""
X

"

"

xss(a+x)s"

x)M-aax

xss(ii"

a*

aox
2x"
2es

oox"

""'-x)*-f-2ax"

x""

"

"B"

*M"-HB)s-ax(*+")

OoBtraot

T"

the

"o^)asas+(3a"+3axt)+xs.
^a-g

)*,

Heaee.

will, by

Cube

The

number,

(a),

ebtained

by

eonlimted

wliich

can

adding

multiplication

their

difference.

great

"

aumber

ihe

be

is

readily

more

of

cube

of

a*"

Nmuber,

Any

the

Subtracting
for

booome

reasoning
ef

then

to

3axN-"*

"

as+aax(a+x"+x".

to

like

oonTenleneo

their

given
that

equal
cubed

sake.

to

the

only

rediioa

or

"*"

"8oxN-f
of

aeeumed

x*).

three

e^hier

amy

the

minus,

(x), to

wbea

Uth.

aM-8axN4^.

cube

the

plus

difference

number,
amoont

We

Namberst

Cahlag

for

Formula

amaun^

Umes

number,
MsmniBir

the
and
too

9L

iMTOLimOir.

IW

Cftbe

From

"97

bntw("oii

product

the

of

eubes

the

7O0X687Xf'

oabed

687

Or.

cube

713

Onto

the

Add

cubes

s43OO2i97

Thtf

is,
cube

and

their

by

aiB-8aaBN-"i"N".

three

to

Too,

of

19,

of

that

eum,

mimis

namben*

two

the

i$

of

prodntci

thooe

thoa

equal

to

mmmbero,

9t

eabes

fftrM

timee

(MOI*

a""

-f

any

two

the

product

times

times

aambenft
of

Therefore

aH""-N"

soxM.

thoee

88181887

400X888X17

78181M

"

AX

XX

is

sgnaf

mmbero,

84000000

(aW)"

"""

-f*

film.

A"+8axl^-"i"N".

TOOXTUXl^

"s-s""NH-8"bN.

K*

their

700,

times

mnj

times

Nta""l7)li-401S.

ilie

187.

differenee,
Therefore

""

tMr

take

of

eubed.

Let

sam

tuMllOt

lO

eube

Uimn

three

718

three

Tooxmxii
the

mare

to

cube*

phis

Hmes

leavea

13

itt

Let

The

soovrsot

"

3a"Mi768

of

the

difference,

ikrm

tAk"

U,

1117551..

equals

betw""n

their

of

T-

notice

wo

lM""0OO"8ea4"7O87

cf

muUipUed

of

the

Too

of

cliflbreiiee

cube

which

Mid

eanalii

from

18787997.

2b

the

the

adding

amount

".

TOO

of

uxofmh-nm

:^

-"r

687

TOO,

thmn

thus

{7oofu-{isr"
IV"pl(n9

Uu

19

\b

notice

w"'

differenco

the

times

which

lo

ti^

mmUlpUed

0ii6"

of
by

/
.

Powkmi.

High

of

FormiiU"

ll"daelB|r tlM

Hlf

Powent

hsr

a"+i|ax+x"-""+aax-fx"-|wc"(a+i)t-|axa*N"-l""

that

thin valno,

find

we

which

; In

""4-xH-"H^4irtH-6""aBt+4ax"H^-aH-4"!(^^
;

iee.

we

suhetitiitiDff

and

that
^**^

(tt+z)"==aH-4ai(ai+l|d"-f""H-x""aH-4"B(N"--i"H-"*
("-i^H. wUl

likewise

a"-^a9E(N"-HazH-x".

become

/a^/)A"aft+sa"x+ioa"z*+ioa"3FM'6iiz"-M

hy PO-arranffing the

ff"4-(6a"z+5az")+(ioa"aeH-ioa^)+z*.which

teinu.

reduce

we

gel

we

to
A.

""-"-Baar(a"-fx")+10aW(a-fx)+ae"
But

"M-a5"=(a"+8aa;N+a5")" aoxN

Bubetitntinir this
long

value, and

expression

is

a"ain,

becomes

6ax(Ns" cueN)

ia-^r)*

becomes

equal

will become

By

multiplying

to

equal

value

6azN(N*"

"

of

contracted

equation

in

the

reduce

we

5az(N"-8axN+2axN)

to

reduced

Hence

"ur) ;

Itth.

aacHz*.

by like reasoning.

equal to a*-HknBN(Nt+az"-aE*,
the

N"-""xN

a+z,

found
to

aH-Baa:N(N""

3axN

(a+i)""

6aae(aH-xsH-ioaszt(a+z)

B"j(N"-3ajcNH-10"*z"N, which

(a-")"

for the

; and

formula

eeoond

the

of

third

and

ers,
pow-

in the same
produce
that of the fifth just evolved
: and
fourth powers
multiplying the contracted
and
way,
of third
formula
that of the seventh
produce
produces the
of the eeoond
; the
square
would

we

fourth

the

find any
power
their development

of

to

as

make

Wo
i

this

then

can

the

of

square

shall

of
and

hannony.

of
ooefncient
ooefTiolente
the

third

the

Xany
to

i
1

k
i,
"

third

term

other

general

of

curious

laws.

to
the

remove

of

second

the

of

the

seventh

features

can

next

the

on

term

unity.
iPower, minus
lower
next
sum
the
sixth
in
the
power,
Thus,
unit
equal 14, which
a
equal IB, minus
of

order

In

And

sixth, eta

the

and

let ua

table

the

in

see

of

sum

producing

number

show

thus
the

we

law

pareatheals,

to

evident

very

the

The

cube

any

is

third

and

of

the

we

power.
be
shown,

that

page,

Power,

any

see

equal

to

of

terms

the
the

*--..*

"
6
a
coefficients
ooeffldent
is the

but

we

wifl

pass

';i"4iH-a",

K"-m"+5axN

Let

aM-aiBN

4"P

x"

a"-M"xN*-M^

4"P

(N*-

ax)+

""

""+""""-

ilnt

us

the

Uwa

and

first

H\

are

Form

as

calls

power

numbers,

index

the

of

est
small-

Its

take

odd,

is

flff-

It

the

half

as

Index

that

the

as

speoifyinff

without

When

for.

eoefllfliaat^

of

aiffiia.

ooeffloienta

require

not

of

columns

many

required

the

Ocwvimuum

understood

be

-HiP

fonnatloa

and

Vimvuio

do

terms,

alwaya

oan

Fob

6"VN

the

gcmnihg

ezponenta.

Law

last

law

the

for

Tms

The

....X*

examine

the

then

Mid

|ax)4-

I uxX

Piown.

Amr

(N"-

N"-iP+34ttX
Ni^ai

x"

Vtowuvs

Von

WounLM^

OovmonD

Of

BscunrvLATiov

half.
Now

make

the

the

umn,

Then
the

ktst

add

the

first

two

three,

add

fifth

they

as

added

are

made.

are

The

it

second

the

this

third

continuing
recording

In

at

second

howcTer

with

the

column

will

then

add

to
so.

the

same

column

of

sum

sum

these

add

the
the

summation
but

the

additions

of

riffht

last

two

the

time,
the

of

four,

each
all

to

fimire

the

these

to

until

the

"

to

of

sum

power.

to

way

and

the

to

manner,

and

this

in

eol-

first

required

the

of

the

form

etc,

4.

index

the

and

in

only,

bcffinninff

add

fourth

8,

s,
the

downward,

numbers,

the

number

numbers

numbers

bcin^

column

proceeding

next

simple
number

the

first,

t.

contain

lees

numbers

two

than

first

Add

the

form

second

third

Beffin

and

the

manner

same

likewise,

with

to

form

number

Inss

numbers

two

the

in

this

column

CYcry

contain

umn.

column

a
9

fouith,
and

the

than

the

as

to

etc

inake

eol-

each
which

from

one

first

It

is

deriyed.
When

last
the

numbers

Thus

the

For

the

0th.

For

the

8th,

we

For

the

8Ui,

we

8o

that

("4")t

we

"

wo

the

the

will

be
and

the

top

of

sth.

and

"th

so,

and

""

18,

and

97,

see

4,

so,

see

8,

9.

and

the

the

"

a^nTM-faVNM

one

next

page,

pow3rB.

9.

t*^

eo-eflleients

last

make

"n"fi"Nt

next

first

eth,
",

see

the

the

numbers,

number

columns,

between

at
of

but

these

are

columns

oow^flloients

the

else
in

which

terms

three

only

contains

nothing

contain

The
all

column

should

t """

wm

iPuitfale

of

flsflt

ssss

ast

tlTf

tff

tf

49

16

49U

80

"

14

"

90

"

14

90

97

49

8
9

Bemember,
leoord

of

Notice

also,
is

power

""

We

always

the

formed

9+

Oa

head

to

second

same

the

4+

6a*

eanal

to

6+

9"14

that

9+3+4,

of

the

sum

of

9+8+4+6

sum

of

9+3+4+6+6.

1+90=97

equals

equals

9+

7=16

14+16=30

column

head

9^

the

"

"

the

first

two

the

sum

o|

the

first

three

sum

of

the

first

four

OF

AxT

TRB

3
w*...

v....

"

"

"

"

"".

"

"

"""

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"a.

"

"

"

"

.*.

"""

"

"

...

"

"

"

""""

!""

"

Of

a*x*

3
."""

S."..

v....

Aw

14

S."..

Kl
....

6*aa.90".".

."""

afU^

7l

""""

""".

V.**.

"

"

^v
OO

""."

60..a.
"

"

"

iT

"

80
."""

113

"4
""""

lOw

""".

"

"

"

"

"

"

oD
V"

196

"

....

"

S4
^S

310

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

SI

""..

4oU

....

"

"

"

""""

".."

3V*

...t

Iv

183

""""

""."

106
"

""""

""""

same.

"

"

"

wTo

""."

....

numbers.
numbers.

Series*

""""

""""

."""

eohuna*

same

TxBK,

Arttiuaeileal

An

a*at^

""zi

"

"

CoiFFAUlgifT

Bammatfon

!"""

eohmm.

numbers.

the

'

~.

of

9+6+9

*"

sum

9+6+9+14

first

thus,

seoond,

equals

ox

"

the

SHOWXHO

eTen

Index

column.

next

9+6

The

"

the

from

equals

TlBLB,

an

the

9+8+4+6+6+T.

third

6+

of

term.

sum

the

to

aeeond

the

the

the

of

the

to

OsB

always

of

to

9+

term

is

of

equal

the

last

of

equal

form

the

thos,

6+14S90

We

preoeeds

oolnmn.

the

the

the

to

powers,

9+8

of

to

next

odd

as

new

sum

equal
9

of

oolnmn,

up

8+9=16

the
the

of

that
and

power,

and

oolvmn,

erenr

up

it

coefficient
while

9,

heads

follow

to

the

that

reaoired

the

flffore

the

that
additions

IS
SP

aiSBt

""".

IS

""""

"

"

"

"

SS

To

Bb

This

table

foarth.

other

with

even

the

alone

ranse

We

rofi

numbers

the

fourth

the

column

third

of

produces
and

97

which
the

as

column

The

ths

cf

series

the

by

of

for.

third

of

numbers.

contained

7,

for

first

the

two

of

term

power

same

continued

beinff

coefficient

the

the

In

more

1, 4. 9, ". a

9.

fourth

of
stand

two

of

term

oC

eoeffldent

column

for

the

of

last

the

which

li.

series

which

9,

CM*

AMff

mf

tap

the

the

in

i.

that

of

sol

continued

another

the

more

the

same

addition

on

of

the

the

series

any
a

ol

possible

is

34.

o"

9+0^9

Thus

9+

9"
9="

749-"
7-

coeffidento

44-

fs

9+

7aie

9+

9=14-|-16"9
9

9-f9"9

of

4
9

of

eoefflelent

of
found

the

and

third

a*zi.

ax,

that

tenn,

we

and

required.
of

4.

of

and

while

the

saught

is

still

addition,

its

summations

each

to

the

and

and

formed,
90^

so

of

9.

whole

the

are

the

ninth

the

the

N.
find

third

U.

on

the

firont

oolumn

of
of

the

of
the

on

the

ii^Ten term,

will

N.

the

sum

from

column),

that

table.

the

take

and

Thus,
term

of

their

the

line

sum

then

head

eoeffleleiita

iBto.

and

term,

exponent

the

power.

power

any

the
in

be

would

(which

show

exponent,

coefficient

taking

sum

and

summations

fifth

required

osst^,

to

9.

the

of

the

or

power,

coefficient

exponent

is

term

any

containing

required
with

the

of

column
of

the

but

all

power.

94o"9

exponents

cf

find

to

of

formed,

97,

9.

94i4"30

the

the

two

series

table

7490=97

the

of

of

the

o=s
9="

for

pro^

Sfim

9, 9, T. etc..

4,

series,

new

these

9+

find

the

attained.

94-

Look

9,

coefficient

decrease

T^

ariih'

an

fitrther,

aiso

is

and

next

evohres

by

9.

summations,

of

number

ooeffldents

of

mm

numbers

two

series

the

sum

but

Ou

is

which

term,

of

necessary,
so

eonthmed

the

of

produce

or

evoWed.

as

Pimter,

iL

series

these,

Amp

%Dhieh

addition

series,

number

mf

preceeding

preeeeding

any

and

Ttrm,

the

of

of

the

series

the

the

the

Any

evolYc

wo

another,

the

of

iwnmations,

lost

two

sum

eW^,

if

terms

be

to

tUU

Therrfare,
coefficient,

For

sum

Thus,

9,

which,

fft"

right

stands

series

of

second

coffficient

MMiher

be

coefficient

mf

serieB

duces

line

table,

the

of

observey

/Vwm
the

line.

power,

the

OoeffiHmt

ffieiieal

the

vp

flffore

Therefore,

power.

index

third.

stand

first

side

and

now

at

same

the

; and

9.

shall

their

top

And

eohanm,

ninth
of

the

the

to

Vumbtrwp

mf

nnU

terms

of

numbersshows

terms,

the

the
sum

aluo

is

and

terms,

coefllcients.

on

of
the

is

the

ihs

in

and

term

and

powers,

the

eontsin

they

that

so

second

Vtifmbfr

Amp

/otmd

added,

terms,

in

of

better

mf

which

eohmuis

line.

letters

"0

the

the

same

see

3mn

MNiM,

the

the

to

Th0

of

oolumn

the

rmislii"
of

terms

on

place
order

in

by

produced

is

and

Then

U""*ll*

of

the

seventh
from

exponents

N*,

marked
Is

the

and

7,
in

oonplete

leayes
the

find

we

power,

column

third

9,

for
oC

Law

In

the

the

flntt place,

index

The
be

the

same

The

the

the

of

exponents

and

eaanl

Is

tenn.

nny

to

niU

teima.

always

terms,

common

quantity.
the

third

follows

next

in

appear

second

the

in

constant

will

laat

and

required.

nuxt,

appear

ax,

first

power

therefore

of

the

Uie

of

will

(ax)

square

the

(z), in

index

powers,

the

o^

of

Ezrovsim.

roQulred.
and

(a)

the

of

num

powor

as

product

all

the

of

exponents

the

to

of

OoTSBMXiio

all

to

term,

common

as

constant,

powers.

the

o^

cube

of

prooeedinir

thus,

by

the

half

that

of

index

this

will

exponent

of

The

exponent

of

index

as

(p).
N

as

of

the

then

raisod
will

term,
exponent
found

in

fourth

term,

third

(a*z")

is

and

will

of

and

ox,

6axN",

by

advance

K,

of
found

be

to

of

terms

boffinninff

all the
the

at

fifth

while

unity,

all the

of

terms

the

at

and

highest

first
to

bo

in

the

powers,

thus*

cube,

etc

third

the

to

boffin nine

terms

succeeding

exponent

seeond

steadily,

6axN*,

second

each

the

than

required

vanish.

the

to

common

ax.

less

power

in

lower

next

to

two

the

in
N

of

of

be
the

appear

se"*ond

the

4)

factor

represents

the

(p"

as

dosiffnato

p--t

as

powers

increases

common

when

halt

least

power

always

will

exponent

ropmsont

iaxS*,

of

eta

indicated

power

its

to

or

cubes,

may

M,

that,

the

incroAso,

exponents

Wo
of

: so

the

terms,

The

will

lax)

is

of

to

fourth

the

in

second

powor.
'

term

of

SozN,

While

the

until

while

have

contains

roquirod.

ip"U)

exponents

we

in

by

etc,

raisod

is

required,

powor

first apyears

(p"

N.

the

Notice."
the

N.

diminiMh
of

the

first exponent

t^*

(ax)

product

powor.

N,

power

the

"az),

9a4z"N

as

hUrhost

The

the

the
of

odd.

its

product

until
index

is
be

the

power,

aW,

ax,

the

powers,

and

etc;

so

nents
expo-

remain

etc,

oM^,

;tho

on

oonstant

Motioo,
terms

that

in

But

odd.

the

and
will

terms

which

those
Notice

and

the

in

signs
the

the
There

via

small

for

making

formula

discover
aey

another

principle

treated

upon,

the
and

in

how
first
mode

JTscssn't

new,

No
to

498.
L

on

apply

and

leading

of

reokoning

Sh/orUHamd

ii,

page

the

ffaln

the
11,

iix
so

power

expansion.

of

M.

terms

many

as

their

6C

reverse

above.

noted

therefore

by

SM.

19.

foUowinff

the

be

half

formula

TU,

via

will

x),

lost

Newton's
9M.

the

the

difTorences

and

is

second

signs.

require
;

which

In

the

(a"

the

only

wo

tenns,

TM,

4M.

990.

of

of

all

the

for

minus

sign

and.

minus

Newton's

of

coefficients

6C

treated

probably

Bv

cf

numbers

Having
will

as

have

with

(a+x),

the

plus.

plus.

are

have

terms

But

will

terms

third

their

of

signs

othoi

last

third

formuto,
those

the

powers

of

new

18

li.

the

in

condensation
are

1.

last,

powers

those

the

the

the

all

powers.

and

proceed

for

eVen

the

{a-\-x),

of

(a^-x),

the

minus,

coefficients

by

for

of

powers

those

of

powers

be

that

So

the

while

plus

terms

of

all

in

minus,

are

12th

99.

loi.

fully

power

and

only

9.

the

reader

other*.
term
la

in

dedueed,

itrMWnsMe.

all

these
nHdeh

fonnnln.
la

amply

To

In

MntfiDilenl

order

the

lighten

to

mnoh

each

essanr,

the

By

Boots

Insurance,

second

the

By

Firit,

the

thai,

For,

by

Third,
ars

so

many

class

he

mueh

can

the

finds
%

eta

another.
and

thus

W9

can

simplify
'

InToluUon.

oren

still

operations

FRINCIFIJB.

SAME

multiply,

or

up

DIFFERENT

inerease

to

add

to

Multiplication,
so

number

one

numbers

he

higher

LBABN

THE

numbers.

passes

Insurance,

Boot.

OAK

BY

add

to

the

promoted

is

multiplication

Arithmetic,
solre

to

Cube

Boot.

tauffht

of

him

Sguars

from

taking

branohaa

Multiplication,

on

branches

enables

AR1THMBTI0"

thai

numerous

different

perform

to

was

class

CLABSBB,

Though

by

Addition,

on

learns

which

DIFFERENT

simple,

abb

learn

can

he

higher

the

Cubing,

easier

Addition.

and

distracted

not

school,

from

principle

OF

Stbtix,

are

in

by

scholar
upon

BRANCHES

produce

Oompoond

and

principle.

scholar

same

SQuarinir,

80

in
same

principle

classes

into

scholars

the

Multiplication,

on

the

as

that
of

when

class
same

And,

and

rules.

Simple

thu

of

classes

the

by

that,
a

these

Multiplication,

of

and

DiTisions

etc

Diiforont

the

by

of

methods

Arithmetic,
80

of

any

kinds

Adtantacos

minds

The

into

Mensuration,

facilitate

we

Discount,

ideas,

Second,

of

the

and

the

all

with

reYerse

certain

Thb

rules,

Interest

Progression,

principle,

Dlyision.

Multiplication,

Compound

branches.

other

of

the

are

II
neo*

are

operations.

many

Arithmetic,

make

principles

two

Addition^

Oeometrical
of

which

Subtraction,

facilitate

we

and

Arithmetio.
is

now

facilitate

Numbers,

of

branches

Operations

it

greatl/

Annuities.
other

many

teachinir

of

than

those,

of

and

Powers

which

of
first

labor

study

pleasanter

eta

be

primary

done
soiMriar

by

eaoh
can

principle
vadeistsiid

thsy

tlisa.

"

"

The
"

primanr
and

4.

9,

7,

",

learn

to

iteps
make

5*6

10

leave

etc..

are.

and

first,

that

that

l"

then

94

14a,

9"

84

1,

taken

etc.,

8,

from

"

Now

boirin

first,

and

then

adtl

To

from

can

Boe

the

by

sereral

by

add

simply

other

from

scholar

see

that

taking

from

one

the

recognise
and

is

add

to

numbers,

the

9+9+8+

T-iSS.
f"

f +

U^

numbers
the

of

similarity

by

he

and

simply
thereby

will

Addition

in

terms

the

let

multiply,

to

other

8^88.

principle,

same

mueh

is

it

1+

easier

and

Umm

mnd

Multiplication.

And
which

to

Square

he

did

teach

To

the

from

the

So

that

equal

of

sum

sum

Therefore,
of

by

3.

In

the
a

To

it

same

cube

teach

The

bors

subtract

the

the
the

should

both

contain

8.

the

for

will

will

always

the

divide

we

which

eontains,

square

factors.
of

cube

the

root

Interest
this

apply

may

number

sum

the

other

the

factors.

equal

two

divide

by

of

to

taaciton

Discount,

and

prindpla,

three

etc

this

and

rical
Geometmethod

new

Numbers.
is

them

enable

us

and

that

this,

simply

increase

Simple

in

of

quotient),

terms

require.

faotors,

new

or

Boot

and

these

leaving

case

or

numbers

and

we

the

of

one

faotors.

or

that

him

show

MultipUoation,

taking

as

Compound

Boots

and

simply

Square

(divisor

etc

or

thing

same

very

Numbers,

of

numbers

new

original

Principle

second

equally,

dilTereneo,

of

way,

and

the

Addition,

numberB

given

Mensuration,

Powers

by

found,

contains

Progression,

Boots

multiplioation.

faotors

bccauM)

do

to

performed

or

find

to

the

which

be

of

sum

him

and

he

the

addition

the

sum

Powers

which
also

the

tell

multiplication.

the

by
oould

for

term

numben.
in

him

terms

Squaring,

of

two

BimitarUy

10+10+10+

increase

to

principle,

same

then

Thus,

way.

the

by

produce

factor

14;

ao+3=:39.

Multiplication
we

figures,

same

it

make

to

Then

nan

they

ih$

fourteen.

several
the

in

take

foorlMii

14,

in-

to

thus,

by

their

to

are

than

7,

tens.

teach

to

10

add

to

add

IfK

make

bear

4.

and

numbers,

taking

Then

10

lo+io-|-io"f-3^33.

flinires,

fltfores

to

flmire

one

to

and

and

and

Irom
numbers

make

8,

10

loam

next

can

to

to

that

application

its

Take
easier

that

numbers
"ound

finally

easier

it

irlence

new

the

They
and

add

at

6^9,

produces

lo.

and

0.

which
al"o

to

in

thus

like

fioure"

two

principle

the

numbers,

to

another

crease

teach

to

to

equally,
to

diminish
does

not

easier

prodaoo

Compound

BahCraotion,

two

num*

alter

their

numben

to

alio

and
"

produce

easier

numben

to

multiply,

etc
.

These
them

prindplee
Interseting.

can

be

taof^t

by

simple

tUuatratloiia.

to

make

The

author

especial]
No

AxiONZO

16,

B.

L.

D.

(aU

Qived

members

Ednoation

of
Hand

The

Y.

City,

followinir

H.

earnest

Book

the

Prineipal

Vfmm,

Board

the

of

SlMMct-

Nsxanr'A

of

he

whieh

arffomenta

adoption

9,

introdneinff

of

Committee

lU

No

booK.

text

books,

text

for

O.

to

the

Hchool

the

as

and

No

School
Behod
mode

the

BdUMl

Orammar

Orammar
to

as

for

to.

of

N.

of

Arithmetic,

schools

No

Sdiool

upon

of

aiunPOBtions

the

into

Orammar

of

and

friands*

kind

many

Orammar

of

Principal

for

to

Principal

Principal

OM

T.

thanks

Zabbibxis

H.

HoFFSB

prindplea

of

hit

ezpreiw
J.

BouTEBBLUTD

N.

"f

these

would
Hossra

to

these

explain

and

methods

new

ptim-

ciples.
Nexsen's

grades
Nexsen's
the

and

These
bat

instmetion

Any
ef

this

deaiffned

espeolally

aQ

for

Schools.
k

classes

Arithmetic,

of

Orammar

is

deaiffned

Sehooli,

TeaelierSto

for

and

lor

espeoUUy

lor
Cbl-

Aoademies.

works
are

Orammar

Algebra

hiffher

legsa,

the

Is

Arithmotio,

Short-Hand
in

not

are

of

these

ayatam

in

to

miptroede

others

now

aztensi^y

whieh

in

"a^

slii^plify

tibe

bran"dies.

that

asaiataaoa

intended
anxiUiariea

important

Ika

ean

Mmla

be

rendered
woald

towards
ba

ffladly

the

iaIrodvoCloa

oOared.

Tom

Tknly
H.

X.

4u^

ik'