Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Don Claro M. Recto Campus
Lipa City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Second Semester, AY 2014-2015

COURSE SPECIFICATION
UNIVERSITY VISION
A globally recognized institution of higher learning that develops
competent and morally upright citizens who are active participants in nation
building and responsive to the challenges of 21 st century.
UNIVERSITY MISSION
Batangas State University is committed to the holistic development of
Productive citizens by providing the conducive learning environment for the
generation, dissemination and utilization of knowledge through innovation
education, multidisciplinary research collaborations and community partnership
that would nurture the spirit of nationhood and help fuel the national economy for
sustainable development.
UNIVERSITY CORE VALUES
The university passionately strives to achieve its vision and carry out its
mission by adhering to the following core values:
Faith
Patriotism
Human Dignity
Integrity
Mutual Respect
Excellence
Course Title: PHYSICS-2
Pre-Requisite: PHY-106 & MATH-115
Co-Requisite:
Instructor: Engr. RODERICK A. CABAEL
Email Address: derickcabael@gmail.com
Mobile No.: 0919-2289014

Course Code: PHY-107

Credit Units: 5 (4 LEC, 1 LAB)
Year Level: Second
Semester: 2nd, SY 2014-2015
Schedule:
Room: 104

PHILOSOPHY
Physics is considered the science underlying all of engineering, science
and technology. A thorough understanding of the fundamental concepts and
principles in Physics is essential in successful preparation of the students for the
careers in science and engineering. For all engineering majors, the Physics
course is foundational and their successful completion is a prerequisite to
entering and performing well in subsequent engineering discipline courses like
Engineering Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, Electric Circuits, Electronics,
Electromagnetics, and Sound Engineering. This introductory physics course will
provide the students a broad, rigorous introduction and understanding of the
basic concepts and principles of Fluid Mechanics, Thermal Physics, Electricity
and Magnetism, Waves, Sounds, and Optics in a calculus-based approach. The

course also offers the opportunity to learn what makes our real world as it is and
to gain insights into the role Physics plays in our daily lives.
AUDIENCE
This 5-unit course is intended for second year undergraduate engineering
students who have taken successfully PHY-106 (Physics-1) and MATH-115
(Integral Calculus).
STUDENT OUTCOMES
(a) ability to apply knowledge of mathematics and science to solve
engineering problems;
(b) ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and
interpret data;
(e) ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems.
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
On successful completion of the course, students should be able to
1. apply the fundamental concepts of density, pressure, Pascals
principle, buoyancy and Archimedes principle, flow rate, and
Bernoullis principle to real world situations; (Application)
2. solve problems involving real world applications of heat, temperature,
calorimetry, heat transfer, and the Laws of Thermodynamics;
(Application)
3. use calculus, Coulombs Law, and Gauss Law to analyze electric
forces and fields for the arrangement of static charges; (Application)
4. apply the concepts of electrical energy, Ohms Law and Kirchhoffs
Laws in the analysis of electric circuits consisting of resistors,
capacitors, and inductors; (Application)
5. explain the physics principles behind electromagnets, electric motors,
generators, and transformers;(Analysis)
6. describe and analyze the phenomenon of waves, sound, light, and
electromagnetic radiation; (Analysis)
7. discover, analyze, interpret and record important points in experiments
and write a proper laboratory report. (Synthesis)
Table shown next is mapped intended learning outcome with the student
outcomes for the course:
Intended Learning Outcome
ILO 1
ILO 2
ILO 3
ILO 4
ILO 5
ILO 6
ILO 7

Applicable
(a)
/
/
/
/
/
/

Student
(b)

Outcomes
(e)
/
/
/
/
/
/

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Specifically, at the end of each topic, the students should be able :
ILO1 ILO2 ILO3 ILO4 ILO5 ILO6 ILO7
TOPICS
1. FLUIDS
a. Density and Specific Gravity
-To illustrate the difference between
X
mass density and weight density.

-To explain the relationship between

the density and specific gravity.
-To determine experimentally the
specific gravity of some liquids using
different methods
b. Pressure
-To derive using integral calculus the
pressure-depth
relationship
and
apply it in the analysis of physical
situations.
-To state Pascals Principle and
describe how it is used in practical
applications.
c. Buoyancy
-To relate the concept of buoyant
force and Archimedes Principle.
-To tell whether an object will float or
sink in a fluid based on relative
density.
d. Fluids in Motion
-To describe the fluid flow, and use
the Equation of Continuity and the
Bernoullis Principle to explain
common effects.
-To derive using integral calculus the
equation of Poiseuilles Law, and
apply it in physical situations.
2. THERMAL PHYSICS
a. Temperature
-To explain how a temperature scale
is constructed.
-To convert the given temperatures
from one scale to another.
b. Thermal Expansion
-To distinguish the linear expansion
from volume expansion.
-To solve problems involving the
applications of the coefficient of
thermal expansions of solids and
liquids.
c. Heat
-To distinguish the various units of
heat and define the Mechanical
Equivalent of Heat.
-To solve problems involving specific
heat of substances.
-To determine experimentally the
specific heat of a sample metal
d. Phase Changes
-To compare and contrast the three

X
X

X
X

X
X

common phases of matter.

-To solve problems involving latent
heats of substances.
-To determine experimentally the
latent heat of fusion of ice.
e. Heat Transfer
-To describe the three methods of
heat transfer.
f. Introduction
to
Thermodynamics
-To explain the introductory concepts
of the Laws of Thermodynamics.
-To express the thermodynamic
equations in differential form.
3. ELECTRICITY
a. Electric Charge
-To distinguish the types of electric
charges.
-To state the Law of Conservation of
Electric Charges.
b. Electric Force
-To explain the Coulombs Law of
Electrostatics and use it to calculate
the electrical force between two
charged particles and on one charge
due to several other charges
c. Electric Field
-To explain how the electric field
vector is defined and how to plot
electric field lines for simple charge
distributions.
-To calculate the electric filed due to
several point charges and the electric
field due to a given charge
distribution by integrating over the
distribution.
-To describe Gausss Law as an
alternative procedure for calculating
the electric field.
d. Electrical
Potential
Difference and Potential
Energy
-To explain the concept of electrical
potential difference (voltage) and its
relationship to electrical potential
energy.
-To calculate the electrical potential
difference and potential energy for a
system of charges.
-To represent the electrical potential
energy and potential difference in a

X
X

X
X

X
X

path integral or a line integral form.

e. Electric Current
-To define electric current and
distinguish between electron flow and
conventional flow.
f. Resistivity and Resistance
-To distinguish
resistivity from
electrical resistance.
-To interpret the color coding of
resistors.
-To use a multitester to determine the
resistances
of
resistors
experimentally and compare it with its
decoded value.
-To identify the factors affecting the
resistance of a material, and
calculate the effects of these factors
in simple situations.
g. Ohms Law
-To state Ohms Law and use it in
solving simple circuit problems.
-To verify Ohms Law experimentally.
h. Emf and Batteries
-To define electromotive force (emf)
and identify its sources.
-To recognize the basic features of a
battery and explain how it produces a
direct current in a circuit.
-To give the difference among open
circuit, closed circuit, and short
circuit.
i. Electric Power
-To calculate the power dissipated in
simple electric circuits.
j. Resistances Combinations
-To
determine
the
equivalent
resistance of loads in series, parallel,
series-parallel and parallel-series
combinations.
-To distinguish series and parallel
circuits experimentally.
k. Cells Combinations
-To calculate the total emf and the
total internal resistances of cells
combinations.
l. Kirchhoffs Laws
-To explain the physical principles
underlying Kirchhoffs Rules, and
apply these rules in the analysis of
electric circuits.
4. MAGNETISM

X
X

X
X
X

X
X

a. Magnets and Magnetic

Poles
-To state the force law between
magnetic poles
-To explain the concepts of magnetic
field and magnetic flux.
b. Magnetic Materials
-To
distinguish
ferromagnetic,
paramagnetic,
and
diamagnetic
materials.
c. Electromagnetism
-To explain the physics principles
behind
electromagnets,
electric
motors,
generators,
and
transformers.
d. Capacitors and Inductors
-To distinguish capacitors from
inductors.
-To explain and apply the rules on the
combinations of capacitors and that
of inductors.
-To solve simple RC, RL, and LC
circuits using calculus.
5. WAVES
a. Wave Motion
-To describe wave motion in terms of
various parameters.
-To compare and contrast the
different types of waves.
-To determine properties of waves
experimentally
b. Sound Waves
-To define sound and explain the
sound frequency spectrum.
-To explain why the speed of sound
varies in different media.
-To distinguish sound intensity and
sound intensity level.
-To explain the properties and
characteristics of sound.
-To describe and explain the Doppler
Effect.
c. Electromagnetic Waves
-To explain the physical nature,
origin, and means of propagation of
EM waves.
-To describe the properties and uses
of various types of EM waves.
-To
express
the
4-Maxwells
equations in integral form.
6. OPTICS

X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X

a. Nature of Light
-To describe the nature
properties of light.

and

-To explain how it is produced,

transmitted, and propagated.
b. Photometryand Illumination
-To explain the principles and
applications of illumination.
c. Reflection and Refraction
of Light
-To explain the concepts of
wavefronts and rays and the Law of
Reflection.
-To explain refraction of light in terms
of Snells Law and index of refraction.
d. Total Internal Reflection
and Dispersion of Light
-To describe total internal reflection
and its application to fiber optics.
-To explain dispersion and some of
its effects.
e. Mirrors and Lenses
-To describe the characteristics of the
image formed by plane mirrors.
-To distinguish between converging
and diverging spherical mirrors,
describe
images
and
their
characteristics, and determine these
image characteristics using ray
diagrams and the mirror equation.
-To distinguish between converging
and diverging lenses, describe
images and their characteristics, and
determine
these
image
characteristics using ray diagrams
and the thin-lens equation.
-To describe the optical instruments
-To
verify
experimentally
the
properties of light

X
X

X
X

TEACHING and LEARNING ACTIVITIES (TLAs)

(Indicative of likely activities and tasks designed to facilitate students achievement of the ILOs.
Final details will be provided to students in their first week of attendance in this course)

The teaching of fundamental Physics is now a well developed and mature

art. The current stage of development is reached after years of collective
teaching experiences at universities all over the world. The most popular
textbook is University Physics 2: Calculus-Based by Serway, Raymond and
John W. Jewett, Jr.This text book and other similar ones are supported by a
comprehensive set of teaching aids including web based exercises, interactive

learning ware and computer simulations. In addition, video demonstrations of

experiments and real life phenomena are readily available to supplement
teaching.
TLAs
Learning through teaching is primarily based on lectures.
Learning through tutorials is primarily based on interactive
problem solving allowing instant feedback.
Learning through take-home assignments helps students
implement theories, principles and laws of physics as well as
apply knowledge of which to real life problems.
Learning through online examples for applications helps
students apply the principles and laws of physics to real life
problems.
Learning through experiments helps the students verify the
laws and principles of physics.
Learning through project development helps the students
apply the knowledge and principles of physics

ILO No.
16

Hours/week
3

16

16

after class

16

after class

1-6

after class

ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES
(Indicative of likely activities and tasks designed to assess how well the students achieve the
ILOs. Final details will be provided to students in their first week of attendance in this course)

Assessments (laboratory reports, assignments, quizzes and examinations)

are designed to measure students ability in comprehending technical
information, reasoning through scientific questions and analysis, and applying the
knowledge gained to solve problems.

ILO No.
Assessment
Tasks/Activities

Quizzes

Hand-in
assignment(s)

Examination

Laboratory
Experiments

Project
Development

16

16

16

1-6

Weighting(if
applicable)

Remarks

10%

Questions are designed to see how well

students have learned the concepts, theories,
principles and laws of physics. These
assessment tasks monitor students progress
and reveal gaps in knowledge.

10%

These are skills-based assessment to see

whether students are familiar with the
concepts, theories, principles and laws of
physics as well as its essential methods and
applications.

60%

Examination questions are designed to see

how far students have achieved their
intended learning outcomes. Questions will
primarily be skills based to assess the extent
to which students have mastered methods of
the course and synthesized mathematical
knowledge in practical applications.

10%

Experiments are performed and laboratory

reports with the appropriate format are
prescribed to assess how the students
present, analyze, and interpret data, and
make conclusions logically.

10%

These are skills-based assessment to see

whether students can apply the knowledge
and principles they learned in physics
through design project. Design project will be
work in a group and should be presented at
the end of the semester in class.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS
Major Exams
Quizzes
Homeworks/Problem sets
Lab Experiment Report
Design Project
COURSE POLICIES
Grading System
Grades will be given on a straight scale. The final course grade will be
based upon the major examinations (Preliminary, Midterm, Semi-final, and Final),
quizzes, homework, and laboratory performance. The weighting for each of these
is given below:
Major Examinations
60%
Laboratory
10%
Design Project
10%
Homework Exercises
10%
Quizzes
10%
The final grade will be based on the following scale:
Percentage
98 100
94 97
90 93
88 89
85 87
83 84

Numerical
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25

Percentage
80 82
78 79
75 77
70 74
below 70
dropped
Incomplete

Numerical
2.50
2.75
3.00
4.00
5.00
drp
inc

You are expected to answer correctly and completely at least 60% of the
items in all quizzes, homework, and examinations. This corresponds to the
passing grade of 75% using the formula:
(Score/Number of Items) x 62.5 + 37.5
Lectures
The lectures will focus on the introduction and motivation of new concepts,
deriving important results and formula, and solving sample problems. Take note
that the major reasons why students fail in this course are skipping the
class and not doing homework.Refer to the BSU Student norms of Conduct
regarding the attendance policy. You can secure the copy from the Office of the
Student Affairs (OSA) or from the Student Affairs Coordinator of the college.
ATTENDANCE
The students are expected to attend and participate in every scheduled
meeting because learning is motivated through discussion and demonstration of
the topics. Students are only allowed 12 hours to be absence. The instructor
reserves the right to drop you from the class should exceed this limits. Students
who come late for 15 minutes or more will be marked absent. Three (3) late will
be equivalent to one (1) hour absent. A DRP will be given only if the student is
officially drop the subject until midterm. Failure to drop the subject will mean a
grade of 5.0.

EXAMS
There will be four major exams. No permit, no exam. Every examination
will be in-class, close notes and books. The instructor will provide answer sheet.
During examination, you are required to come on time since it will start and end
as scheduled. You are only allowed to go out of the room until you pass your
answer sheet. Latecomers will not be given extension time. You should bring a
scientific calculator to the examinations. You are NOT allowed to share
calculators. Calculator found in a cellular phone is NOT allowed. Cheating in
whatever form during the exams will be given a score of zero (37.50%) in the
said exam. Refer to the BSU Students Norms of Conduct regarding cheating
during examination. No make-up or special exam will be given. Reasonable
excuse from failure to take the exam is acceptable only upon presentation of
proofs like medical certificate and authentic letter by parent/guardian and grade
will be the preceding and succeeding exams.
Quizzes on the other hand are short exams on topics that have been
discussed to evaluate what the students so far. All quizzes can be announced or
unannounced (surprise quiz) and no special quiz will be given. Missed quizzes
will earn 37.50% rating, in the case the student gives reasonable excuse in
missing a quiz that will not be included in the computation of grades. It is the
prerogative of the instructor to excuse a student from a missed quiz.
Homework
Homework is an integral and crucial part of this course. During the lecture,
a few example problems and solutions will be presented but your main problem
solving exercises will come from attempting the homework or problem sets. The
problems are chosen to provide a representative sample of the important
principles in each chapter. You should keep in mind that your final course grade
in the course is most strongly determined by the examinations, which will consist
largely of problems similar to those in the homework.
The exercises are assigned in the lecture and are due a week after. The
due dates are firm it is useless to try and persuade me to accept late
homework. The only exception is prolonged medical problem. However, you may
miss one homework set and still get the full credit since your lowest homework
grade which could be zero will be excluded from the final grade in the
homework. Homework should be handwritten (engineering lettering) using
black ink with final answers underlined.
Homework will be graded based on the following criteria:
80% - Content
20% - Presentation
My interpretation of the HONOR CODE requires that each of you submit
your own self-worked-out solution to the homework problem sets. You should
NOT copy or in other way use the final answer or near-to-final write-up of others.
However, you may discuss the homework with your classmates and ask for hints.
If you have worked out the solutions with others, you still need to write down and
submit ONLY what you understand.
Laboratory
This is a very important part of the course. The topics treated here may
sometimes occur a little bit easier than in the lecture or require additional
materials so it is important to come prepared.
Please take note the following rules:
1. Read the assigned experiment(s) BEFORE the lab begins and
bring all the required items.

2. ATTENDANCE is mandatory. It is your responsibility to inform

me of any absence, and to arrange for a make-up of the work to
be missed.
3. The lab reports should follow the required format.
Group Lab Reports should have this format:
GROUP No.
SECTION:
GROUP MEMBERS:
Name
_______________________
_______________________

DATE:
RATING:

Signature
______________________
______________________

EXPERIMENT No.
TITLE
PROBLEM/OBJECTIVE: (statement or question form)
THEORY: (brief introduction about the topic)
MATERIALS AND SET-UP:
METHODOLOGY: (summary of the procedure)
DATA AND RESULTS: (with computations)
ANALYSIS OF DATA:
CONCLUSION: (a brief statement that will answer the problem)
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS/PROBLEMS:
The group reports should be done in a short bond paper and submitted on
the due date prescribed by the professor. The grading of the lab reports should
be based on the following criteria:
80% - Content
20% - Presentation
Design Project
This is a very important part of the course where students can apply the
knowledge and principles they learned in designed project. This will be graded
as:
50% - Project Design
30% - Project Report
20% - Presentation
Design Project Report Format
DESIGN PROJECT TITLE
INTRODUCTION: (Discussion about the topic)
OBJECTIVES: (Objectives of the design Project)
CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE: (Knowledge and Principles in
Physics to be applied in the Project)
MATERIALS AND SET-UP:
METHODOLOGY: (summary of the procedure)
CONCLUSION: (a brief statement that will answer the problem)
ACADEMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
Textbook

Serway, Raymond and John W. Jewett, Jr. University Physics 1:

Calculus-Based. Philippines: Congage Learning Asia Pte. Ltd. 2012.
Serway, Raymond and John W. Jewett, Jr. University Physics 2:
Calculus-Based. Philippines: Congage Learning Asia Pte. Ltd. 2012.
References:
Abastillas, Vivencia Jr. N. et. al. College Physics. 3rd Edition. Quezon
City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 1994.
Arrastia, Manuel F. and Jorge A. Gabriel.Laboratory Manual in College
Physics.Part I. Quezon City: Royal Publishing House, Inc. 1992
Beiser, Arthur. Modern Technical Physics.4th Edition. California: The
Benjamin Cummings Publishing Co., Inc. 1983.
Cummings, Karen. et. al. Understanding Physics. USA: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. 2004.
Cutnell, John D. and Kenneth W. Johnson.Physics.5th Edition. USA:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2001.
Faugh, Jerry S. et. al. Serways College Physics. 7th Edition. Singapore:
Thomson Learning Asia. 2006.
Ferrer, Arsenia V. and JulietaDayap-Dela Pea.Laboratory Manual: The
Basics ofPhysics. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 1988.
Giancoli, Douglas C. Physics: Principles with Applications. 5 th Edition.
Singapore: Prentice-Hall Simon & Schuster (Asia) Ltd. 1998.
Halliday, David, Robert Resnick, and Walker. Fundamentals of
Physics.5th Edition. New York: John Wiley & sons, Inc. 1997.
Hewitt, Paul G. Conceptual Physics. 6th Edition. London: Scott,
Foresman and Co. 1989.
Sears, Francis W., Mark W. Zemansky and Hugh D. Young. University
Physics.7th Edition. USA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. 1987.
Van Heuvellen, Alan. Physics: A General Introduction. 2 nd Edition.
Boston: Little Brown and Company. 1985.
Weber, Robert L. et. al. College Physics. 5th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill
Book Company. 1977.
Wilson, Jerry D. and Anthony J. Buffa.College Physics.4th Edition.
Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd. 2003.
Hardware
The following are the equipments/apparatus that will be used in the
conduct of lab experiments:
Hydrometer
Pycnometer
Calorimeter
Thermometer
Computer-Based Thermal Expansion
Van de Graaf Generator
Basic Electricity Lab Kit
Resistivity Apparatus
Precision Digital Multimeter
Temperature probe
Voltage probe
Ripple tank
Basic optics system

COURSE CALENDAR
Week
No.
1
2

TOPICS AND ACTIVITIES

Orientation
Discussion of VMGO, PEO and SO
Density and Specific Gravity

SUGGESTED READINGS

V: Chap. 13 p. 276

EXPT. No. 1 (Specific Gravity of Liquids)

Pressure and Pascals Principle

Buoyancy and Archimedes Principle

Fluids in Motion

5
6

PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Temperature
and
Zeroth
Law
Thermodynamics
CHRISTMAS VACATION
Thermal Expansion

9
10
11

12

Serway:Chap.14 pp.431440
V: Chap.13 pp.278-286
Serway:Chap.14 pp.440447
V: Chap. 13 pp. 294-308

of Serway:Chap.19 pp.574579
V: Chap. 9 pp.185-188
Serway:Chap.19 pp. 579583
Heat and Calorimetry
V: Chap. 9 pp. 199-202
EXPT. No. 2 (Specific Heat of a Metal)
Serway:Chap.20 pp. 575601
V: Chap. 9 pp. 189-192
Phase Changes
Serway:Chap.20 pp. 602Latent Heat Calculations
605, 613-618
Heat Transfer
V: Chap. 9 pp. 192-199
EXPT. No. 3 (Latent Heat of Fusion of Ice)
V: Chap. 10 pp. 206-212
Introduction to Thermodynamics
Serway:Chap.22 pp.605MIDTERM EXAMINATION
613
V: Chap. 11 pp. 227-242
Electric Charge and Coulombs Law
Serway:Chap.23 pp.688Electrical Forces Calculations
712
Electric Field
V: Chap. 22 pp. 475-491
Electric Potential Energy & Potential Serway:Chap.25 pp.741Difference (Voltage)
763
Electric Current
Serway:Chap.27 pp.802Resistivity, Resistance and Ohms Law
813
EXPT. No. 4 (OHMs Law)
V: Chap. 23-24pp. 496-525
Emf and Batteries
Electrical Power
Resistance Combinations
EXPT. No. 5 (Color Coding of Resistors)
EXPT. No. 6 (Resistors in Series and Parallel)

13

Cells Combinations
Kirchhoffs Rules
Circuit Analysis
SEMI-FINAL EXAMINATION

14

Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

Electromagnetism
Capacitors and Inductors

Serway:Chap.27-28
pp.813-835
Sears:Chap.28 pp. 632636
V: Chap. 24 pp. 525-528
V: Chap. 25 pp. 538-541
Serway:Chap.28 pp.836850
V: Chap. 25 pp. 531-538
Serway:Chap.29-31
pp.860-945
V: Chap. 27 pp. 567-582
Serway:Chap.26 & 32
pp.771-794 & pp. 956-1004

15

Wave Motion
Sound Waves and Acoustics
EXPT. No. 7 (Wave Properties)

16

EM Waves
Nature of Light
Photometry and Illumination

17

Reflection and Refraction of Light

Total Internal Reflection and Dispersion
Mirrors and Lenses
EXPT. No. 8 (Reflection and Refraction of light)

18

Serway:Chap.16-18
pp.494-572
V: Chap.17-18 pp. 353-391
Serway:Chap.34-35
pp.1012-1041
V: Chap. 31 pp. 655-658
V: Chap. 19 pp. 399
Weber:Chap.23pp.424-431
Serway:Chap.35 pp.10431062
V: Chap. 19 pp. 401-412
Serway:Chap.36 pp.10711106
V: Chap. 20 pp. 416-442

Project Development Presentation

FINAL EXAMINATION

Prepared by:
Engr. RODERICK A. CABAEL
Instructor
Noted:
Engr. LEOVEN A. AUSTRIA
Head - CE
Approved:
Asst. Prof. SANDY M. GONZALES
Dean of Colleges