You are on page 1of 13

STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL METHODS

UNIT- I Testing Hypothesis


2 MARKS
1. Define standard error.
ANS : The S.D of sampling distribution of a statistic is known as its standard error
2. What is Type I and Type II error?
ANS : i) Type I error : Reject H0 when it is true.
ii) Type I error : Accept H0 when it is wrong.
3. Write three application of F-test and

test.

ANS : F-Test: To test if the 2 samples have come from the same population

test: To test the significance of discrepancy between experimental values and the theoretical

values.
4. A sample of size 13 gave an estimated population variance of 3.0, while another sample of size 15 gave
an estimate of 2.5 could both samples be from populations with the same variance.
ANS : Null hypothesis H0 : The two samples have come from populations with the same variance.
Given n1 = 13, n2 = 15
S1 2 = 3.0 , S1 2 = 2.5
The test statistic is F = S1 2 / S1 2
= 3.0/2.5 =1.2
Calculated value of is 1.2 and Tabulated value of F for (12,14) d.f is 2.53
Since calculated value of F< tabulated value of F, We accept the Null hypothesis.
5. Write two applications of

ANS :

test.

is used to test whether differences between observed and expected frequencies are

significances.
6. Define critical region.

ANS: A region corresponding to a statistic t in the sample space S which lead to the rejection of
H0 is called critical region or rejection region. Those region which lead to the acceptance of H 0 give us a
region called Acceptance region.

7. Define Level of significance.


ANS : The probability that a random value of the statisticst belongs to the critical region is
known as the level of significance. In otherwords, level of significance is the size of the Type I error.
8. Define Null hypothesis
ANS : The test of significance, we first set up of a hypothesis a definite statement about the
population parameter, such a hypothesis is usually a hypothesis of no difference and it is denoted by H 0
9. What do you mean by One tailed and two tailed tests?
ANS : When the hypothesis about the population parameter is rejected only for the value of
sample statistic falling into one of the tails of the sampling distribution is known as one tailed test.
Two tailed test is one where the hypothesis about the population parameter is rejected for the values of
the sample statistic falling into the either tails of the sampling distribution.
10. What do you mean by Degrees of freedom?
ANS : The number of degrees of freedom is the total number of observations minus the number
of independent constraints imposed on the observations.
16 MARKS
1. A random sample of 10 boys had the following I.Qs 70,120,110,101,88,83,95,98,107,100. Do these
data support the assumption of a population mean I.Qs of 100? Find a reasonable range in which most
of the mean I.Qs values of sample of 10 boys lie.
2. Below are given the gain in weights of pigs fed on two diets A and B
Diet A

25

32

30

34

24

14

32

24

30

31

35

2
5
Diet B 44 34 22 10 47 31 40 30 32 35 18 2
3
2
1
5
9
Test if the two diets differ significantly as regards their effect on increase in weight.
3. Two random samples gave the following results
Sample

Size

Sample mean

Sum of squares of deviations


from the mean

10

15

90

22

2
12
14
108
Test whether the samples come from the same normal population.

4. A cigarette manufacturing firm claims that its brand A line of cigarettes outsells its brand B by 8%. If it
is found that 42 out of a sample of 200 smokers prefer brand A and 18 out of another sample of 100
smokers prefer brand B, test whether the 8% difference is a valid claim.
5. A die thrown 264 times with the following results. Show that the die is biased
No. appeared 1
2
3
4
5
6
on the die
Frequency
40 32
28
58 54
52
6. In a certain sample of 2000 families 1400 families are consumers of tea. Out of 1800 Hindu families,
1236 families consume tea. Use

test and state whether there is any significant difference between

consumption of tea among Hindu and Non-Hindu families.

UNIT- II Design Of Experiment


2 MARKS
1. Define Analysis of variance.
ANS : Analysis of variance is a technique that will enable us to test for the significance of the
difference among more than two sample means.
2. What are the basic steps in ANOVA?
ANS : i) One estimates of the population variance from the variance among the sample means.
ii) Determine a second estimate of the population variance from the variance within the sample.
iii) Compare these two estimates if they are approximately equal in value, accept the null hypothesis.
3. State the uses of ANOVA.
ANS: Analysis of variance is useful, for determining i) which of various training methods produces
the fastest learning record. ii) Whether the effects of some fertilizers on the yields are significantly
different.
4. Define replication.
ANS: To estimate the magnitude of an effect in an experiment the principle of randomization and
replication are applied randomization by itself is not necessarily sufficient to yields a valid experiment.
5. Why a 2x2 Latin square is not possible? Explain

ANS : In Latin square, the formula for degrees of freedom for residual is d.f = (n-1) (n-2)
Substituting n=2, d.f = 0, MSE

2x2 Latin square is not possible.

16 MARKS
1. The following table shows the lives in hrs. of four brands of electric lamps.
A: 1610

1610

1650

1680

1700

1720

1800

B: 1580

1640

1640

1700

1750

C: 1460

1550

1600

1620

1640

1660

1740

D: 1510

1520

1530

1570

1600

1680

1820

Perform an analysis of variance and test the homogeneity of the mean lives of the 4 brands of lamps.
2. To study the performance of three detergents and three different water temperature the following
whiteness readings were obtained with designed equipment.
Water temp.

Detergent
Detergent
Detergent
A
B
B
Cold water
57
55
67
Warm water 49
52
68
Hot water
54
46
58
Perform a two way analysis of variance, using 5% level of significance.
3. A tea company appointsd four salesman A, B, C and D and observes their sales in three seasons,
summer, winter and monsoon. The figures are given in the following table.
Seasons

Salesman
A
B
C
Summer
36
36
21
Winter
28
29
31
monsoon
26
28
29
Salesmans 90
93
81
total
i) Do the salesman significantly differ in performance?

D
35
32
29
96

Seasons
total
128
120
112
360

ii) Is there significant difference between the seasons?


4. Analysis the variance in the latin square of yields paddy where P,Q, R and S denote the difference
methods of cultivation

S122

P121

P123

Q122

Q124

R123

P122

S125

P120

Q199

S120

R121

R122

S123

Q121

P122

Examine whether the different methods of cultivation have given significantly different yields.

UNIT- III Solution Of Equations And Eigen value problems


2 MARKS
1. What is the order of convergence of Newton- Raphson methods if the multiplicity of the root is one.
ANS: Order of convergence of N.R method is 2
2. Derive Newtons algorithm for finding the pth root of a number N.
ANS: If x= N 1/p ,
Then xp-N = 0 is the equation to be solved.
Let f(x) = xp-N, f(x) = px p-1
By N.R rule, if xr is the r th iterate

Xr+1 = xr -
x
f

= xr -

x r N
p1
p xr
p

p x r x r + N
p1
p xr

p1 x pr + N

3. What is the rate of convergence in N.R method?


ANS: The rate of convergence in N.R method is of order 2

4. Define round off error.


ANS: The round off error is the quantity R which must be added to the finite representation of a
computed number in order to make it the true representation of that number.
5. Compare Gaussian elimination method and Gauss- Jordan method.
Gaussian elimination method

Gauss- Jordan method

Coefficient matrix is transformed into


upper triangular matrix

Coefficient matrix is transformed


into diagonal matrix

Direct method

Direct method

We obtain the solution by back


substitution method

No need of back substitution


method

6. State the principle used in Gauss-Jordan method.


ANS: Coefficient matrix is transformed into diagonal matrix.
7. Determine the largest eigen value and the corresponding eigen value vector of the matrix
correct to two decimal places using power method.
ANS: AX1 =

[ ]( ) ( )

=2

(11)

= 2X2

AX2 =

[ ]( ) ( )

=2

(11)

= 2X3

1 1 1
1 1 1

1 1 1
1 1 1

2
2

2
2

This shows that the largest eigen value = 2


The corresponding eigen value =

(11)
16 MARKS

1. Using Gauss Jordan method, find the inverse of the matrix

1 2 6
2 5 15
6 15 46

[ ]
1 1
1 1

2. Apply Gauss-seidel method to solve the equations


20x+y-2z=17: 3x+20y-z=-18: 2x-3y+20z=25.
3. Find a positive root of 3x- log 10 X =6, using fixed point iteration method.

4. Determine the largest eigen value and the corresponding eigen vector of the matrix

1 3 1
3 2 4
1 4 10

with (1 0 0)T as the initial vector by power method.


2 x

5. Find the smallest positive root of the equation x e

1
= 2

sin x correct to 3 decimal places using

Newton-Raphson method.

6. Find all the eigen value and eigen vectors of the matrix

1
2
2

2
3 2
2 1

using Jacobi method.

7. Solve by Gauss-seidel iterative procedure the system 8x-3y-2z=20: 6x+3y+12z=35: 4x+11y-z=33.

8. Find the largest eigen value of

[ ]
1 6 1
1 2 0
0 0 3

by using Power method.

9. Find a real root of the equation x3+x2-1=0 by iteration method.


10. Using Newtons method, find the real root of x log 10 X=1.2 correct to five decimal places.
11. Apply Gauss elimination method to find the solution of the following system :
2x+3y-z=5: 4x+4y-3z=3: 2x-3y+2z=2.
12. Find an iterative formula to find

, where N is a positive number and hence find

13. Solve the following system of equations by Gauss-Jacobi method:


27x+6y-z=85:x+y+54z=110: 6x+15y+2z=35.

14. Find the Newtons iterative formula to calculate the reciprocal of N and hence find the value of

1
23

15. Apply Gauss-Jordan method to find the solution of the following system:
10x+y+z=12: 2x+10y+z=13: x+y+5z=7.

UNIT- IV Interpolation And Approximation


2 MARKS
1. State the Lagranges interpolation formula.
ANS: Let y = f(x) be a function which takes the values y 0, y1,yn corresponding to x=x0,x1,
xn
Then Lagranges interpolation formula is

Y = f(x) =

1
xx

1
x 0x

2
xx

2
x 0x

yo
n
xx

n
x 0x

0
x 1x

2
xx

2
x 1x

n
+ xx

n
x 1x

( xx 0)

y1

0
x nx

1
xx

1
x nx

n
xx

n1
x nx

( xx 0)

yn

2. What is the assumption we make when Lagranges formula is used?

ANS: Lagranges interpolation formula can be used whether the values of x, the independent
variable are equally spaced or not whether the difference of y become smaller or not.
3. When Newtons backward interpolation formula is used.
ANS: The formula is used mainly to interpolate the values of y near the end of a set of tabular
values and also for extrapolation the values of y a short distance ahead of y 0
4. What are the errors in Trapezoidal rule of numerical integration?
ANS: The error in the Trapezoidal rule is

(ba)h2
E<
y ()
12

5. Why Simpsons one third rule is called a closed formula?


ANS: Since the end point ordinates y0 and yn are included in the Simpsons 1/3 rule, it is called
closed formula.

16 MARKS
1. Using Newtons divided difference formula, find f(x) from the following data and hence find f(4).
x
f(x)

0
2

1
3

2
12

5
147

.
2. Find the rate of growth of the population in 1941 and 1971 from the table below.
Year X
Population Y

1931
40.62

1941
60.8

1951
79.95

1961
103.56

1971
132.65

3. Derive Newtons backward difference formula by using operator method.


4. Using Lagranges interpolation formula find a polynomial which passes the points
(0,-12),(1,0),(3,6),(4,12).
5. Using Newtons divided difference formula determine f(3) from the data:
x
f(x)

0
1

1
14

2
15

4
5

5
6

2 1

6. Evaluate

4 xy dx dy

using Simpsons rule by taking h= 4

0 0

1
2 .

and k =

7. The following table gives the values of density of saturated water for various temperatures of
saturated steam.
Temperature 0 C
100
150
200
250
Density hg/m3
958
917
865
799
Find by interpolation, the density when the temperature is 2750 .

300
712

8. Use Lagranges method to find log 10 656, given that log 10 654 =2.8156, log 10 658 =2.8182 ,
log 10 659 =2.8189 and log 10 661 =2.8202.
9. Find the value of y at x=21 and x=28 from the data given below
x
y

20
0.3420

23
0.3907

26
0.4384

29
0.4848

10. The population of a town is as follows:


x year

1941

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

y population
(thousands)

20

24

29

36

46

51

Estimate the population increase during the period 1946 to1976.

UNIT- V Numerical Differentiation And Integration


2 MARKS
1. State the disadvantages of Taylor series method.
ANS: In the differential equation

dy
dx

= f(x,y) the function f(x,y) may have a complicated

algebraical structure. Then the evaluation of higher order derivatives may become tedious. This is the
demerit of this method.
2. Which is better Taylors method or R.K method?
ANS: R.K methods do not require prior calculation of higher derivatives of y(x), as the Taylor
method does. Since the differential equations using in application are often complicated, the calculation of
derivatives may be difficult. Also R.K formulas involve the computations of f(x,y) at various positions
instead of derivatives and this function occurs in the given equation.

3. What is a predictor- collector method of solving a differential equation?


ANS: predictor- collector methods are methods which require the values of y at x n, xn-1, xn-2, for
computing the values of y at xn+1. We first use a formula to find the values of y at x n+1 and this is known as
a predictor formula. The value of y so get is improved or corrected by another formula known as corrector
formula.
4. Define a difference Quotient.
ANS: A difference quotient, is the quotient obtained by dividing the difference between two
values of a function, by the difference between the two corresponding values of the independent.

16 Marks
dy
dx

1. Using Runge-Kutta method find an approximate value of y for x=0.20 if


y=1
when

y 2 given that

=x +

x=0.

2. Given that y +xy+y =0,y(0)=1,y(0)=0 obtain y for x=0,1,0.2,0.3 by Taylors series method and find
the solution for y(0.4) by Milnes method.
3. Obtain y by Taylor series method, given that y=xy+1,y(0)=1for x=0.1 and 0.2 correct to four decimal

dy
dx

places.4.Solve for y(0.1) and z(0.1) from the simultaneous differential equations

dz
dx

=2y +z:

=y-3z;
y(0)=0,z(0)=0.5 using Runge-Kutta method of the fourth order.

5.Using Adams method find y(1.4) given y=x2(1+y) , y(1)=1, y(1.1)=1.233, y(1.2)=1.548 and
y(1.3)=1.979.
6.Using Milnes Predictor-Corrector formula to find y(0.4) given

dy
dx

(1+ x) y
=
2

y(0)=1,y(0.1)=1.06,
y(0.2)=1.12 and y(0.3)=1.21.

dy
7. Using Modified Eulers method, find y(4.1) and y(4.2) if 5x dx

+ y

-2 =0: y(4)=1.

8. Given that

dy
dx

=1+ y

; y(0.6)=0.6841, y(0.4)=0.4228, y(0.2)=0.2027, y(0)=0, find y(-0.2) using

Milnes
method.
9. Given that y=y-x2 ; y(0)=1: y(0.2)=1.1218; y(0.4)=1.4682 and y(0.6)= 1.7379 , evaluate y(0.8) by
Adams predictor Corrector method.10.Solve by Eulers method the following differential equation
x=0.1, correct to four decimal places,

dy
dx

y x
y+ x

with initial condition y(0)=1.

You might also like