UNIT II

NATURE OF LIGHT, ITS

SOURCE AND PRINCIPLE
OF LIGHTING

Meaning and types of lights - source and mechanism. Natural

light, artificial light- open and closed lights, Tungsten- Baby
and Multi light, Fresnel. Light modifiers- Umbrellas and soft
boxes,. Colour temperature of lights and its uses. Basic goal of
any type of lighting, three point lighting- key light, fill light
and background light. Intensity of light and key fill ratio.

LIGHTS ITS MEANING

A SOURCE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY WHICH IS VISIBILE TO THE
HUMAN EYE(400NM 800NM) AND HAS THE CAPACITY TO KILL SHADOWS

BROAD CLASSIFICATION OF LIGHTS :

ON THE BASIS OF SOURCE OF ORIGIN and
MECHANISM :
SOURCE OF ORIGIN
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTS AND NATURAL LIGHTS
NATURAL LIGHTS- SUN LIGHT, MOON AND STARS .
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTS MAN MADE LIGHTS

NATURAL LIGHTS SUN- 5600 DEGREE KELVIN, MOON (3700-4200DEGREE K)

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTS BLUBS , TUBE LIGHTS , CFL, LED, BABY, MULTI, HMI,
SOFT BOXES, SOFTY, KENO, SOLAR.
CLASSIFICATION OF LIGHTS ON THE BASIS OF MECHANISM
OPEN LIGHTS
CLOSED LIGHTS
LIGHTS WITHOUT THE LENS IS OPEN LIGHT AND LIGHT WITH THE LENS IS
CLOSED LIGHT. THESE LIGHTS ARE ALSO CALLED AS OPEN FACED AND CLOSED
FACED LIGHTS .

CONCEPT OF FRESNEL
A Fresnel is a type of lens placed in front of lamps such as tungsten
sources in order to focus the light given off into a controllable
beam.
This is very useful in creating a spotlight effect, as well as being
able to cover a relatively small portion of a scene. simply a light
falling into any category which utilizes such a Fresnel lens in
front of the bulb, traditionally a tungsten light such as an 800w
redhead, although more recently weve seen HMI also utilize
Fresnel

OPEN LIGHTS
Open-faced Tungsten or quarts 3200K
RED HEAD
MULTI 10
MUTLI 20
SOFTY
SOFT BOXES
Mono lights / strobes.
CLOSED LIGHTS
BABY
SOLAR

Tungsten lights are simply larger versions of the everyday

lighting found in your home, using a filament of tungsten
wire.
Or
Its made up of tungsten filament in a quartz container.
Redheads / MULTI 10(1000wtt) OR 20(2000wtt)
Tungsten lights usually come in wattages of 1 K, 2k ,2.5k, 5k
,10k up to 20K being useable with a dimmer. The colour
balance of tungsten lights is quite orange/yellow, making
them ideal for indoor locations,
with a blue colour correction gel a tungsten light can also
be used to simulate daylight. Perhaps the most common form
of tungsten light is the redhead/ MUTLI 10 OR 20.

Softboxes

on the other hand are usually

square or rectangular. They are lightweight boxes that come

with a reflective inside and a translucent front. Light emitted
from the strobe head gets reflected inside the walls of the
softbox and diffused through the box's translucent front
creating a soft, but more focused light source illuminating
the model or scene.

Light accessories

Reflecting umbrellas produce a diffused and soft light. They are

mounted in such a way that the strobe light is actually facing away
from the subject or model. Light flies from the strobe head hitting
the inside of the umbrella and then bounces back towards the
subject.
There are silver-lined, white, and gold tinted umbrellas. Silver-lined
umbrellas are the most efficient and can focus light more narrowly
than the other types. White umbrellas offer a wider spread of
reflected light, and gold umbrellas produce a warm tone.

Basic
goal
Of
Any
type of lighting

Principles of lighting

Concept of key light,.

fill light.
back light.
background light.
Key fill ratio.

The Key Light This is the main light used on

your subject.
The Fill Light The purpose of this light is
to fill in the shadows created by the key
light, preventing them from getting too
dark.
The Back Light This is used to separate the
subject from the background.

The Key Light: quick rules .

1.place the key light first
2.placement is about 45 degrees to either side
of the camera,.
3.Which side of the camera should you place
it on?
4.try placing the key light at different
angles and elevations.
5. where to put key light? Anywhere you
want it as per required mood.

The fill Light: quick rules

1.deep shadows =the fill light comes in.
2.the fill light should not create a second
shadow(except if required).
3.In case : You dont have to use a separate light
as a fill light
Reflectors.
4.Placement .

The backlight Light: quick rules

1.placement.
2. extremely helpful to have barn doors
on this light.
3. light spilling into unwanted places
4. Attach this light to a dimmer

One point lighting .

Two point lighting
Three point lighting.
Four point lighting.
Natural light.
Portrait lighting.

One point lighting

Meaning and uses.

Two point lighting

Three point lighting

portrait lighting principles

Types of portrait lighting principles

Split lighting
Loop lighting
Rembrandt lighting
Butterfly lighting

Split lighting
Split lighting gives more of a
masculine pattern. applicable on
men than it is for women.

Loop lighting

Good lighting setup for people with oval shaped faces

Rembrandt lighting
Rembrandts triangle

Passive

active

Butterfly lighting
glamour

Architectural photography
Product photography

Lens

UNIT IV BASIC OPTICS - LENSES AND FILTERS

Meaning of lens, Need of lens, Focal length, Types of lenses- the normal lens, long lens,
short lens, special purpose lenses- zoom lens, fish eye and macro lens, Focus and Depth
of field- controlling depth of field, Concept of perspective and getting the most out of a
lens, Filters its meaning and types neutral density filter, polarizing filter and color
compensating filters- red, green, yellow, magenta and cyan.

Meaning of lens, Need of lens, Focal length, Types

of lenses- the normal lens, long lens, short lens,
special purpose lenses- zoom lens, fish eye and
macro lens

Lens : its meaning

An optical device made up of glass whose primary function is
the collection of light from the light source and collecting
it on a plane. Its the property or feature of lens to bend
light that depends up the type of lens which is used.
lenses used in conjunction with a camera body and mechanism
to make images of objects either on photographic film or on
other media capable of storing an image chemically or
electronically.
Lens composition
Optical glasses is a molten mixture of chemicals such as
barium, lanthanum and tantalum oxides.
All the photographic lenses have a compound construction.
And the surface of the lens is coated with a very thin layer of
metallic fluoride.

Focal length
its the distance between the lens (rear part) and the focal
plane where the subject is sharp focus . so if we say our subject
is in sharp focus at 25mm , that means the distance between the
lens and the focal plane is 25mm and if our subject is sharp
focus at 200mm so the focal length will be 200mm. Now as we
study about lenses basically classified as normal, wide and
telephoto . So thats why wide lenses are compact while tele
lens are bigger in size.

Refraction : Its meaning

Refractive index: velocity of light vacuum / specific
medium