JJ507-THERMODYNAMIC 2

TOPIC 4
GAS TURBINE
BASIC CYCLE
ONE COMPRESSOR TWO TURBINE
REHEAT
INTERCOOLER
HEAT EXCHANGER

JJ507-THERMODYNAMIC 2

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

CLO1

Solve thermodynamics problem using formulation and

theory.(C3)

CLO2

Analyze the concept of second law of thermodynamics,

gas power cycle, refrigeration cycle and heat transfer.
(C4)

CLO3

Study the theory of thermodynamis related to engineering

field in groups. (A3)

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a

type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream

rotating compressor coupled to a downstream turbine,
and a combustion chamber in-between.
Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor,

where fuel is mixed with air and ignited. In the high

pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of
the fuel increases the temperature.

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The products of the combustion are forced into the turbine

section. There, the high velocity and volume of the gas

flow is directed through a nozzle over the turbine's blades,
spinning the turbine which powers the compressor and,
for some turbines, drives their mechanical output.
The energy given up to the turbine comes from the

reduction in the temperature and pressure of the exhaust

gas

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2.0 BASIC CYCLE

The ideal and basic cycle for gas turbine is called the

Joule cycle.
The most basic gas turbine unit is one operating on the
open cycle in which a rotary compressor and a turbine are
mounted on a common shaft.

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1-2

- Ideal isentropic compression process between P1 and P2

1-2

- Irreversible adiabatic compression

2-3

- Heat supplied at constant pressure

3-4

- Ideal isentropic expansion process between P1 and P2

3-4

- Irreversible adiabatic expansion

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EQUATION
2
1

1
2

3
4

1
2

WORK COMPRESSOR

Wc = Cpa (2 1 ) kJ/kg
HEAT INPUT

Qin = Cpg (3 2 ) kJ/kg

WORK TURBINE

Wt = Cpg (3 4 ) kJ/kg

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WORK NET

Wnet = Wt - Wc
= Cpg (3 4 ) - Cpa (2 1 )
CYCLE EFFICIENCY

= Wnet / Qin
TURBINE ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY

3 4
3 4

COMPRESSOR ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY

2 1
2 1

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EXAMPLE 1
A gas turbine uses the Joule cycle. The pressure ratio is
6:1. The inlet temperature to the compressor is 100C. The
flow rate of air is 0.2 kg/s. The temperature at inlet to the
turbine is 9500C. The isentropic efficiencies of the
compressor and turbines are 0.82 and 0.85 respectively.
Calculate the following :
a) The heat input
b) The cycle efficiency
c) The net power output
Take

= 1.40 and = 1.005 for air

= 1.333 and = 1.11 for gases

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3.0 ONE COMPRESSOR TWO

TURBINE

10

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11

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12

EQUATION
2
1

1
2

3
4

1
2

WORK COMPRESSOR = WORK HIGH PRESSURE TURBINE

Wc = Whpt
Cpa (2 1 )= Cpg (3 4 )
HEAT INPUT

Qin = Cpg (3 2 ) kJ/kg

WORK NET

Wlpt = Cpg (4 5 ) kJ/kg

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CYCLE EFFICIENCY

= Wnet / Qin
HIGH PRESSURE TURBINE ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY

3 4
3 4

LOW PRESSURE TURBINE ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY

4 5
4 5

COMPRESSOR ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY

2 1
2 1

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14

EXAMPLE 2
A gas turbine units takes in air 170C and 1.01 bar and the
pressure ratio is 8:1. The compressor is driven by the high
pressure (HP) turbine and the low pressure (LP) turbines
drives a separate power shaft. The isentropic efficiencies of
the compressor, the HP and LP turbines are 0.8,0.85 and
0.83 respectively. The maximum cycle temperature is
6500C.Calculate the following :
a) The cycle efficiency
b) The net power output per unit kg/s
c) The work ratio
Take

= 1.40 and = 1.005 for air

= 1.333 and = 1.11 for gases

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4.0 REHEAT

15

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16

EQUATION
2
1

1
2

3
4

1
2

WORK COMPRESSOR = WORK HIGH PRESSURE TURBINE

Wc = Whpt
Cpa (2 1 )= Cpg (3 4 )
HEAT INPUT

Qin = Cpg (3 2 ) + Cpg (5 4 )

WORK NET

Wlpt = Cpg (5 6 ) kJ/kg

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17

CYCLE EFFICIENCY

= Wnet / Qin
HIGH PRESSURE TURBINE ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY

3 4
3 4

LOW PRESSURE TURBINE ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY

5 6
5 6

COMPRESSOR ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY

2 1
2 1

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5.0 INTERCOOLER

18

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INTERCOOLER PRESSURE,
2
1

1 2

1 = 3

2 = 4

2 = 4

2 X WORK COMPRESSOR = WORK HIGH PRESSURE TURBINE

2 x Wc = Whpt
2 x Cpa (2 1 ) = Cpg (3 4 )

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EXAMPLE 3
A gas turbine generating set operates with two compressor stages

and intercooling between stages while the overall pressure ratio is

9:1. A high pressure turbine is used to drive the compressors and a
low pressure turbine drives the generator. The temperature of the
gases at entry to the high pressure turbine is 700oC and the gases
are reheated to 700oC after expansion in the first turbine. The
compressors have equal pressure ratios and intercooling is complete
between stages. The air inlet temperature to the unit is 45oC. The
isentropic efficiency of each compressor stage is 0.83 and the
isentropic efficiency of each turbine stage is 0.92. Calculate:
a)
b)

The thermal efficiency

The work ratio of the plant

For air, take Cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK and =1.4, for gases in the
combustion chamber and turbine, take Cp = 1.15 kJ/kgK and =1.333

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6.0 HEAT EXCHANGER

Because the gas leaving the turbine is hotter than the gas

leaving the compressor, it is possible to heat up the air

before it enters the combustion chamber by use of an
exhaust gas heat exchanger. This result in less fuel being
burned in order to produce the same temperature prior to
the turbine and so makes the cycle more efficient.

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THERMAL RATIO

3 2
=
5 2

22