Revista Completa CONCRETO

JANUARY 2014 Vol. 36 No.
Admixtures &
Cementitious Materials
29 TCA 23rd Annual
Achievement Awards
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2013 BASF Corporation. All rights reserved.
JANUARY 2014 Vol. 36 No. 1

ADMIXTURES & CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS
40
Performance of Portland Limestone Cement Concrete

Pavements
Canadian field trials show equivalence

by Ashlee Hossack, Michael D.A. Thomas, Laurent Barcelo,
Bruce Blair, and Anik Delagrave
46
53
59
Reinventing Floor Construction
Disruptive technology is changing the way we construct floors

by Jack Gibbons and Joe Nasvik
Crack-Reducing Admixture
A new frontier in the battle against drying shrinkage cracking

by Charles K. Nmai, Dan Vojko, Steve Schaef, Emmanuel K.
Attiogbe, and Mark A. Bury
Exceptional Performance
Chemical admixture provides long-term protection in a severe

environment
by Jeff Bowman
ALSO FEATURING
24
26
30
29
35
58
41
76
The New concrete.org

ACI President Visits Mexico
Trip to Monterrey coincides with the 80th anniversary of UANL

by Armando Marines Muoz
TCA 23rd Annual Achievement Awards
An Approaching Milestone for the ACI Code
ACI 318-14 will offer benefits to design and construction

professionals
by Randall W. Poston
ASCC Position Statement #40
Protection of Concrete Work

Concrete Q&A
Grouted anchors
Concrete international JANUARY 2014
January
Concrete international
PUBLISHER
John C. Glumb, CAE
(John.Glumb@concrete.org)
46
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Rex C. Donahey, PE, LEED AP
(Rex.Donahey@concrete.org)
departments
ENGINEERING EDITOR
W. Agata Pyc
(Agata.Pyc@concrete.org)
MANAGING EDITOR
Keith A. Tosolt
(Keith.Tosolt@concrete.org)
PUBLISHING SERVICES
MANAGER
Barry M. Bergin
EDITORS
Carl R. Bischof (Senior Editor),
Kaitlyn J. Hinman, Kelli R. Slayden,
Ashley A. Poirier
GRAPHIC DESIGNERS
Gail L. Tatum (Senior Designer),
Susan K. Esper, Ryan M. Jay,
Aimee M. Kahaian
AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE

http://www.concrete.org
Tel. (248) 848-3700
Fax. (248) 848-3150
JANUARY 2014 Concrete international
Presidents Memo
On the Move
12 Education Seminars
13 News
EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
Lacey J. Stachel
(Lacey.Stachel@concrete.org)
ADVERTISING
Keith Price
Network Media Partners, Inc.
(kprice@networkmediapartners.com)
19 Calls for Papers

60 Products & Practice
63 Product Showcase
Galeria 360 was selected for the
23rd Tilt-Up Concrete Association
Achievement Awards. The shopping
center project in Distrito Nacional,
Santo Domingo, Dominican
Republic, required a variety of
forms in tilt-up panels: curved,
semi-curved, and triangular. The
project involved a combination of
construction systems, including
tilt-up panels working as retaining
walls. For more on this and the
other winning projects, see the
article on p. 29. (Photo courtesy of
Contratistas Civiles y Mecnicos.)
66 ACI Committee
Document Abstracts
68 Meetings
69 Industry Focus
70 Public Discussion
71 Spanish Translation Synopses
72 Bookshelf
73 Whats New, Whats Coming
74 Membership Application
75 Bulletin Board
75 Advertisers Index
Copyright 2014 American Concrete Institute. Printed in the United States of America. All correspondence should be directed to the
headquarters office: 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331. Telephone: (248) 848-3700. Facsimile (FAX): (248) 848-3701.
Concrete International (US ISSN 0162-4075) is published monthly by the American Concrete Institute, 38800 Country Club Drive,
Farmington Hills, MI 48331. Periodicals postage paid at Farmington, MI, and at additional mailing offices. Concrete
International has title registration with the U.S. Patent Trademark Office. Subscription rates: $164 per year (U.S. and
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prepaid. POSTMASTER: send address changes to Concrete International, 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331.
The Institute is not responsible for the statements or opinions expressed in its publications. Institute publications are not able to,
nor intended to supplant individual training, responsibility, or judgment of the user, or the supplier, of the information presented.
Permission is granted by the American Concrete Institute for libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center
(CCC) to photocopy any article herein for the fee of $3.00 per transaction. Payments marked ISSN 0162-4075/97 should be sent directly
to the Copyright Clearance Center, 21 Congress St., Salem, MA. 01970. Copying done for other than personal or internal reference use
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should be addressed to the Publisher, Concrete International, American Concrete Institute. Canadian GST #126213149RT
IN
Ci
Advancing
ew products must make it

past the research and testing
beachheadsurvival depends
on advancing. Two products that have
pushed through the initial barriers
and are now moving further into the
marketplace include:
Portland limestone cement (PLC)
concretes, which are performing
well in harsh environments in North
America. While PLC mixtures
have been developed to provide
equivalent performance, in terms
of strength and durability, to
portland cement mixtures, the
associated reductions in CO2 mean
they actually provide enhanced
performance (p. 40); and
A wet-on-wet, two course slab-onground floor system, which has been
successfully used to construct over
30 million ft2 (2.8 million m2) of
floors that exhibit practically zero
curling. If the product continues to
capture market share, building
owners will be the biggest winners
(p. 46).
A crack reducing agent (CRA) is
also discussed. Intriguing test results
and a field trial indicate that CRA can
provide internal stress relief, resulting
in reduced initial crack widths and
improving the performance of concrete
liquid-containment structures and
bridge decks (p. 53).
Survival also depends on continuing
to advance, and that applies to ACI as
well as companies. ACI Committee 318
has made significant progress toward
a reorganized Code (p. 35). On other
fronts, a new logo and tagline has been
approved (p. 7), and the ACI website
has been redesigned for greater functionality (p. 24). The ACI Board has
also approved a new strategic plan (see
the new website). For those who share
a commitment to pursuing the best
use of concrete, these and other
developments will help ensure that
ACI is advancingalways.
Rex C. Donahey
American Concrete Institute

Board of Direction
President
Directors
Anne M. Ellis
Past President
Board Members
Florian G. Barth
Kenneth C. Hover
James K. Wight
Vice Presidents
Executive Vice President

Ronald Burg
William E. Rushing Jr. Sharon L. Wood
Technical Activities
Committee
James R. Harris
Cecil L. Jones
Cary S. Kopyczynski
Steven H. Kosmatka
Kevin A. MacDonald
David M. Suchorski
Neal S. Anderson
Khaled W. Awad
Roger J. Becker
Dean A. Browning
Jeffrey W. Coleman
Robert J. Frosch
Educational Activities
Committee
chair
chair
Ronald J. Janowiak
Thomas O. Malerk
secretary
staff liaison
Certification Programs
Committee
chair
George R. Wargo
staff liaison
Daniel W. Falconer
Michael L. Tholen
John W. Nehasil
JoAnn P. Browning
Chiara F. Ferraris
Catherine E. French
Fred R. Goodwin
Trey Hamilton
Ronald J. Janowiak
Kevin A. MacDonald
Antonio Nanni
Jan Olek
Michael M. Sprinkel
Pericles C. Stivaros
Andrew W. Taylor
Eldon G. Tipping
Cesar Constantion
Alejandro Duran-Herrera
Frances T. Griffith
Mary Beth Hueste
Kimberly E. Kurtis
John J. Myers
William D. Palmer Jr.
Lawrence L. Sutter
Lawrence H. Taber
Ronald Vaugh
David W. Whitmore
Khaled W. Awad
Roger J. Becker
Heather J. Brown
Cesar A. Constantino
Alejandro Duran-Herrera
J. Mitchell Englestead
Brian Green
Charles S. Hanskat
Joe Hug
Thomas O. Malerk
Ed T. McGuire
Thomas L. Rozsits
Vinicio Suarez
David M. Suchorski
Eldon Tipping
Janet White
ACI Staff
Executive Vice President: Ronald Burg (Ron.Burg@concrete.org)

Senior Managing Director: John C. Glumb (John.Glumb@concrete.org)
Certification and chapters:
Professional development:
John W. Nehasil,
Managing Director
(John.Nehasil@concrete.org)
Michael L. Tholen, Managing Director

(Mike.Tholen@concrete.org)
Customer and member support:

Melinda G. Reynolds, Manager
(Melinda.Reynolds@concrete.org)
Engineering:
Daniel W. Falconer, Managing Director

(Daniel.Falconer@concrete.org)
Event services:
Lauren E. Mentz, Manager

(Lauren.Mentz@concrete.org)
Finance and administration:
Sales and membership:
Diane L. Baloh, Director

(Diane.Baloh@concrete.org)
Strategic Development Council/

Marketing, sales, and
industry relations:
Douglas J. Sordyl,
Managing Director
(Douglas.Sordyl@concrete.org)
Sustainability:
Donna G. Halstead, Managing Director

(Donna.Halstead@concrete.org)
Kevin P. Mlutkowski, Director

(Kevin.Mlutkowski@concrete.org)
Website strategy and content:

Christopher J. Darnell, Director
(Chris.Darnell@concrete.org)
Sustaining Members
See pages 10-11 for a list of ACIs Sustaining Members.
To learn more about our sustaining members, go to the ACI website at
www.concrete.org/members/mem_sustaining.htm.
DO YOU NEED
Your New
Concrete & Masonry
Products Readily
Approved by
Code Officials?
VISIT US AT WORLD OF CONCRETE, BOOTH #N2214
LOOK NO FURTHER THAN ICC-ES

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sustainable design and construction.
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I-Codes.
As long as a product has an ICC-ES Evaluation Report, well accept it.

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of ICC
1.800.423.6587 x42237
es@icc-es.org | www.icc-es.org
13-08751
Presidents
Memo
Always Advancing
t the October 24, 2013

meeting of the ACI
Board of Direction and
under unanimous agreement,
the ACI Board took an extremely
bold step and voted to adopt a
new ACI logo and tagline.
In 2005, the Institute
adopted modifications to our
logo, extracting from the
centennial anniversary logo.
But the last significant
transformation was exactly
Anne M. Ellis,
50 years ago. Following a logo
ACI President
competition where members
proposed concepts, ACI hired a consultant to build upon
the winning entry. What a revolutionary and dramatic
outcome it was transforming to the globe, representative
of the world-wide field of operation and influence of the
Institute. Blue was chosen as the basic color to symbolize the
association of water and sky with concrete. The advocates for
this change included industry legends Joe W. Kelly,
Raymond Reese, Roger Corbetta, Bryant Mather, Lewis
Tuthill, Alan Bates, William Maples, and Robert Wilde.
Like our predecessors, we take the next step forward in
the evolution of the ACI brand with an eye toward the
future yet being mindful of our heritage. The acronym aci
is maintained in the refreshed logoan alternative our
predecessors chose over the unwieldy length of the name
American Concrete Institute. Once again, we turn to color,
adopting a new palette of bright hues to convey a more
contemporary, energetic, and dynamic impression; reflect
the diversity of ACIs specialization; and illustrate the

global reach of ACIs network.
A less-is-more approach was chosen for the new tagline
Always advancingto keep the message brief, interesting,
and meaningful to our members, customers, and partners.
Although only two words, they carry a great deal of meaning. First, the new tagline reflects the ACI member. It
reflects the work we do individually and collaboratively
inside and outside of ACI, advancing concrete knowledge,
technology, quality, and construction. Second, the new
tagline reflects what we do collectively in support of
concrete quality and professional growthalways advancing.
Why now? The digital medium easily and economically
accommodates the change. And, like our predecessors, we
recognize the importance of a modern and vibrant image.
Like our predecessors, ACI engaged a brand consultant who
took us through a thoughtful and inclusive process. The
deliverable includes not only the new logo and tagline but
also digital and print communication guidelines to ensure
we represent ACI quality in everything we do. Thank you to
the ACI Marketing Committee, Brand Identity Task Group,
Chair Kimberly Kayler, and ACI staff who championed
these efforts.
ACI formally launches the new logo and tagline at
World of Concrete later this month, on the new
www.concrete.org, and in ACI communications and
products over the coming months.
Anne M. Ellis
ACI LOGOS THROUGH THE YEARS
1944
1959
1964
2004
2005
2014
(100-year anniversary)
Get
Certified
Since 1980, ACI has tested over
400,000 concrete technicians,
inspectors, supervisors, and
craftsmen in 18 different
certification programs.
When you have a need for
qualified concrete professionals
specify ACI Certification.
Visit www.ACI Certification.org for:

Descriptions of ACI Certification Programs
Includes program requirements and reference/
resource materials.
Schedule of Upcoming/Testing Sessions
Search by program and/or state.
Directory of Certified Individuals Confirm an
individuals certification and date of expiration.
CCRL LAB TOUR

The Cement and Concrete Reference Laboratory offers performance examinations for
the ACI Concrete Strength Testing Technician and ACI Aggregate Testing Technician
Level 1 certification programs.
To schedule your lab for CCRL inspection, and to

arrange for performance testing, contact Ray Kolos
at (301) 975-6704.
8 8 JANUARY
2014 Concrete international
Upcoming tour locations are:

January 2014
Northern Ohio
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
West Virginia
February 2014
Georgia
Michigan
Northern Ohio
Central Ohio
Southern Ohio
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
South Carolina
West Virginia
On the
Move
Terex announced that Marty
Bachey joined the Terex Bid-Well
equipment field sales team as the
Northeast and Upper Midwest Region
District Manager. His responsibilities
include sales, training, and customer
paving application consultation. He
has more than 30 years of highway,
industrial, and concrete industry
experience. Previously, Bachey was the
Director of the Heavy Highway and
Industrial Structural Concrete Division
for a concrete producer. He is involved
with the Ohio Contractors Association
and is ACI certified.
strategic plan, promoting innovation

as it relates to the State Department
of Transportation and industry
practices, and participating directly in
AASHTOs effort to pass the next
surface transportation reauthorization
bill. Hancock is a graduate of the
University of Kentucky College of
Engineering. Cox has 28 years in law
enforcement. He received a bachelors
degree in criminal justice from the
International University of Missouri
and graduated from the FBI National
Academy and FBI Law Enforcement
Executive Development Course.
Nox-Crete Products Group

announced Jeff Bishop as Precast
Division Manager. His responsibilities
include driving leadership and growth
for precast product sales in the new
sales division. Bishop previously was
President and CEO of ConArt Precast
in Georgia and has more than 30 years
of precast experience.
Jeremy Gregory was named

Executive Director of the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT) Concrete
Sustainability Hub (CSHub). His
research interests include the economic
and environmental implications of
materials and their recycling and
end-of-life recovery. Previously, he was
a Research Scientist in the Engineering
Systems Division. He received his BS
from Montana State University-Bozeman
and MS and PhD from MIT. The
CSHub was established in 2009 with
grants from the Portland Cement
Association and Ready Mixed Concrete
Research & Education Foundation
with the goal of accelerating progress
in concrete science and transfering
those research advances to the industry.
The U.S. Senate voted Timothy

Haahs, Principal of Timothy Haahs &
Associates, Inc., to the Board of
Directors of the National Institute of
Building Sciences. The institute serves
the public interest by supporting
advances in building sciences and
technologies to improve the performance
of the nations buildings. Authorized
by Congress, it is an authoritative
source and provides candid discussion
among private and public sectors
within the built environment. The
Board of Directors is comprised of
21 members from across the country.
The American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO) Board of Directors voted
Mike Hancock, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet Secretary as President
and Jon Cox, Director of the Wyoming
Department of Transportation, as Vice
President. Hancock will emphasize
three areas updating the AASHTO
National Ready Mixed Concrete

Association announced five promotions:
Nicole Maher to Chief Operating
Officer. She was previously Vice
President of NRMCA;
Jon Hansen to Vice President,
National Resources North Central
Region. Previously he was the
Director of Marketing for the Iowa
Ready Mixed Concrete/Iowa
Concrete Paving Association
Partnership;
Amy Miller to Vice President,
National Resources Southeast
Region. She joined NRMCA as a
Bachey Bishop
Haahs Kayler
member of the National Resource

Directors Team;
Brian Killingsworth to Vice
President, Pavement Structures. He
was previously involved in research
projects with the National
Cooperative Highway Research
Program, Federal Highway Administration, and State Departments of
Transportation; and
Tien Peng to Vice President,
Sustainability. Previously, he
worked in the building design and
construction industry.
Honors and Awards
ACI member, Kimberly Kayler,

President of Constructive Communication, Inc., was named part of the
inaugural Zenger Circle in recognition
of her dedication to the University of
Arizona School of Journalism, where
she received her journalism degree.
The Zenger Circle is in honor of John
Peter Zenger, a journalist who served
8 months in prison nearly 300 years
ago for publishing a newspaper that
criticized the British government.
Kayler is Chair of the ACI Marketing
Committee and a member of the
Stragetic Plan Drafting Task Group,
the Task Group on Communication
Platforms for Delivery of Services &
Product, and the Task Group on
Project Awards.
are the foundation of our success.

To provide additional exposure to ACI Sustaining Members, Concrete
International includes a 1/3-page member profile and a listing of all Sustaining
Member organizations. All Sustaining Members receive the 1/3-page profile
section on a rotating basis.
ACS Manufacturing Corporation
Kleinfelder
Advanced Construction Technology
Kretetek
Services
American Society of Concrete
Contractors
Lafarge North America

Lithko Contracting, Inc.
Meadow Burke
Ash Grove Cement Company
W. R. Meadows, Inc.
Ashford Formula
Metromont Corporation
Baker Concrete Construction, Inc.
MTL
Barrier-1 Inc.
Municipal Testing
BASF Corporation
North S.Tarr Concrete Consulting PC
BCS
Oztec Industries, Inc.
Buzzi Unicem USA
Pacific Structures
Cantera Concrete Company
Penetron International Ltd.
CECO Concrete Construction
PGESCo
CHRYSO, Inc.
Portland Cement Association
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
CTLGroup
Schmitt Technical Services, Inc.
Dayton Superior
Sika Corp.
Ductilcrete Slab Systems, LLC
S.K. Ghosh Associates, Inc.
The Euclid Chemical Co.
STRUCTURAL
Fibercon International, Inc.
Structural Services, Inc.
Future Tech Consultants
Triad Engineering, Inc.
W.R. Grace & Co.
TWC Concrete Services
Headwaters Resources, Inc.
Wacker Neuson
Holcim (US) Inc.
Westroc, Inc.
The American Society of Concrete

Contractors (ASCC) is a non-profit
organization dedicated to enhancing
the capabilities of those who build
with concrete, and to providing them
a unified voice in the construction
industry. Members include concrete
contracting firms, manufacturers,
organizations and others interested in
the concrete industry such as architects,
engineers, specifiers and distributors.
There are approximately 500
member companies in the United
States and abroad. Specialty councils
include the Decorative Concrete
Council, the Safety & Risk Management Council and the Manufacturers
Advisory Council.
Membership in ASCC provides the
tools contractors need to make
informed, careful decisions, connecting
them to a nationwide network of
peers, professionals and experts.
Member benefits include technical
and safety hotlines, Position Statements
on constructability issues, a comprehensive safety program, contractor
peer groups and national events.
To learn more about ASCC, please
visit their website at ascconline.org or
call 866-788-ASCC (2722).
Keystone Structural Concrete, LLC
To learn more about our sustaining members, visit our website at www.concrete.org/sustainingmembers
Celebrating 130 years of operations

in 2012, the Ash Grove Cement
Company (www.ashgrove.com) has
distinguished itself in the cement
industry with a strong and longstanding tradition of service, reliability and
quality. As the largest American-owned
cement company, Ash Grove has the
capacity to produce more than 8
million tons of cement annually from
eight cement plants located across the
country and to distribute through
more than 20 cement terminals,
ready-mixed concrete, aggregates,
packaged products and paving operations.
The Sunderland family has led the
privately-held Ash Grove Cement
Company for four generations. The
companys commitment to environmental stewardship, social responsibility and economic prosperity are at
the core of the company leaders
values. Ash Grove has strong ties to
the communities in which it operates.
For more information about
Ash Grove, please visit their website
at www.ashgrove.com or call
800-545-1882.
KRETETEK Industries manufactures

concrete sealing products marketed to
architects, engineers and contractors
designed to provide long-lasting
protection for their concrete projects.
An innovator and leader in a crowded
industry, KRETETEK offers a wide range
of high-quality products exhaustively
tested to ensure optimal performance.
The GHOSTSHIELD product line
manufactured by KRETETEK is the
most comprehensive set of concrete
sealing offerings on the market,
featuring sodium silicates, lithium
silicates, silane/siloxanes, acrylics,
epoxies, and more. KRETETEKs
commitment to consumer and
environmental safety led to the
development of products with low VOC
contents, reinforcing its mission to
provide durable, cost-effective solutions
to everyday concrete sealing needs.
On the cutting edge of research and
development, KRETETEK incorporates
leading molecular nanotechnology
and the latest advances in general
concrete manufacturing to constantly
improve their product line. KRETETEK
recognizes that technological progress
is crucial to success, devoting most of
its resources to product research,
development, and testing.
Owned and operated by a team of
dedicated employees, KRETETEK
delivers the most extensive technical
and customer service in the industry.
Our high-quality products and
serviceminded staff help ensure
customer satisfaction and industryleading concrete protection.
To learn more about KRETETEK,
please visit their website at www.
ghostshield.com or call 855-573-8383.
Since its founding in 1916, the

Portland Cement Association (PCA)
has had the same mission: Improve
and expand the uses of portland
cement and concrete.
Where cement and concrete are
concerned, so is the Portland Cement
Association: in cement manufacturing,
in raising the quality of concrete
construction, in improving its product
and its uses, in contributing to a better
environment. In practice, this mandate
means well-rounded programs of market
development, education, research,
technical services, and government
affairs on behalf of PCA members
cement companies in the U.S.
Concretes versatility and use in
many green building applications
makes it an excellent material for
sustainable designs. As part of its
ongoing commitment to sustainability,
PCA sponsored the Sustainable
Leadership Awards, which honor
government leaders who advance
sustainable development in their
communities through the use of
concrete. It continues sponsorship of
its Environment & Energy Awards that
recognize manufacturing facilities that
exemplify the spirit of continuous
environmental improvement by going
beyond government regulations and
local laws to ensure that their processes
and policies contribute to making
their communities better places to live
and work.
To learn more about Portland
Cement Association, please visit their
website at www.cement.org or call
847-966-6200.
ACICustom
Custom Seminars
ACI
Seminars
Personalized training to fit your organizations needs and goals
Convenience
You schedule training whenever it works best for your

organization and your employees. You name the location,
the time, and the topic; and well make it happen!
Cost-effectiveness
Realize savings by eliminating the high costs associated with employee travel and lodging. We bring the seminar to your door!
Expert instructors
Excellence in the field you choose. Each custom seminar

is usually conducted by two instructors who are recognized
experts in their field.
State-of-the-art publications
The latest publications prepared by one of more than 130

ACI technical committees can supplement the speaker handouts. ACI publications are available at a 50% discount.
Fees
Seminar fees start at $7600 ($8100 for ACI/PCA 318-11

Building Code) for a 1-day seminar. Numerous topics are
ready to go. Any concrete-related topic can be created and
custom-designed to meet your specific organizational needs at
an additional cost.
Contact
Eva Korzeniewski, Seminar Coordinator

American Concrete Institute
38800 Country Club Drive
Farmington Hills, MI 48331
Phone: 248-848-3754
Fax: 248-848-3792
Eva.Korzeniewski@concrete.org
www.concreteseminars.com
Topics
ACI/PCA 318-11 Building Code Requirements for

Structural Concrete
ACI/PCA Simplified Design of Concrete Buildings of
Moderate Size and Height
Anchorage to Concrete
Basics of Concrete Materials and Testing
Code Requirements for Nuclear Safety-Related
Concrete Structures
Concrete Repair Basics
Construction of Concrete Slabs-on-Ground
Design of Concrete Slabs-on-Ground
Environmental Engineering ConcreteDesign and Details
Physical TesterBasics of Cement Testing
Portland Cement Concrete Overlays: State of the Technology
Reinforced Concrete Design
Repair of Concrete Bridges, Parking Decks, and Other
Transportation Structures
Repair of Concrete Workshop
Seismic and Wind Design Considerations for
Concrete Buildings
Seismic Design of Liquid-Containing Concrete Structures
Troubleshooting Concrete Construction
Troubleshooting Concrete Floor Problems
Troubleshooting Concrete Forming and Shoring
For more information regarding

available Custom Seminar topics, visit
www.concreteseminars.com and
click on Custom Seminars.
News
Mack and McNeilus Donate to CIM
Auction at World of Concrete
The Concrete Industry Management (CIM) programa

business intensive program that awards students with a
4-year BS degree in Concrete Industry Management
announced that the signature item for their ninth annual
auction at World of Concrete is a Mack Granite Axle
Forward model mounted with a McNeilus 11-cubic-yard
Bridgemaster concrete transit mixer, donated by Mack
Trucks, Inc., and McNeilus Co., a division of Oshkosh Truck.
The truck chassis donated by Mack Trucks and the
concrete mixer donated by McNeilus Company is the
strong foundation we need to help ensure a successful CIM
Auction at the 2014 World of Concrete, said Michael
Philipps, CIM Auction Committee Chairman. We are very
appreciative that, over the past many years, these two
industry-leading manufacturers have collaborated on a
significant donation to our auction. It speaks volumes of their
commitment to the concrete industry and the importance

they place on the CIM program.
Mack is pleased to support the Concrete Industry
Management programs annual auction and their commitment to management education, said Stu Russoli, Mack
Construction Product Marketing Manager. The concrete
market is significant for Mack and we enjoy doing all we
can to encourage its growth and the growth of those
working in the industry.
The ninth annual auction will be held on January 22 in
the North Hall Room N262 of the Las Vegas Convention
Center. The silent auction will be held from 11 a.m. to
12:45 p.m. and the live auction begins at 1 p.m. Once again
this year, Internet bidding will be available on the Ritchie
Bros. website, www.rbauction.com. To participate in
electronic auction bidding, bidders must register a week in
advance. Those participating in the auction at World of
Concrete can register on-site.
Stick with
Weld-CreteThe pale blue bonding agent with

60 years of superior performance in the field.
Simply brush, roll or spray Weld-Crete on to
concrete or any structurally sound surface. Then
come back hours, days or a week later and finish
with new concrete, stucco, tile, terrazzo, other
cement mixes or portland cement plaster. Plus
Weld-Cretes low VOC content significantly
reduces airborne pollutants that affect health and
the environment.
800.633.6668
www.larsenproducts.com
13
News
1966. Data is compiled by directly surveying electric
utilities and using additional data produced by the U.S.
Energy Information Administration. The complete survey
report is available at www.acaa-usa.org.
ACI to Prepublish Papers Online with

Added Color
Organizers hope the 2014 Auction is even bigger than

the 2013 Auction, which raised more than $615,000 in gross
revenue. For a full list of items, visit www.concretedegree.
com/auction.
ACAA Survey Shows Decline in Coal

Ash Recycling
Coal ash recycling in the United States declined by

4.7 million tons in 2012. For the fourth consecutive year,
ash use remained below 2008 levelsstalled after nearly a
decade of growth of a practice that conserves energy and
natural resources, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and
safely keeps ash out of landfills and disposal ponds.
The American Coal Ash Association (ACAA) released
the results of its yearly survey of the production and use of
coal combustion products (CCPs) in the United States.
According to this years survey, 51.9 million tons of CCPs
were beneficially used in 2012down from 56.6 million
tons in 2011 and well below the 2008 peak of 60.6 million
tons. In the closely watched category of fly ash used in
concrete, use remained level at 11.8 million tons, up by
only 44,000 tons over 2011 and still below 12.6 million
tons in 2008.
Ash producers, specifiers, and users have restricted coal
ash use in light of the regulatory uncertainty surrounding
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed
coal ash regulations that could designate the material as
hazardous waste when disposed. Although recent EPA
statements are encouraging that the Agency currently thinks
nonhazardous coal ash disposal regulations are appropriate,
the protracted debate continues to impede recycling, said
Thomas H. Adams, Executive Director of ACAA.
ACAA has conducted a survey quantifying the production
and use of coal ash in the United States each year since
14
Effective January 2014, ACI will prepublish ACI

Structural Journal and ACI Materials Journal papers to
www.concrete.org. Under this initiative, the time-topublication will shrink to about 3 months, shortening the
typical publishing times by 9 months or more. These papers
will undergo the standard peer review and staff editorial
processes, and then be immediately available as a PDF for
download from the ACI website before they are assigned to
a specific journal issue and published in hard print and
electronic PDF formats.
In addition, ACI is accepting color graphics and fullcolor photos for publication in the online Adobe Acrobat
PDF versions (only) of the ACI Journals. This update enables
authors to increase the impact of their papers and the
information presented.
Subscribers of the ACI Structural Journal and the
ACI Materials Journal digital editions can now download a
PDF of an unabridged issue at www.concrete.org. Other
recent enhancements to the ACI Journals include digital
object identifier (DOI) paper identification for wider
citation, a searchable electronic index, and migrating to
XML workflow to further expedite publication time.
For information on how to submit to the ACI Journals
and to download a Microsoft Word template for writing
papers, go to www.concrete.org/Publications.
Sustainability Conference Expands to

Latin America
The National Ready Mixed Concrete Association

(NRMCA) and Iberoamerican Federation of Ready Mixed
Concrete (FIHP) are hosting the International Concrete
Sustainability Conference, Latin America, February 6-7, 2014,
in Medelln, Colombia. The conference is an expansion of
the International Concrete Sustainability Conference and
International Concrete Technology Forum hosted by
NRMCA since 2006 throughout the United States and the
Middle East. This is the first time the conference will be
held in Latin America.
NRMCA is proud to be working with its long-time
partner FIHP to bring the Sustainability Conference to
Latin America. Weve hosted the conference now for 8 years
in 12 locations in the United States and the Middle East.
It is time to take the conference to our Latin American
News
partners, NRMCA President Robert Garbini said. Manuel
Lascarro, Executive Director of FIHP, added: Medelln,
Colombia, is the perfect location for the first Latin American
conference since the city was recently chosen as Most
Innovative City of the World 2013 by The Wall Street
Journal. The conference will include representation from at
least 10 Latin America countries in addition to leading
experts in sustainability and concrete from North America
and other parts of the world.
Additional information can be found at www.
concretesustainabilityconference.org.
Attiogbe Finishes Service as Chair of

SDC Technology Transfer Advisory Group
Emmanuel Attiogbe, FACI, presided at his last
meeting as Chair of the Strategic Development Councils
(SDC) Technology Transfer Advisory Group (TTAG) at
the ACI Fall 2013 Convention in Phoenix, AZ. The new
Chair is Charles Hanskat.

Attiogbe had been a voting member of the ACI Technical
Activities Committee (TAC) Technical Transfer Committee
(TTTC) since 1998, and served as Chair of TTTC from 2005
to 2010. In 2010, Attiogbe managed the transition of TTTC
from TAC to become TTAG under SDC. During his time as
Chair, he was involved in the following Innovation Task
Group (ITG) projects:
ITG-5.2-09, Requirements for Design of a Special
Unbonded Post-Tensioned Precast Shear Wall Satisfying
ACI ITG-5.1 (ACI ITG-5.2-09) and Commentary;
ITG-6R-10, Design Guide for the Use of ASTM A1035/
A1035M Grade 100 (690) Steel Bars for Structural
Concrete;
ITG-7-09, Specification for Tolerances for Precast
Concrete; and
ITG-8R-10, Report on Performance-Based Requirements
for Concrete.
Announcing the Germann Instruments Workshop

NDT & ADVANCED METHODS FOR EVALUATION OF CONCRETE
Three-day workshop covers
the following major topics.
Evaluation of in-place
concrete strength
Flaw detection based on
stress waves
Location of reinforcement
corrosion
Chloride profiling and
service life estimation
When: February 12-14. 2014

Where: Evanston, Illinois, USA
Who Should Attend? Persons who
wish to enhance their understanding of traditional and advanced
methods for evaluation of concrete
and concrete structure. The workshop format includes a series of
presentations and demonstrations
covering the full range of systems
used worldwide.
INSTRUCTORS
Mr. Claus G. Petersen

M.Sc., MBA
Germann Instruments, Inc.
Dr. Nicolas J. Carino

FACI
8845 Forest View Road

Evanston, Illinois 60203-1924 USA
Tel: (847) 329-9999 Fax: (847) 329-8888
E-mail: germann@germann.org
Test SmartBuild Right
Web site: http://www.germann.org
Course is approved for 17 PDHs

by the Professional Institute of
Engineering, Inc. Certificates will
be provided.
Download registration form and
workshop schedule from our web
site shown to the left.
15
News
Launch of LEED v4
The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) launched

LEED v4, the newest version of the LEED green building
program, at the Greenbuild International Conference and
Expo in November 2013. LEED v4 encourages and accelerates
global adoption of sustainable green building and development practices through the creation and implementation of
universally understood and accepted tools and performance
criteria. Already, 122 beta projects from around the world
are using LEED v4.
Highlights of LEED v4 include:
New LEED market sector adaptations for data centers,
warehouses and distribution centers, hospitality, existing
schools, existing retail, and mid-rise residential projects;
Simplified LEED credit submittal requirements, descriptive
step-by-step reference guide materials with videos and
tutorials, and a more intuitive technology platform;
Building performance management focused on outcomes
so that building owners have a better understanding of
how to manage their buildings to meet full performance

potential; and
New impact categories of climate change, human health,
water resources, biodiversity, green economy, community,
and natural resources.
More information can be found at www.usgbc.org/v4.
Students Challenge at the International

Masonry Conference
Maximum Compressive Load of Masonry Prisms is the

Students Challenge at the 9th International Masonry
Conference, to be held in Guimares, Portugal, July 7-9, 2014.
The objective of this competition, which is sponsored by
the European Lime Association, is to predict the maximum
compressive load of two masonry prisms built with solid
bricks or hollow blocks, and mortar joints.
All MSc and PhD students, organized by teams of three,
can participate. The prizes are 750, 500, and 250 for first,
second, and third place, respectively. The registration
deadline is January 31, 2014. More details on the competition
rules and the registration form are available at www.9imc.
civil.uminho.pt/images/editortexto/IMC%20Students%
20Challenge.pdf.
New Fly Ash Recycling Plant to be Built

in South Carolina
Discover YOUR Opportunity.

Whether you are looking for a
new job or just want to keep an
eye on whats out there, the ACI
Career Center offers promising
positions in your industry. With
hundreds of employers looking
to find qualified candidates, post
your resume today on the ACI
Career Center!
POST RESUME FOR FREE

GAIN MORE EXPOSURE
EXPAND JOB SEARCH
FIND RELEVANT JOBS
www.concrete.org
ACIsCareerCenter
16
The SEFA Group, Inc., announced plans to build a

$40 million facility to recycle high-carbon fly ash using
new proprietary recycling technology. The facility will be
located in Georgetown, SC, and will consume 100% of the
coal fly ash produced at Santee Coopers Winyah Generating
Station. The facility will also recycle fly ash previously
stored in ash ponds located at Winyah Station. Coal fly ash
from other Santee Cooper electric generating stations may
also be transported to the Winyah Station site for processing.
The new facility will be able to recycle up to 400,000 tons
(362,870 tonnes) of fly ash per year. The SEFA Group will
use the fly ash from Winyah Station as a primary ingredient
in its proprietary STAR (Staged Turbulent Air Reactor)
process to produce a thermally beneficiated Class F fly ash
product free of organic contaminants. The SEFA Group
operates two other STAR Plants, which are located in
Columbia, SC, and Newburg, MD. However, this will be
the first STAR Plant that will also recycle fly ash from
settling basins.
The primary product manufactured at the recycling
plant will be a supplementary cementitious material that is
trademarked as STAR RP. According to Tom Hendrix, CEO
of The SEFA Group: We introduced STAR RP to the
concrete industry in 2011 when we began operating our
News
Maryland STAR Plant. Concrete producers prefer STAR RP,
which is a refined pozzolan that not only enhances the
concrete quality but also lowers cost. STAR RP Refined
Pozzolan is recognized by the U.S. Green Building Council
as a post-industrial, pre-consumer recycled material, which
means it can contribute toward LEED credits.
Founded in 1976, The SEFA Group, formerly Southeastern
Fly Ash Company, is diversified throughout many areas of
fly ash use in the construction industry.
In Memoriam
Khaled Soudki died September 17, 2013, at the age of 46.

An ACI Fellow, he was a Professor in the Department of
Civil & Environmental Engineering at the University of
Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada. He was also the Advisor
of the University of Waterloo ACI Student Chapter and
worked closely with the ACI Ontario Chapter. Soudki was
an internationally known leader in the field of reinforced
and prestressed concrete structures with emphasis on the
use of advanced fiber-reinforced polymers for the repair of

structures. His research and teaching contributions over the
last 20 years resulted in more than 250 research publications.
He received his MS from Cornell University and his PhD
from the University of Manitoba.
Joseph A. Amon, 64, of Tampa, FL, passed away
November 27, 2013. He enjoyed a successful 40-year career
as a civil engineer, most recently as Vice President for
Ardaman & Associates Inc. He was a graduate of the Speed
School of Engineering at the University of Louisville.
Named an ACI Fellow in 2006, Amon served on ACI
Committees 120, History of Concrete; 229, Controlled
Low-Strength Materials; 437, Strength Evaluation of
Existing Concrete Structures; C610, Field Technician
Certification; and E702, Designing Concrete Structures.
Donations may be made in his memory to support MultipleSystem Atrophy/Parkinsons research at the Mayo Clinic in
Florida (800-297-1185) or the USF Parkinsons Disease and
Movement Disorder Center (813-974-3300).
17
PROUDLY MADE IN
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Will outperform any other type of vibrator round,

square, hi-cycle, etcAny Type!
Will protect epoxy coated rebar and expensive forms.
Is outstanding in low slump (to "0" slump) concrete.
Essential in large pours of very stiff concrete.
Please visit our booth #N2526 at World of Concrete
Makes concrete denser with less voids to patch.

Vibrates @ 12,000vpm, never drops below 10,500vpm
when lowered deep into low slump concrete.
Is an absolute must for Architectural concrete where
cosmetic surfaces are essential.
Can be used with Oztec electric or gas powered units.
Calls for
Papers
Research in Progress
Meeting: Two 2-hour technical sessions titled Research

in Progress during the ACI Spring 2014 Convention in
Reno, NV, March 23-27, 2014; sponsored by ACI Committee
123, Research and Current Developments.
Solicited: Short presentations (typically 15 minutes) in
the area of concrete structures and materials related to any
aspect of an ongoing research program highlighting the
overall scope of the research, methods of investigation, test
procedures, results, and conclusions to date. The purpose of
this session is to offer authors/speakers an open forum for
the presentation of recent technical information that does
not fit into other sessions scheduled for this convention.
Requirements: 1) Presentation title; 2) author/speaker
name(s), job title, organization, mailing address, telephone
number, and e-mail; and 3) abstract up to 250 words. One
relevant figure may be included. Please note that duplicate
submissions to Research in Progress and Open Paper
Session are not accepted.
Deadline: Abstracts must be submitted electronically no
later than January 13, 2014. Authors/speakers will be notified
of the review decision for acceptance by January 28, 2014.
Send to both: Kerry Hall, University of Southern
Indiana, (812) 228-5074, khall@usi.edu; and Jeffrey Volz,
University of Oklahoma, (405) 325-1489, volz@ou.edu.
Send to both: Eric Giannini, University of Alabama,

(205) 348-0785, ergiannini@eng.ua.edu; and Piotr Paczkowski,
Parsons Brinkerhoff, (813) 520-4406, paczkowskip@
pbworld.com.
Nanotechnology in Construction
Meeting: The Fifth International Symposium on

Nanotechnology in Construction (NICOM5), May 24-26,
2015, Chicago, IL.
Solicited: Potential topics for the NICOM5 symposium
illustrate the broad potential for application of nanotechnology to challenging problems involving construction
materials, such as production, functionalization, and
performance of nanomaterials; properties of construction
materials at the nanoscale and relation of these parameters
to materials performance at the macroscale; instrumentation,
techniques, and metrology for nanoscale investigation of
construction materials; nanomodification of construction
Open Paper Session
Meeting: Two 2-hour technical sessions titled Open

Paper Session during the ACI Spring 2014 Convention,
Reno, NV, March 23-27, 2014; sponsored by ACI
Committee 123, Research and Current Developments.
Solicited: Previously unpublished information from
completed studies on any aspect of structural analysis,
concrete materials science, structural design, construction,
manufacturing, use, and maintenance of concrete structures
and products. The purpose of this session is to offer authors/
speakers an open forum for presentation of recent technical
information that does not fit into other sessions scheduled
for this convention. Typical presentation time is 18 to
20 minutes.
number, and e-mail; and 3) abstract of up to 250 words.
One relevant figure may be included. Please note that
duplicate submissions to Research in Progress and Open
Paper Session are not accepted.
Deadline: Abstracts must be submitted electronically
no later than January 13, 2014. Authors/speakers will be
notified of the review decision for acceptance by
January 25, 2014.
19
Calls for Papers: Submission Guidelines
Calls for Papers

materials, including functional films and coatings; and
nanotechnology for high-strength and high-performance
materials.
Requirements: For more information, visit www.
nicom5.org.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by January 15, 2014.
Contact: K. Sobolev, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee,
sobolev@uwm.edu; S.P. Shah, Northwestern University,
s-shah@northwestern.edu.
ACI Young Professionals Essay Contest
Event: ACI Young Professionals Essay Contest, sponsored

by ACI Committee S806, Young Professional Activities
(YPA), to promote participation of young professionals in
the ACI community.
The contest winner will receive recognition at the ACI
Fall 2014 Convention in Washington, DC; registration for
the convention; and a cash prize.
Solicited: Essay entries are invited that describe how
young practitioners are incorporating sustainability
practices in everyday concrete structural or material design
activities.
Requirements: 1) The essay must be kept to two pages
in length, typed in 12-point font, with 1 in. margins, on
letter-size paper; 2) any references should be cited and the
reference list included as part of the two-page document;
and 3) all applicants must have been in a concrete- or
construction-related industry for less than 8 years. Years
spent as a full-time student studying a construction-related
field do not count toward these 8 years. An application
form is available at www.concrete.org.
Deadline: Essays are due by January 31, 2014.
Send to: Michelle Totin, ACI, 38800 Country Club
Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331; e-mail: Michelle.Totin@
concrete.org.
Acceptance Standards and

Recommended Design Practice
for the Bond of Pre-Tensioned
Prestressing Strands
Meeting: Technical sessions and a special publication

titled Acceptance Standards and Recommended Design
Practice for the Bond of Pre-Tensioned Prestressing Strands
at the ACI Spring 2015 Convention, April 12-15, 2015,
Kansas City, MO; cosponsored by Joint ACI-ASCE
Committee 423, Prestressed Concrete, and Joint ACI-ASCE
Committee 550, Precast Concrete Structures. The SP will be
available in CD format at the convention.
Solicited: Abstracts are invited on recent research
targeting the development of testing standards for the bond
of pre-tensioned prestressing strand, minimum threshold
20
Calls for papers should be submitted no later than 3 months prior to the deadline for abstracts. Please send meeting information, papers/presentations being
solicited, abstract requirements, and deadline, along with full contact information
to: Keith A. Tosolt, Managing Editor, Concrete International, 38800 Country Club
Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331; fax: (248) 848-3150; e-mail: Keith.Tosolt@
concrete.org. Visit www.callforpapers.concrete.org for more information.
values for bond capacities as measured by various testing

methods, and the design implications discovered by recent
research. Other topics include applied research and design
recommendations; the development of testing methods to
measure and assure the bondability of steel prestressing
strands, such as the development of the ASTM A1081-12
Test Method and other testing methods; the effects of
variations in concrete mixtures including changes in
proportioning and constituent materials (including
lightweight aggregates) and the influence of various
admixtures; the effects of self-consolidating concrete; and
the effects of cross-section properties, reinforcement details,
and other structural components.
Requirements: 1) Presentation/paper title; 2) author/
speaker name(s), job title, organization, mailing address,
telephone number, fax, and e-mail; and 3) an abstract of
150 to 300 words outlining the objectives, contents, and
findings. Submissions should be sent by e-mail as a Word
file or PDF attachment.
Deadlines: Abstracts are due by February 5, 2014.
Authors will be notified of acceptance on or before
March 5, 2014. Full-length papers will be due by June 11, 2014.
Send to: Bruce W. Russell, Oklahoma State University,
bruce.russell@okstate.edu; or Tess Ahlborn, Michigan Tech
University, tess@mtu.edu.
Istanbul Bridge Conference 2014
Meeting: Istanbul Bridge Conference 2014, August

11-13, 2014, Istanbul, Turkey.
Solicited: The technical program will focus on new
developments in bridge design and construction. The main
topics will be advances in bridge construction techniques;
recent developments in bridge design codes; designing and
constructing against extreme events such as earthquake and
wind; sustainable bridge designs with a focus on durability;
lessons learned from past failures of bridges; bridge computer
technology and analysis; condition assessment of aging
bridges; evaluation of bridge bearings, isolation systems,
dampers, and expansion joints; and understanding the
construction stage analysis.
Requirements: Submit abstracts online at
http://istanbulbridgeconference.org/submissions/abstract.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by February 7, 2014.
Asian Concrete Federation
Meeting: Concrete Vision 2030, the 6th International

Conference of the Asian Concrete Federation (ACF),
September 17-19, 2014, in Seoul, Korea; organized by ACF.
Solicited: The objective of the ACF 2014 International
Conference is to share the latest developments in research
and application of concrete technologies in civil and
Calls for Papers

architectural engineering areas. The
themes of the conference will include
concrete structures; concrete materials
and technologies; maintenance,
monitoring, repair, and strengthening;
sustainability; construction management and engineering; and recent
research and related topics.
Requirements: Participants who
are interested in presenting a paper(s)
are invited to submit a maximum,
one-page, A4 size abstract(s) in English
(with or without figures). Abstracts
should be submitted online in MS
Word to www.acf2014.kr.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by
February 14, 2014.
Contact: M.H. Jang, e-mail: jmh@
kci.or.kr.
chemical admixtures, use of limestone

fines and/or portland limestone
cements, early-age concrete properties,
set time, heat of hydration, and test
methods and analysis.
Requirements: 1) Presentation
title; 2) author/speaker name(s), title,
organization, mailing address, telephone number, and e-mail; and 3)
summary of presentation content.
Improving Early-Age
Properties of Concrete
with SCMs
Meeting: Technical session on

Improving Early-Age Properties of
Concrete with SCMs at the ACI Fall
2014 Convention, October 26-30, 2014,
Washington, DC; sponsored by ACI
Committee 231, Properties of Concrete
at Early Ages.
Solicited: Increasing focus on
global warming and environmental
sustainability has prompted much
industry research on the increased use
of supplementary cementitious
materials (SCMs) as a partial replacement of portland cement in concrete.
Using higher SCM volumes in
concrete often results in practical
early-age field application issues such
as extended initial set, very slow
early-strength development, excessive
bleeding, and poor hydration kinetics.
Presentations are invited on research,
case studies, and mixture trials that
deal with overcoming early-age field
issues with these SCM mixtures.
Possible topics include but are not
limited to: mixture proportioning
modification, ternary mixtures,
high-volume fly ash, natural pozzolans,
WINN
at Wor
ld
ER
of Con
crete 2
013!
21
Calls for Papers

Deadline: Abstracts sent by e-mail are due by
February 17, 2014.
Send to: Wayne Wilson, Holcim (US), Inc., wayne.
wilson@holcim.com; and Jussara Tanesi, FHWA-SES
Associates, jussara.tanesi.ctr@dot.gov.
Design and Construction Challenges of

Atypical RC Columns
Meeting: Technical session on Design and Construction

Challenges of Atypical RC Columns at the ACI Fall 2014
Convention, October 26-30, 2014, Washington, DC;
sponsored by Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 441, Reinforced
Concrete Columns.
Solicited: The focus of this session will be on the analysis,
design, and construction of atypical RC columns. Topics
include, but are not limited to, using FRP as the main
reinforcement in longitudinal and lateral directions, abrupt
changes in the column cross section within the column
length, special types of concrete to address specific needs
during construction or service life of the column, and
columns under unconventional loads such as blast and

impact (collision) loading.
number, and e-mail; and 3) abstract of up to 250 words.
One relevant figure may be included.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by February 24, 2014.
Send to: Elias Saqan, American University, Dubai, UAE,
esaqan@aud.edu; and Asad Esmaeily, Kansas State University,
asad@ksu.edu.
In-Situ Transport Measurements
Meeting: Technical session on In-Situ Transport

Measurements at the ACI Fall 2014 Convention,
October 26-30, 2014, Washington, DC; sponsored by
ACI Committees 228, Nondestructive Testing of Concrete,
and 236, Material Science of Concrete.
Solicited: Testing methods carried out in the field on
as-placed concrete, rather than laboratory-based procedures, will
be the focus of the session. Methods based on mechanisms of
2014 Honors and Awards

Program Nominations
The American Concrete Institute is seeking your nominations for the 2014 Honors and Awards Program!
Nominations are now being accepted for ACIs Honorary Member and Fellow of the Institute honors as
well as for ACIs personal awards for individual
or organizational merit, Young Member Award for
Professional Achievement, Certification Award,
and the Walter P. Moore, Jr. Faculty Achievement
Award.
To provide a nomination for an ACI honor or
award, go to www.concrete.org and click on About
ACI and then Honors and Awards to choose an
honor or personal award for which you wish to
nominate an individual or organization. Nomination
forms are available under each individual award
category as downloadable Word documents.
If you have any questions regarding the nomination
process, please contact Diane.Pociask@concrete.org.
Please see the website for due dates.
22
Calls for Papers

diffusion, permeability, and absorption
are preferred. Presentations regarding
measurement techniques, data interpretation given varying site conditions,
and incorporation into construction
specifications are encouraged.
title; 2) author/speaker name(s), job
title, organization, mailing address,
telephone number, and e-mail; and
3) abstract of up to 250 words. One
relevant figure may be included.
Deadline: Abstracts must be
submitted electronically no later than
March 1, 2014. Authors/speakers will
be notified of the review decision for
acceptance by August 15, 2014.
Send to: Michelle Nokken,
m.nokken@concordia.ca; or Andrew
Boyd, andrew.boyd@mcgill.ca.
Decorative Concrete
Innovations
Meeting: Technical session on

Decorative Concrete Innovations that
Span the Globe at the ACI Fall 2014
Convention, October 26-30, 2014,
Washington, DC; sponsored by ACI
Committee 310, Decorative Concrete.
Solicited: Speakers are invited to
submit abstracts for 25-minute
presentations on decorative finishes
discussed in ACI 310R, Guide to
Decorative Concrete. Anticipated
topics include how to achieve a great
polished concrete finish; the art of
using multilayer stencils; the ins and
outs of stamping and texturing;
reactive stains, colored dyes, and
integral color combinations that
impress; and sealing and curing
decorative concrete.
title; 2) author/speaker name(s), job
title, organization, mailing address,
telephone number, and e-mail; and
3) abstracts of 100 words or less. In
addition to a synopsis of the proposed
topic(s), the abstract should outline
the speakers qualifications and work
experience with the subject finishing
technique. Abstracts should tell

prospective attendees what they will
learn during the program and how the
topic relates to the materials and
methods covered by ACI 310R.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by

March 17, 2014.
Send to: Larry Rowland, Lehigh
White Cement, 610-366-4645,
lrowland@lehighcement.com.
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23
The New concrete.org
ou might have noticed that ACI now has a new

website. This redesigned site comes after years of
feedback from ACI members and customers, working with experts in website information architecture, and
consulting with top web designers.
It was clear that the look of concrete.org needed to
beupgraded to meet current website standards, but ACI
wanted to make sure the navigation and core structure
met current web standards before talking to graphic
designers. With the support of The Understanding Group
(TUG), an Ann Arbor, MI-based firm, ACI has worked to
ensure that the thousands of pages of information that
make up the ACI website are presented in a logical and
intuitive layout that allows users to quickly find the
information they are searching for. To begin this process,
the team at TUG studied the ACI website structure and
content. This included an in-depth review of the background analytics, committee pages, and the bookstore. By
the end of this exercise, the team was very familiar with
not only ACIs current website but also the Institutes
overall goals and mission.
After completing the comprehensive review of the ACI
website, TUG conducted interviews with a representative
cross section of people that regularly use the site, including
members, committee members, customers, potential
customers, and ACI staff. It was critical that TUG understood the demographics of members and customers that
visit concrete.org, the type of information these individuals
were searching for, how often they visited the site, and the
type of device they used to view the site: smartphone, tablet,
or desktop computer. After extensive interviews with these
user groups, TUG developed user personas that were reflective
of the main user groups that access concrete.org. Through
the user personas, ACI was better able to determine which
website features were important to, and frequently accessed
by, various groups, such as professors, engineers, contractors,
students, and others. That information was then used as the
basis to develop the new website architecture.
Once TUG provided a site map reflecting the sites
neworganization and representative design mockups (also
called wireframes) showing functionality and information
topopulate each of 30 core ACI web pages, the second
phase of work began with Q Ltd., a web page designer in
Ann Arbor, MI. QLtd.s main objective was to help ACI
develop website branding guidelines and create a visual
design based on the 30 wire frames TUG created. Building
on thework by TUG, Q Ltd. helped ACI achieve the goal of
24
providing members and customers with an easy-to-navigate

web interface that communicates Institute priorities, serves
as a conduit to ACI resources, and positions the Institute as
a cutting-edge organization.
With the coordinated partnering of industry experts like
TUG and Q Ltd., and the talented designers and programmers on ACI staff, the new concrete.org provides a cuttingedge presentation of the Institute. While exploring the site,
take notice of these new features:
Improved site-wide navigation, search results, and
page-level visual clarity
The main navigation has been simplified and is more
intuitive. There is now access to log-in to personal accounts
anywhere on the website, not just the home page. Additionally, the search results have vastly improved. A search on a
particular topic such as the reorganized 318-14, for example,
will return results for not only the document but also for
ACI Committee 318 itself and news articles, web sessions,
and events relating to 318-14.
Increased awareness of the benefits of membership
and promotion of inter-topic product discovery
across all of ACIs offerings
Previously, information on the benefits of ACI membership could only be found on select ACI pages and information relating to the technical documents and journals
was located on the publication page. Now, information
regarding membership, publications, events, and certification can be found strategically placed on pages throughout
the website.
Preserved benefits of well-worn paths for committee
members
The new site maintains the same committee tools and
functionality, but in a new layoutshowing only those
tools and options available to a user based on the users
status in the committee. New streamlined navigation means
committee work pages now have the tools you need right
where you need them.
Direct engagement with diverse audiences
ACI members and customers are diverse in occupation,
geographic location, language, and many other ways. To
ensure that a language barrier doesnt prevent members
and customers from accessing content on the new website,
a translator has been built into the header of each page on
the website.
Improved home page
Website visitors can stay updated with the latest infor
mation from ACI and the concrete industry through ACIs
new home page stories. Additionally, to reach members with various backgrounds, profession-based portals have been created for engineers, contractors,
educators and researchers, and students. These portals are designed to provide
content based on the needs of the user and can be accessed from the home page
and the footer of every web page.
Increased mobile access
While many people access concrete.org on a desktop computer, a growing
number of users are accessing the site through mobile and tablet devices. To
better serve those using mobile devices, the new site was designed to format to
the device you are using. Users accessing concrete.org through a smartphone
will have the same access and functionality as those accessing the site on a
desktop computer.
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Portal pages are designed to provide content based on the interests of specific
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25
ACI President
Visits Mexico
Trip to Monterrey coincides with the 80th anniversary of UANL
by Armando Marines Muoz
n September 4-5, 2013, ACI President Anne M.

Ellis visited the city of Monterrey, Mexico, to
participate in a series of academic and professional
sessions hosted by the ACI Northeast Mexico Chapter and
Universidad Autnoma de Nuevo Len (UANL) as a part of
the 80th anniversary celebration of the university and its
renowned civil engineering school.
The inaugural session took place at the Association of
Civil Engineers of Nuevo Len, during which chapter
officers, industry leaders, contractors, and young professionals
had the opportunity to learn about the activities and efforts
of the ACI Northeast Mexico Chapter and listen to insights
on concrete construction from Ellis, the 90th President
of ACI.
ACI Northeast Mexico Chapter President Mario Perales
Echartea recalled some of the most important achievements
of the chapter, including the success of the certification
program and the awards received by the local student
chapter during the last ACI conventions. Both the chapter

and the university were recognized for such efforts.
ACI President Ellis presented Luis M. Aranda, current
Director of the UANL School of Civil Engineering, with an
ACI Excellent Award for University Student Activities for
the outstanding participation of the university in ACIrelated activities. In parallel, the ACI Northeast
Mexico Chapter was honored with the ACI Excellent
Chapter Award.
Ronald G. Burg, ACI Executive Vice President,
announced that Alejandro Durn-Herrera, Head of the
Department of Concrete Technology of the UNAL School
of Civil Engineering, was elected as a new member of the
ACI Board of Direction for the period 2014-2017. DurnHerrera is the Advisor of the UANL ACI Student Chapter,
Treasurer of the ACI Northeast Mexico Chapter, and a
member of several ACI committees.
For the last and most anticipated portion of the evening
program, Ellis shared with the audience some of her
experiences in concrete use for mega-tall buildings and the
ACI President Anne M. Ellis spoke at the ACI Northeast

Mexico Chapter meeting
Ellis presented a keynote address at the Holcim-FIC-UANL

Technical Symposium
ACI Northeast Mexico Chapter Meeting
26
The next three speakers covered various fields of concrete

and cement construction: oil well cement, sustainability,
and structural design. Ruiz shared some of his expertise in
oil well cementation for petroleum and hydrocarbons
acquisition. Carrasquillo addressed the subject of sustainability and reviewed the numerous benefits of concrete
construction over other materials. Stark discussed the
essential role of concrete technology in the construction of
high-rise buildings throughout the world.
As a gift of thanks for their participation in the symposium,
each speaker received a clay sculpture from Mexican artist
Cuahutmoc Zamudio. The unique pieces were part of the
collection, Roots: 50 Years of Art Creation.
From left: Alejandro Durn-Herrera, UANL; Cuauhtmoc Zamudio, Artist and Sculptor; Luis M. Aranda, UANL; Anne M. Ellis, ACI
President; and Jos Rodrguez-Campos, Holcim Mxico
construction trends of such structures throughout the

world in recent years. At the end of the event, attendees
enjoyed a dinner sponsored by an international
cement company.
Technical Symposium
A group of 420 people gathered for the main event to

commemorate the 80th anniversary of the UANL School
of Civil Engineering, which featured the participation
of five international specialists with diverse backgrounds
in civil engineering. Students, professors, researchers,
and distinguished university authorities crowded the
auditorium of the university library for the First
Holcim-FIC-UANL Technical Symposium. The
speakers were Ellis and Burg, representing ACI; Ramn
Carrasquillo, Concrete and Construction Materials
Consultant; Roberto Stark, Structural Design Specialist;
and Jess J. Ruiz, Coordinator of Oil Cements for
Holcim Mxico.
To open the symposium, UNALs Aranda highlighted
the level of specialization the school has achieved in the
field of concrete technology, particularly with its graduate
program offerings that have made it a pioneer in Latin
America. UANL alumnus Jos Rodriguez-Campos,
Technical Services Coordinator for Holcim Mxico,
expressed how these events provide a future foundation
for society and strengthen the collaboration between
industry and education institutions for the development
of engineering professionals.
ACI President Ellis opened the Technical Symposium by
discussing the importance of ACI and the role of volunteers
in the formation of the technical committees. She then
proceeded with her address to the conference: Concrete:
Satisfying the Demands of a Changing World. ACI
Executive Vice President Burg updated the attendees
on the work undertaken by ACI to develop a reorganized
ACI 318 Building Code.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
Armando Marines Muoz is a Project Coordinator with

the Holcim Mxico Center of Technological Innovation for
Construction. He received his BS in civil engineering from the
Universidad Autnoma de Nuevo Len and his MS in industrial
technology from Texas State University-San Marcos.
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27
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TCA 23rd Annual

Achievement Awards
he Tilt-Up Concrete Association (TCA) announced the

recipients of the 23rd Tilt-Up Achievement Awards.
TCA established these awards to honor projects
constructed with site-cast tilt-up concrete, advanced
industry technology, and application of innovative forms.
Projects were evaluated on aesthetics, schedule, size,
originality, finishes, and specialty conditions. The competition
is organized to raise awareness of the professional expertise
of TCA members. Judges for the competition represented
backgrounds in academia, publishing, and industry
management. Eleven Excellence in Achievement Winners
were selected that best represented the tilt-up industry.
Excellence in Achievement Winners included:
Tooele Applied Technology College
Tooele, UT
Tooele Applied Technology college is a 73,751 ft2 (6852 m2)
facility, of which half was constructed with tilt-up and the
other half was constructed with a steel frame and brick
veneer. For the tilt-up portion, the panel faces were cast on
synthetic form liners with a rough-sawn cedar board
appearance. At joints between adjacent form liner sheets, the
thicker sheets were trimmed to create smooth transitions
between boards. The finished tilt-up panels complemented
the buildings other design elements, including reclaimed
wood from the Great Salt Lake, corrugated metal panels,
pendant lighting fixtures, and landscaping.
Submitted by Hughes Contractors of North Salt Lake, UT.
Tooele Applied Technology College, Tooele, UT
EagleBurgmann
Houston, TX
EagleBurgmann Industries Houston facility originally
comprised an industrial box with slab-on-ground and
mezzanine. Tilt-up construction was used to create a
signature four-story, 26,802 ft2 (2490 m2) office tower addition.
The tower includes training and vendor spaces on Level 1,
open office spaces for factory and engineering operations
on Level 2, and executive offices on the upper levels.
Ramped floors in a transition zone connect the office tower
to the ground and mezzanine levels in the plant. The northfacing faade of the tower is sheathed in a high-performance
EagleBurgmann, Houston, TX
29
curtain wall, while the tilt-up panels on the west-facing

elevation are punctuated with punched openings that
directly index the proportions on the factory building.
Submitted by Powers Brown Architecture of Houston.
Other TCA member involvement: Pinnacle Structural
Engineers and Textured Coatings of America.
for ventilation and custom skylights for natural light. These

features are expected to cut electricity use by almost 100%.
Submitted by Contratistas Civiles y Mecnicos. Other
TCA member involvement: Meadow Burke and Nox-Crete
Products Group.
Quala Republica Dominica
St. Louis, MO
The tilt-up panels on this 215,000 ft2 (65,532 m2) museum
feature a finish that resembles graniteachieved by
grinding or cutting 0.5 in. (13 mm) from the as-cast face
and polishing it to highlight specially selected aggregates.
Multiple panels at the buildings corners were required to
have 90-degree return legs with no chamfer. The joints
between adjacent panels were also required to have no
chamfer on adjacent panels as well as precise in. (19 mm)
gaps (the joints were to receive no sealant). Therefore, the
panels were formed oversized, with the finish face up and
with integrally cast return legs. While still horizontal, the
finish faces were ground or saw cut to the required
dimensions and then polished. After panels were erected
and attached to the structural steel building frame, the
blockouts required for lifting inserts were patched to match
the granite finish.
Submitted by Fenix Construction Company of
St. Louis. Other TCA member involvement: Meadow
Burke, HD Supply White Cap, Nox-Crete Products Group,
and Thermomass.
Haina, San Cristobal, Dominican Republic

The entire structure of this 222,234 ft2 (67,737 m2)
building was constructed using concrete. The exterior
panels are site-cast tilt-up panels built with white cement
concrete and exposed aggregates. Columns and beams were
also prefabricated on site and lifted into place, and the
roof was cast in place. Tilt-up panels on the south side
were designed to be removed for future expansion. The
manufacturing area includes roof-mounted thermo siphons
Saint Louis Art Museum New East Building
1242 Fourier Drive
Quala Republica Dominica, Haina, San Cristobal,

Dominican Republic
Madison, WI
The construction cost for this 28,533 ft2 (8697 m2)
two-story building was less than $100/ft2. The ground level
is occupied by a medical services company and the second
level is used by the Internal Revenue Service. The exterior
construction materials are brought into the interior
Saint Louis Art Museum New East Building, St. Louis, MO
1242 Fourier Drive, Madison, WI
30
Chicos National Store Support Center (Building 10),

Fort Myers, FL
Dalchau Service Center Building D, Austin, TX
through the use of exposed structural steel, sand-blasted

concrete walls, and polished concrete floors. Finish colors
were derived from the sand and stone aggregates within the
concrete. The 12 in. (305 mm) thick wall section is expressed
on the ground floor by deep-set window openings while,
on the upper floor, flush butt glazing conveys the continuity
of the open office spaces within. Brick in stacked bands of
contrasting texture references the stratified limestone road
cuts and outcroppings of the region.
Submitted by Newcomb Construction Company, Inc., of
Madison, WI.
Chicos National Store Support Center

(Building 10)
Fort Myers, FL
Chicos 50,515 ft2 (15,397 m2) corporate office (Building
10) is located on the National Store Support Center 60 acre
(24 ha) campus. Building 10 stands out as the only multi-story
building on the campus. The exterior of the building
features cantilevered members, tapered panels, and compound
shapes. The tilt-up panels were intentionally left unfinished
to provide an exposed concrete look. Almost all tilt-up
panels were coated with a clear sealer, which required a
flawless panel finish without any marring or scars and with
minimal appearance of form lines. A total of 113 tilt-up
panels were used. Panels included random linear reveals as
well as conical reveals formed with snap-tie cones.
Submitted by Woodland Construction Company, Inc.,
Jupiter, FL. Other TCA member involvement: Meadow
Burke, Nox-Crete Products Group, Textured Coatings of
America, and Permit Engineering Services.
Dalchau Service Center Building D
Austin, TX
The Dalchau Service Center Building D is a three-story,
78,952 ft2 (23,955 m2) structure constructed for the Lower
Colorado River Authority. Tilt-up was selected as part of the
design goal of incorporating concrete and steel structural
elements as part of the architecture. The signature tilt-up
feature is a 13 in. (330 mm) thick, 82,300 lb (37,330 kg)
non-insulated panel at the main entry. The northwest and
Saint Mary Coptic Orthodox Church, Delray Beach, FL
southwest corners of the building have two pairs of L-shaped

panels created using two different casting techniques. All of
the electrical and special systems conduit and box rough-in
were installed in the panels prior to casting. The exterior
panels were provided with a combination of light and
medium sandblast finishes. Tilt-up panels were left in an
as-cast natural finish in the building interior.
Submitted by American Constructors, Inc., Austin, TX.
Other TCA member involvement: Meadow Burke, White
Cap, and Dayton Superior.
Saint Mary Coptic Orthodox Church
Delray Beach, FL
Saint Mary Coptic Orthodox Church is a 13,750 ft2
(4190 m2) structure originally designed as reinforced
masonry with light gauge metal framing, lath, and stucco
faades. The tilt-up conversion features 95 panels and a full
31
dome. The front faade features a panel resting on four

substantial column/panel extensions between the buildings
two towers, and a series of panels step down behind it to
form a vault design. Behind the altar is a series of three
panels at a radius of 11 ft (3.5 m) to form a 180-degree
backdrop. Two smaller panels form a niche for a side
chapel. The main dome rests on a solid 8 in. (203 mm) by 6
ft (1.8 m) tall, 360-degree concrete wall, which is supported
by a 14 in. (356 mm) thick roof panel. Two smaller half
domes were cast in place on top of radius panels after the

panels were constructed. The twin towers each comprise a
series of panels and are more than 65 ft (20 m) tall. One
tower serves as an elevated hoistway and the other is used as
a stairway for the mezzanine.
Submitted by Houlihan Construction, LLC, Hollywood,
FL. Other TCA member involvement: Johnson Structural
Group, Inc.; Meadow Burke; HD Supply; White Cap; and
Nox-Crete Products Group.
Metropolitan Van & Storage
Metropolitan Van & Storage, Napa, CA
Napa, CA
Metropolitan Van & Storage is a 107,424 ft2 (9980 m2)
warehouse that provides storage for military personnel
during deployment. The buildings footprint is a series of
volumes that step back to follow the curved frontage of the
project site and achieve maximum interior utility. All
windows are in the pane of the front faades tilt-up panels
to maximize usable space. A variety of rectilinear forms and
layers was added to the building exterior to create shadowing along the exterior. These include tilt-up concrete wing
walls finished to resemble cast-in-place concrete. These
panels are enhanced with 2 ft (0.6 m) edge returns and
COR-TEN weathering steel accents. Smaller wing wall
panels with the same finish stand perpendicular to the
building face.
Submitted by Panattoni Construction, Inc., Sacramento,
CA. Other TCA member involvement: Meadow Burke and
RMW Architecture & Interiors.
Galeria 360
Distrito Nacional, Santo Domingo,

Dominican Republic
Galeria 360 is a 1,045,278 ft2 (97,110 m2) shopping
center, which required a variety of forms in tilt-up panels:
curved, semi-curved, and triangular. The project included a
combination of construction systems, including tilt-up
panels working as retaining walls. This single building
required the casting and erection of 601 panels (total area
322,100 ft2 [29,923 m2]).
Submitted by Contratistas Civiles y Mecnicos. Other
TCA member involvement: Meadow Burke and Form
Services, Inc.
Abu Dhabi Model Villas
Galeria 360, Distrito Nacional, Santo Domingo, Dominican

Republic
32
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

SiteCast Construction completed two villas in Abu
Dhabi in roughly 6 weeks. The 5500 ft2 (1676 m2) villas
feature traditional UAE architecture, but are constructed
using load-bearing tilt-up concrete panels. The local
architecture was reproduced with forming techniques,
paying attention to panel joint locations and interior wall
treatments. The government reviewed the villas and has
requested further homes for its citizens as part of a government housing initiative.
Abu Dhabi Model Villas, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Submitted by SiteCast Construction Corp., Ottawa,

ON, Canada.
The judges selected 20 other projects for Achievement
Awards. The TCA also gave the public the opportunity to
pick fan favorites by voting on social media platforms.

Three projects were selected by the public, including
EagleBurgmann and Saint Mary Coptic Orthodox Church.
For more information on the winning projects, visit
www.tilt-up.org.
NEW! ACI PHYSICAL TESTING

OF CEMENT TRAINING VIDEO (EDPTCT13)
To supplement on-the-job training, ACI has developed the ACI Physical Testing of
Cement Training Video as a resource for new testers and a refresher for experienced
testers. The following tests are included:
ASTM C109 Compressive Strength
ASTM C151 Autoclave Expansion
ASTM C185 Air Content
ASTM C187 Normal Consistency
ASTM C191 Vicat Time of Setting

ASTM C204 Blaine Fineness
ASTM C266 Gillmore Time of Setting
ASTM C1437 Flow of Mortar
Additionally, the video includes a review of safety, equipment, and the laboratory
environment. Each chapter reviews the equipment specific to the ASTM test, the test
procedure to follow, and the calculation of the result. Helpful tips are provided throughout
to improve the technicians knowledge and technique.
Check out a preview clip on YouTube; search for ACI testing cement training
preview.
Details can be found at

www.concrete.org; search the
bookstore for EDPTCT13.
33
Free
Registration
to
January 21-24, 2014

Las Vegas Convention Center
Las Vegas, NV
Compliments of ACI
Use promo code A21 when registering
World of Concrete is the industrys only

annual international event dedicated to
the commercial concrete and
masonry construction industries.
Features include indoor and outdoor
exhibits, exciting demonstrations and
competitions, a world-class education
program, and the information you need
to help sustain and grow your business.
Start the year off strong at World
of Concrete!
Support ACIregister for FREE at
www.concrete.org. Visit ACI at its
new, larger, improved boothSouth
Hall 10339
An Approaching
Milestone for the
ACI Code
ACI 318-14 will offer benefits to design and construction professionals
by Randall W. Poston
onstruction professionals rely on the provisions of

ACI 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete and Commentary, for a wide range of
applications, from building design and project specifications,
to evaluation and repair of existing structures, to resolution
of problems in the field. Over time, it has become clear that a
modernized Codeone that more closely follows the
real-world design processwas needed to address the
growing complexity of construction and expectations for
concrete performance. In two earlier articles, Charles Dolan
and I presented the case for revising ACI 318, and we
introduced the general structure of the reorganized Code.1, 2
After a multi-year process, which included extensive and
painstaking input and review through surveys, workshops, and
committee meetings, ACI 318-14 will be released this year.
Reorganized for greater ease of use, the new document will
comprise the first major restructuring of the Code since 1971.
It is important to note that the organization of the document
is being modified to better meet the needs of users in the
modern design and construction environment. While the core
content of the Code is not being changed, the new format has
made it necessary to make minor changes in the wording of
some provisions. Also, a few new chapters have been created to
fill gaps identified during the reorganization process.
In this article, I will provide a brief history of the Code;
summarize the work of ACI Committee 318, Structural
Concrete Building Code, as it progressed toward reorganization of the document; list some of the guiding principles
that went into the reorganization; and cite the many
benefits that the new document will offer to all entities that
work with structural concrete.
A Quick Look Back
The first United States reinforced concrete building code

dates back to 1910, produced through the auspices of the
National Association of Cement Users. It was just 14 pages

in length. Over time, the code evolved with changing
construction needs and technologies, and it transformed
from a performance-based code to a more prescriptive one.
The present code organization was developed in the
1960s and is largely structured around the fundamental
behaviors of cast-in-place reinforced concrete. ACI 318-71,
the first code published using this organization, had 750
provisions covered in 78 pages. With 10 Code editions
published since then, ACI 318 has grown to more than
2500 provisions covered in 500 pages. These increases reflect
significant changes made in areas such as development
length, torsional strength, integrity reinforcement, seismic
design and detailing, concrete exposure classes, and
anchoring to concrete. In other words, the code evolved
through the years as the result of new technologies and
understanding of the behavior of structural concrete. As
new provisions were added, their locations within the
Code were based on the organizational structure. That is,
provisions were added based on their relationships to
behaviors, not on how buildings are designed. And as the
number of provisions grew, related code provisions for a
given member type were placed in several chapters. While
the Code is based on the assumption that each user knows
which provisions apply in each use, more than 2500
provisions tax this assumption and the users themselves.
Reorganizing ACI 318
Process and principles

In 2003, ACI Committee 318 began discussions on Code
organization. These efforts intensified in 2006, including the
convening of focus groups comprising practicing engineers.
In 2007, the consensus of the committee was that the
reorganization effort should go forward, and in spring 2008,
assignments were made to the Code reorganization committee.
35
Shear Strength, Chapter 11
Shear Strength, 10.5.3
Chapter 10
Flexural and Axial Strength, 10.5.2
Flexural and Axial Strength, 10.5.2
Strength Reducon
Factors, , 10.5.1
Chapter 9
Lap Splice,
10.7.5 7
12.15-12.17
Ties in Joint, 10.2.2

11.10.2
Strength Reducon
Factors, , 10.5.1
Lap Splice,
10.7.5
Slope, 10.7.4
7.8.1.1
Slope, 10.7.4
Ties,
Ties,
10.7.6.1
1
7.10.5
(a)
Ties in Joint, 10.2.2
Cover,
r, 7.7
10.7.1
(b)
Cover,
r 10.7.1
Detailing and strength requirements for design of columns demonstrate some of the benefits of a reorganized Code: (a) in previous
versions of the Code, the designer had to check provisions in at least five chapters; but (b) in ACI 318-14, the chapter on column
design will directly provide most provisions or refer to provisions in a toolbox
This multi-national committee comprises approximately

90 experts distributed among eight subcommittees. These
individuals represent a strong diversity of experience,
knowledge, and interests, and they include materials
engineers, structural engineers, contractors, building
officials, and university faculty members.
The ACI 318 working group follows formal procedures
that ensure an honest balance of opinions. All approvals are
made by consensus and technical reviews as required by the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and the ACI
Technical Review Process is underway, including a public
comment period.
With the ultimate goal of making the Code easier to use,
the fundamental principle behind its reorganization was to
arrange it from a structural engineers perspectiveto have
it logically flow in concert with the design process. Thus,
each building member type (for example, beams, columns,
walls, and foundations) will have its own chapter containing
complete design and detailing rules. Wherever possible,
chapters and sections have been written to parallel the
design process and follow the flow of forces from slab to
foundation. Overall, ACI 318-14 will make it easier to
follow Code requirements.
It is the committees hope that the new Code will not
only encourage better structural concrete design but that it
will also support better communication among designers,
engineers, and contractors. In doing so, ACI 318-14 should
foster more complete contract documents, which should
lead to improved construction management and lower the
potential for performance liabilities in the constructed
36
facility. Furthermore, the committee expects that the new

Code will be much easier for students and new engineers to
learn and apply.
In support of these goals, the organization principles for
ACI 318-14 include:
A logical flow of chapters so that users find the information
they need more quickly and more comprehensively;
A structure that allows a user to design a member by
following the provisions within a chapter on that
specific member type and be assured that all provisions
for the design of that member have been satisfied;
A structure that follows, in general, a hierarchy of
methods, with the simplest followed by more complex
alternatives;
A structure that includes Toolbox Chapters for provisions
that apply to multiple sections of the Code. In much the
same way that a subroutine is accessed within a computer
program, the user accesses the toolbox information only
if the toolbox is cited within a system or member
chapter, and the user then returns to the system or
member chapter to continue the design;
Maintaining the current side-by-side Code and
Commentary format; and
Improving the consistency of language and style in
phrases, tables, equations, lists, notations, and figures,
while making greater use of graphs and tables.
Review and Implementation
As noted, this reorganization has been many years in

the making. The reorganization itself has followed an
ACI 318 will include a new chapter providing minimum requirements for structural
systems, and the structural analysis chapter will include a new section on requirements
for finite element analyses. The chapter on design of seismic systems will maintain its
current scope, providing design and detailing requirements based on the selected
force-resisting system and the seismic design category
extremely rigorous development,

authentication, and approval process.
As a final check, there will be a public
comment period in mid-2014, followed
by committee response. Publication is
expected to occur in late 2014.
The reorganized Code will be
published in both U.S. Customary
and Systeme International (S.I.) units
and will appear in English, Spanish,
Chinese, and other languages.
Additionally, ACI Committee 318
is pleased that ACI 318-14 will be
referenced by the 2015 International
Building Code (IBC), as developed
and published by the International
Code Council (ICC). This will support
our goal of uniform and comprehensive
application of ACI 318-14, as the IBC
forms the foundation for building
codes throughout the United States
and many other countries.
ACI 318-14 will be available in
various electronic formats and the
traditional printed copy. Resource
publications will include a transition
key that maps the provisions in
ACI 318-11 to those in ACI 318-14.
To ensure that users are aware of the
upcoming developments, ACI is already
hosting presentations in numerous
cities, conducting webinars, and
participating in national and international conferences and other events to

introduce the reorganized Code.
Benefits
Organized from an engineers

perspective, ACI 318-14 will provide
many benefits to the concrete and
construction community, including
designers, contractors, building
inspectors, and the academic community.
Among these benefits:
The Code will flow better, with
eliminated gaps and redundancies,
reduced cross-references, and
increased use of graphs and tables;
It will be much easier to understand which code requirements
apply to a particular design,
increasing certainty on whether a
design fully meets the Code;
As much as possible, chapters and
sections will parallel the design
process and follow the flow of
forces from slab to foundation;
It will be much easier for students
and new engineers to learn and
apply the Code;
The Code will foster more complete
contract documents, which should
result in better construction
management and lower potential
37
for performance liabilities in the constructed facility;

and
It will be easier to introduce new topics in the future.
In closing, as Chair of ACI Committee 318, I am
extremely proud of the structural concrete community for
their input and contributions to this effort and the
herculean effort of the Committee 318 membership. The
thousands of volunteer hours put into this reorganization
reflect well on the talent, knowledge, commitment and, at
times, diplomacy of those taking part in this work. All
involved understand the responsibility of reorganizing
such a core document for our industry: one that will
inform and impact every structural concrete design,
construction, inspection, insurance appraisal, and end-user
experience going forward. We have engaged in a long,
careful process, with extensive reviews and checks and
balancesall in support of our core mission to construct
the safest buildings possible for occupants.
We believe that the result of our efforts will be a Code
that is much more accessible and useable than its predecessor,
adaptable to new topics, knowledge, and construction
standards for many decades to come.
For more information about ACI 318-14, visit
www.concrete.org/ACI318.
References
1. Poston, R.W., and Dolan, C.W., Reorganizing ACI 318,
Concrete International, V. 30, No. 7, July 2008, pp. 43-47.
2. Dolan, C.W., and Poston, R.W., The Reorganized ACI 318
Code Structure, Concrete International, V. 32, No. 10, Oct. 2010,
pp. 37-39.
Randall W. Poston, FACI, is a Principal

of WDP & Associates, PC, Austin, TX.
He is Chair of ACI Committee 318,
Structural Concrete Building Code.
He is a former member of the ACI
Board of Direction and the Technical
Activities Committee (TAC) and
Past Chair of the TAC Repair and
Rehabilitation Committee. He is a
member of the Board Advisory Committee on ISO TC-71
and ACI Committees 222, Corrosion of Metals in Concrete;
224, Cracking; and 562, Evaluation, Repair, and Rehabilitation
of Concrete Buildings. He received his engineering degrees
from the University of Texas at Austin.
Technology Forum #35

Georgia Tech Hotel and Conference Center Atlanta, GA February 20-21, 2014
Join other concrete industry

leaders to help shape the
future of these important
concrete technologies:
BIM (Building Information Modeling)
Vision 2020
Self-Consolidating Concrete
Crack Reduction
Concrete for Nuclear Structures
Concrete industry in the Wind Turbine Market
Alternative Cementious Materials
Strategic Repair Research Council
Visit www.ConcreteSDC.org to learn more and to register for this important event.
38
New Mexico Museum of Art - Photo Credit, Chris Corrie
Performance of Portland
Limestone Cement
Concrete Pavements
Canadian field trials show equivalence
by Ashlee Hossack, Michael D.A. Thomas, Laurent Barcelo, Bruce Blair, and Anik Delagrave
n addition to comprehensive laboratory testing to

support the adoption of portland limestone cement
(PLC) in Canada, a number of full-scale construction
trials have been conducted to confirm that equivalent
performance can be achieved in the field. The concept of
equivalent performance (explained in detail in previous
articles in this series) requires PLC to be manufactured to
produce mixtures with the same constructibility, strength,
and durability as portland cement (PC) mixtures. This
article describes three pavement trials in Canada where
PLC concrete mixtures, with and without supplementary
cementitious materials (SCMs), were placed alongside
similar concrete mixtures produced with PC manufactured
from the same clinker in the same plant. The focus of this
article is on the condition of the pavements and the
properties of cores taken after 3 to 4 years service in
aggressive climates.
Details of Pavements
Three concrete pavement trials were initiated during the

12-month period commencing October 2008. The projects
were located in the Canadian provinces of Quebec, Alberta,
and Nova Scotia. Details of the pavements are summarized
as follows (Fig. 1):
Gatineau Ready Mixed Concrete Plant, Quebec (October
2008): Eight different concrete mixtures were used to
construct a 450 m2 (4500 ft2) parking slab for mixer
trucks in the area immediately adjacent to the batch
plant. The slab was unreinforced and was 150 to 175 mm
(6 to 7 in.) thick. It was placed by direct discharge from
the trucks, consolidated and finished using a vibratory
screed, and cured/protected with insulated tarps;
Exshaw Cement Plant, Alberta (September 2009): Eight
concrete mixtures were used to construct a 300 to 450 mm
(12 to 18 in.) thick pavement reinforced with a single
40
mat of reinforcement. The concrete was placed by pump,

struck off, bull floated, tined, and treated with an
evaporation retarder (it was windy). Finally, a curing
membrane was applied; and
Brookfield Cement Plant, Nova Scotia (September 2009):
Six concrete mixtures were used to pave the roadway
outside the main entrance of the cement plant. The
pavement was 300 mm (12 in.) thick, transverse joints
were saw cut (no dowels), and the longitudinal joint
between the two lanes was dowelled. The pavement was
placed and consolidated using a deck finishing machine;
and the surface was bull floated, broom textured, and
sprayed with a curing membrane.
All of the pavements are subjected to heavy truck traffic
(cement or concrete trucks) year-round and applications of
sand and/or deicing salts during the winter months.
Cementitious Materials
For the trials in Alberta and Quebec, four concrete

mixtures were produced using PC and four were produced
using PLC comprising approximately 12% interground
limestone. In each trial, the PC and the PLC were produced
using the same clinker. For the trial in Nova Scotia, three
of the concrete mixtures were produced with cement
comprising PC clinker interground with 15% slag cement
(PC-Slag) and three were produced using PC clinker from
the same plant but interground with 12% limestone and
15% slag cement (PLC-Slag). In each case, the cements from
the same plant were manufactured to produce equivalent
strength by grinding the cements with the higher limestone
contents to an increased fineness. The cementitious materials
are described in more detail in Table 1. Note that the Blaine
fineness of the PLC is increased compared to the PC from
the same plant by approximately 10 m2/kg for each additional
1% increase in limestone content.
In all three trials, concrete mixtures were produced with

various levels of SCMs added at the ready mixed concrete
plant. For the Alberta and Nova Scotia trials, the SCM was
Class F fly ash. For the Quebec trial, the SCM consisted of
two parts slag cement and one part Class C fly ash.
admixture doses. The results in Table 2 show that these

properties were reasonably consistent among the mixtures
within a given trial. Generally, exchanging PC for PLC had
no significant impact on the admixture doses, air content,
or workability for mixtures with the same level of SCMs.
Concrete Mixtures
Production Testing
The concrete mixtures are summarized in Table 2. For the

trials in Quebec and Nova Scotia, the cementitious material
content and mixing water content were held constant,
yielding constant water-cementitious material ratios (w/cm)
for each trial. In the Alberta trial, the reduced water demand
imparted by the use of fly ash allowed decreases in the
mixing water and thus w/cm with increasing fly ash content.
The slump and air contents were controlled by adjusting
(a)
Concrete specimens cast during production were used

to determine:
Compressive strength per ASTM C39/C39M, Standard
Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical
Concrete Specimens;
Chloride permeability per ASTM C1202, Standard Test
Method for Electrical Indication of Concretes Ability to
Resist Chloride Ion Penetration;
(b)
(c)
Fig. 1: Construction of paving trials: (a) Quebec; (b) Alberta; and (c) Nova Scotia
Table 1:
Composition and fineness of cementitious materials used in trial pavements

Approximate composition of cement, %
Location
Quebec
Blaine
fineness,
m2/kg
Cement type
Clinker
Gypsum*
Limestone
Slag
cement
PC
91
373
PLC
83
12
453
PC
91
399
PLC
83
12
510
PC-Slag
80
15
453
PLC-Slag
68
12
15
532
Alberta
Nova Scotia
*
May include other forms of calcium sulfate (for example, anhydrite or hemihydrate)
41
Table 2:
Cementitious materials (CM) contents and ranges for w/cm, slump, and air content for trial
pavement concretes
CM in mixture,
kg/m3 (lb/yd3)
w/cm
Slump,
mm (in.)
Air
content, %
0.44 to 0.45
75 to 100
(3.0 to 4.0)
6.0 to 6.8
410 (691)
0.37 to 0.42
95 to 135
(3.25 to 5.25)
6.0 to 7.8
385 (649)
0.42 to 0.44
60 to 80
(2.25 to 3.75)
5.8 to 6.6
Location
Cementitious materials
Quebec
PC or PLC +
0, 25, 40 or 50% SCM*
355 (598)
Alberta
PC or PLC +
0, 15, 25, or 30% Class F Fly Ash
Nova Scotia
PC-Slag or PLC-Slag +
0, 15, 20% Class F Fly Ash
SCM is two parts slag cement and one part Class C fly ash
CM is cementitious material content (including fly ash and slag cement)
durability per Procedure A of

Freezing-and-thawing
ASTM C666/C666M, Standard Test Method for Resistance
of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing;

Deicer-salt scaling resistance using the specified or a
modified procedure per ASTM C672/672M, Standard
Test Method for Scaling Resistance of Concrete Surfaces
Exposed to Deicing Chemicals; and
Apparent chloride diffusion coefficient per ASTM C1556,
Standard Test Method for Determining the Apparent
Chloride Diffusion Coefficient of Cementitious Mixtures
by Bulk Diffusion, performed on cores cut from the
pavement at 35 days.
The results from these tests have been previously published1-3
and the findings can be summarized as follows:
For a given level of SCMs (fly ash and/or slag cement)
concrete produced with PLC has a greater 1-day strength
than concrete produced with PC of equivalent strength
from the same clinker;
The strength at all other ages (up to 56 days) is similar
for concrete produced with equivalent strength PC
and PLC from the same clinker and with the same level
of SCMs;
The resistance to chloride penetration is increased
significantly as the level of SCMs increases, but the
differences between similar concretes with either PC or
PLC are negligible;
The resistance to deicer-salt scaling is reduced slightly by
the presence of SCMs, especially at higher levels of
replacement; however, there is no consistent difference
in scaling between PC and PLC concretes with the same
level of SCMs; and
The resistance to cyclic freezing and thawing in the
absence of deicing salts (testing per ASTM C666/
C666M) is unaffected by the type of cement (PC or PLC)
or the type and level of SCMs for the concrete mixtures
tested in this study (w/cm 0.45 and air content 5%);
all concrete mixtures performed well in this test.
42
Based on the results, it was concluded that concrete pavements produced with PLC can be expected to have
equivalent overall performance to those produced with
PC provided that the PLC is manufactured to achieve
equivalent strength.
Performance after 3 to 4 Years
All three sites were visited in 2012 to determine the

performance of the concrete after three to four winters.
One of the main durability concerns for exterior concrete
flatwork in Canada is the resistance to scaling when the
concrete surface is exposed to freezing and thawing,
particularly in the presence of deicing salts. The use of
cement with reduced clinker content, particularly in
combination with moderate-to-high levels of fly ash and/or
slag cement, increases those concerns. However, no
evidence of salt scaling was observed on the pavements,
even for the concrete mixtures that were produced with
PLC in combination with 50% SCMs (the clinker
component of this binder was only 41 to 42% by mass of
total cementitious materials). Some minor surface damage
was observed on the pavements in Quebec and Nova Scotia,
but this was attributed to snowplow damage and abrasion
(heavy truck loads on curved pavement sections), respectively.
In both cases, the damage was not correlated with the use
of PLC or SCMs; indeed, the most severe damage observed
on the Quebec pavement was in a section constructed with
PC and without SCMs.
Concrete cores were cut from the pavement sections and
were tested in the laboratory for the following properties:
Compressive strength (ASTM C39/C39M);
Depth of carbonation (cores were split open and the
freshly fractured surface sprayed with phenolphthalein
indicator to determine depth of carbonation from the
exposed surface);
Chloride permeability (ASTM C1202); and
Apparent chloride diffusion coefficient (ASTM C1556).
Quebec
Nova Scotia
Alberta
Quebec
PC mixture
PLC mixture
Carbonation depth, mm
Strength, MPa
60
Alberta
40
20
Nova Scotia
PC mixture
PLC mixture
4
3
2
1
0
25
40
50
0
15
25
30
0
15
SCM, % of total mass of cementitious material
20
Fig. 2: Compressive strength of cores extracted from pavements

after 3 years (Alberta and Nova Scotia) or 4 years (Quebec). In
Alberta and Nova Scotia, the SCM comprised Class F fly ash; in
Quebec, the SCM comprised two parts slag cement and one
part Class C fly ash (Note: 1 MPa = 145 psi)
Figure 2 shows the results of compressive strength tests

on cores. With the exception of the Alberta trial, there is no
consistent correlation with the strength at any given site
and the composition of the concrete with regard to the
amount of limestone in the cement or the amount and type
of SCMs. For the Alberta trial, the fly ash mixtures have
increased long-term strength (regardless of whether the fly
ash was combined with PC or PLC). The 11 concrete
mixtures (four in each of Quebec and Alberta and three in
Nova Scotia) produced with cement containing 12%
limestone had compressive strengths ranging from 86 to
113% of the strengths of otherwise similar concrete mixtures
produced with PC.
Figure 3 shows the depth of carbonation measured on
core samples. The depth of carbonation was less than 6 mm
(0.24 in.) in all cases but appears to vary with location
with Alberta showing the most carbonation and Nova
Scotia showing the least. It is known that the rate of CO2
penetration is inversely related to the degree of concrete
saturation, so the observed differences in the depth of
carbonation probably reflect the climatic differences
between the locations: the Nova Scotia site has the highest
annual precipitation and most days with precipitation,
whereas the Alberta site has the lowest annual precipitation
and fewest days with precipitation. Within a given location,
there appears to be no consistent impact of the binder type
(amount of limestone and SCMs) on carbonation depth.
While the PLC concretes at the Quebec site appear to have
carbonated to a slightly lower extent than the associated PC
concretes, the depths of carbonation are generally low
longer exposure periods are required to confirm any
significant impact of the cementitious material.
Figure 4 shows the results of the rapid chloride permeability test (ASTM C1202). The impact of SCMs (fly ash
25
40
50
0
15
25
30
0
15
20
Fig. 3: Depth of carbonation in cores extracted from pavements

after 3 years (Alberta and Nova Scotia) or 4 years (Quebec). In
Alberta and Nova Scotia, the SCM comprised Class F fly ash;
in Quebec, the SCM comprised two parts slag cement and
one part Class C fly ash (Note: 1 mm = 0.04 in.)
Alberta
Quebec
4000
Charge passed, Coulombs
Nova Scotia
PC mixture
PLC mixture
3000
2000
1000
25
40
50
0
15
25
30
0
15
20
Fig. 4: Results of rapid chloride permeability test for cores

extracted from pavements after 3 years (Alberta and Nova
Scotia) or 4 years (Quebec). In Alberta and Nova Scotia, the
SCM comprised Class F fly ash; in Quebec, the SCM comprised
two parts slag cement and one part Class C fly ash
and/or slag cement) is immediately apparent, with very

substantial reductions being observed with increasing SCM
content. For concrete mixtures without SCMs, the chloride
permeability appears to increase for PLC (or PLC-Slag)
compared with PC (or PC-Slag); indeed, for concretes
without SCMs, those containing PLC had values that were
on average 38% higher than the values for comparable
mixtures containing PC. Differences between concretes
containing PLC versus PC were generally not apparent in
the concretes containing SCMs; the values for the PLC
concretes with SCMs were only 3% higher on average than
those for comparable mixtures with PC.
Figure 5 shows chloride profiles measured on cores
(from the Alberta pavement) after immersion in NaCl
solution (165 g/L) for 70 days. The data show that the
43
1.5
100
PC
Diffusion coefficient (x 10 -12 m2/s)
Chloride content, % mass
PLC
PC-15
1.0
PLC-15
PC-30
PLC-30
0.5
10
15
Depth, mm
20
25
Fig. 5: Chloride profiles for cores taken from Alberta pavement,

after 70 days of immersion in an NaCl solution per ASTM C1556.
PC and PLC mixtures labeled with -15 and -30 suffixes had 15
and 30% cement replacement with Class F fly ash, respectively
(Note: 1 mm = 0.04 in.)
partial replacement of either PC or PLC by 15 or 30% fly

ash is very effective in reducing the depth of penetration of
chloride. (Note that profiles for concrete with 20% fly ash
are omitted for clarity; the results are consistent with those
for 15 and 30% fly ash.) For concrete without fly ash, it is
apparent that the depth of chloride penetration is slightly
higher in the concrete produced with PLC compared with
PC. However, in the presence of fly ash, the type of cement
(PC versus PLC) does not appear to have a discernible
influence. Similar trends were observed for the chloride
profiles for cores from the other locations.
Figure 6 shows the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient
calculated using the procedure outlined in ASTM C1556
(curve-fitting the error-function equation to the experimental
profile using the least-squares method). The impact of
SCMs is immediately apparent, with the diffusion coefficient
generally decreasing with increasing SCM content. The
diffusion coefficient for a control mixture was found to be
five to 33 times greater (an average of 12.5 times greater)
than the coefficient for a mixture with the same cement but
with SCMs. For concrete without SCMs, the diffusion
coefficient is increased for mixtures with PLC compared
with PC. However, in the presence of SCMs, there is no consistent difference in the diffusion coefficient for mixtures
with PLC or PC. This is consistent with the observations
made for the chloride permeability test (Fig. 4) and for the
chloride profiles (Fig. 5).
Discussion
The results of this study indicate that PLC can be

substituted for PC with no significant impact on performance,
provided that the PLC is manufactured to have equivalent
strength to the PC.
44
Nova Scotia
PC mixture
PLC mixture
10
0.0
Alberta
Quebec
25
40
50
15
25
30
15
20
Fig. 6: Calculated apparent chloride diffusion coefficients for

cores (ASTM C1556) (Note: SCM stands for two parts slag cement
and one part Class C fly ash in Quebec, and Class F fly ash in
Alberta and Nova Scotia; log-scale on y-axis)
The use of PLC appears to result in an increase in the

permeability or chloride penetrability of cores extracted at
3 to 4 years, but this adverse effect is completely masked in
concrete containing SCMs. It is interesting that the increase
in permeability in PLC concrete has not been observed in
laboratory studies at earlier ages4 and was not observed for
the concrete specimens cast during the construction of
these pavements and tested at earlier ages.1-3 One possible
explanation for this discrepancy is that the lower clinker
content of PLC results in reduced production of calcium
silicate hydrate (C-S-H) at later ages; at earlier ages, the
increased fineness of the clinker compensates for this
deficiency. However, this explanation is countered by the
fact that the long-term strength of the PLC concrete does
not appear to be adversely affected.
Another possible explanation is that the PLC contains
lower amounts of alumina (because of the dilution of
tricalcium aluminate [C3A] and tetracalcium alumino
ferrite [C4AF] by limestone), which reduces the capacity for
chloride binding; further reductions in binding may result
from limestone competing with chlorides for reaction with
aluminates. This might also explain why the use of SCMs
containing alumina (fly ash and slag cement) compensates
for the effect of PLC. However, this mechanism does not
necessarily explain the increase in the electrical conductivity
(chloride permeability) observed for PLC concrete without
SCMs. Regardless of the explanation, the reduced resistance
to chloride penetration is not expected to have any practical
significance if the concrete contains SCMs, which is
normally the case when concrete is required to have a high
resistance to chloride ingress.
This study included cement that contained 15% slag
cement and 12% limestone that were interground with the
clinker and gypsum (Nova Scotia). The clinker content of

the finished cement was just 68%, which is about 23%
lower than a typical portland cement containing 4%
limestone and 5% gypsum. Also in this study, the mixture
in Quebec with PLC and 50% SCMs contained only 41 to
42% clinker by mass of cementitious materials. The generated
CO2 associated with this concrete mixture is about 176 kg/m3
(293 lb/yd3) lower than a control concrete mixture (PC
without SCMs) used in the same study. This is equivalent
to a saving of 1.5 tonne of CO2 for every 8 m3 truck leaving
the plant (1.5 tons per 10 yd3 truck).
References
1. Thomas, M.D.A.; Hooton, R.D.; Cail, K.; Smith, B.A.;
de Wal, J.; and Kazanis, K.G., Field Trials of Concretes Produced
with Portland Limestone Cement, Concrete International, V. 31,
No. 1, Jan. 2010, pp. 35-41.
2. Thomas, M.D.A.; Cail, K.; Blair, B.; Delagrave, A.; Masson, P.;
Ashlee Hossack is a PhD Candidate in

civil engineering at the University of
New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB,
Canada. Her research interests include
the evaluation of portland limestone
cements, achievement of equal
performance to portland cements, and
evaluation of susceptibility of portland
limestone cement concretes to
external sulfate attack.
Michael D.A. Thomas, FACI, is a Professor
of civil engineering at the University of
New Brunswick. He has been active
in the field of cement and concrete
research for 30 years, previously working
at the University of Toronto and Ontario
Hydro in Canada and the Building
Research Establishment in the UK. He is
a past recipient of ACIs Wason Medal
and the ACI Construction Practice Award and is a member of
numerous ACI committees.
Anik Delagrave is Director of Innovation
with Lafarge US. She has more than
20 years of experience working with
cement and concrete. Her research
interests include the performance of
cementitious materials and concrete
and concrete durability. She serves
on the Board of Directors for the ACI
Foundations Strategic Development
Council. Delagrave received her PhD
from Laval University.
and Kazanis, K., Use of Low-CO2 Portland Limestone Cement for

Pavement Construction in Canada, International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, V. 3, No. 5, Sept. 2010,
pp. 228-233.
3. Thomas, M.D.A.; Barcelo, L.; Blair, B.; Cail, K.; Delagrave,
A.; and Kazanis, K., Lowering the Carbon Footprint of Concrete
by Reducing Clinker Content of Cement, Transportation Research
Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, V. 2290,
2012, pp. 99-104.
4. Tennis, P.D.; Thomas, M.D.A.; and Weiss, W.J., State-ofthe-Art Report on Use of Limestone in Cements at Levels of up
to 15%, SN3148, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL,
2011, 78 pp.
Note: Additional information on the ASTM standards discussed in
this article can be found at www.astm.org.
Bruce Blair is Vice President of Product

Performance and Innovation with
Lafarge North America. He has over
30 years of experience in the concrete
construction industry, with roles in
manufacturing, technical sales, cement
and concrete quality control, R&D, and
marketing in Canada and the United
States. He received his BS in civil
engineering and his BS in geology from the University of
Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada. He is a member of ACI
Committees 201, Durability of Concrete; 225, Hydraulic
Cements; and 233, Ground Slag in Concrete; and ACI
Subcommittee 201-A, Durability Sulfate Attack.
Laurent Barcelo is the Manager,
Strategic Projects and Scientific Network,
of the Research Center of Lafarge
Canada, Inc. He interacts with academic teams in North America, evaluating
the possibilities of collaboration in relation with the activities and the scientific
priorities of the group. He also manages
long-term research projects for the
group. Barcelo has more than 15 years
of experience in several R&D-related positions. He received
his engineering degree from Als School of Mines and his PhD
from cole Normale Suprieure of Cachan.
45
Floors can be beautiful and functional. Increasingly, they are the

result of design-build efforts among owners, engineers, and
contractors. Long-term performance is of increasing importance
to owners, and increased joint spacing coupled with minimal
curling has become an important way to achieve that goal
(Photo courtesy of Ductilcrete)
46
Products&PracticeSpotlight
Reinventing Floor
Construction
Disruptive technology is changing the way we construct floors
By Jack Gibbons and Joe Nasvik
he technologies used to construct industrial and

commercial floor slabs have evolved in significant ways
through the years. Changes have included:
Ongoing development of concrete mixtures, often with
the goal of reducing paste content and shrinkage;
Refinement of design rules for laying out saw-cut
contraction joints, normally resulting in more joints;
Development of more efficient placing, finishing, and
jointing technologies;
Development of hardware to ensure load transfer across
joints; and
Development of technologies and protocols for measuring
slab flatness and levelness (FF and FL per ASTM E1155,
Standard Test Method for Determining FF Floor
Flatness and FL Floor Levelness Numbers) to verify
contractor placing and finishing skills.
Many of these developments have been made to address
contractors demands for greater productivity or owners
demands for flatter, more level floors. However, most have
done little to reduce slab curling, some may have actually
exacerbated the problem, and others may have created their
own unique problems. Mixtures with minimal paste
contents have been developed to minimize shrinkage, for
example, but when used with modern finishing technologies
and methods, mortar flaking may result.1
Although its rare for an engineer or contractor to track
long-term slab flatness or evaluate a floors performance
over time, owners do track floor performance over a
buildings lifetimeand many are not happy with the
maintenance problems associated with curling. So today,
designers and materials manufacturers are exploring ways
to minimize curling.
Rather than make incremental changes, Ductilcrete Slab
Systems, LLC, of Gilberts, IL, has developed a radically
different way to construct floors. Their new system, which
includes a concrete mixture that exhibits almost no shrinkage,
is practically eliminating curling. The company is also testing
their low-shrinkage concrete mixtures in thin toppings for

exterior asphalt and concrete paving. The toppings have
withstood even the harshest exterior conditions, including
multiple freezing-and-thawing cycles, salt applications,
snowplow abrasion and impact, and the regular wear and tear
of cars and trucks.
What Owners Want
The owners and developers of distribution centers,

industrial buildings, and commercial spaces influence how
floors are built. If you think they only care about paying the
lowest price and how much maintenance will cost over
time, you would be wrong. They are concerned that their
floors will work with the latest technologies in warehouse
material handling equipment, are interested in aesthetic
appearance, and consider how a space might be used when
they are done with it. Robert Guarnaccio, President of Stout
Development Services, Libertyville, IL, a company that
develops and sells industrial space, says most owners and
developers of commercial space are concerned about
performance over the long haul and understand the
importance of curling issues more than anyone. Heres his
list of what owners consider to be important floor issues:
AestheticsThey want their floors to shine and be lustrous;
Load-bearing capacityThey need to know what can be
stored and moved across the floor;
Residual valueThey know their properties will be sold
someday, so they want to maximize resale value by
meeting the needs of the next owner;
Damage to and by floor jointsThey want to minimize
wear and tear on material handling equipment as well as
the slabs themselves;
Flatness in traffic lanes and racking areasThey need
floors that remain flat over the lifetime of the building;
Joint layoutThey are concerned, for example,
about how the joints will affect wire-guided pallet
racking layouts;
47
needsThey need to be able to develop
Maintenance
realistic operating budgets;
and contraction joint spacingsThey want to
Column
minimize obstructions and joints, the sources of many of
their maintenance problems;
try to avoid them because of the down SealersThey

time associated with their reapplication;
want floors that can be adapted for
VersatilityThey
narrow-aisle traffic without expensive slab modifications;
WarrantiesMany want warranties on F and F
values
for the life of a lease, and leases may last 5 to
F
10 years;
costThey obviously want to minimize

Initial
construction costs; and
want a higher level of performance
ImprovementThey
than they currently receive.
Guarnaccio says many owners know little about the structural

aspects of floor construction, floor components, or how they
work together. He sees this as part of his responsibility: to
inform them about what they need to know. I particularly
like customers who have experienced problems with their
floors in the past because they are the most knowledgeable
about what they want to avoid, he adds.
Evaluating Curl
Curl numbers provide a very simple and convenient

means for gauging slab curl. They are derived from the
same profile readings used to compute FF and FL numbers
per ASTM E1155, so they are also very inexpensive to
obtain. To establish a slab panels baseline (that is,
uncurled) condition, the diagonals of a panel are surveyed
on 1 ft centers. If the length of diagonal is L ft, the index
numbers i for the survey points will be given by L/2, 0, and
L/2 for the start point, the panel centroid (intersection of
two diagonal runs), and end point along the diagonal,
respectively. The values for i between these points will be
integers sequenced accordingly.
The uncurled state of the slab panel can be described
using the elevations bi (calculated for each point i per ASTM
E1155) using the data from an initial baseline survey of the
diagonals. The curling of the panel can then be determined
at any later date by repeating the diagonal survey and
calculations to find the current elevations ci for each point i.
The current curl number C is given by
Shrinkage and Curling
All concrete shrinks, primarily because concrete mixtures

include more water than is necessary for cement hydration.
This water-of-convenience helps with placement and
finishing but evaporates as slabs cure and age, reducing slab
volume in the process. But there are other factors, such as
void spaces between aggregates and the amount of paste in a
mixture, that also influence shrinkage. For standard concrete
mixtures, the typical shrinkage in slab-on-ground floors and
pavement is about 0.06%, or roughly 0.75 in. in 100 ft
(20 mm in 33 m).
The top part of the slab-on-ground almost always has
greater shrinkage than the lower part because the upper
surface is free to dry faster and the upper portion has higher
unit water content when it sets.2 The resulting differential
shrinkage between the upper and lower parts of the slab causes
the panel edges to lift up. This ultimately causes problems at
the joints, particularly when heavy lift trucks rock the panels
and pound the joint edges as they move across the joint.
Engineers and contractors try to minimize shrinkage
because increased shrinkage can increase joint width
and cracking, and those impact maintenance costs.
The following paragraphs describe some of the
Physically, the radius (in ft) of the least-squares regression

circle fitted through the diagonal is 265,200/C. Long-term C
values on conventional slabs usually range from 50 to 150.
In contrast, Ductilcrete slabs have been found to have C
values that are practically zero.

where S is given by

48
The curl number for a slab panel can be calculated using

surveys along panel diagonals and calculating the elevations at
measurement points along the runs per ASTM E1155 (Note: 12 in.
= 305 mm) (Illustration courtesy of Allen Face Companies)
traditional ways to control shrinkage
and reduce cracking.
Shrinkage-compensating
concrete
This type of concrete is made with
Type K or Type M cements or ordinary
cement with a Type G expansive
additive. Slabs constructed with
shrinkage-compensating concrete are
continuously reinforced in two
directions. The expansive cement or
additive causes the concrete to expand
shortly after hardening, placing the
reinforcing bars in tension and the
concrete in compression. As the
concrete dries, the slab slowly shrinks
back to its original volume. As it
shrinks, the reinforcing steel maintains
a compressive stress and minimizes
cracking, even in a slab with minimal
joints. A drawback of this type of
construction is the requirement for a
7-day moist cure to ensure the concrete expands sufficiently to place the
reinforcing in tension.
Post-tensioned slabs
Another technology for minimizing
cracks and avoiding joints altogether is
post-tensioning (PT) with high-strength
steel. PT reinforcement is used to
compress concrete floors after the
concrete has hardened. As the concrete
shrinks, the compressive stress is
sufficient to overcome tensile stresses
that could cause cracks to develop. A
drawback of this type of construction is
the development of wide joints around
the perimeter of the panel.
Optimized concrete mixtures
The best concrete mixtures are
engineered to have well-graded
aggregate distributions to reduce void
spaces between aggregates. These
mixtures require less cementitious
material and water, and therefore have
lower paste contents than more
common mixtures. However, consideration must be given to local aggregate
supplies; some aggregate sizes may not
be available. Additional benefits can
be obtained by using shrinkage-
reducing admixtures (SRAs), which

reduce shrinkage by lowering the surface
tension of the pore water in the concrete. Finally, mixtures with high dosages
of fibers, steel, or synthetic macro have
been found to need fewer contraction
joints than ordinary mixtures.
Curling
Although shrinkage and curling are

related, curling is the most serious
long-term problem for owners. If curling
problems arise, the contractor will often
catch the blameeven though the floor
met the project specifications. The
engineer may not hear about the
problems, however, and will probably
repeat the errors of the past.
Its common to think that curling
occurs only at the edges of a panel. But
Allen Face, Owner of the Allen Face
Companies of Wilmington, NC, points
out that curling causes a slab panel to
form a spherical shape, with the

centroid of the panel at the lowest
point (Fig. 1). Curling is the result of
drying shrinkage in the surface region
of a floor panel, so this is where
preventative efforts should be focused.
There is very little shrinkage at the
bottom portion of a slab because water
is retained for a much longer period of
time, he says.
As differential shrinkage develops,
panel edges lift off the ground,
requiring the center portion of the
panel to carry more load and compress
the base and soil. As a result, the
centroid of a panel loses elevation as
the edges of the panel gain elevation.
When floor panels curl, panel rocking occurs as forklift traffic passes
over them, eventually causing cracks to
develop parallel to the perimeters of
the panel as the flexural strength of the
slab is exceeded.
Vintage Steel Reinforcement

in Concrete Structures
When was the last time you worked on a project that used
Havemeyer reinforcing bars? Or needed to determine what
the development length was for Ransome bars?
CRSI is in the final stages of completing a new publication, Vintage Steel
Reinforcement in Concrete Structures, which explores the kinds of reinforcing bars and mesh, and the various reinforcement layouts, which were in use
in the early 1900s. In addition, this publication will explore such topics as
material properties, and bond and allowable working stress requirements of
various codes and standards such as SPR26, NACU No. 4 and ACI 501. Plus,
included are reproductions of early material specifications, coverage of the
November 1979 Smithsonian Institute exhibit on vintage reinforcing steel
bars, illustrations from early reinforcing steel patents and advertisements.
$74.95 CRSI Members

$99.95 Non-Members
visit www.crsi.org for more information

49
Fig. 1: Floor panels curl in spherical shapes. The perimeter of a

panel can rise from 1/8 to 1 in. (3.2 to 25.4 mm) above the base
(Illustration courtesy of Ductilcrete)
At present, there is no ACI-approved method for measuring curl. Floors are measured to verify FF and FL, but this is
done to verify that the slab has been finished per the specification and its therefore completed before curling develops.
However, Face has designed a method to measure curl in
floor panels. The same instrument for measuring FF and FL
is usedone capable of recording 0.005 of an inch
(0.127 mm) elevation changesbut curling measurements
are recorded along diagonal lines across the corners of a
panel defined by sawed contraction joints. As with FF and
FL measurements, profiles are taken just after finishing and
Key Ductilcrete System Elements

The Ductilcrete System includes:
drawings and specifications sealed by a Ductil Floor

crete engineer;
joints limited to column lines, resulting
Contraction
in 80% fewer joints than traditional designs; and
and F numbers guaranteed to remain within 90%
Fof specified
values.
F
Specifications for the two-lift floor system require placement

over a level, proof-rolled base covered by a double slip sheet
50
Fig 2: This core sample shows how integrally the first lift and
second lifts bond. The frayed fibers visible on the cut surfaces of
the core provide the only obvious evidence that the slab was
placed in two lifts (Photo courtesy of Joe Nasvik)
sawing operations are complete to profile the original

surface of the slab and this information is compared
with later measurements, he adds (refer to the sidebar on
Evaluating Curl).
Reducing Curling
Several construction companies and product manufacturers have introduced ways to reduce both shrinkage and
curling in floor slabs. Any designer can specify high dosage
levels of steel or synthetic macrofibers or SRAs to improve
the long-term performance of their floors. Other products
are proprietary and require licensed installers. Ductilcrete is
an example of a proprietary system that works through an
alliance of contractors to deliver floors that hold their FF
and FL numbers. Since the inception of the concept, the
company has successfully placed over 30 million ft2
(2.8 million m2) of floors, toppings, and paving. They
employ a systems approach, bringing many elements
together to produce the desired results (refer to the sidebar
Key Ductilcrete System Elements).
Bruce Randall, who heads the engineering division for
Ductilcrete, says that they supply the engineering for every
project contracted. Their involvement starts during the bid
processDuctilcrete contractors submit a set of contract
documents to Randalls group, who re-engineer the floors
to meet Ductilcrete standards. Ductilcrete alliance contractors then install the slabs per new slab construction
documents produced and sealed by Ductilcrete engineers.
These projects are warranted to have near-zero curling for
up to 5 years. Randall says they often work as delegated
engineers for the floor slab, along with the prime professional that has overall responsibility for a project.
Based on the theory that shrinkage occurs only in the
top portion of a slab, much of Ductilcretes work is placed
in two lifts (Fig. 2). The bottom layer consists of a conventional concrete mixture, similar to whats used in standard
floor construction. The top portion of the slab includes
macrofibers, a moisture containment admixture, and SRAs.
The two lifts are placed wet-on-wet, very quickly and
efficiently, resulting in significant cost reductions relative to
construction of slabs with conventional overlays. With
almost no shrinkage in the top lift, curling is virtually
nonexistent. And the macrofibers in the top lift help to
ensure that cracks, if any, are minimal in width.
Randall says their leverage with owners is their warranty.
We provide specifications and details for all installations,
based on owner needs and local conditions. Each project is
supplied with stamped drawings and the multi-year services
warranty, he says. This, along with professional liability
insurance, provides a superior comfort level for owners.
Installing a proper base, confirmed by required proof
rolling, is a critical element in their system. Because there
is virtually no curling in the system, floor panels rest
uniformly on the subgrade and transfer loads directly to
the soil. For this reason, engineers can specify thinner
slabs that are capable of carrying greater loads than
conventional designs.
The typical guideline for laying out contraction joints is
a spacing of roughly 24 to 30 times the thickness of the slab.
For example, joints for a 6 in. (150 mm) thick slab would be
spaced 12 to 15 ft (3.6 to 4.5 m) apart. This means a 40 x
40 ft column bay could have 320 ft of joints (a 12 x 12 m
bay could have 96 m of joints). Many designers specify
floors with steel or macrofibers at high dosage levels to
significantly extend joint spacing beyond current recommended limits. Because the top portion of the slab still
tends to shrink, however, the design can lead to the formation of dominant joints of widths of up to 7/8 in. (22 mm).
Ductilcretes composite design includes saw-cut joints,
almost through the full depth of the top lift, only at the
column lines. This allows the bottom lift of the slab to
crack, but overall shrinkage of the slab is minimized
because the top lift includes moisture-retaining admixtures
plus SRAs. Just as in the lower portion of a conventional
slab, the bottom lift retains moisture and also has minimal
shrinkage.
Closing Thoughts
From the owners requirements listed previously, you

might think that no single floor design could meet all the
criteria. You might also think that owners shouldnt be
allowed to interfere in the process of making decisions
about floor construction. But in the world of design-build
construction, all parties work together to solve problems
and build floors based on the latest technologies.
First cost is still as important as ever, but long-term
service and maintenance costs have become major factors.
Curling is the 800-pound gorilla hiding in the closet. Its
the cause of many or most floor problems today, but the
issue of curling, or even measurement protocol for curling,
is rarely discussed. Certainly, the ideal floor doesnt shrink,

curl, or crack; supports higher loads on less slab thickness;
looks good; is versatile and cost-effective; and has a good
warranty. The Ductilcrete system has been designed to
achieve these criteria, and its developers continue to
research and test new ideas to improve it even further.
Ductilcrete Slab Systems, LLC, www.ductilcrete.com
References
1. McKinney, A.W., and Neuber, J.F. Jr., Industrial Slab-onGround Surface Defects, Concrete International, V. 35, No. 7, July
2013, pp. 29-34.
2. ACI Committee 360, Guide to Design of Slabs-on-Ground
(ACI 360-10), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI,
2010, p. 46.
Note: Additional information on the ASTM standards discussed in
this article can be found at www.astm.org.
Jack Gibbons, FACI, is Vice President of

Technical Services for Ductilcrete Slab
Systems, LLC. He has over 30 years of
experience in the concrete construction
industry. Prior to joining Ductilcrete,
Gibbons was Central Region Manager
for the Concrete Reinforcing Steel
Institute. Most of his career has been
in the ready mixed concrete industry,
where he developed a series of high-performance
mixtures for a variety of applications. Gibbons has been a
regular speaker at World of Concrete. He is a member of
ACI Committees 302, Construction of Concrete Floors; 309,
Consolidation of Concrete; 329, Performance Criteria for
Ready Mixed Concrete; 360, Design of Slabs on Ground;
and 362, Parking Structures. He is also a member of the
ACI Construction Liaison Committee.
ACI member Joe Nasvik owns Technical
Writing Services in Downers Grove, IL.
He was a concrete contractor in the
Chicago area for many years, was the
Senior Editor for Concrete Construction
magazine for 12 years, and currently
writes feature articles for Concrete
Contractor magazine. He is a member
of the ACI Construction Liaison
Committee; ACI Committees 124, Concrete Aesthetics;
302, Construction of Concrete Floors; and 303, Architectural
Cast-in-Place Concrete; and ACI Subcommittee C601-D,
Decorative Concrete Finisher Certification.
51
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ACI
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CONVENTION
DONT MISS THE
NETWORKING EVENTS
Opening Reception
Student and Young Professional
Networking Events
Women in ACI and Faculty
Network Reception
Concrete Mixer
visit www.aciconvention.org
for more information and to register!
Crack-Reducing
Admixture
A new frontier in the battle against drying shrinkage cracking
by Charles K. Nmai, Dan Vojtko, Steve Schaef, Emmanuel K. Attiogbe, and Mark A. Bury
oncrete undergoes volume changes shortly after

placement, and a major contributor is drying
shrinkage. Restraint of these volume changes leads
to the development of tensile stresses within the concrete
matrix and, invariably, cracking of the concrete. Cracking is
a major concern in concrete construction because cracks
compromise aesthetics and, depending on the specific
application, may lead to serviceability and durability
problems. These durability problems can include leakage in
water-retaining structures or chloride-induced corrosion in
bridges and parking structures. Consequently, it is
important that, in addition to taking measures to control
cracking, crack width is minimized as much as possible
should cracking occur.
Drying Shrinkage of Concrete
There are several factors that affect the drying shrinkage

of concrete. These include the proportions and
characteristics of the concrete mixture ingredients, design
and construction practices, and environmental influences.
However, the constituents of a concrete mixture that have
the greatest influence on drying shrinkage are water and
coarse aggregate, because both can have a profound effect
on minimizing the paste content. For a given set of
concreting materials, proper mixture proportioning will
help in producing concrete with low drying shrinkage.
Shrinkage-reducing admixtures
The drying shrinkage of concrete can be minimized
further through the addition of conventional shrinkagereducing admixtures (SRAs), which were first introduced
in Japan in the early 1980s1-3 and have been available in
the United States since the mid-1990s.4-6 Depending on
dosage, SRAs can reduce drying shrinkage by about 50 to
80% at 28 days and between 30 and 50% in the longtermtheir performance attributes are well
documented.1,2,5-9 However, observations from restrained

shrinkage evaluations performed in accordance with
ASTM C1581/C1581M, Standard Test Method for
Determining Age at Cracking and Induced Tensile Stress
Characteristics of Mortar and Concrete under Restrained
Shrinkage, or the ring test as it is more commonly
known, show that SRAs have a minimal, if any, effect on
crack width when cracking occurs.
In the ring test, a sample of freshly mixed mortar or
concrete is placed and consolidated in the annulus space
created by an outer steel ring and an inner ring that is
instrumented with strain gauges (Fig. 1). The top surface of
the specimen is subsequently sealed using either paraffin
wax or adhesive aluminum-foil tape. Therefore, with the
test specimen resting on a nonabsorptive base, drying
occurs only from the outer circumferential surface when
the outer steel ring is removed after a specified curing
duration. The drying shrinkage of the mortar or concrete is
Strain Gauge
Steel Restraining Ring

Outer Ring
Fig. 1: Ring test setup

53
restrained by the inner ring, leading to compressive strain
in the ring that is measured with the strain gauges.
Cracking of the test specimen is indicated by a sudden
decrease in the steel ring strain, as shown in Fig. 2. The age
at cracking from the time of casting and the rate of tensile
stress development in the test specimen are indicators of
the materials potential to resist cracking under restrained
shrinkage. Concrete mixtures not optimized for low
shrinkage typically exhibit cracking within 14 days in the
ring test.10 SRA-treated concrete will delay the time-tocracking depending on dosage.
However, as shown in Fig. 2, SRAs do not change the
mode of failure in the ring test and failure occurs due to a
sudden release of all the compressive strain in the inner
ring. In addition, as shown in Fig. 3, initial crack width in
untreated or SRA-treated concrete specimens is typically
about 0.04 in. (1 mm). As stated earlier, SRAs have minimal
effect on crack width.
Crack-reducing admixture
BASF Corporation is introducing a new admixture

formulated specifically to reduce not only drying shrinkage
but also initial crack width, should cracking occur. This
innovative crack-reducing admixture (CRA) is based on a
specialty alcohol alkoxylate and it is being marketed under
the trade name MasterLife CRA 007 admixture.
The recommended dosage range of the CRA is 1 to 3% by
mass of cementitious materials or approximately 1.0 to
2.0 gal./yd3 (5 to 10 L/m3) of concrete. It can be used in both
non-air-entrained concrete and air-entrained concrete. As
with conventional SRAs, the CRA should be used with
synthetic air-entraining admixtures in air-entrained concrete
applications. The effects of the CRA on the properties of
concrete, particularly setting time and strength, are similar to
the effects of SRAs. Therefore, depending on dosage, as well
as on concrete and ambient temperatures, setting time may
be slightly delayed. In addition, a slight reduction in strength
may occur depending on dosage of the CRA.
Fig. 2: Sudden decrease in compressive strain at cracking in ring test
54
Similar to conventional SRAs, the CRA reduces the

surface tension of water and it provides similar reductions
in drying shrinkage at equal dosages. However, typical
results for restrained shrinkage testing of untreated
concrete, conventional SRA-treated concrete, and concrete
treated with the CRA show that the CRA changes the
mode of failure from a sudden release of all the compressive
strain to a gradual reduction in strain in the inner steel
ring, thereby providing a greater increase in time-tocracking (Fig. 4). This phenomenon may be attributed to a
relaxation of tensile stress (internal stress relief) within the
CRA-treated concrete specimens.
As a result of the gradual relief of shrinkage-induced
stress in concrete treated with the CRA, it has been
observed in ring specimens cast from concrete treated with
the CRA that, in the event of cracking, the cracks are
hairline in nature with initial crack widths on the order of
0.004 in. (0.1 mm), as shown in Fig. 5. By contrast and as
mentioned earlier, untreated concrete or conventional
SRA-treated concrete ring specimens typically exhibit a
crack width of about 0.04 in. (1 mm) at failure. Therefore,
to differentiate the CRA from conventional SRAs, the CRA
is defined as a special class of shrinkage-reducing
admixture that produces a maximum initial crack width of
0.007 in. (175 m [0.175 mm]) in a high-performance,
crack-prone (HPCP) concrete mixture when tested in
accordance with ASTM C1581/C1581M. The HPCP
mixture is proportioned to crack in less than 10 days and it
exhibits an initial crack width of approximately 0.04 in. (1 mm).
In practice, the very small hairline cracks observed in the
ring specimens cast from concrete treated with the CRA
will not transport water easily and have the potential to
heal over time.
Field Application of CRA
CRA was used in combination with a macrosynthetic
fiber in a jointless slab-on-ground application for a
warehouse in Champaign, IL, in July 2013 (Fig. 6). The slab,
Fig. 3: Typical crack width of 0.04 in. (1 mm) in untreated or

SRA-treated concrete specimens
Fig. 4: Typical performance of CRA-treated concrete specimens

showing gradual decrease in ring compressive strain compared
to sudden decrease in non-CRA-treated specimens
Fig. 5: Typical crack width of 0.004 in. (0.1 mm) in CRA-treated

concrete specimens
which was placed on 2 in. (50 mm) of foam plastic

insulation, was 7.5 to 8 in. (190 to 200 mm) thick and
measured approximately 90 x 60 ft (27.4 x 18.3 m). The
CRA was used at a dosage of 1.5 gal./yd3 (7.5 L/m3) and the
CRA-treated fiber-reinforced concrete was placed at a slump
of about 8 in. (200 mm). Concrete slump was maintained

over a 20 mile (32 km), 45-minute haul to the job site
through the use of a workability-retaining admixture.
Concrete placement took place from 7:30 a.m. to about
11:00 a.m. and finishing was performed between 11:30 a.m.
Free
Educational Resources
Visit the ACI Store at www.concrete.org and download

free documents from ACIs Educational Committees.
These documents, available in digital editions, cover:
CLICK
HERE
Materials (including aggregates, reinforcement,

cemenititous materials, and admixtures);
Design examples for concrete structures
(including acceptance of test results, masonry
shear wall design, basement wall design, and
column interaction diagrams); and
Repair application procedures (including epoxy
injection, gravity feed, low-pressure spraying,
form-and-pump techniques, and hydrodemolition;
plus nine additional topicsfive available in Spanish).
55
Fig. 6: CRA-treated, fiber-reinforced concrete in a jointless slab-on-ground application
and 2:30 p.m. (because the CRA had very little effect on
the setting time of the concrete). No drying shrinkagerelated cracks have been observed in the slab, and
monitoring is ongoing.
Concluding Remarks
BASF Corporation is introducing MasterLife CRA 007

admixture, an innovative CRA that reduces concrete drying
shrinkage and, in the event of cracking, reduces initial crack
width. Compared with conventional SRAs, the CRA
has been shown to provide internal stress relief in the
ASTM C1581/C1581M ring test and, as a result, it changes
the mode of failure in the ring test from a sudden release of
all the compressive strain in the inner ring to a gradual
release of the compressive strain.
The net benefit of the internal stress relief provided by
the CRA is a greater delay in the time-to-cracking in the
ring test and an initial crack width of about 0.004 in.
(0.1 mm) compared to 0.04 in. (1 mm) in untreated
concrete and SRA-treated concrete specimens. As a result
of this enhanced performance, the CRA is expected to
provide significantly better behavior in liquid-containment
structures, bridge decks, and other applications requiring
56
liquid-tightness or where superior performance with

respect to crack reduction, crack width, and overall
durability is desired.
BASF Corporation, www.basf.com
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution of their colleagues David Barnes and John McConahy, who provided information on the field application of the CRA.
References
1. Sato, T.; Goto, T.; and Sakai K., Mechanism for Reducing
Drying Shrinkage of Hardened Cement by Organic Additives,
Cement Association of Japan (CAJ) Review, 1983, pp. 52-54.
2. Tomita, R.; Takeda, K.; and Kidokoro, T., Drying Shrinkage
of Concrete Using Cement Shrinkage Reducing Agent, Cement
Association of Japan (CAJ) Review, 1983, pp. 198-199.
3. United States Patent Number 4,547,223, Goto et al., Oct. 15,
1985.
4. United States Patent Number 5,556,460, Berke et al., Sept.
17, 1996.
5. Berke, N.S.; Dallaire, M.P.; Hicks, M.C.; and Kerkar, A.,
New Developments in Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures, Fifth
CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and
Other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete, SP-173, V.M. Malhotra,
ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1997,
pp. 973-1000.
6. Nmai, C.K.; Tomita, R.; Hondo, F.; and Buffenbarger, J.,
Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures for Concrete, Concrete International, V. 20, No. 4, Apr. 1998, pp. 31-37.
7. Nmai, C.K., and Seow, K.H., Shrinkage-Reducing and
Other Durability-Enhancing Admixtures for Concreting in the 21st
Century, Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Our World in
Concrete & Structures, Singapore, Aug. 24-26, 1999.
8. Nmai, C.K.; Mullen, B.; and Fletcher, K., Comparative
Evaluation of Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures for Concrete, Concrete 99: Proceedings of the Concrete Institute of Australia 19th
Charles K. Nmai, FACI and past member

of the ACI Board of Direction, is Engineering Associate/Manager, Engineering
Services, with BASF Construction
Chemicals, Beachwood, OH. He received
his PhD in civil engineering from Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN, and has over
26 years of concrete-related experience.
Actively involved in technology transfer
activities related to high-performance concrete, he is currently
Chair of ASTM Subcommittee C09.23, Chemical Admixtures.
In 2013, he received the ACI Arthur R. Anderson Medal for
outstanding contributions to the advancement of knowledge
of concrete as a construction material in the areas of corrosion
and chemical admixtures.
ACI member Dan Vojtko is a
Senior Research Engineer for BASF
Construction Chemicals, Beachwood,
OH. He has been in the engineering
technical services and development
group with BASF for over 8 years. He
received his MS in civil engineering
from Purdue University. His research
interests include concrete shrinkage
mechanisms, durability test method
development, and synthetic fiber reinforcement.
Biennial Conference, D. Baweja, S. Bernard, R. Wheen, and P. Shea,

eds., 1999, pp. 84-90.
9. Buffenbarger, J.K.; Nmai, C.K.; and Miltenberger, M.A.,
Improving Watertightness of Reinforced Concrete Structures
with Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures, Design and Construction
Practices to Mitigate Cracking, SP-204, E.G. Nawy, F. Barth, and
R. Frosch, eds., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI,
2001, pp. 217-236.
10. Attiogbe, E.K.; See, H.T.; and Miltenberger, M.A., Cracking Potential of Concrete under Restrained Shrinkage, Advances
in Cement and Concrete IX, Proceedings, Engineering Conferences
International, 2003, pp. 191-200.
Emmanuel K. Attiogbe, FACI, is Head of

Innovation Cluster Technologies, BASF
Construction Chemicals, Global R&D,
Cleveland, OH. He received his PhD in
civil engineering from the University of
Kansas, Lawrence, KS, specializing in
structural engineering and concrete
materials. He was awarded the ACI
Wason Medal for Materials Research in
1995. He is a member of several ACI Committees, including the
Concrete Research Council, a past member of the ACI Board
of Direction, and a past Chair of the Technology Transfer
Advisory Group of ACIs Strategic Development Council.
Mark A. Bury, FACI, is a Product Manager
with BASF with 33 years of concrete
experience. He received his Applied
Science degree and his Bachelors
degree in business administration
from Baldwin Wallace College. He is a
member of several ACI and ASTM C09
Committees and immediate past Chair
of ASTM Subcommittee C09.47, SelfConsolidating Concrete. Bury has a patent on a corrosioninhibiting admixture for concrete, published numerous papers
on concrete and admixture technology, and coordinated
unique experimentation that was performed on concrete
aboard the space shuttle Endeavour while in orbit.
ACI member Steve Schaef manages the

Engineering Group, supporting research
and development for BASF Construction
Chemicals, Beachwood, OH. He has
been part of the R&D community within
BASF for over 8 years. Schaef received
his MS in civil engineering from Purdue
University. His research interests include
concrete shrinkage mechanisms,
durability test method development, fiber-reinforced
concrete, and alkali-silica reactivity.
57
American Society
of Concrete Contractors
Position Statement #40
Protection of
Concrete Work
ost project specifications, including ACI 301-10,

Specifications for Structural Concrete, contain
provisions for protection of concrete work such as
the following:
Protection from mechanical injuryDuring the
curing period, protect concrete from damage by
mechanical disturbances, including load-induced
stresses, shock, and vibration. Protect concrete
surfaces from damage by construction traffic,
equipment, materials, running water, rain, and
other adverse weather conditions.
The first sentence states, and the second sentence
implies, that the required protection is during the curing
period. This is reasonable because protecting the concrete
during the curing period reduces the likelihood of failing
to reach the specified strength. Since 1960, ACI 301 has
included this statement regarding protection during the
curing period. But some Owners and Construction Managers
interpret this specification clause as requiring concrete
contractors to protect the concrete until project completion.
For instance, on a sports stadium project, the concrete
was required to have a broom finish. After 2 years of
construction, during which the concrete was used by all
trades as a working surface, the broom finish wore unevenly.
The Owner believed that the specification clause required
the concrete contractor to protect the surface from damage
caused by all trades, even when the concrete contractor was
no longer on site. A lawsuit resulted from this interpretation.
This position statement from the American Society

of Concrete Contractors is presented for reader interest
by the editors. The opinions expressed are not necessarily
those of the American Concrete Institute. Reader comment
is invited.
58
But do the two sentences cited require the concrete

contractor to be responsible for work by other trades?
Guidelines for Authorities and Responsibilities in Concrete
Design and Construction, prepared by the ACI Committee
on Responsibility in Concrete Construction and published
in Concrete International, April 2005, provides assistance in
interpreting these two sentences. This document states two
fundamental principles in determining responsibility:
One over-riding principle in these guidelines is the
simple notion that responsibility and authority must be
congruent; and
The other principle is that every entity should be
responsible for its own work.
Using these principles, the logical conclusion is that
concrete contractors are not responsible for the work of
other trades because they do not have the authority to
control the other trades work or limit their construction
traffic. It is clear that concrete contractors have the responsibility and authority to protect the concrete they place by
controlling their own work during the curing period for
that concrete.
ASCC concrete contractors will work with Owners
Representatives, Prime Contractors, and Design Professionals
in addressing protection of the concrete during the curing
period. However, damage to the concrete by other trades is
the responsibility of those trades. If you have any questions,
contact your ASCC concrete contractor or the ASCC
Technical Hotline at (800) 331-0668.
American Society of Concrete Contractors

2025 S. Brentwood Blvd., Suite 105
St. Louis, MO 63144
Telephone: (314) 962-0210; Fax: (314) 968-4367
website: www.ascconline.org; E-mail: ascc@ascconline.org
Exceptional Performance
Chemical admixture provides long-term protection in a severe environment
by Jeff Bowman
ts well known that chlorides can reach steel reinforcing

bars through pores and hairline cracks in concrete,
resulting in extensive damage to reinforced concrete
structures. To evaluate methods for reducing such effects, a
long-term study of the durability of reinforced concrete
specimens exposed to an aggressive marine environment
was recently completed.
The study was initiated by Craig Newtson as part of a
larger research project on durability of concrete made with
Hawaiian aggregates. Twenty-five reinforced concrete test
panels were exposed to warm salt waters in the tidal zone at
Honolulu Harbors Pier 38 from 2002 to 2012.
This study represents the longest continual test period
ever carried out, worldwide, regarding the corrosion of
reinforced concrete. Most of the test panels, including the
control specimens, were produced using a low water-cement
ratio (w/c) of 0.40. Test panels were produced with various
permeability-reducing and corrosion-inhibiting admixtures,
with a latex modifier, or with pozzolans (fly ash or silica
fume). The latter panels were produced using an even lower
w/c of 0.36 to reduce the chloride penetration rates through
the concrete and delay the onset of chloride-induced
corrosion of the reinforcing steel. During the test period,
half-cell potentials, chloride concentrations, cracking, and
visible signs of corrosion were monitored.
Key findings included:
Control panels with no admixture or pozzolan exhibited
corrosion-induced cracking and rust residue;
While test panels produced using calcium nitrite-based
corrosion inhibitors at dosages of 20 L/m3 (4 gal/yd3)
exhibited delayed onset of corrosion, test panels produced
using 10 L/m3 (2 gal/yd3) dosages of the same admixture
were not reliably protected against corrosion;
The test panels produced using pozzolans (cement
replacements of 15% fly ash or 5% silica fume) combined
with a reduced w/c of 0.36 performed well; and
The panel produced using Kryton Internationals Krystol
Internal MembraneTM (KIM) at a dosage of 2% by
weight of cement was one of the top performing panels.
The KIM panel outperformed all other permeabilityreducing admixtures, and most of the corrosion-inhibiting
Installation of panels at Honolulu Harbor (photo courtesy of University

of Hawaii College of Engineering)
admixtures as well. Only panels containing high levels of

calcium nitrite and those made with pozzolans showed
comparable performance. After 10 years of exposure,
the KIM panel exhibited significantly lower half-cell
readings than the control specimens. It also showed no
signs of corrosion, even though panels produced with
other admixtures or with a latex modifier exhibited
inconsistent to poor results.
The panels produced using pozzolans or Krytons KIM
performed well because they had lower permeability than
the other panels in the study. Chloride ingresseven
through hairline crackswas slowed, so the onset of
corrosion was significantly delayed. These findings are
particularly relevant because they are based on field
exposure in a harsh, coastal environment. While many
products may perform well in a short-term laboratory
experiment, their performance might be poor when
subjected to long-term exposure to real environments.
Kryton International, Inc., www.kryton.com
Jeff Bowman is Technical Manager at Kryton International,
Inc., headquartered in Vancouver, BC, Canada.
59
Products &
Practice
Powerblanket
Powerblanket products are made with GreenHeat

Technology, a heat-spreading technology that provides
uniform distribution of heat with minimal energy
usage. Powerblankets products include concrete curing
blankets, ground thawing blankets, hot boxes, barrel
heaters, and box heaters. The products are designed for
cold-weather concrete curing; accelerated ground
thawing; preheating service trucks, fuel tanks, and heavy
equipment; and melting snow and ice.
Powerblanket, www.powerblanket.com
University of Texas Uses Quikrete for

New Residence Tower
The University of Texas 17-floor residence tower, The

Callaway House Austin, was built with Quickrete Basecoat
Stucco. More than 520 3000 lb (1361 kg) bulk bags were
used by Pillar Construction to cover over 200,000 ft2
(1858 m2) of the tower. The stucco was manually applied at
3/4 in. (19 mm) over fiberglass mat gypsum sheathing, lath,
and concrete. The facility houses over 600 students and
features controlled building access, study rooms, and a
wellness center.
Quickrete, www.quikrete.com
Milwaukee M12 Heated Hoodies
Acme Tools introduced Milwaukee M12 Heated Hoodies,

which feature a waffle-weave polyester thermal liner
designed for heat retention. This hoodie can be used as a
mid-layer to provide heat and increases mobility by
reducing the number of layers needed. It warms the body
and stimulates blood circulation with three sewn-in carbon
fiber heating zones on the chest and upper back to warm
the users core. The heating element can be set to low,
medium, or high with a button attached to the lapel. The
hoodies offer up to 6 hours of heat.
Acme Tools, www.acmetools.com
Sylvan Chamfer Strips
Sylvan offers a line of chamfer strips, key ways,

rustification strips, and concrete forms to create
aesthetic appeal. Sylvans chamfer strips are
produced from straight-grain wood, which provides
consistent size, shape, and surface smoothness.
Other attributes include straightness and splitting
resistance during nailing.
Sylvan Products, LLC, www.sylvanproducts.com
Chamtech Rollcov-R
The Chamtech Rollcov-R is an enclosure that retracts

and extends to protect precast concrete products and forms.
It provides building-like protection but requires only one or
two people to operate and does not need additional
equipment to operate. Chamtech Rollcov-R locks in
humidity, controls temperature, and protects fresh concrete
from wind, sun, and precipitation. It is free-standing,
self-storing, and anchored to the ground.
Chamtech Systems, www.chamtechsystems.com
Information on the items reported in Products & Practice is furnished by the product manufacturers, suppliers, or developers who are responsible for the accuracy of the information. Also, the descriptions of these items do not represent endorsement by this magazine, by the American
Concrete Institute, or any of its staff. They are published here simply as a service to our readers.
60
Products & Practice

Penetron Admix used in Cleveland Metropark Zoo Exhibit
The Cleveland Metropark Zoo features the African Elephant Crossing made using
concrete with Penetron Admix. The exhibit measures more than 5 acres (2 ha) and
recreates two different Savannah landscapes. The $25 million project is the first major
animal exhibit in North America that meets the LEED requirements for green design and
construction. Penetron Admix was used to provide an integrated crystalline damp-proofing
solution for the wading pool, elephant-sized swimming pool, and waterfall, most of
which were constructed using wet-mix shotcrete. Different shades of concrete were used to
resemble natural rock and Savannah landscaping.
Penetron, www.penetron.com
Bosch PSJ120 12V Max

Heated Jacket
Bosch Power Tools introduced the PSJ120 12V

Max Heated Jacket. It keeps workers warm while
providing a built-in battery (BHB120) backup
source, which is USB-compatible for charging cell
phones and electronics. The jacket features three
heat zones to warm the core, with two located on the
chest and one on the back. The jacket will provide
heat in minutes and last up to 6 hours. The heat is
adjustable to low, medium, or high settings. The
jacket is manufactured with materials that are water
and wind resistant for warmth and flexibility.
Bosch, www.boschtools.com
Marflex Shockwave
Marflex introduced Shockwave 1 or 2 in. (25 or 51 mm)

drainage and insulation boards, which act as a drainage
medium to channel ground moisture away from a
structures foundation and direct it towards the
structures drainage system. It also protects the Marflex
waterproofing membrane, especially during backfilling.
The boards are made from recycled products such as
polyethylene-polyolefin foam reclaimed from the
automotive industry.
Mar-Flex, www.mar-flex.com
61
Products & Practice

Web Notes
Construction Connection Announces Over 50,000 Online Members
Construction Connection, a networking and hiring website, announced a milestone: reaching more than 50,000
registered members. The construction community website was established for professionals to find educational resources,
construction news, networking opportunities, and jobs in the construction industry. Companies can post industry-specific
jobs such as heavy equipment operators, construction superintendents, concrete finishers, or cost estimators. Also, job
searchers can post profiles that showcase their training and skills. The Construction Connection partners include business
consultants, engineers, attorneys, and software developers.
Construction Connection, www.constructionconnection.com
Book Notes
Masonry Designers Guide
The 7th edition of the Masonry Designers Guide (MDG-7) was updated to include additions and changes in the 2011
edition of the Building Code Requirements and Specification for Masonry Structures (TMS 402/ACI 530/ASCE 5 and
TMS 602/ACI 530.1/ASCE 6), also referred to as the 2011 MSJC. MDG-7 includes updated discussion and examples related
to recalibration of the Allowable Stress Design method, a new chapter on the design of masonry infills, discussion on
enhanced special inspection requirements, and revised discussions and examples throughout the book. Topics include
masonry materials, testing, quality assurance and control, construction methods, structural and seismic design, and using
the MSJC with model building codes. Available through the ACI Online Bookstore at www.concrete.org.
The Masonry Society, www.masonrysociety.org
ACI Member Price: $95; Non-Member Price: $120; 479 pp.
Products&Service
Literature&Videos
Product Category Rules for Concrete
The Product Category Rules (PCR) for unreinforced concrete developed by the World Business Council for Sustainable
Developments (WBCSD) Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI) is published by the International EPD System. This set of
rules provides a common methodology for concrete producers to develop Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) for
products. An EPD contains information about the environmental impact of a product. Providing data in a standardized
format allows EPDs to serve as a basis for identifying products that have the least environmental impact through a buildings
life cycle. The CSI PCR offers a reference methodology, which establishes the assumptions, scope, and functional units. It is
for use by companies worldwide and takes into account standard developments in other regions.
This document can be downloaded from the WBCSD website.
World Business Council for Sustainable Development, www.wbcsd.org
62
Product
Showcase
Admixtures
Xypex Admix C-500
Xypex Admix C-500 is a chemical treatment used for dampproofing and protection. It is added to the concrete mixture at
the time of batching. It contains portland cement, very fine
treated silica sand, and other active proprietary chemicals.
Admix C-500 reacts with the moisture in fresh concrete and the
by-products of cement hydration to generate a nonsoluble
crystalline formation throughout the pores and capillaries of
the concrete. The concrete becomes sealed against penetration
of water and other liquids, and is protected from deterioration
caused by harsh environments.
Xypex, www.xypex.com
Barrier One
Barrier One is a high-performance concrete admixture that is

a volatile organic compound (VOC)-free formulation designed
to reduce slab permeability. It combines with preexisting
elements inside the mixture and facilitates a chemical reaction
that disrupts the integral slab capillary system, which closes the
moisture vapor emission route. The reaction forms a permanent
barrier, which is insoluble and irremovable.
Barrier One, www.barrierone.com
Concrete Optimizer
Davis Colors
Davis Colors are color admixtures that

can be used in cast-in-place, slab-on-ground,
precast, tilt-up, and decorative concrete
projects. Also, they can be used to color cast
stone, plaster, stucco, and other cementbased materials. Davis Colors are concentrated pigments made of metal oxides, and
comply with ASTM C979, Pigments for
Integrally Colored Concrete. Davis Colors
are packaged with Mix-Ready disintegrating
bags, which can be tossed into a mixture
without opening or dumping the contents.
Davis Colors, www.daviscolors.com
Fully compliant with the requirements of the latest version of

ASTM C94, Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete,
the SensoCrete Concrete Optimizer adjusts the consistency of
the concrete while the truck is in transit, by adding water and/or
admixtures until the batch meets the customers requirements.
With no on-site waiting for the load to be tested and adjusted,
the placement goes quickly and the truck can return to the plant
for another load. Data on the slump, temperature, consistency,
and volume of each load are available online, so producers can
study their mixtures and make adjustments in their batching
procedures to improve uniformity in the most cost-effective way.
Producers have reported that the SensoCrete system allows them
to consistently deliver concrete within 10 mm (less than 0.5 in.)
of the desired slump.
SensoCrete, www.sensocrete.com
63
Product Showcase
Adi-Con CW Plus
W.R. Meadows offers Adi-Con CW Plus, a

waterproofing admixture for portland cement-based
concrete and mortars. It is a dry powder containing
inorganic and organic compounds, sand, and silicabased materials. The reactive materials react with the
lime generated by the hydration of cement and seal
the pores making the concrete watertight. Adi-Con
features chloride-free agents and provides integral
dampproofing. Additionally, it increases chemical
resistance and minimizes the effect on setting times.
W.R. Meadows, www.wrmeadows.com
Planitop 11 SCC
Planitop 11 SCC is a
self-consolidating concrete
mixture with silica fume
and corrosion inhibitor for
use in structural concrete
repairs such as for tunnels,
bridges, dams, parking
garages, balcony edges, and
columns. It is pre-extended
with coarse aggregate and
designed for horizontal
structural repairs from 1 to
8 in. (25 to 203 mm). It can
also be used for form-andpour and form-and-pump
applications on vertical and
overhead structures.
Mapei, www.mapei.com
S-1300 Pene-Krete
Users can track admixture additions online
Verifi
Verifi offers slump management, which helps

concrete producers measure, manage, and record
concrete quality while in the truck. The sensors and
controls on the truck measure slump and automatically add water and high-range water-reducing
admixture (HRWRA) when needed to maintain
slump. All of the HRWRA additions are made without
the drivers involvement and are fully documented.
Verifi LLC, www.verificoncrete.com
Super-Krete International, Inc., offers S-1300 Pene-Krete, an additive that enhances the
concretes natural hydration process by prolonging the hydration of the cementitious
materials and increasing the workability. Pene-Krete can be added to the mixture of
products such as concrete, plaster, precast, shotcrete, and block. When concrete is treated
with Pene-Krete, the pores and capillaries are reduced and the concrete becomes less
porous. The additive fills the remaining pores with crystals throughout the concrete mass,
which makes the concrete less permeable to water and waterborne chemicals.
Super-Krete, www.super-krete.com
64
Product Showcase
MasterSure Z 60
BASF introduced MasterSure Z 60 admixture (formerly known

as RheoTec Z-60), which provides flexible degrees of slump retention
and workability control without retardation. This admixture
provides a cost-effective means of maintaining consistency and air
content without the need for slump adjustment at a job site.
MasterSure can be used in maintaining consistency of mixtures such
as highly fluid concrete, decorative concrete, and mixtures with
differentiable performance characteristics.
BASF, www.basf.com
Ekkomaxx
Photo courtesy Consumers Concrete Corp.
Concrete made with CeraTech USAs ekkomaxx cement features

dense crystalline structures free of excess CA(OH)2, low watercement ratios (w/c) (0.18 to 0.23), and no excess water. Almost all
of the water used to mix ekkomaxx is tied up in the crystalline
hydrates and is not able to evaporate. Moisture-sensitive flooring
systems can be installed on ekkomaxx concrete between 3 and 21
days after placement. Moisture testing of ekkomaxx indicates
modest evaporation over the first 21 days.
CeraTech USA, www.ceratechinc.com
Rapid Set
Rapid Set cement products are used in concrete applications requiring durability and fast strength gain. During the
manufacturing process, less limestone and fossil fuel are used, resulting in a reduced carbon footprint. Rapid Set provides
3000 psi (20.7 HPa) in 1 hour, is nonshrink, resistant to sulfates and chlorides, and can be used in all weather conditions.
Rapid Set may be used for projects such as structural concrete, pavement rehabilitation, setting anchor bolts and posts,
precasting, stucco, and bridges.
CTS Cement, www.ctscement.com
65
ACI Committee Document
Abstracts
The following ACI documents will soon be available:
Guide to Design Detailing to Mitigate

Cracking (ACI 224.4R-13)
Reported by ACI Committee 224, Cracking

Jeffrey S. West,* Chair; Jacob K. Bice, Secretary; Florian G.
Barth,* Peter H. Bischoff, David Darwin, John F. Duntemann,
Christopher C. Ferraro, Fouad H. Fouad, David W. Fowler,
Robert J. Frosch, Grant T. Halvorsen, Will Hansen,* Harvey H.
Haynes,* Mohammad Iqbal, Ralf Leistikow,* Malcolm K.
Lim, Edward G. Nawy, Kamran M. Nemati, Keith A.
Pashina, Randall W. Poston,* Guillermo Alberto Riveros,
John W. Roberts, Andrew Scanlon, and Andrea J. Schokker;
Julius G. Potyondy, Royce J. Rhoads, and Ernest K. Schrader,
consulting members.
*Members of the committee who prepared this report.

Special acknowledgment to Paul Hedli for his contribution to
this report.
Abstract: Recommendations made in this guide offer

performance-based details that can mitigate and control
concrete cracking. Structural elements are reviewed
individually to identify crack causation and to offer
design and detailing recommendations to mitigate crack
development. In addition, standard details for various
structural members within a building are offered that have
been used effectively to mitigate and control crack
development in concrete members.
Guide to Decorative Concrete

(ACI 310R-13)
Reported by ACI Committee 310, Decorative Concrete

Larry Rowland, Chair; Lance Boyer, Clark Branum,
Walter B. Burns, Terry C. Collins, Daniel P. Dorfmueller,
James A. Farny, Roy E. Harvey, David E. Hoyt, Allyn C. Luke,
Scott C. Metzger, Michael E. Murray, Dionne Ojeda, Joe A.
Reardon, Todd A. Scharich, Michael S. Smith, Nicholas J.
Advertise in
For more information, contact
Keith Price,
Senior Account Executive
Network Media Partners
(410) 584-8487
E-mail: concrete@networkmediapartners.com
66
Sorrentino, Cori E. Sutton, and James Vermillion; Doug

Bannister, Larry E. Good, Robert P. Harris, Harry P. Moats,
Joseph V. Nasvik, and Frank Piccolo, consulting members.
ACI Committee 310 acknowledges M.S. Smith, N.
Blackburn, J. Strieder, and A. Werner for their contributions
to the development of this guide.
Abstract: This guide describes techniques for imparting
aesthetic finishes to concrete flatwork, of which many can
be combined for unique effects. The designer/engineer will
acquire detailed, practical guidance for achieving aesthetic
effects using proven techniques. Recommendations are
made for the production of cast-in-place decorative concrete
flatwork and decorative stains and overlays. In addition to
attention to the specified materials, mixture designs,
concrete placement, curing, protection, sealing, and other
treatments, this guide also considers the effects of these
treatments on the overall aesthetics of the facility.
Guide to Design and Construction

of Circular Wire- and Strand-Wrapped
Prestressed Concrete Structures
(ACI 372R-13)
Reported by ACI Committee 372, Tanks Wrapped with

Wire or Strand
Daniel J. McCarthy, Chair; Andrew R. Minogue, Secretary;
Jon B. Ardahl, Ashok K. Dhingra, Kenneth R. Harvey,
Charles S. Hanskat, Atis A. Liepins, Ramon E. Lucero,
Salvatore Marques, Justin Norvell, Morris Schupack, and
Marwan N. Youssef.
Abstract: This guide provides recommendations for
the design and construction of circular, wrapped,
prestressed concrete structures commonly used for liquid
or bulk storage. These structures are constructed using
thin cylindrical shells of either concrete or shotcrete.
Shotcrete and precast concrete core walls incorporate a
thin steel diaphragm that serves both as a liquid barrier
and vertical reinforcement. Cast-in-place concrete core
walls incorporate either vertical prestressing or a steel
diaphragm. Recommendations are given for circumferential
prestressing achieved by wire or strand wrapping. In
wrapping, the wire or strand is fully tensioned before
placing it on the structural core wall. Procedures for
preventing corrosion of the prestressing elements are
emphasized. The design and construction of dome roofs
are also covered.
Many recommendations of this guide can also be
applied to similar structures containing low-pressure gases,
dry materials, chemicals, or other materials capable of
creating outward pressures. This guide is not intended for
Document Abstracts
application to nuclear reactor pressure vessels or cryogenic
containment structures.
Code Requirements for Load Testing

of Existing Concrete Structures
(ACI 437-13) and Commentary
Reported by ACI Committee 437, Strength Evaluation of

Existing Concrete Structures
Carl J. Larosche,* Chair; J. Gustavo Tumialan,*
Secretary; Joseph A. Amon, Nicholas J. Carino, Paolo
Casadei, John A. Frauenhoffer, Nestore Galati,* Zareh B.
Gregorian, Pawan R. Gupta, Frederick D. Heidbrink,
Ashok M. Kakade, Danielle D. Kleinhans, Andrew T.
Krauklis, Daniel J. McCarthy, Javeed Munshi, Antonio
Nanni, Thomas E. Nehil,* Renato Parretti, K. Nam Shiu,
Jeffrey S. West,* and Paul H. Ziehl*; Marco Arduini and
Habib M. Zein Alabideen, consulting members.
*Members of the subcommittee who prepared this report.
Abstract: This code provides requirements for test load

magnitudes, test protocols, and acceptance criteria for
conducting a load test as a means of evaluating the safety
and serviceability of concrete structural members and
systems for existing buildings as provided for by ACI
562-13. A load test may be conducted as part of a structural
evaluation to determine whether an existing building
requires repair and rehabilitation, or to verify the adequacy
of repair and rehabilitation measures applied to an existing
building, or both. This code contains provisions for both a
cyclic load test and a monotonic load test procedure.
Design Specification for Unbonded

Post-Tensioned Precast Concrete Special
Moment Frames Satisfying ACI 374.1
(ACI-ASCE 550.3-13) and Commentary
Reported by Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 550, Precast

Concrete Structures
Harry A. Gleich, Chair; Larbi M. Sennour, Secretary;
Te-Lin Chung, Ned M. Cleland, Thomas J. DArcy, William K.
Doughty, Alvin C. Ericson, Neil M. Hawkins, Augusto H.
Holmberg, L.S. Paul Johal, Jason J. Krohn, Emily B. Lorenz,
Kenneth A. Luttrell, Vilas S. Mujumdar, Frank A. Nadeau,
Clifford R. Ohlwiler, Lance Osborne, Victor F. PizanoThomen, Jose I. Restrepo, Sami H. Rizkalla, Mario E.
Rodriguez, Joseph C. Sanders, Edith G. Smith, John F.
Stanton, P. Jeffrey Wang, and Cloyd E. Warnes; Satyendra
Ghosh and Suzanne Dow Nakaki, subcommittee members.
post-tensioned to concrete columns. After a major

earthquake, these hybrid moment frames should
exhibit minimal damage in beam-column regions and
negligible permanent displacements. Hybrid moment
frames do not satisfy the prescriptive requirements of
Chapter 21 of ACI 318-11 for frames of monolithic
construction. According to Section 21.1.1.8 of ACI
318-11, their acceptance requires demonstration by
experimental evidence and analysis that the frames
have strength and toughness equal to or exceeding
those provided by comparable monolithic reinforced
concrete frames that satisfy the prescriptive requirements
of Chapter 21. This Standard describes the requirements
that the licensed design professional may use to demonstrate, through analysis, that such frames have strength
and toughness at least equal to those of comparable
monolithic frames. This standard is a revision of the
standard ACI T1.2.
Do you have a story to tell?

The staff of Concrete International
can help you publish an article
about your latest project
collaboration
Or how you solved a
constructibility issue
Or any topic related to design
and construction.
To get started, contact

Rex C. Donahey
Editor-in-Chief
Rex.Donahey@concrete.org
Abstract: This standard defines requirements that

may be used to design special hybrid moment frames
composed of discretely jointed precast concrete beams
67
Meetings
2014
January
6-10
Building Innovation 2014

Conference & Expo, Washington, DC
www.nibs.org/?page=conference2014
12-16
93rd Annual Meeting of

Transportation Research Board,
Washington, DC
www.trb.org/AnnualMeeting/
AnnualMeeting.aspx
13-14
1st Global Well Cem Conference

& Exhibition, Dubai, UAE
www.globalcement.com/conferences/
well-cem/introduction
14-15
The NACE Nuclear Power Plant

Coatings Symposium, Orlando, FL
http://events.nace.org/conferences/
npp2014/index.asp
20-24
World of Concrete, Las Vegas, NV

www.worldofconcrete.com
21
CFA Winter Meeting, Las Vegas, NV

www.cfawalls.org/cfa_calendar/
events/2014-cfa-winter-meeting.htm
February
4-6
NAHB International Builders

Show, Las Vegas, NV
www.buildershow.com
6-7
International Concrete Sustainability Conference, Latin America,

Medellin, Colombia
www.concretesustainabilityconference.
org/medellin2014/index.html
10-14
2014 fib Congress, Mumbai, India

www.fibcongress2014mumbai.com
12-15
PCI Winter Conference,

Houston, TX
www.pci.org/PCI_Events/PCI_Winter_
Conference
13-15
The Precast Show 2014, Houston, TX

http://precast.org/theprecastshow
March
1-3
NRMCA Annual Convention,

Las Vegas, NV
www.nrmca.org/Conferences_Events/
AnnualConvention/index.asp
4-6
ICIMART14: Infrastructure
Management, Assessment and
Rehabilitation Techniques, Sharjah,
UAE
www2.aus.edu/conferences/icimart14
4-8
CONEXPO-CON/AGG,
Las Vegas, NV
www.nrmca.org/Conferences_Events
9-13
CORROSION 2014, San Antonio, TX

http://events.nace.org/conferences/
c2014/welcome.asp
13-15
CSDA Annual Convention,

Tucson, AZ
www.csda.org/displaycommon.cfm?a
19-21
ICRI 2014 Spring Convention,

Reno, NV
www.icri.org/Events/calendar.cfm
22
ASA Spring 2014 Committee

Meetings, Reno, NV
www.shotcrete.org
24-29
ICPI Annual Meeting,

New Orleans, LA
www.icpi.org/node/3996
March/April
30-2
ACPA 2014 Convention,

Indianapolis, IN
http://convention.myacpa.org/indy2014
UPCOMING ACI CONVENTIONS

2014 March 23-27, Grand Sierra Resort, Reno, NV
2014 October 26-30, Hilton Washington, Washington, DC
2015 April 12-15, Marriott & Kansas City Convention Center,

Kansas City, MO
2015 November 8-12, Sheraton, Denver, CO
For additional information, contact:
See the events calendar at

www.concreteinternational.com
for more listings
68
Event Services, ACI, 38800 Country Club Drive

Farmington Hills, MI 48331
Telephone: (248) 848-3795 E-mail: conventions@concrete.org
Industry
Focus
World of Concrete Europe
S.E. Intermat, owner of the INTERMAT Trade

Shows, along with Hanley Wood, LLC, organizer of
World of Concrete, announced a pilot event, World of
Concrete Europe. The partnership is an opportunity for
leadership in the European market. World of Concrete
Las Vegas will be January 21-24, 2014, and World of
Concrete India will be March 13-15, 2014.
Hycrete Celebrates 10-Year Anniversary

Hycrete, Inc., manufacturer of admixtures,
moisture blockers, and anti-corrosion agents, is
celebrating its 10-year anniversary and the milestone
of passing its 1000th large project mark. Hycrete has
been used in commercial building projects including
below-water table basements and foundations, parking
structures, tunnels, green roofs, water tanks, and
podium and plaza decks. Hycrete is a waterproofing
and anti-corrosion agent designed to seal small
cracks and fissures. Hycrete was tested by the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers in a 5-year study and is
currently being tested in sea walls, sewer treatment
plants, and underground aircraft hangers in highsulfate soil.
ICPI Accreditation Program for Paver

Installation Companies
The Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute

(ICPI) announced its accreditation program for paver
installation companies, recognizing companies that
meet installation practices and providing those firms
promotional opportunities. The Accredited Paver
Installation Company (APIC) program provides thirdparty creditability by recognizing skills, knowledge,
and conformance to industry practices. For accreditation,
a company must comply with installation guidelines
recommended by ICPI. The program requirements
include: the owner, principal, or managing employee
of the company must hold a valid ICPI Certified
Installer certification; the ICPI Certified Installer
must be present throughout the entirety of the project;
a company safety program must be in place; and
applicable business licenses and insurance policies
must be up to date. Companies must also pledge to
uphold the APIC Code of Conduct to help increase
public and industry confidence in integrity and
service and companies confirm that every project
follows ICPI installation guidelines by completing
a construction task list. For more information, visit
www.icpi.org.
Brierley Associates Firm Opens

Minnesota Office
Brierley Associates established a new office in

Burnsville, MN. The office is led by Todd Christopherson,
Senior Consultant. He has more than 30 years of
experience in structural and geotechnical engineering,
commercial construction, design-build construction,
and construction management. Brierley Associates is a
privately held tunnel, trenchless, geotechnical, and
geostructural design firm with offices in 12 locations
among nine states. Brierley has also established a Great
Lakes Region based in Burnsville, which includes three
existing offices in Wisconsin and Illinois.
Spider Introduces Spider Systems Group

SafeWorks, LLC, introduced Spider Systems Group, a
team of experts assigned to provide access and fall
protection solutions for complicated projects. The group
works with the Spider branch network to meet the needs
and challenges of industrial and commercial projects and
deliver the response time, site support, project management,
and safety code expertise demanded by project teams.
2012 ICC Code Books Available as

eBook
Delmar, a division of Cengage Learning, released the

updated 2012 code products published by the International
Code Council (ICC). The ICC codes are referred to as
I-Codes and are a set of coordinated building safety and fire
prevention codes developed for public safety. The I-Codes
are accessible with compact eReader devices, which allow
professionals to have the codes readily available on job sites.
2012 I-Codes eBooks include:
2012 International Residential Code;
2012 International Building Code;
2012 International Fire Code;
2012 International Energy Conservation Code;
2012 International Swimming Pool and Spa Code; and
2012 International Green Construction Code.
For more information on the I-Codes, visit
www.informationdestination.cengage.com/ICC.
Product Innovator of the Year
SUNANDA Speciality Coatings Pvt. Ltd. recently

received the Product Innovator of the Year in Construction
Chemicals Award from the Federation of Indian Chambers
of Commerce and Industry. Sunanda was recognized for its
corrosion-inhibiting admixture, POLYALK CP 293. This
selection was based on evidence gathered from case studies
of projects throughout India.
69
Public
Discussion
ACI draft standards open for public discussion that are being processed through ACIs ANSI-approved
standardization procedures can be found at www.concrete.org/Discussion. These are not yet official
ACI standards.
Public Discussion and Closure of Code Requirements for Load Testing of Existing
Concrete Structures (ACI 437) and Commentary
On July 9, 2012, the Standards Board granted approval to release the draft standard for public discussion and to process
it as an ACI standard. Public discussion was announced on August 1, 2012, and closed on September 17, 2012. The
committee responded to the public discussion. TAC reviewed the closure and approved it on October 21, 2013. The
Standards Board approved publication of the ACI standard on October 23, 2013.
The public discussion and the committees response to the discussion are available on ACIs website.
Public Discussion and Closure of Material Specification for Carbon and

Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Materials made by Wet Layup for Externally
Reinforcing Concrete Structures (ACI 440.8)
On December 21, 2012, the Standards Board granted approval to release the draft standard for public discussion and to
process it as an ACI standard. Public discussion was announced on February 1, 2013, and closed on March 17, 2013. The
committee responded to the public discussion. TAC reviewed the closure and approved it on November 11, 2013. The
Standards Board approved publication of the ACI standard on November 29, 2013.
Public Discussion and Closure of Specification for Shotcrete (ACI 506.2)
On May 14, 2012, the Standards Board granted approval to release the draft standard for public discussion and to
process it as an ACI standard. Public discussion was announced on June 1, 2012, and closed on July 17, 2012. The
committee responded to the public discussion. TAC reviewed the closure and approved it on October 14, 2013. The
Standards Board approved publication of the ACI standard on October 29, 2013.
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400 standards, technical reports, special
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always openwaiting for you!
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its always open!
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70
Sinopsis en espaol
Aditivo para la reduccin de grietas
Reinventando la construccin de suelos
Nmai, Charles K.; Vojko, Dan; Schaef, Steve; Attiogbe,

Emmanuel K.; y Bury, Mark A., Concrete International,
V. 36, No. 1, enero 2014, pp. 53-57
Gibbons, Jack, y Nasvik, Joe, Concrete International,

V. 36, No. 1, enero 2014, pp. 46-51
BASF Corporation introduce al mercado un nuevo aditivo

formulado para reducir no solo la contraccin por secado, sino
tambin el ancho inicial de las grietas. Este aditivo para la
reduccin de grietas (crack-reducing admixture, CRA) se
comercializa con el nombre de aditivo MasterLife CRA
007. Se puede emplear en aplicaciones de hormign con y
sin aire insuflado.
Rendimiento del pavimento de hormign hecho con
cemento Portland de piedra caliza
Hossack, Ashlee; Thomas, Michael D.A.; Barcelo,
Laurent; Blair, Bruce; y Delagrave, Anik, Concrete
International, V. 36, No. 1, enero 2014, pp. 40-45
Este artculo presenta los resultados del ensayo de pavimentos de
hormign construidos a partir de mezclas de cemento Portland
de piedra caliza (portland limestone cement, PLC) y de
cemento Portland (portland cement, PC), fabricados con el
mismo clnker en la misma planta. Se evalu y compar el
rendimiento de estos pavimentos despus de 3 o 4 aos de
vida en climas agresivos de Canad. Se discuten los resultados
del ensayo en cuanto a la fuerza de compresin, la profundidad
de la carbonatacin, la permeabilidad al cloruro y la difusin
aparente de cloruro.
Ductilcrete es un sistema patentado para la construccin de

suelos que se mantienen planos (FF) y nivelados (FL). El
sistema, a partir de una mezcla de hormign que apenas
muestra contraccin, prcticamente elimina el arqueamiento.
Dado que las losas apoyan toda su superficie en la base, los
autores sealan adems que Ductilcrete permite el uso de
losas ms finas, capaces de aguantar cargas mayores que los
diseos convencionales.
Se aproxima un gran avance para el Cdigo ACI
Poston, Randall W., Concrete International, V. 36, No. 1,
enero 2014, pp. 35-38
El ACI 318-14 se lanzar este ao, despus de un proceso de
varios aos de amplia y laboriosa recopilacin y revisin de
datos a travs de encuestas, talleres y reuniones de comits.
Este artculo ofrece una breve historia del Cdigo, resume el
trabajo del Comit ACI 318 y su progreso hacia la reorganizacin del documento, enumera algunos de los principios
guas que se incluyeron en la reorganizacin y seala las
ventajas que ofrecer el nuevo documento.
Declaracin de postura de la ASCC No. 40: Proteccin del
trabajo de hormign
Concrete International, V. 36, No. 1, enero 2014, pp. 58
Desde 1960, la ACI 301 ha incluido una declaracin sobre la
proteccin del hormign recin colocado durante su periodo
de secado. Algunos propietarios y jefes de obra interpretan
esta clusula especificativa como un requisito de que los
contratistas de hormign deben proteger el mismo hasta la
finalizacin del proyecto. Esta declaracin de la ASCC discute
el significado de la declaracin sobre la proteccin y las
responsabilidades asociadas.
71
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Whats
New
Building Code Requirements and
Specification for Masonry Structures and
Companion CommentariesACI 530-13
The 2013 edition represents an
update from the former edition both
in technical requirements and in
layout. The Code and Specification
are written as legal documents so that
they may be adopted by reference in
general building codes. The Code
covers the design and construction
of masonry structures, with subjects
covered ranging from quality
assurance to the details and development of reinforcement. Compliance with the Specification is required by the
Code to control materials, labor, and construction. The
commentaries present background details, committee
considerations, and research data used to develop the Code
and Specification. The Commentaries are not mandatory
and are for information only.
Order Code: 53013.CI
Pages: 380
Price:
$124.00 (ACI members $94.00)
Curing Concretepublished by
CRC Press, 2013
This publication explains exactly why

curing is so important and shows you
how to best do it. The book covers:
1. the fundamentals behind hydration,
2. how curing affects the properties of
concrete, improving its long-term
performance, 3. what curing technologies and techniques you can use for
different applications, and 4. how to
effectively specify, provide, and
measure curing in a project.
There are numerous examples of how curingor a lack
of ithas affected concrete performance in real-world
situations. These include examples from hot and cold
climates, as well as examples related to high-performance
concrete, performance parameters, and specifications and
testing. Written for construction professionals who want to
ensure the quality and longevity of their concrete structures,
this book demonstrates that curing is well worth the effort
and cost.
Whats
Coming
Early 2014
Guide to Design Detailing to Mitigate Cracking

ACI 224.4R-13
Guide to Decorative ConcreteACI 310R-13
Guide to Design and Construction of Circular
Wire- and Strand-Wrapped Prestressed Concrete
StructuresACI 372R-13
Code Requirements for Load Testing of
Existing Concrete Structures (ACI 437-13) and
CommentaryACI 437-13
Specification for ShotcreteACI 506.2-13
Guide to Design and Construction of Externally
Bonded Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix
(FRCM) Systems for Repair and Strengthening
Concrete and Masonry StructuresACI 549.4R-13
Design Specification for Unbonded PostTensioned Precast Concrete Special Moment
Frames Satisfying ACI 374.1 (ACI-550.3-13) and
CommentaryACI 550.3-13
Read Ci
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CI is available to ACI members by logging in at www.
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on the CI website home page.
Order Code: CC.CI

Pages: 191
Price:
$130.00 (no discount on industry publications)
73
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BASF................................................................................................ 2
Chryso, Inc..................................................................................... 37
Computers & Structures, Inc............................................ Back Cover
Cortec Corporation........................................................................ 19
CRSI............................................................................................... 49
CTS Cement Mfg. Corp.................................................................. 25
The Euclid Chemical Company...................................................... 17
Germann Instruments, Inc.............................................................. 15
Headwaters Incorporated............................................................... 27
Holcim (US) Inc.............................................................................. 28
ICC Evaluation Service..................................................................... 6
Larsen Products Corp..................................................................... 13
Lythic Solutions.............................................................................. 21
Oztec Industries, Inc....................................................................... 18
Peri Formwork Systems, Inc................................... Inside Back Cover
Simpson Strong-Tie.......................................................................... 1
StructurePoint........................................................ Inside Front Cover
Xypex Corporation........................................................................ 23
75
Concrete
Q&A
Grouted Anchors
Q.
According to Section D.2.2 of ACI 318-11,1 the

provisions of Appendix D do not apply to
post-installed grouted anchors. Is there a
publication, set of provisions, or methodology that ACI
recommends for analysis/design of post-installed grouted
anchors?
A.
Currently, ACI does not have a design procedure

or product qualification protocol for post-installed
grouted anchors (bonded anchors with the hole
diameter larger than 1.5 times the anchor diameter). The
design procedure will be incorporated into ACI 318 once
the product qualification protocol is developed by
ACI Committee 355, Anchorage to Concrete, which has
provided provisions for post-installed mechanical and
adhesive anchors. This should occur in the code cycle
following ACI 318-14.
The only ACI code that contains requirements for
grouted embedments is ACI 349-06.2 Section D.12 of the
code discusses grouting material requirements as well as
tests required for grouted embedments. According to the
code, cement used for general grouting purposes has to
meet the project specification, while special grouts have to
be qualified for use by the engineer and specified in the
contract documents.2 Furthermore, capacities should be
confirmed for the installed conditions by testing randomly
selected grouted embedments to a minimum of 100% of
the required strength.2 These test requirements, however,
can be waived by the engineer if tests and installation data
are available to demonstrate that the grouted embedment
will function as designed or if the load transfer through the
grout is by direct bearing or compression.2
As for proposed design procedures for grouted anchors,
good references would include an article by Zamora, Cook,
Konz, and Consolazio3 and a report by Cook and Burzt.4
The article discusses behavior and design of single anchors
grouted with a structural cementitious or polymer bonding
agent. The report also covers grouted anchor groups and
lists tests that can be used to determine grout properties
and sensitivities. The publications demonstrate that the
tensile behavior of grouted anchors depends on the bonding
agent, anchor type (headed or unheaded, individual or in a
group), location (distances to free edges), and installation
and service conditions. They also cover the four distinct
failure modes for grouted anchors: bond failure at the steel/
grout interface, bond failure at the grout/concrete interface,
76
concrete breakout failure, and steel failure. Excluding the

steel failure mode, unheaded grouted anchors are prone to
failure at the steel/grout interface or, to a lesser extent,
failure at the grout/concrete interface or concrete breakout
failure. Headed grouted anchors experience failure either at
the grout/concrete interface or concrete cone breakout.
Reference 3 also states that: Although the test results
presented in this article deal with single, headed and
unheaded, grouted anchors under tensile load, the provisions
of ACI 318-02 Appendix D for anchors loaded in shear
should be applicable because anchor shear strength related
to embedment failure is primarily influenced by free edges
of the concrete, concrete strength, and to some degree by
anchor diameter.
Cook and Burtz4 also recommend evaluating the
specified grout by examining bond strength for threaded
rods and deformed reinforcing bars and checking the
sensitivity of the material to drilling techniques, moisture
condition of the hole, and elevated temperatures.
References
1. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary, American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, MI, 2011, 503 pp.
2. ACI Committee 349, Code Requirements for Nuclear SafetyRelated Concrete Structures (ACI 349-06) and Commentary, American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 153 pp.
3. Zamora, N.A.; Cook, R.A.; Konz, R.C.; and Consolazio, G.R.,
Behavior and Design of Single, Headed and Unheaded, Grouted
Anchors under Tensile Load, ACI Structural Journal, V. 100, No. 2,
Mar.-Apr. 2003, pp. 222-230.
4. Cook, R.A., and Burtz, J.L., Design Guidelines and Specifications
for Engineered Grouts, Report No. BC354 RPWO #48, Florida
Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL, August 2003, 119 pp.
Thanks to Ronald Cook, University of Florida, for reviewing this answer.
Questions in this column were asked by users of ACI documents
and have been answered by ACI staff or by a member or members
of ACI technical committees. The answers do not represent the
official position of an ACI committee. Only a published committee
document represents the formal consensus of the committee and
the Institute.
We invite comment on any of the questions and answers published
in this column. Write to the Editor, Concrete International, 38800
Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331; contact us by fax at
(248) 848-3701; or e-mail Rex.Donahey@concrete.org.
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