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ALIVIADEROS | DISEO DE OBRAS HIDRAULICAS

INTRODUCTION
Defined as Project hydraulic, the set of works that are constructed with
the purpose of storing, evacuate and distribute a certain volume of
water to meet certain demands of the area where it is located.
The main parts of a hydraulic set are:
Dam
Spillway

SPILLWAYS DAMS IN RESERVOIR


It is a hydraulic structure that it is built in the dam to dislodge the
excess fortunes of water when preys get full to overflow.

SHOWS OF THE SPILLWAYS


PRINCIPAL show
Liberating part from the water stopped unless this go by the
engine room. They find In the principal Wall Of the Dam and they
can come from bottom or of surface.
Secondary show
Guaranteeing the certainty of the hydraulic structure, When not
enabling the elevation of the level, Waters arrive, On top of the
maximum level NAME.
Dissipating the energy, In order that the return to the natural river
bed not produce damages. This is done by means of leaps, diving
boards or bowls.
Discharge of excesses clearing the excess of water of the dams,
either in shape free, controlled or mixed.

ALIVIADEROS | DISEO DE OBRAS HIDRAULICAS

FLOW INTENSITY OF AVENUE


You get along well for flow intensity of avenue the elevation of the water
levels in the river bed to moral values not usual, As a consequence of
the growth of the flow intensity that goes round for the drainage system.
This increase of flow intensity, for the most part, is consequence of
extraordinary precipitations of a magnitude such that the basin's surface
is not capable to assimilate them completely.

REGULATING
RESERVOIR

EFFECT

OF

THE

In the great majority of the cases you get ready of the water in periods
that necessarily is needed her not to her On the other hand you require
her in periods in that it is showing a deficit. Surging of the need of
regulation, Necesidad to construct reservoirs. The regulation can be to
daily level ( hold back of drinkable water ) or to seasonal level ( reservoir
of great magnitude ).

DISCHARGE
STRUCTURE

CAPACITY

OF

THE

The esteem of the design of an Spillway in relation to the flow that you
will have to bear implicates different disciplines like the hidrolgica, the
meteorology, the statistics and cost-reducing factors, technological and
even moral, since of this the implicit certainty will depend on a dam in
emergency moments. The design of the Spillway they have a great
influence of the cost-reducing factor, since these only will obey his show
during periods in that they surpass the same capability of her, which is
why it is known for to have to present laying plans with a loud safety
factor you can reduce losses for faults of the prey, but also you can take
to cost-reducing losses for the construction of big Spillways and no
confronting events of faults of the prey in long periods of time.

COMBINATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE OF
DAMS
It consists in projecting the whole bag of tricks and characteristics of the
hydraulic works, the functioning of these, as well as the constructive
aspects and the materials that will use in each theirs themselves. The
analysis of the hydraulic planning must come true specifying with
proposal of over an alternative the following stages:
SYSTEM OF comprehension: The construction of a dam
of reservoir, The comprehension or bocatoma is a

ALIVIADEROS | DISEO DE OBRAS HIDRAULICAS


regulating work of entrance of water of the cauces toward
the principal channel.
SYSTEM OF conduction: The compounds are principally
approximately at the canals of derivation (before the
Spillway) principal (after the Spillway), secondary channels
(lateral and sub-lateral) and tertiary, named canals also
canals divided into parcels.
SYSTEM OF distribution: The lateral, sub-lateral and
direct takes are dispositive hydraulic constructed at the
longitudinal stretch of a principal canal of irrigation. The
purpose of these devices is to admit to and to regulate the
volume of appropriate water of a source of supply toward
the top part of the farmsteads.
RESERVOIRS: The systems of storage of water build for
themselves in those places where the hydric availability
does not keep relation balanced with the area to irrigate.
REPRESAMIENTO: It takes place in the case than the
hydric availability do not keep relation balanced with the
area potentially to irrigate.

STRUCTURE OF RELIEF VS COST:


The decision to select a combined system must be based on the
comparison of costs and benefits of alternatives (combination vs.
separated). In particular the focus cost efficiency it allows
selecting the alternative of minimal cost. In the event of systems
combined, the costs of the system are represented for the costs
of installation of complementary structures (the overflow channels
are within which), pumping stations, etc., The costs of treatment
of the not had a soothing effect waters and or the costs correlated
with the contamination produced in the water bodies receiving of
the waters of relief and or of the effluents of the plants of
treatment. See him than must exist one point where they
minimize the total previous costs in terms of the levels of relief
and of treatment, which are complementary. Finally, the
alternative of minimum was expensive for the combined system it
must be confronted with the alternative of minimal cost of the
separated system.
CRITERIA FOR THE STRUCTURAL design
For the design of an overflow channel Spillway they must consider
the following aspects:
FACTORS FOR THE design:

ALIVIADEROS | DISEO DE OBRAS HIDRAULICAS


Flow intensity of design ( maximum flooding ).
I conjoin drem Spillway - River bed.
Delivery of flow intensities enter several Spillway.
Type of Spillway.

CRITERIA
Selection of the avenue of the project: You understand
general considerations and hidrogramas of the avenue of
the project.
Relation of the storage of surcharge to the capability of the
drain.
Studies of variation of levels.
Selection of the size of the Spillway.

COMPONENTS OF THE STRUCTURE


Such and as it had come into question beforehand, the Spillway is
that object of work within the Hydraulic Set through which the
water that you do not wish to take advantage of the reservoir is
given exit. In a general way, they can indicate themselves like
parts that the Spillway, the following fix:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Canal of approximation.
Section of control.
Transition.
Fast or conduit of unloading.
Terminal structures or squanderers of energy.
Canal of exit.
Canal of approximation:

ALIVIADEROS | DISEO DE OBRAS HIDRAULICAS

STRUCTURES OF CONTROL:
They are structures that project and they construct with the end,
so much to control flow intensities, like of maintaining the
necessary water levels to make easy his derivation to another
canals or else, to the takes that waters above the dam get
located.
CANAL LATERAL
It is a structure that you forge for yourself due to the insufficient
capability of unloading or effects at the avenue of design, with the
aim of directing the flow that it overflows of the Spillway laterally
FAST
That element comes from the Spillway channel to save. The
difference of level between the section vertedora and the riverbed
or canal of exit. His slope generally is strong, assuring a regimen
of super-critical circulation.
TERMINAL STRUCTURE Or SQUANDERER OF energy
It the in charge to dissipate the loud kinetic energy that is
enough is the water to the circular for her fast, due to his slope,
avoiding the erosion of the natural lot that way and the
consequent destruction of the own work or close other to the
unloading of the Spillway.
TYPES OF OVERFLOW Spillway
a) Classification of the Spillway according to his disposition
in plant.
The Spillways according to his disposition in plant classify in:
Front Spillway: They are those rectums in plant, whose
vertimiento has total success coaxial to the conduit of unloading;
They have like disadvantages that can occupy big extensions in
plant, which would bring as a result in case of being built at a
mountain, big volmenes of excavation.

Lateral Spillway: They are those whose vertimiento has total


success with certain angle regarding the conduit of unloading.
Unlike the front Spillway:, in the event he be going to position
himself at a mountain, you can come from located form such that
you border the slope without need to excavate the mountain,
sparing oneself big volmenes of excavation that way.

ALIVIADEROS | DISEO DE OBRAS HIDRAULICAS


Curved Spillways in plant: Such like says it they are his name
curved in plant and as a consequence, the vertimiento has total
success radially, existing a central concentration of the flow at
the conduit of unloading. They have the advantage that they
occupy not much area in plant - relating to a front one - And they
present great length vertedora.

b) Classification of the Spillways according to his position.


1. Spillway of river bed: They are those that find their place
within the prey's body, they can be superficial or deep.
2. Spillway of margin: They are those that find their place out of
the prey's body and utilize themselves in preys of local or concrete
materials, in case of narrow closings.
c) Classification of the overflow channels according to the
kind of conduction.
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ALIVIADEROS | DISEO DE OBRAS HIDRAULICAS


1. Spillway with free unloading.
2. Spillway with forced unloading.
d) Classification of the Spillways according to the kind of
construction.
1. Superficial overflow channels.
2. Buried or bottom overflow channels.
e) Classification of the Spillways according to the kind of
vertimiento.
According to the vertimiento they can classify in:
1. Automatic drains.
2. Drains regulated by floodgates
1. Automatic drains: They are those that they pour the water
when overtaking his crest in automatically, that is, that they do
not take a device to control the vertimiento in.
2. Drains regulated by floodgates: They are those in them how
and like indicates it his name the vertimiento is regulated by
floodgates, being an one belonging to the fundamental
characteristics of this drain the fact that the cyma's crest
necessarily does not correspond with the level of normal waters,
which gives origin to vertimiento's existence of two types:
Regulated with load to the level of normal waters and free bass
the influence of the sinks with load to the level of maximum
waters that has place once they are pulled up all of the
floodgates.
Multiple they are the reasons that justify the use of an overflow
channel regulated by floodgates, but without doubts, between the
fundamental they meet:
The need of a front very thin drain to avoid big
excavations in the Spillways shoulders when these are
shaped for big elevations, which does that one require of
big loads on the drain to issue the expense.
The need to regulate on top of the level of normal waters.
When they require to do deliveries of the useful volume
(underneath the level of normal waters) for the Spillway.
Nevertheless, the selection of a Spillway regulated by floodgates is
liable besides to a cost-reducing analysis that establishes between this
mode vertedora and the use of an automatic Spillway itself.
Enter the advantages that you yield the use of the Spillway regulated by
floodgates, as compared with automatic one, the following meet:
1. It does not attain the height of the level of normal waters like
the crest of the cyma of a regulated overflow channel,
because precisely, that difference of heights between the
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ALIVIADEROS | DISEO DE OBRAS HIDRAULICAS


crest of the cyma and the level of normal waters constitutes
the water prism that is going to become regulated, a most
profile cheap to run is obtained than the one one would have
to use than in an automatic Spillway.
2. The fact to have a crested profile located underneath the
height of the level of normal waters, the fact that the height
of the level of maximum waters diminish as compared with
the one that would be obtained if an automatic drain be
placed does . The flood plain of the reservoir would this way
be minor and he would as a result have more usable lot for
another shows.
3. Could have regulated underneath the level of normal waters
allows in a determined moment, emptying the reservoir for
the overflow channel to the height of the crest of the cyma for
a possible reparation of the curtain.
As they can indicate disadvantages of the use of an Spillway
regulated by floodgates:
1. Use of metallic elements in the Spillway.
2. The need to utilize izaje's mechanisms, which does the
electric use of the fluent or another type of energy for the
manipulation of the floodgates during the period of exploitation,
avenues and the execution of periodic maintenance essentially to
the aforementioned mechanisms.
3. The possible funny remark of vibrations in the floodgates.

SPILLWAY OF VERTICAL WELL


The Spillway in well, then use themselves little. A Spillway in well
consists of an entrance furnished with battlements, to increase the
length of coronation, a zone of transition with an equivalent profile to
the one belonging to the conventional overflow channel, a vertical well
and a conduit of exit, that sometimes has a light positive slope to
guarantee that you never are in its final part completely empty.
Characteristics than must obey the Spillway of well:
Having enough capability
Being hydraulic and structurally adequate
Being located so that the unloadings of the overflow channel not
erode neither undermine the heel waters below the prey.
The surfaces that form the canal of unloading must be resistant to
erosive velocities.
Spillways AS OF THE PRESENT MOMENT (example)

ALIVIADEROS | DISEO DE OBRAS HIDRAULICAS

You act of Evacuation of Floodings:


The works of evacuation of floodings are conformed for a drain type
you water down funnel located on the straight slope above the dike;
The maximum flow intensity comes from 280 m3/s. to the maximum
height ( 651.00 msnm ); The passing tunnel for the prey's body
alleviates the First river or Drought. The election of this type of
structure of unloading arose from the need to limit the unloading for
drain not to generate inconveniences to the population of the City of
Crdoba.
This Spillway is composed of a vertical tunnel excavated in the rock of
4 meters dedimetro, once 1 % was joined by a circular curve of 10
meters of radio to a horizontal tunnel with slope or that you discharge
waters down the dike. The capability of reservoir at the drain's crest
comes from 200 Hm3.
Howel Bunger possesses besides valves on the dike's thick wall that it
allows accomplishing an additional handling of the reservoir. These
valves possess besides the system of control and it puts salt in of
commands.

THE ADVANTAGES of the Spillway IN WELL ARE :


1) Very large flexibility of position. The drain can be located in many
points, posts office box of the slopes ( that signifies minus
problems in as much as possible aterramientos, falls of bowling to
the drainage channel, etc.
2) You have a great length of poured in relation to the space that
you occupy . This is due to that it is to circulate.
3) To the being his radial nutrition and the vertical well you are
assured that, for an ample range of flow intensities, it works in
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ALIVIADEROS | DISEO DE OBRAS HIDRAULICAS


pressure ( in this way we know how our overflow channel works
and we can estimate the relieved flow intensity ).

DESIG
N
They must consider the following aspects for an Spillways design:
Selection of the avenue of the project: You understand
general considerations and hidrogramas of the avenue of
the project.
Relation of the storage of surcharge to the capability of the
drain
Studies of variation of levels

Selection of the size and type of the Spillways


Spillways on duty
The selection of the kind of Spillways depends of:
Conditions of emplacement.
The lot's inclination.
Classroom and volume of excavation.
Probability of erosion and need of coating.
Permeability and resistance of the foundation.
Stability of the slopes.

EXAMPLE OF design
As from the HISTORIC RECORD OF Maximum YEARLY FLOW
INTENSITIES:
Q: 320 m^3/s
Desv. Std: 70 m^3/s
Once a hundred-year-old avenue was set aside for

WE APPLIED GUMBEL TO ESTIMATE THE MAXIMUM


INTENSITY OF design around 100 PULLBACK Years.
Q (T=100) = X + K
Y= -Ln (-Ln(1-1/T))=4.6

10

FLOW

ALIVIADEROS | DISEO DE OBRAS HIDRAULICAS


K= 0.78Y-0.45 =3.138
Qmx (T=100) =320+3.138x70 = 539.66 m^3/s

For lamination of avenue of 25%


Qmx (T=100) = 539.66 x 0.75 =404.75 m^3/s
Formulate for Spillways of well:
Q = Co.2.R .H^3/2
Co: Coefficient of unloading.
q: Flow intensity of design.
r: The Spillways radio.
h: Height of unloading.
With
H: 2.00 m.

We assumed one R: 5m.


We calculated : H/ R= 0,4
P/R = 2.0

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ALIVIADEROS | DISEO DE OBRAS HIDRAULICAS

NEXT, IN BOARD WE DETERMINED Co.'s VALUE


According to previous board with one
H/R =0.4
Co = 3.58

We go toward the formula and we cleared R.

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ALIVIADEROS | DISEO DE OBRAS HIDRAULICAS


404.75= 3.58 * 2 * R * 2^3/2
R asum= 5 m

R= 6.36 m

You are different

WE REPEATED THE Calculation WITH THE NEW R.


R= 6.36 m.

H/R= 0.31

Co= 3.75
IN THE FORMULA:
404.75= 3.75 * 2* R * 2^3/2
R= 6.07m you are different R asum. = 6.36 m.
HACEMOS UN NUEVO CLCULO:
R= 6.07 m.
H/R= 0.3
Co= 3.72

IN THE FORMULA:
404.75 = 3.72 x 2 x R x 2 ^3/2
R = 6.12 m.
The value is brought near the assumed, therefore you are acceptable

SPILLWAYS WITH SIPHON


HYDRAULIC design
THEORY of the INVERTED SIPHON
In order to cross a depressed land, he must turn to a structure of
crossing, in each case the most convenient solution to have a hydraulic
correct functioning, the minor loss of possible load and the bigger
feasible economy is chosen. Which can be:
Bridge canal
Inverted siphon
Sewer
Election of the kind of STRUCTURE
When the water level is minor than the level line of the obstacle, a
sewer can be utilized.

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ALIVIADEROS | DISEO DE OBRAS HIDRAULICAS


When the level of the free surface of water is major than the level
line of the obstacle, it can be utilized like structure of crossing; A
bridge canal or an inverted siphon or both combination.
The bridge will utilize canal itself when you tell her apart of level he
is enter they skim her and of the canal and the level line of the
narrow pass or I laugh, permit a clearance, enough to achieve the
step of water.
You will utilize the inverted siphon if the level of the free surface of
water is major than The level line of the obstacle.
CONCEPT OF AQUEDUCT
The bridge the canal is an utilized structure to drive a canal's water,
achieving to experience a depression. You are composed of a bridge and
a conduit, the conduit can come from concrete, steel, wood or another
resistant material, where water drips for effects of gravity.
CONCEPT Or OF INVERTED siphon
The inverted siphons are closed conduits that run under pressure, they
utilize themselves to drive the water at the crossing of a canal with a
topographic depression or narrow pass, also to happen for below a road,
a road of railroad, a dren or included other canal.
DESIGNING CRITERIA
They determine the dimensions of the tube fulfilling the requests
of coverage, slope of the tube, angles of folded and suggestion of
the entrance and exit.
In those siphons that cross principal roads or under of drain, a
minimum calls for 0,90 itself I water m of coverage and when the
roads divided into parcels or canals cross d without coating, the m
is 0,6 enough. If the siphon crosses a lined canal one considers
enough 0,30 m of coverage.
In the particular case of the crossing with a narrow pass or I laugh
of rich regimen, a study of depth of undermining to define the
depth you will have to cross over in or to bury the structure of
safe form unless this be affected will have to be done.
The slope of the folded pipes, you must not be older to 2:1 and
the horizontal tube's minimal slope must be 5 or oo. You are
recommended transition of concrete to the entrance and exit
when the siphon cross principal roads in siphons with principal or
equal to 36 ' and for velocities in the tube to 1 m bigger s.
Water down above the siphon due to the fortuitous funny

remark of bigger flow intensities with the purpose to avoid


overflowings to the designing, it is
recommended to
increase in a 50 % or 0,30 m at the most to the free border
of the canal in a minimal length of 15 m as from the
structure. With the purpose to determine the diameter of
the tube in relatively short siphons with transitions of lands,
so much to the entrance like on the way out, the s, in
siphons with transitions of equally concrete short can use a
velocity of 1 m3 itself the m can use 1,5 itself s and enter 3

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ALIVIADEROS | DISEO DE OBRAS HIDRAULICAS

to 2,5 m s in long siphons with transitions of concrete with


or without control in the entrance.
The charging losses for entrance and exit for the transitions type
Covered Up Split, can calculate him rapidly with the moral values
0,4 and 0,65 hv To fi n to avoid pools upstream, the computed
total losses grow upon 10 %.
From the start it is recommended in the transition's design than
the top of the opening of the siphon, lightly be under the water's
normal surface, this sumergencia's depth is known like seal of
water and in the design you take 1,5 times you charge it of
velocity of the siphon or 1,1 at the very least or also 3 .
The sumergencia must not exceed Hte/6 ad valorem in the way
out.
In relatively long siphons, structures of relief to enable a drainage
of the tube for his inspection and maintenance project .
In long low siphons certain entrance conditions he is able not to
get sealed whether the siphon operate partial flow or to fraught
flow, with a coefficient of minor friction than the sunken in the
design, for this reason n is recommended to use 0,008 when the
losses of energy are calculated.
Windows of aeration in places where air would be able to
accumulate are located with the purpose to avoid the cavitation
sometimes.
Regarding the charging total losses, the m is recommended the
condition that these be equal or minors to 0,30. 20
When the siphon crosses over below a narrow pass, he is
necessary to know the maximum expense of the rise in waters.
A Spillways of excesses must be considered and immediately you
water down a canal of unloading above the transition of entrance.

A piping of aeration after the transition of entrance is


recommended to include
The need to include valves must be examined break off pressure
in the development of the conduction in order to avoid the water
hammer, that you would be able to make the piping collapse (solo
for big flow intensities).
One must have in account Manning's criteria of rugosity for the
hydraulic design
One must have in account sumergencia's criteria (choked back
piping) to the entrance and exit of the siphon in order to avoid the
entrance of air to the piping, 1, 5 hydraulic Clculo of a siphon.
CALCULATE hydraulic OF A siphon
In order that you do your job his show the siphon's design, he is
owed from proceeding as follows:

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ALIVIADEROS | DISEO DE OBRAS HIDRAULICAS

Fig. 4: Interpretacin de la Ecuacin de la Energa


Source: MANUAL: CRITERIA OF designs OF HYDRAULIC WORKS
FOR THE FORMULATION OF HYDRAULIC PROJECTS.

v21
E1=z 1 + y 1+
2g
Where:
Zi charges of position
Yi Carga of pressure
V ^2 /2 *g: Charge of velocity ( g 9,81 m s2 )
h: Hydraulic load

v 22
z 2+ y 2+
2g
v 21
H=E 1E2= z 1+ y 1+

2g

FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL SIFN


El sifn siempre funciona a presin, por lo tanto, debe estar ahogado a
la entrada y a la
Salida. Aplicamos Energa en 1 y 2.

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ALIVIADEROS | DISEO DE OBRAS HIDRAULICAS

Fig. 5: Interpretacin de la Altura Mnimo de Ahogamiento


2

P v
P v
z 1+ 1 + 1 =z2 + 2 + 2 +h f
2g
2g
P1 P2 v22 0.5v22
H max + = + +

2g
2g
3 2
v
2 2
H max =
2g

Another used formula is :

H min =0.3v t D

Polikouski and Perelman:

vt
D

H min =0.5 D

LATERAL SPILLWAYS

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ALIVIADEROS | DISEO DE OBRAS HIDRAULICAS


GENERALITIES
These structures consist in low necklines than they do in the wall or
slope of the canal to control the flow intensity, evitndose possible
overflowings the fact that serious damages would be able to cause,
therefore, their position recommends itself in all those places where this
danger exist .
Which of excess to eliminate m, they come from sometimes for faults
the operator or for affluences, that during the rains the canal receives of
the narrow passes, you must discharge these excesses with a minimum
of works of art, looking for in the possible cauces natives to avoid
additional works, although I end this it depends always on the
conjugation of different local aspects (topography, position of the drain,
etc.)
DESIGNING CRITERIA
I.

The flow intensity of design of a drain can become established


like that flow intensity that goes round at the canal on top of his
normal shoulder strap, to the maximum level of his hydraulic box
or to the level that it occupies at the canal, the flow intensity
regarded as of maximum avenue
II. The lateral drain does not enable eliminating all of the surplus of
flow intensity, always a surplus that corresponds to theoretically
some 10 cm on the normal shoulder strap will be left .
III. The height of the drain or difference between this and the bottom
of the canal crest, Yn. reciprocates ad valorem
IV. A great variety of formulas exist in order to dimension the drain,
from now on Forchheiner's formula is described.
3

2
Q= V u 2gLh 2
3
Donde:
V = 0.95
= Shrinkage factor
L = length of the drain
h = The charges average on the crest

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ALIVIADEROS | DISEO DE OBRAS HIDRAULICAS

The flow of the canal, he will have to be always sub-critical, then:


h2>h1

h=

h 1+h 2
2

h 1=0.8 h 2

h=0.9 h2

La frmula da buena aproximacin cuando se cumple:

v1
0.75
gy 1

h 2h 1 Y 2Yn
For the better the efficiency of the crest of the drain uses to utilize
different moral values itself, according to the way than adopt the crest.

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ALIVIADEROS | DISEO DE OBRAS HIDRAULICAS

The type to and b, they use themselves when they utilize the
flow intensity that is eliminated for the window or the canal's low
neckline, a road crosses over, frequently when the potholes
protrude, when this is not necessary and you can eliminate the
flow intensity of the drain to the foot of the same, utilize him
types c d.
The lateral overflow channels can discharge through a drain with
mattress at the foot ( little unevennesses ) intervening a sewer
with a squandering screen of energy at the end ( big
unevennesses ).

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WEBGRAFIA:
http://www.jgicsa.com/DOSSIER_JES%C3%9AS%20GRANELL
%20Ingenieros%20Consultores.pdf
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertedero_hidr%C3%A1ulico
http://www.ugich.com/descargas/AECID
%20Curso1/CALCULO%20DE%20CAUDALES%20DE
%20AVENIDA.pdf
http://tesis.uson.mx/digital/tesis/docs/9136/Capitulo2.pdf
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Fuente: MANUAL: CRITERIOS DE DISEOS DE OBRAS
HIDRAULICAS PARA LA FORMULACION DE PROYECTOS HIDRAULI
COS.
Archivos adjuntados en el CD.

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