Computational MHD

Magneto-hydrodynamics:
computational issues and

sample applications
G. Degrez
ULB
Collège Belgique
Nouvelles méthodologies multidisciplinaires

pour la simulation des écoulements
25 Novembre 2009
Introduction
What is magneto-hydrodynamics or
(probably better) magneto- fluid dynamics?
2
Introduction
What is magneto-hydrodynamics or
(probably better) magneto- fluid dynamics?
Magneto- fluid dynamics (MFD) deals with
flows of electrically conducting fluids, such
as electrolytes, liquid metals or plasmas in
presence of an electromagnetic field
Interaction between flowfield (velocity &

thermodynamic variables) and
electromagnetic field.
2
Examples
F
http://web.mit.edu
The liquid jet is deviated by the electromagnetic

(Lorentz) force.
3
Examples
F
http://web.mit.edu
The liquid jet is deviated by the electromagnetic

(Lorentz) force.
3
Examples (cont.)
electromagnetic agitation
N S
. magnetic field
liquid
metal
3
solidified
steel
Steel production
electromagnetic
N
pump
Geomagnetism
4
Examples (cont.)
Nuclear fusion
Nuclear fusion reactor
Basic principle Magnets
Blanket
Plasma ITER
5
Governing equations
• Electromagnetics
! ηc
∇ ·E =
#0
∇ ·B! = 0
1 ∂ !
E
! − #0
∇×B = J!
µ0 ∂t
!
∂B
!
∇×E = −
∂t
! "
with J! = σ E! + !u × B
!
6
Approximations:
• Quasi-neutral medium ( ηc ≈ 0 )
electrostatic oscillations neglected ( f ! fp )
• Displacement current ( !0 ∂ E/∂t

# ) negligible
electromagnetic waves neglected
With these approximations, Maxwell’s law

reduces to Faraday’s law
1
J! = !
∇×B
µ0
7
• Flowfield
∂ρ
+ ∇ · ρ#u = 0
∂t
∂ρ#u
+ ∇ · ρ#u ⊗ #u = −∇p + ∇ · ##τ + J# × B
#
∂t
∂ρE
+ ∇ · ρ#uH = ∇ · (##τ · #u) − ∇ · #q + J# · E
#
∂t
with
!!τ 2 !! !!
= µ(∇ ⊗ !u + ∇ ⊗ !u − I∇ · !u) + µv I∇ · !u
T
3
!q = −λ∇T
8
Dimensionless parameters
• Define dimensionless quantities
xi Ut ui B
x̃i = , t̃ = , ũi = , B̃ =
L L U B0
• Then, J! 1
!
E = ! =
− !u × B ∇×B ! − !u × B!
σ µ0 σ
! "
1 ˜
∇ × !
B̃
!
= U B0 B̃ × !ũ +
σr µ0 U L σ̃
and Rm = σr µ0 U L is the magnetic

Reynolds number
9
• Lorentz force ! "
F!L = J! × B
! = 2
σr U B0 σ̃ ! ! ! !
Ẽ + ũ × B̃ × B̃
σr U B02 ˜ ! !
= (∇ × B̃) × B̃
Rm
• momentum equation ! "

∂ρ#̃u ˜ · ρ#̃u ⊗ #̃u ˜ 1 ˜ ##̃ #̃ #̃ #̃ #̃
+∇ = ∇p̃ + ∇τ + N E + u × B × B
∂ t̃ Re
˜ 1 ˜ #
#̃ N ˜ #̃ #̃
= ∇p̃ + ∇τ + (∇ × B) × B
Re Rm
σr B02 L
where N = is the magnetic
ρr U
interaction parameter
10
• Induction equation
!
[☜,☚]
"
"
∂ B̃ 1 ˜
∇ × "
B̃
˜×
+∇ "
B̃ × "ũ + =0
∂ t̃ Rm σ̃
"
∂ B̃ 1 ˜
∇ × "
B̃
+∇ " "
˜ · ("ũ ⊗ B̃ − B̃ ⊗ "ũ) = − ˜×
∇
∂ t̃ Rm σ̃
• Joule heating ! "
B02 U ˜
∇ × !
B̃
PJ = J! · E
! = ˜ !
(∇ × B̃) · !
B̃ × !ũ +
Lµ0 Rm
2
B0 U (∇˜ × !
B̃)2
= ! ! ˜ !
((B̃ ⊗ !ũ − !ũ ⊗ B̃) · ·∇ ⊗ B̃ + )
Lµ0 Rm
11
• energy equation [☜,☚]
!
ũ·!
∂ ρ̃(ẽ + Ec 2 )
ũ
˜ #̃
#̃u · #̃u Ec ##̃ #̃
+ ∇ · ρ̃u(h̃ + Ec )= ∇ · (τ · u)−
∂ t̃ 2 Re
1 ˜ #̃ N Ec #̃ #̃ #̃ #̃ ˜ #̃
(∇ × B) 2
∇·q+ ˜
((B ⊗ u − u ⊗ B) · ·∇ ⊗ B + #̃ )
Re Rm Rm
where Ec = U 2 /∆hr is the Eckert number.

The reference enthalpy variation ∆hr is at
least equal to U 2, so that Ec ≤ 1.
12
Additional remarks :
B02 B02 pr 4
•
N
for P. G., = = =
Rm ρr U 2 µ0 pr µ0 ρr U 2 γM 2 β
where M is the Mach number and β is the so-
called magnetic β .
• Rm
Re
= νσr µ0 = P rm is the magnetic Prandtl
number. It typically takes very small values
for liquid metal, electrolytes and plasmas,
which implies Rm ! Re .
13
Flow regimes & simplifications
• Re, R ! 1 : ideal MHD (astrophysics)
m
The dissipative terms ( ∝ 1/Re or 1/Rm ) are
neglected (but not the terms ∝ N/Rm ).
Induction equation [☞]
"
∂B " −B
+ ∇ · ("u ⊗ B " ⊗ "u) = 0
∂t
Taking the scalar product of this equation
by B/µ
! 0 and adding to the energy
equation [☞], one gets
14
B2
∂ρE + 2µ0
+ ∇ · ρ#uH+
∂t
#
B ∇ ⊗ #
B
# −B
· ∇· (#u ⊗ B # ⊗ #u) + (#u ⊗ B
# −B
# ⊗ #u) · · =0
µ0 µ0
! "# $
B! ! u))= 1 ∇·(B 2 !
! B⊗! ! B)
!
=∇·( µ ·(!
u⊗B− µ u −(!
u · B)
0 0
! √
or, defining b̂ = B/
! µ0 ,
b̂2
∂ρE + #̂ #̂
2
+ ∇ · (#u(ρH + b̂ ) − (#u · b)b) = 0
2
∂t
b̂2
or else (with ρE = ρE + )
!
2
! 2
∂ρE b̂ #̂ #̂
+ ∇ · (#u(ρE + p + ) − (#u · b)b) = 0
!
∂t 2
15
Since 2 2
! ×B
! = (B
! · ∇)B
! −∇ B ! ⊗B
! −∇ B
(∇ × B) =∇·B
2 2
the momentum equation can be rewritten as
2
∂ρ#u #̂ #̂ b̂ ##
+ ∇ · (ρ#u ⊗ #u − b ⊗ b + (p + )I) = 0
∂t 2
so that the complete system reads finally
 
  ρ#u
ρ
 #̂ #̂ b̂2 ## 
∂  ρ#u   ρ#u ⊗ #u − b ⊗ b + (p + )I 
 +∇· 2 =0
∂t  #̂   #̂ #̂ 
b  #u ⊗ b − b ⊗ #u 
! #̂ #̂
ρE b̂2
#u(ρE ! + p + 2 ) − (#u · b)b
16
• constant density flows (liquid metals &
electrolytes) with Re ! 1, Rm ≥ O(1) .
Assuming constant viscosity & electrical
conductivity,
∇ · !u = 0
∂!u
+ ∇ · (!u ⊗ !u − !b ⊗ !b) = −∇P + ν∇ !u2
∂t
∂!b
+ ∇ · (!u ⊗ !b − !b ⊗ !u) 2!
= νm ∇ b
∂t
with
!
b̂
!b = √ , p b2 1
P = + , νm = .
ρ ρ 2 σµ0
17
• constant density flows with Re ! 1, R m " 1.
Decomposing the magnetic field into a
uniform externally imposed field B ! 0 and a
fluctuation B
! ! much smaller than B! 0 , the
system simplifies to (quasi-static
approximation)
∇ · !u = 0
∂!u ! !
+ ∇ · (!u ⊗ !u − b0 ⊗ b ) = −∇P + ν∇ !u
! 2
∂t
! 2! !
−∇ · (b0 ⊗ !u) = νm ∇ b
p " "!
with P = + b0 · b
ρ
18
• low speed (small Ec), very small R variable
m
density flows (e.g. IC thermal plasmas): fully
resistive MHD.
Induction equation [☞]
"
∂B ∇×B "
+∇× =0
∂t σµ0
or alternatively (taking the curl of this eqn),
#
∂σµ0 E # =0
+ ∇ × (∇ × E) ☞
∂t
19
Energy equation [☞]
With Ec ! 1 , the kinetic energy contribution
and the power of the viscous stresses can be
neglected. But the Joule heating contribution
scaling as N Ec/Rm cannot.
2
∂ρe #·E #
+ ∇ · ρ#uh = −∇ · #q + J
! "# $
∂t
=σE 2
20
MHD waves
• Ideal (compressible)

MHD

  ρ#u
ρ
 #̂ #̂ b̂2 ## 
∂  ρ#u   ρ#u ⊗ #u − b ⊗ b + (p + )I 
 +∇· 2 =0
∂t  #̂   #̂ #̂ 
b  #u ⊗ b − b ⊗ #u 
ρE ! #u(ρE ! + p + b̂2
)
#̂ #̂
− (#u · b)b
2
Hyperbolic system with 7 eigen modes:

- entropy wave
1
λe = u s , ωe = ∂s ρ − 2 ∂s p
a
21
- Alfvén waves
b̂s b̂o b̂n
λA = us ± √ , ωA = −b̂o ∂s un + b̂n ∂s uo ± √ ∂s b̂n ∓ √ ∂s b̂o
ρ ρ ρ
-
Fast/slow magneto-acoustic waves
λf,s =us ± cf,s with
! $
"
" ρa2 + b̂2 ± (ρa2 + b̂2 )2 − 4ρa2 b̂2
# s
cf,s =
2ρ
ρcf,s b̂s b̂n ρcf,s b̂s b̂o
ωf,s =ρ∂s ρ ± ρcf,s ∂s us ∓ ∂s un ∓ ∂s uo +
ρc2f,s − b̂2s ρc2f,s − b̂2s
ρc2f,s b̂n ρc2f,s b̂o
∂s b̂n + ∂s b̂o + ∂s p
ρc2f,s − b̂2s ρc2f,s − b̂2s
22
- the 8th wave is degenerate. It has a 0
wave speed ( the jacobian matrix is
singular) and its amplitude is
ω8 = ∂s b̂s = 0
since for a 1D (plane) wave, the

solenoidal constraint imposes ∂s b̂s = 0 .
This is a source of numerical difficulties
since numerically, the solenoidal
constraint is not exactly satisfied.
23
The solenoidal constraint
Numerical problem & solution techniques
• At the continuous level, the induction

equation ensures that ∂t (∇ · B) = 0 . Indeed,
"
"
∂B "
∂(∇ · B)
" =0
+∇×E ⇒ = −∇ · (∇ × E)" =0
∂t ∂t
At the discrete level though, ∇ · (∇ × E)! is
not exactly 0. As a result, ∇ · B
! errors can
grow unboundedly unless some mechanism
to control them is implemented.
24
• Constrained transport technique
consists in applying a special discretization
ensuring that ∇ · (∇ × E)
! = 0 exactly at the
discrete level.
For FDM/FVM, this generally implies the
use of a staggered mesh with hydrodynamic
variables, electric field and magnetic field
evaluated at different locations.
For FEM, this implies the use of mixed or
hybrid elements such as Nédélec’s element.
25
• Powell’s source term technique
Add to the RHS of the ideal MHD system
the source term  
0
 ! 
! b̂ 
S = −∇ · b̂  
 !u 
!
!u · b̂
In this way, the 8th degenerate wave
transforms into
" "
∂ ∇ · b̂ ∇ · b̂
( ) + "u · ( )=0
∂t ρ ρ
!
so that ∇ · b̂ errors are swept away by the
flow (but may buildup in stagnation regions).
26
• Divergence cleaning techniques
The basic idea of divergence cleaning
techniques is to add a Lagrange multiplier
to the induction equation
"
∂B " −B
+ ∇ · ("u ⊗ B " ⊗ "u) + ∇ψ = 0
∂t
and a differential equation for the Lagrange
multiplier
" =0 ∂D(ψ)
D(ψ) + ∇ · B ⇔ −∇ ψ =0
2
∂t
• D(ψ) = 0 : This is the classical projection
scheme. Requires solving a Poisson eqn at
each time step: expensive!
27
• D(ψ) = ψ/α : Then, the differential problem
for the Lagrange multiplier ψ reads
∂ψ
= α∇2 ψ
∂t
i.e. a diffusion equation.
1 ∂ψ
• D(ψ) = 2
V ∂t
and the differential problem
for the Lagrange multiplier ψ reads
∂2ψ
= V 2 2
∇ ψ
∂t2
i.e. a wave equation. This is analogous to
the artificial compressibility technique for
incompressible flows (ACA).
28
The ideal MHD system then transforms to
 
  ρ#u
ρ
 #̂ #̂ b̂2 # 
 ρ#u   ρ#u ⊗ #u − b ⊗ b + (p + 2 )I# 
∂  #̂
 
+∇· #̂ #̂ ## 
=0
b #u ⊗ b − b ⊗ #u + ψ I
∂t 




 #̂ #̂


ρE ! b̂2
 #u(ρE + p + 2 ) − (#u · b)b
!

ψ 2#̂
V b
This hyperbolic system has 2 additional
eigen modes, the divergence cleaning waves
with 1
λd.c. = ±V, ωd.c. = ∂s b̂s ± 2
∂s ψ
V
Note that since the velocity V is a constant,
errors may not build up.
29
Sample applications
I. Space weather (ideal MHD)
M.Yalim, D.Vanden Abeele & H. Deconinck
• Discretization: cell-centered finite volume,
2nd order TVD scheme or LF with reduced
dissipation, Barth-Jespersen limiter with
limiter freezing.
• Time-discretization: (implicit) backward-
Euler (steady cases), (implicit) 3-point
backward or 2-stage RK (unsteady test
cases).
30
Validation 1: steady magnetic nozzle flow
• Flow conditions:
u u
M = = 2.54, MA = = 3, β=2
a vA
• Unstructured grid with 4972 triangles
31
Validation 1: steady magnetic nozzle flow (cont.)
Density contours with magnetic field lines (ACA + TVD-LF)
Density contours with magnetic field lines (Powell + TVD-LF)
32
Density distributions along wall/symmetry line
33
→ →
Numerical scheme (∇⋅b)min (∇⋅b)max
1st order ACA-LF -6.90 10-8 2.84 10-7
idem with reduced (.1) dissipation -1.49 10-7 9.67 10-7
ACA-TVD/LF -7.49 10-7 2.34 10-7
ACA-TVD/Roe -4.13 10-7 5.08 10-7
Powell-TVD/LF -0.37666 0.37173
→
(∇⋅b) errors with several schemes
34
Validation 1I: supersonic Orszag-Tang vortex
Unsteady test case: subiterations are
!
performed in order to achieve ∇ · b̂ = 0 at
each time step.
Pressure contours at final time: (a) ACA, (b) const. transport
35
Validation 1I: supersonic Orszag-Tang vortex (cont.)
Pressure distribution along y=1.93
→ →
Iterative scheme (∇⋅b)min (∇⋅b)max
3-point backward with subiterations -0.0771 0.0785
RK2 without subiterations -0.536 0.675
36
Solar wind/earth magnetosphere interaction
• For this application, the global magnetic

field is decomposed into the contribution
of the earth magnetic field (B
! 0 ) and a
perturbation ( B
! 1 ).
• The earth magnetic field is modelled as a

steady dipole field
! 1
B0 = 3 (3(m
! · !er )!er − m)
!
r
37
Solar wind/earth magnetosphere interaction (cont.)
• The ideal MHD system is rewritten in
terms of the perturbation
 field
! B1 (Tanaka).

  ρ#u
ρ
 #̂ #̂ b̂21 # 
∂  ρ#u   ρ#u ⊗ #u − b1 ⊗ b1 + (p + 2 )I# 
 +∇· +
∂t  #̂   #̂ #̂ 
b1  #u ⊗ b1 − b1 ⊗ #u 
ρE1! ! b̂ 2
#̂ #̂
#u(ρE1 + p + 2 ) − (#u · b1 )b1
1
 
0
 #̂ #̂ ## #̂ #̂ #̂ #̂ 
 (b0 · b1 )I − (b0 ⊗ b1 + b1 ⊗ b0 ) 
∇·  #̂ #̂
=0

 #u ⊗ b0 − b0 ⊗ #u 
#̂ #̂ #̂ #̂
#u(b0 · b1 ) − (#u · b1 )b0
• Powell’s source term approach and ACA
are appropriately adapted.
38
• earth magnetic field: m! = −3!e z
• Far field conditions: M = 6.2, M A = 8, β = 2 ,

!u = u!ex
• !
b̂ = −b̂!ez (interplanetary magnetic field
aligned with earth dipole)
• !
b̂ = b̂!ez (interplanetary magnetic filed
opposite to earth dipole)
• inner boundary = magnetosphere/ionosphere
"
boundary (at r = 3Rearth ): ρ = 1, p = 8, b̂ · "n = 0
39
• Unstructured grid with 1.220.758
tetrahedra
Mesh in the plane of symmetry (x-z)
40
Schematic of flow features (aligned IMF)
41
(a) (b)
Pressure field contour & magnetic field lines in symmetry plane

(aligned IMF)
(a) ACA, (b) Powell’s source term (Powell et al.)
42
(a) (b)
Pressure field contour & magnetic field lines in symmetry plane,

close-up (aligned IMF)
43
(a) (b)
Pressure field contour & magnetic field lines in symmetry plane

(opposite IMF)
44
(a) (b)
Pressure field contour & magnetic field lines in symmetry plane,

close-up (aligned IMF)
45
II. Incompressible MHD turbulence
M. Kinet, B. Knaepen & D. Carati
Application 1: homogeneous turbulence
• very low magnetic Reynolds number
quasi-static approximation
• Discretization: spectral (Fourier), pseudo-
spectral treatment of non-linear terms and
Rogallo’s phase-shift de-aliasing method
• Time-integration: combination of analytic
integration (viscous terms) and 3-stage
Runge-Kutta method (non-linear terms)
46
Application 1: homogeneous turbulence (cont.)
without magnetic field with magnetic field
zero vorticity large vorticity
Main effects B !
B
1) “less turbulent” t
2) anisotropy development
47
!
B
B
vertical vortices
Energy spectrum
48
E(k⊥ , k" )
80 0 80 0
70 70 !2
!2
!4
60 60
!4 Joule dissipation
!6
50 50
-12.6 !6 -14.4 !8
k"
k"
40 40
!8 !10
30 -9.8 30
-10.8 !12
!10
20 20
!14
-7 !12
10 10 -7.2 !16
0 !14 0 !18
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
k⊥ k⊥
without magnetic field with magnetic field
49
Application II: Instabilities in duct flow
• Discretization: 2nd order cell-centered
finite volume
• Time-integration: fractional step method
for incompressible flows, Crank-Nicolson
discretization of viscous terms, semi-
implicit discretization of convective terms,
explicit Euler discretization of Lorentz
force.
• Linear solvers: AMG (electric potential /
pressure correction), Bi-CG stab
(momentum equations).
50
Application II: Instabilities in duct flow (cont.)
• Flow configuration & phenomena
In 2D (infinite width), J! = σ(!u × B)

! directed
spanwise, and FL = −σB !u .
! 2
! "
dp d2
u 1 dp cosh(y/δH )
= −σB u + ρν 2 ⇒ u = −
2
1−
dx dy! σB dx
2 cosh(h/δH )
ρν
with δH = , and the Hartmann
! number
σB 2 h σ √
Ha = = Bh = N Re
δH ρν
51
In 3D, the flow behaviour near the side walls
strongly depends on the electrical properties
(conductor/insulator) of the walls.
Insulating walls
Conducting walls
52
Conducting Hartmann walls, insulating side walls
Strong side jets for large Hartmann

numbers (intense magnetic field), more
prone to the development of instabilities.
lent
rapide
•When do they appear?

•How do they modify flow properties?
53
!
B
54
!
B
54
!
B
54
Laminar
regime
“First”
unstable regime
55
“Second”
unstable regime
turbulent
regime
56
III. RF inductively coupled thermal plasmas
D.Vanden Abeele, T. Magin, P. Rini, G. Degrez
RF inductively coupled plasma torch
57
•Gas at 0.01 atm or higher is injected in a

quartz tube surrounded by a copper inductor,
•A radio-frequency electrical current runs
through the inductor,
57
57
•and induces a secondary current through

the gas inside the quartz tube, which heats up
by means of ohmic dissipation to a partially
ionized plasma state with peak temperatures
around 10,000 K.
57
58
Because of their electrodeless heating, IC
plasmas are of high chemical purity, which
makes them popular for a variety of
applications:
58
applications:
• deposition of metal coatings,
58
applications:
• synthesis of ultra-fine powders,
58
applications:
• generation of high purity silicon,
58
applications:
• generation of high purity silicon,
• testing of thermal protection materials
for atmospheric (re-)entry vehicles.
58
Specific modelling features
• Axisymmetric geometry and flow,
• Steady hydrodynamic field (velocity/
thermodynamic variables),
• purely! monochromatic azimuthal electric
field, E = (ER + i EI ) exp(iωt)!eθ = E exp(iωt)!eθ
• steady ambipolar poloidal electric field (zero
poloidal current),
whence the induction equation simplifies to
nc
!
∇ E − iωµ0 σE = −iωµ0 Ic
2
δ($r − $ri )
i=1
59
Specific modelling features (cont.)
• Steady flow at low Eckert number, hence
∇ · ρ"u = 0
∇ · ρ"u ⊗ "u = −∇p + ∇ · ""τ + J" × B
"
∇ · ρ"uh = −∇ · "q + J" · E
"
where the Lorentz force and Joule heating
terms are time-averaged.
• Reactive flow, i.e. non-uniform chemical
composition. Can be modelled in two ways:
• Chemical non-equilibrium
• Local (thermo-)chemical equilibrium
60
Chemical non-equilibrium
Additional conservation equations for the
chemical species must be considered:
∇ · ρys "u = −∇ · J"s + ω̇s , s = 1, . . . , ns
where
• the diffusion fluxes J!s are computed by
solving the Stefan-Maxwell equations, and
• the chemical source terms ω̇s are
computed using the law of mass action
and an Arrhenius formulation for the
reaction rates.
61
Local (thermo-) chemical equilibrium
In this case, additional conservation
equations for the chemical elements must be
considered.
∇ · ρYα "u = −∇ · J"α , α = 1, . . . , ne
The elemental diffusion fluxes J!α can be
expressed as linear combinations of the
electric field and elemental mass fractions,
pressure and temperature gradients (Rini et
al., Phys. Rev. E, 2005).
! E!
Jα = −Dα E − ρDα ∇T − ρDα ∇p − ρDαβ ∇Yβ
T p
62
Heat flux
For both chemical non-equilibrium & local
(thermo-)chemical equilibrium, the heat flux
must be modified to take into account the
diffusion heat flux !q = !qd − λ∇T .
ns
!
Chemical non-equilibrium: !qd = hs J!s
s=1
Local (thermo-)chemical equilibrium: the
diffusion heat flux can also be expressed in
terms of the electric field and the elemental
mass fraction, pressure and temperature
gradients.
! − λT ∇T − λp ∇p − λα ∇Yα
!qd = −λE E
63
Numerical aspects: space discretization
V = (δp, Yα or ys , ρ#u, T )
t
64
• 2nd order pressure-stabilized cell-centered
finite volume solver written in terms of
t
64
t
• MUSCL upwind approach for species/

elemental mass fractions, momentum &
energy,
64
t
• MUSCL upwind approach for species/

elemental mass fractions, momentum &
energy,
• non-singular formulation for the electric
field discretized using central finite volume
discretization on a far-field mesh extending
beyond the torch
64
Numerical aspects: iterative strategies
65
• The discretized equations are solved using
damped (quasi-) Newton strategies and
modern iterative linear solvers with various
levels of flowfield/EM field coupling:
65
• decoupled approximate Jacobian with
frozen mass fluxes (Picard),
65
• decoupled approximate Jacobian (Quasi-
Newton),
65
• decoupled approximate Jacobian (Quasi-
Newton),
• exact coupled Jacobian (Newton)
65
Application I: comparison of LTE & CNEQ
Geometry & operating conditions
Wall: 3 mm
1.4 W/m K
R1 = 67 mm R2 = 80 mm R3 = 108.5 mm
L1 = 100 mm
L2 = 250 mm
L3 = 470 mm
3mm
pressure 0.05 - 0.3 atm Quartz tube
1.4 Wm-1K-1
mass flow 6 g/s swirl angle 45 ˚
frequency 0.45 MHz power 75 kW
66
Application I: comparison of LTE & CNEQ
Physico-chemical and numerical parameters
• 11-species air model (N , O , NO, O, N,

2 2
N2 , O2
+ + ,NO , O , N , e ),
+ + + -
• chemical kinetics model of Dunn & Kang,

• meshes: 131 x 47 , 262 x 94 (flow)
• non-catalytic quartz tube surface.
67
Application I: comparison of LTE & CNEQ (cont.)
Oxygen elemental fraction at 0.05 atm
68
Significant non-equilibrium effects at low pressure
68
69
• Much smaller non-equilibrium effects at high pressure
69
• Much smaller non-equilibrium effects at high pressure

• Similar amount of elemental fraction variation
69
Outlet species mole fraction profiles at 0.3 atm
70
Outlet species mole fraction profiles at 0.3 atm
LTE formulation valid at high pressures
70
Application II: TCNEQ computations
71
• Identical operating conditions, except:
Pressure = 0.05 atm, Power = 50 kW
71
• Identical air model & chemical kinetics
model + 2-temperature thermal NEQ model
71
• coarser 66 x 29 flow mesh, 85 x 42 EM mesh
71
• coarser 66 x 29 flow mesh, 85 x 42 EM mesh
71
Application II: TCNEQ computations (cont.)
0.600
0.000
0.200
-0.013 0.050
0.000 0.000
Flowfield pattern
72
0.600
0.000
0.200
-0.013 0.050
0.000 0.000
Flowfield pattern
• Typical base flow pattern, with minor influence of

Lorentz and centrifugal forces
72
315
1000
3000
8500
8000
5000 7000
6000
Electro-vibrational temperature
315
1000
3000 5000
6200
6000 6200
6150
6240
Roto-translational temperature
73
Conclusion
74
Conclusion
• Magneto-fluid dynamics is a tremendously
varied field of study with many wildly different
regimes and an increasing number of
applications in fundamental research & industry.
74
Conclusion
• It poses specific numerical difficulties, in
particular the satisfaction of the solenoidal
constraint & BCs for the EM field.
74
Conclusion
• It poses specific numerical difficulties, in
particular the satisfaction of the solenoidal
constraint & BCs for the EM field.
• Recent progress has been illustrated by a few
recent studies carried out at ULB & VKI.
74
Thank you for your attention
75

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Computational MHD

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Magneto-hydrodynamics:

computational issues and

Nouvelles méthodologies multidisciplinaires

Interaction between flowfield (velocity &

The liquid jet is deviated by the electromagnetic

The liquid jet is deviated by the electromagnetic

Basic principle Magnets

electrostatic oscillations neglected ( f ! fp )

• Displacement current ( !0 ∂ E/∂t

With these approximations, Maxwell’s law

and Rm = σr µ0 U L is the magnetic

• momentum equation ! "

where Ec = U 2 /∆hr is the Eckert number.

Hyperbolic system with 7 eigen modes:

since for a 1D (plane) wave, the

• At the continuous level, the induction

• Unstructured grid with 4972 triangles

Density contours with magnetic field lines (ACA + TVD-LF)

Density contours with magnetic field lines (Powell + TVD-LF)

Density distributions along wall/symmetry line

Pressure contours at final time: (a) ACA, (b) const. transport

Pressure distribution along y=1.93

• For this application, the global magnetic

• The earth magnetic field is modelled as a

• Far field conditions: M = 6.2, M A = 8, β = 2 ,

Mesh in the plane of symmetry (x-z)

Schematic of flow features (aligned IMF)

Pressure field contour & magnetic field lines in symmetry plane

Pressure field contour & magnetic field lines in symmetry plane,

Pressure field contour & magnetic field lines in symmetry plane

Pressure field contour & magnetic field lines in symmetry plane,

zero vorticity large vorticity

without magnetic field with magnetic field

In 2D (infinite width), J! = σ(!u × B)

Conducting Hartmann walls, insulating side walls

Strong side jets for large Hartmann

•When do they appear?

•Gas at 0.01 atm or higher is injected in a

•and induces a secondary current through

• MUSCL upwind approach for species/

• MUSCL upwind approach for species/

frequency 0.45 MHz power 75 kW

• 11-species air model (N , O , NO, O, N,

• chemical kinetics model of Dunn & Kang,

Oxygen elemental fraction at 0.05 atm

Oxygen elemental fraction at 0.05 atm

Significant non-equilibrium effects at low pressure

Oxygen elemental fraction at 0.05 atm

Oxygen elemental fraction at 0.3 atm

Oxygen elemental fraction at 0.05 atm

Oxygen elemental fraction at 0.3 atm

• Much smaller non-equilibrium effects at high pressure

Oxygen elemental fraction at 0.05 atm

Oxygen elemental fraction at 0.3 atm

• Much smaller non-equilibrium effects at high pressure

Outlet species mole fraction profiles at 0.3 atm

Outlet species mole fraction profiles at 0.3 atm

LTE formulation valid at high pressures

• Typical base flow pattern, with minor influence of

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