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COPYRIGHT DEPOSEE
PRACTICAL
FRENCH COURSE
IN FIFTY LESSONS
AN ENTIRELY NEW METHOD

BY
RAPHAEL D'AMOUR,
A. M.,
OFFICIER D'ACADMIE.
DIRECTOR OF THE FRENCH DEPARTMENT
IN THE SCHOOL OF PEDAGOGY OF THE
BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES:
FORMERLY,
ROFESSOR OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
IN
FORDHAM UNIVERSITY.
THIRD EDITION
NEW YORK
1917
."Jta
to act of Congress
in the office of
librarian of Congress at Washington, D. C.
Entered according
The
1917
By
RAPHAL D'AMOUR
All Rights Reserved
OCT 26 1317
The Aster Press
New York
CLA476754
PREFACE
This radically
new method of learning the French language

form the working principle of the
"To teach Americans how to say in French the
embodies in concrete
author, namely:
away
very things they are daily saying in English," thus doing
with the useless phraseology of the old grammars so humorously ridiculed by
Mark Twain.
practical age of ours
The
fact
is,
that in this
a speaking knowledge of modern lan-
guages, of French especially, has become a matter of necessity,

the time being long past
like L,atin
and Greek,
when
for the
a foreign tongue was studied,

mere sake of general culture and
polish.
Originally written for those students
French rapidly, either
grammar
is
schools, also
The
now used with

by the
who wish
to master
for pleasure or business, the present
great success in colleges and
best private teachers, here
and abroad.
ever-increasing popularity of this book, which has already
reached the third edition,
is
the most convincing proof of
its
practical value.
In the two preliminary lessons of this grammar the pupil

how to pronounce, read and write French;
second, how to distinguish, by a very simple rule, the gender
of French nouns, and to form the plural of the same; third,
how to acquire an extensive French vocabulary by mere
is
taught: First,
observation.
In the subsequent practical lessons the student
is
led,
gradually and logically, through the intricacies of the lan-
guage, from those conventional phrases in current daily use, to

the fluent form of conversation and the mastery of idiomatic
French.
Each one
certain
is followed by a
which the pupil has to complete a
sentences by supplying missing words, an
of the first twenty-five lessons
practical exercise,
number
of
in
excellent system for learning to write in French.
An
important innovation will be found in the following

be translated into French:
By indicating the strict literal structure of each French sentence in English, the author feels confident to have not only
lessons, in the practical exercises to
greatly simplified the task of the student, but also to have
paved the way toward learning to think in French.

Special attention
is
called to the following features:
1.
Table of the French sounds with their nearest equivalents in

English.
2.
Three
introductory
phrases in current daily use.
grammatical lesson.
4.
of the irregular verbs.
expressions.
8.
6.
A
5.
lessons
The most commonly used
Literary quotations.
Short anecdotes.
9.
containing
set
Unity of subject for each

brief, yet comprehensive tabulation
3.
7.
idiomatic
French proverbs.
Classical definitions.
The author now presents this new, thoroughly revised and

considerably improved edition, with the hope that it may meet
with the kind approval of those teachers and students who wish
to leave the long-beaten path,
and
use, for teaching
and learn-
ing French, a common-sense method.
RAPHAKIy D'AMOUR.
New
York, September,
1917.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
LESSON
page;
I.
PRONUNCIATION.
1
How to Call the Letters of the French Alphabet

Table of the French Sounds with their nearest equivalents
in English
Miscellaneous Rules
LESSON
15
15
21
II.
GENERAI, NOTIONS.
How to Accent the Vowels

How to Read French
How to Distinguish the Gender of French Noun s
How to Form the Plural of French Nouns
How to See at a Glance the Similarity between a great many
English and French

Exercise
,2
Words
LESSONS
22
24
26
27
28
29
III
V.
USUAI, PHRASES.
The
The
3 The
4 The
5 The
6 The
7 The
i
Salutation
30
Days
Months
34
Seasons
34
Weather
Time of Day
35
Present, Past
31
37
and Future
38
LESSON
VI.
page
THE INDEFINITE) ARTICLE.

1
Grammatical Rules.
Practice
Exercise
39
39
43
LESSON
VII.
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE.

1
Grammatical Rules
Practice
45
Countries
47
Nationalities
Exercise
47
48
44
LESSON
VIII.
CONTRACTION OE THE DEFINITE ARTICLE.
Genitive or Possessive Case

Dative Case
Practice
.,,.
Important Remark on the word
Exercise...,
49
51
52
Home
53
53
LESSON
IX.
THE PARTITIVE ARTICLE.

1
Grammatical Rules
55
Practice
57
Exercise
59
LESSON
X.
INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE FORMS.

i
4
5
How to Form Questions

How to Form Answers
How to Form Negative Sentences
Negative Expressions
Exercise
60
61
63
65
65
LESSON
page
XI.
NUMERAL ADJECTIVES.
i
Cardinal Numbers
Ordinal Numbers
66
69
Fractional Numbers
Nouns used as Numbers
Exercise
70
71
71
LESSON
XII.
DEMONSTRATIVE AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES.

1
Grammatical Rules
Practice
73
76
Exercise
78
LESSON
XIII.
QUALIFYING ADJECTIVES.
i
How to Form the Feminine of Adjectives

How to Form the Plural of Adjectives
79
Place of Adjectives
80
80
Irregular Adjectives
82
Practice
84
Exercise
85
LESSON XIV.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
2
How to Form the Comparative of Adjectives

How to Form the Superlative of Adjectives
Comparative Expressions
Exercise
87
89
.,
92
92
LESSON XV.
INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES.
94
96
Meanings of the word flme

Meanings of the word Tout
Practical Expressions formed with the Adjectives Tout
and Mme
Other Indefinite Adjectives
Exercise
99
Different
Different
97
98
LESSON XVI.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
1
page
Personal Pronouns used as Subject of the Verb

Personal Pronouns used Objectively
Place of Personal Pronouns
101
103
103
Practice
104
Important Remarks
106
Exercise
108
LESSON
XVII.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
How to Render in French the Interrogative Pronoun Who.

How to Render in French the Interrogative Pronoun Whom.
How to Render in French the Interrogative Pronouns What,
Practice
Exercise
Which
109
no
112
113
114
<
LESSON
XVIII.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
1
4
5
How
Render in French the Demonstrative Pronouns

This, That, These, Those
to
Demonstrative Pronouns used Absolutely

Important Remarks on the Pronoun It...
Practical Expressions formed with C'est, (it is or that is)
How to Render in French the Demonstrative form Here
Here are, There is, There are
Exercise
115
117
117
119
is,
120
120
LESSON XIX.
1
How to
How
RELATIVE AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

Render in French the Pronouns Who, Whom, To
Whom
to
122
Render in French the Pronouns Which, Of Which,
To Which
123
125
Demonstrative and Relative Pronouns Combined

Possessive Pronouns
Practice
127
Exercise
127
126
LESSON XX.
PAGE
INVARIABLE PRONOUNS.
word En (some,
from there)
Practical Exercise on the word Y (to it, to them; at it, at
them; there)
Idiomatic Expressions formed with the word Y
Exercise for Translation
Practical Exercise on the very important
any, of
it,
of them,
130
133
134
135
LESSON XXI.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
[o
[i
12
On
(one, somebody, people)

Quelqu'un (somebody, someone, anybody)
Personne (no one, nobody)
Quelque chose (something)
Rien (nothing)
Quelques uns (some, a few)
Chacun (each one)

Tout le monde (everybody)
Quiconque (whoever)
136
136
137
137
137
138
138
138
L'un, L'autre (the one, the other)

Autrui (others)
Exercise
LESSON
136
,..
138
139
140
XXII.
THE ADVERB.
How
form Adverbs
141
Place of Adverbs
List of Adverbial Expressions
142
Important Remark on the Adverbs of Quantity
144
Practice
145
Exercise
146
to
142
LESSON
PAGE
XXIII.
INVARIABLE WORDS.
The Preposition
The Conjunction
The Interjection
Practice
Exercise
147
148
148
149
153
LESSON XXIV.
PRACTICAL EXERCISE ON SOME INVARIABLE WORDS
HAVING SEVERAL MEANINGS.
1
A En De Que
Bien
SiPourPar
Ou O Jusque.
155
LESSON XXV.
REMARKS ON THE RIGHT USE OE SOME PRACTICAL
WORDS.
1
Day, Morning, Evening

Year, Parents, Relatives, Father-in-Law, etc
Piece, Lecture, Office
164
165
166
167
Note
Present, Gift, Mouth, Fire
Word, Linen, Next
Audience, Sensible, Wages, Rivers
Exercise
171
4
5
End, Ticket,
Bill,
168
169
170
LESSON XXVI.
AUXILIARY VERBS.
Conjugation of the Verbs Avoir, to have, and Etre, to

Negative form
Interrogative form
be....
172
177
178
LESSON XXVII.
VERB ETRE, TO
BE.
Practical Exercise
180
on that Verb
Idiomatic Expressions formed with the Verb Etre
184
183
LESSON XXVIII.
VERB AVOIR, TO HAVE1
Practical Exercise on that Verb....
185
Idiomatic Expressions formed with the Verb Avoir

191
191
LESSON XXIX.
REGULAR VERBS.
i
General Notions
Hints for Conjugating the Regular Verbs
Table of Conjugation
192
193
195
199
LESSON XXX.
WST OE THE MOST PRACTICAL
1
gation
3
4
5
VERBS.
Verbs of the first Conjugation

Remarks on the Spelling of some Verbs of the
Verbs of the second Conjugation

Verbs of the third Conjugation
201
first
Conju206
207
207
208
LESSON XXXI.
THE USE OF THE TENSES.
i
Grammatical Rules.
2 Practice.
3 Exercise for Translation..
page
210
LESSON XXXII.
THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
i
Grammatical Rules.
Practice
216
THE PAST PARTICIPLE.

1
Grammatical Rules.
2 Practice.
218
LESSON XXXIII.
THE PRESENT OP THE INDICATIVE.
Grammatical Rules.
2 Practice
THE IMPERFECT OF THE INDICATIVE.

1
Grammatical Rules.
2 Practice.
224
LESSON XXXIV.
THE PAST INDEFINITE.
i
Grammatical Rules.
2 Practice.
228
LESSON XXXV.
THE PAST DEFINITE.
i
Grammatical Rules.
2 Practice.
234
LESSON XXXVI.
THE FUTURE.
I
Grammatical Rules.
2 Practice
238
THE CONDITIONAL.
1
Grammatical Rules.
2 Practice.
240
LESSON XXXVII.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
i
Grammatical Rules.
2 Practice.
244
LESSON XXXVIII.
THE IMPERATIVE MOOD.
I
Grammatical Rules.
2 Practice.
252
LESSON XXXIX.
PAGE
Miscellaneous Rules
257
LESSONS
1
Practical Exercise on
gation.
XIv.-XI.II.
some Important Verbs
LESSON
1
of the first Conju-
Practical Exercise
264
XLIII.
on some Important Verbs
third Conjugations.
of the second and

283
LESSON XLIV.
1
How
to
form the Compound Tenses of the Verbs of Motion.

290
2 Practice...
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
"
Conjugation of Impersonal Verbs.

for Translation
2 Practice.
3 Exercise
292
LESSONS XLV. XLVI.

Irregular Verbs
296
LESSON XLVII.
REFLEXIVE VERBS.
1
Model of Conjugation.
2 Practical
Exercise on some Important
Reflexive Verbs
316
LESSON XLVIII.
French Proverbs
326
LESSON XLIX.
Reading and Memory Exercises.
Short Anecdotes
LESSON
Definitions
330
L.
334
Practical French Course
15
PREMIRE LEON.
LESSON
I.
PRONUNCIATION.
I.
How to call the letters of the French alphabet.
ah
bay
say
day
ay
eff
zhay
ash
ee
oh
pay
kid
air
kah
ell
emm
enn
ess
tay
vay
eeks
J
zhee
Y
ee greek,
z
zedd
The letter w, called in French double v (doobl vay),

found only in some foreign words which have been
adopted into the French language.
is
II.
Table of the French sounds with their nearest

equivalents in English.
Although the pronunciation is best acquired bystudying the practical lessons with a French teacher,
we will give the following table as a useful guide to be
consulted when the learner does not know how to pronounce a word.
16
VOWELS.
pronounced ah
is
(unaccented)
is silent
Panama
when madame
Pa-na-ma
Panama
mah-dm
madam
lur
the
final.
however sounded and le

pronounced somewhat like de
ur (r silent) in monosyl- cela
lables and at the beginning
It is
dur
of
sur-lah
that
kah-fay
coffee
of polysyllables.
with an acute accent (f) caf

sounds like ay.
with a grave accent (A) pre
sounds like ai in fair.
with a circumflex accent rve
(A) sounds broad like ea
pair
father
rev
dream
in pear.
sounds always like ee.

sounds always like o in so.
sounds nearly like the German u or somewhat like eu
O
U
ami
opra
ahm-ee
lu
friend
oh-pay-rah opera
read
lid
vu
vi
seen
in pleurisy.
beginning of a word yacht

or between two consonants style
at the
is
pronounced
yacht
yacht
steel
style
pay-yay
paid
ee.
But when placed between pay

two vowels it has the distinct sound of two French
i's.
DIPHTHONGS.
ai
au or eau
ei
eu or
oi
ou
pronounced ay.
pronounced oh.
sounds like ai in fair.
sounds nearly like u in fur.
sounds nearly like wah.
sounds like oo in too.
is
balai
bah-lay
broom
is
eau
oh
renn
water
queen
reine
feu
fur
fire
foi
fwah
fou
foo
faith
crazy
Practical French Course;
17
COMBINED VOWELS.
A vowel
surmounted by a diaeresis (""), trrna, does not

form a diphthong with another vowel, but either vowel is
Thus, for instance, the
to be pronounced separately.
word naif, naive, must be pronounced as if written nah-if.
Likewise, the following are not diphthongs, but com-
bined vowels to be pronounced separately
IA
pronounced
as
he prayed
if
written
il
pria
ill-pree-ah
if
written
il
salua
ill-sah-l-ah he saluted
if
written minuit
me-nii-ee
midnight
if
written duo
dii-oh
duet
ee-ah.
UA
pronounced as
u-ah.
Ul
pronounced as
u-ee.
UO
pronounced as
u-oh.
NASAL SOUNDS.
The combination
sonant
or
of a vowel or diphthong with the conn produces what we call in French, le son
nasal, (the nasal sound).
The
nasal sounds are represented
binations
AN
pronounced nearly like
EN
ng
EM
(final
silent).
maman
mah-mng marna
lampe
lmp
lamp
encore
empire
ng-core
yet,
r vin
limpide
pronounced nearly like J
pain
&ng (final g silent).
faim
IN
IM
AIN
AIM
EIN
-j
AM
by the following com-
sein
om-peer
vng
again
empire
png
wine
limpid
bread
fng
sang
hunger
bosom
lm-peed
18
ON
^ pronounced nearly like
OM
ng
UN
UM
nng
IEN
OIN
(final
bon
bng
tombeau tm-boh
lundi
lung-dee
Monday
parfum
par-fng
perfume
bien
bee-ng
well
loin
lw-ng
g silent).
(final
g silent).
pronounced nearly like |
ee-Mig (final g silent),
>
7m.ng (final g
silent).
good
tomb
far
OBSERVATION.
If the
consonant
followed by
but the
initial
is immediately
sound is not given,
vowel must be pronounced separately.
a vowel,
or
is
the
doubled, or
nasal
Thus, for instance, the words innocent, immense, image, vinaigre,

as if written
ee-noh-sahng, ee-mongs, ee-mahzh,
must be pronounced
vee-neg-ger.
LIQUID SOUNDS.
The
French
following combinations represent what

les
sons
liquides
we
call in
(lay song leekeed), the liquid
sounds.
Their pronunciation must be heard from the mouth of a
French teacher
ail
pronounced
nearly travail
trahv-eye
work
nearly Versailles
Vair-sah-yr
Versailles
nearly soleil
so-lay-ye
sun
nearly abeille
ah-bay-yur
bee
nearly fauteuil
foh-t-ye
arm-chair
like eye.
aille
pronounced
like ah-y\xr.
eil
pronounced
like ay-ye.
eille
pronounced
like ay-yr.
eull
pronounced
like e-ye.
euille
pronounced
19
nearly feuille
f-yr
leaf
nearly
fee-yr
girl
grn-noo-yur
frog
like -yr.
ille
pronounced
fille
like ee-yr.
ouille
pronounced
nearly grenouille
like 00-y.r.
gne
nearly champagne shm-pah-nee-
pronounced
Champagne
[er
like nee-yr.
CONSONANTS.
The consonants not mentioned
pronounced as
in the following table are
in English.
hard like
be-
caf
kah-fay
coffee
It is soft like s be-
ceci
ss-se
this
mah-sng
mason
she-ang
dog
chrtien
kray-tee-ng
christian
cueillir
cur-yeer
to
sounds hard like g garon
gar-sng
boy, waiter
goor-mng
greedy
Gustave
is
fore a, o, u.
CH
and maon
fore
e,
when
a cedilla
i,
is
placed under it.

generally chien
sounds
like sh.
hard like
It is
before
a conso-
nant.
CUE
pronounced
is
gather
nearly like cu in
cur.
in garden, before
the vowels a, o,
u,
gourmand
and also be- Gustave
fore
Giis-tahv
conso-
nant.
It
sounds
soft,
genou
zher-noo
knee
somewhat
like s
girafe
zhee-raf
giraffe
in
pleasure, be-
fore
e,
i.
the vowels
20
GU
followed by e or i guerre
sounds like the figuier
hard
is
ghair
fee-ghe-ay
war
fig-tree
g.
sounded in l'homme
not
French, and
therefore
les
lohm
hommes lay-zohm
(the)
(the)
man
men
is
it
generally called
mute.
When
called aspi- la harpe
lah-ahrp
ler-ah-moh
only pre- le hameau
vents the con- les hameaux lay-ah-moh
nection with the les haricots lay-ah-ree-koh
last consonant of
the preceding
word, and also
the elision of the
vowels a, e, berate, it
fore
J
is
the harp
the hamlet
the hamlets
the beans
it.
pronounced
joli
nearly like s in jamais
zho-lee
pretty
zhah-may
never
bree-yong
roo-yay
fah-mee-yur
rusty
pleasure.
LL
preceded by an
and followed by
a or
e,
brillant
rouill
are called famille
liquid,
brilliant
family
and they
sound somewhat
like
ye or yur.
However,
11
sounds
like a single
QU
ville
veal
city
key
who,
ah-kwah-rell
water-color
sol-dah
soldier
may-zng
house
in
a few words.
sounds generally qui
whom
like k.
However, in a few aquarelle

words it is pronounced as in
English.
sounds
generally soldat
like s in
so.
When between two

vowels
like z.
it
sounds
maison
pronounced
is
like s in
ending
mar-see-ahl
martial
words position
ion,
in
situation
ieux,
ing in
see-ti-ah-see-
situation
[ng
m-bee-see-yur ambitious
as prodmocra-
ie,
phtie^
tie,
martial
poh-zee-see-ng position
and in
some words end- ambitieux
ial,
21
aristocratie,
diplomatie.
TH
sounds always like th
tay
tea
t in tobacco.
MISCELLANEOUS RULES.
1.
At
the end of a
word the
syllables et, ez, ed, er, are
pronounced ay.
Poulet (poo-lay), chicken ; parler (par-lay), to speak.
Allez (ah-lay), go ; pied (pee-ay), foot.
However, the words amer, bitter ; enfer, hell; fier, proud, are pronounced ah-mair, ng-fair, fee-air.
2.
In monosyllables, and also
syllable, er
lost ;
3.
sounds air; cher
poly-
perdu (pair-du),
to look for.
Before a word beginning with a vowel or an h mute,
like Z
dix oranges, (deezohrngzh).
sounds like t
grand opra, (grntohpayrah).
F sounds like v
neuf hommes, (nvohm).
Ent
a verb.
the final
5.
(shair), dear;
chercher (shair-shay),
X sounds
4.
when beginning a
is silent when it marks the third person plural of

However, if the next word begins with a vowel,
t is sounded and carried over.
Ils
parlent
Ils
parlent anglais
The
(ill
pari), they speak.
final t of et,
always ay.
(ill
pari tnglay), they speak English.
and,
is
never pronounced.
Et sounds
22
DEUXIEME LEON.
LESSON IL
GENERAL NOTIONS.
1.
The vowels,
How
in
to accent the vowels.
French, are rendered long or short by
marks placed over them.

There are three orthographic accents the acute (f) l'acthe grave (^), V accent grave ; the circumflex
cent aigu
certain accents or
A ), V accent
i
circonflexe.
The acute accent placed upon

Caf (kah-f ay), coffee
2.
e gives
The grave accent placed upon
sound of ai
Pre
vowel the
in fair.
(pair), father ;
The grave accent

Thus
The
the sound ofay.
e gives that
mre
(mair),
mother ; frre
(frair), brother.
serves also to contradistinguish a few
words which have the same sound, but a
3.
it
bont (bong-tay), goodness.
different
a,
unaccented, means has.
accented,
la,
unaccented,
l,
accented,
' '
"
"
at or
meaning.
to.
the.
there.
ou, unaccented,
"
or.
0, accented,
<f
where.
circumflex accent gives the vowel a broader,
longer sound, and generally denotes the suppression of a
23
which was formerly used after the vowel over which

That letter generally an s has been preit is placed.
served in a number of English words coming from the
letter
French, as
Mt, mast ;
le, isle ;
fort, forest ; hpital, hospital.
ELISION.
The vowels
and replaced by
an apostrophe before words beginning with a vowel or an
h mute. Thus, we write and pronounce for the sake of
euphony
a, e,
are generally cut off
1/ arme, the army, instead of la arme.

"
L'enfant, the child,
le enfant.
L'homme,
the
man,
I have,
J'aime, I like,
Je l'aime, I like
' '
le
homme.
je ai.
J'ai,
it,
"
je aime.
"
je le aime.
HYPHEN.
A hyphen, called in French trait d'union, is placed

between the two parts of a compound noun or number.
Porte-monnaie, pocket-book.
Dix-sept, seventeen.
A
noun
hyphen
is
in the interrogative
mood used
between the verb and the prosentences and in the imperative
also placed
affirmatively.
Avez-vous ?
Bst-il ?
Have you ? Donnez-moi. Give me.

Donnez-le-moi. Give it
Is he ?
to
me.
DOERESIS.
French trma, is placed over the

vowels which are to be pronounced separately.
Thus, for instance, the word hair, to hate, must be pronounced ah-eer, Without the trema, or two dots over the
i, it would be pronounced air.
diaeresis, called in
24
CEDILLA.
A cedilla
( s ),
called in
French
cdille
(say-dee-yur),
placed under the letter before the vowels

should be pronounced like s in so.
Faade
(fah-sad), front ;
reu
II.
a, o, u,
when
is
it
garon (gar-song), boy ;
(rer-si), received.
How
to read French.
SYLLABIC ACCENT.
As
is laid, in French, upon the last

words not ending with a mute e, and upon
syllable but one in words ending with a mute e.
a rule, the stress
syllable in all
the last
Charjeau, hat.
Perte, door.
Gnra/, General.
Amricain, American.
Chemise,
Popular^, popularity.
Popu/tfce, mob.
shirt.
Diffrence, difference.
IMPORTANT RULES
ABOUT THE FINAI, CONSONANTS.
I.
cept
The last consonant of a word is generally silent, exwhen the following word begins with a vowel or an
h mute.
However, the four
the end of a word.
letters c,
Examples
Mais (may),
(dk), Duke.
CE>uf (uf), egg.
Lit (lee), bed.
Tapis (tah-pee), carpet.
Nous parlons
are often sounded at
Duc
but.
r,
f, 1,
(noo-par-long),
Fil
we
(fill),
Soir
thread.
swahr), evening.
Practical French Course)

2.
The
consonant of a word
last
carried over and joined to the next
25
generally sounded,
is
word when
it
begins
with a vowel or an h mute.
The
is
slurring of a final consonant to the following vowel
called in French, liaison.
The
tion,
notice
by
liaison
and
we
it,
will indicate the
w.
this sign
Vous
avez,
Vous
tes,
for a
pure pronuncia-
Thus
same,
in the first ten lessons,
you have, pronounced as
if
spelt voo-zah-vay.
"
"
"
voo-zett.
Les enfants, the children, "
"
"
lay-zon-fong.
Les hommes, the men,
"
"
lay-zohm.
"
"
may-zah-mee.
Mes
3.
being very important
order to help and accustom the learner to
in
amis,
you
are,
my friends,
"
In words ending in rd,
stead of the final d or
rt,
the r
is
carried over in-
t.
C'est lourd porter (say-loo-rah portay),
it is
heavy
to
carry.
Il est
mort Paris ( ee-lay moh-rah Pah-ree), he died
in Paris.
4.
Final n
not carried over to the following vowel so
is
as to preserve the nasal sound
Ma
maison
house
est
grande (man may-zong ay grnd),
my
is large.
However, the n of on (one, people, they), and also the n

of en (in, of it, of them, some, any), must be carried over.
On
a sonn (ohnah sonay), someone has rung.
J'en ai assez (zhah-nay-ah-say),
I have enough of it.
26
IMPORTANT OBSERVATIONS
ABOUT THE LETTER E.
I.
Final e
not sounded before a word beginning with
is
The
a vowel or an h mute.
any regard
must be made without
liaison
Thus,
to that e or h.
for instance
is,
must be pronounced
ell-ay.
she has,
must be pronounced
ell-ah.
Kile
est,
Bile
a,
Je parle
she
un
peu,
speak a
little,
must be pronounced
zher-par-lung-pur.
must be pronounced
Elle hsite, she hesitates,
2.
ell-ay-zeet.
In conversation the e of the second monosyllable
not sounded.
Je le sais,
Thus
is
I know it, is pronounced zhull-say.

/ do not know, is pronounced zhun-say-pah.
Je ne sais pas,
3.
The
letter e
is
also frequently slided over in the mid-
Thus
dle of a word.
Appeler, to
call, is
Bpeler, to spell,
"
Acheter, to buy,
Amener,
III.
How
pronounced as
"
"
'
to bring,
'
to distinguish the
if
spelt op-lay.
"
ayp-lay
"
"
ash-tay.
"
"
ahm-nay.
gender
of
a French noun.
There is no neuter gender in French.

All the substantives in the French language are either
masculine or feminine.
The gender
of substantives
following general rule
may
be determined by the
27
OF THE FEMININE GENDER ARE

of course, the
Besides,
nouns denoting- a female
by-
nature,
i.
2.
3.
4.
5.
All the nouns ending in

...ion
All the nouns ending in
.....aison
Most nouns ending in
eur
Most nouns ending in
t
Most nouns (about 95 per cent.) ending with a mute....e
Nouns ending otherwise
will generally
be found mascu-
line.
Practice will teach the exceptions to the above very
simple rule.
IV.
The
How
to form the plural of French nouns.
plural of a noun, in French,
in English,
by adding an
is
generally formed, as
s to the singular, but the s
is
not to be sounded, except before a word beginning with a
vowel or an h mute.
The number
of a French noun
always clearly indi-
is
cated by the prefixed article or adjective.
Un sou,
Deux
one
sous,
cent.
Le
two
Les
cents.
Trois francs, three francs.
livre, the book.

livres, the books.
Des pommes, some
apples.
EXCEPTIONS.
I.
The nouns ending
change
Le
La
Le
in the singular
with
s, x, z,
in the plural.
fils,
the son.
voix, the voice.

nez, the nose.
Les fils, the sons.

Les voix, the voices.
Les nez, the noses.
do not
28
The nouns ending
2.
in the singular in au, eau, eu,
take
x in the plural.
Le drapeau, the flag.
Le feu, the fire.
Les drapeaux, the flags.

Les feux, the fires.
3. The nouns ending in the singular in al, ail, generally

change those terminations into aux in the plural.
Le
cheval, the horse.
Un
journal, a newspaper.
Les chevaux, the horses.

Des journaux, (some) newspapers.
Le
V.
Les travaux, the works.
travail, the work.
How to
see at
great
many
(1).
Most words
a glance the similarity between a

English and French words.
{over 2,006) ending with the following
terminations are the same in both languages
al
animal,
rival,
fatal,
ce
silence,
science,
chance,
face.
de
ge
parade,
brigade,
suicide,
homicide.
page,
rage,
courage,
outrage.
le
simple,
table,
possible,
terrible.
ne
ant
mine,
doctrine,
famine,
canine.
restaurant,
instant,
important,
constant.
ent
accent,
moment,
accident,
monument.
ion
nation,
situation,
occasion,
excursion.
(2).
musical, etc.
Most English words ending with one of the follow-
ing terminations become French by changing
it
as follows
into ie
malady
maladie
ty into t
activity
activit
er into re
ic into ique
letter
lettre
Republic
Rpublique
id into ide
solid
solide
or into eur
ism
doctor
isme
into
29
docteur
catholicisme
Catholicism
ist into iste
dentist
dentiste
ive into
motive
motif
if
ary into aire

ency into ence
ory into oire
ous into eux
ordinary
ordinaire
excellency
excellence
victory
victoire
curious
curieux
OBSERVATION.
Practice will teach the exceptions to the above rules
EXERCISE.
1.
Le crayon
(m.), the pencil
2.
La
(f.),
3.
Le chien
4.
Le chat
5.
Le cheval
6.
Un
7.
Une noix
8.
Un chapeau
9.
Une plume
(f.),
a pen.
10.
Une
chaise
(f.),
ci
11.
Une
table
12.
Un
13.
fentre
the window.
(m.), the dog.
(m.), the cat.

(m.), the horse.
gnral (m.), a general.

(f.),
a nut.
(m.), a hat.
5-
Les
Les
Les
Les
6.
Des , {some) generals.
7.
Des
8.
Des , (some)
9.
Des
1.
2.
3-
4.
Les
the pencils.
the windows.
the dogs.
the cats.
the horses.
(some) nuts.
hats.
(some) pens.
10.
Des , (some)
11.
Des
bureau (m.), a desk.
12.
Des , (some)
Un
gant (m.), a glove.
13.
Des
14.
Un
animal (m.), an animal.
14.
Des , (some) animals.
15.
Une
15.
Des , (some)
leon
(f.),
(f.),
chair.
a table.
a lesson.
chairs.
(some) tables.
desks.
(some) gloves.
lessons.
30
TROISIEME LEON.
LESSON
III.
USUAL PHRASES.
On
On
Qui
Qui
a sonn.
Somebody has rung.
a frapp.
Somebody has knocked.
est l
Who is
Who is
est-ce?
there ?
it
C'est moi.
It is I.
Entrez.
Come
Bonjour, monsieur.
Bonjour, madame.
Bonjour, mademoiselle.
Good morning, sir.

Good morning, madam.
Good morning, miss.
charm de vous voir.

Charm de faire votre connais-
I am glad to see you.

Glad to make your acquaintance.
Je suis
in.
sance.
Le
plaisir est
The pleasure
pour moi.
Take
Take
Take
tez votre paletot.

Otez votre jaquette.
tez votre manteau.
Mettez- vous votre
Faites
comme
is
mine.
offyour coat.
offyour jacket.
offyour cloak.
Make yourself comfortable.

Make yourself at home.
aise.
chez vous.
Asseyez-vous.
Sit down.
Veuillez vous asseoir.
Please be seated.
Merci.
Thank you.
Comment vous portez- vous ?

Comment allez- vous ?
Comment a va ? (familiar.
How do you do f
How are you ?
How goes it ?

Trs bien, merci et vous-mme ?
Assez bien, merci.
Pas trop mal.
;
Comme
Comme
ci
comme
Very well, thank you ;
how are you
Pretty well, thank you.
Not so bad
As
l'ordinaire
31
(not too badly).
visual.
So, so
Parlez- vous franais?
Do you
speak French ?
Un
Un
Un
petit peu.
A
A little
bit.
tout petit peu.
Just a
peu.
little.
little bit.
Comprenez- vous ?
Do you
Je comprends.
I understand.
I do not understand.
Je ne
comprends
pas.
understand?
Oui, monsieur.
Yes, sir.
Non, monsieur.
No,
S'il
vous
plat.
Merci.
sir.
Ifyou please.
Thank you.
Thank you very much.
Merci bien.
Merci beaucoup.
Je vous remercie.
Je vous suis bien oblig.
Many thanks.
I thank you.
I am very much
Du
Not
Il
tout (or) de rien.

n'y a pas de quoi.
votre service.
Au
Au
revoir.
plaisir
de vous revoir.
Bonsoir.
Bonne
nuit.
at
DonH
all.
mention
it.
At your service
Good bye
Good bye
(till
we meet
I see you
Good evening.
Good night.
Till to-morrow.
/undi (ln-dee).
Monday,
Mardi (mar-dee).
Tuesday.
Wednesday.
Thursday,
Friday.
Saturday,
Sunday.
Jeudi (zhud-dee).
Vendredi (vng-drud-dee)
Samedi (sm-dee).
Dimanche (dee-mngsh).
(you are welcome),
(till
A demain.
Mercredi (mair-kr-dee).
obliged to you.
again).
again).
Practical French. Course
32
QUATRIEME LEON.
LESSON IV.
USUAL PHRASES.
Comment
Il
How is yourfather?
He is well, thank you.
se porte votre pre. (*)
se porte bien, merci.
Comment
se porte votre mari
"
votre
votre frre ?
'
'
"
votre oncle
"
votre neveu?
votre cousin
'
'
votre
'
Comment
How is your husband ?

How is your son ?
How is your brother ?
How is your uncle ?
fils?
se porte votre
ami
H07V is your nephew ?

How is your cousin ?
How is yourfriend ?
How is your mother ?
mre ?
Bile se porte bien, merci.
She
Comment
dame ?
femme ?
How is your wife?

How is your wife ?
se porte votre
sur ?
How is your sister ?

How is your daughter?
How is your sister-in-law?
How is your daughter-in-law
How is your aunt ?
How is your niece ?
How is your (lady) cousin ?
How is your (lady) friend ?
'
(*)
thank you.
se porte votre
"
votre
'
pre ?
is well,
"
"
<<
< <
<
(<
<<
(C
votre nice
(C
(<
votre cousine?
Il
votre amie
votre fille?
votre belle -sur?
votre belle-fille?
votre tante ?
?
In polite conversation we say
Comment
se porte
madame
Comment
votre
mre ?
se porte
(polite.')
(familiar.*)
monsieur votre
Comment
Ils se
se portent vos enfants
Comment
se portent vos
How are your children ?

They are
portent bien, merci.
surs ?
33
well,
thank you.
How are your sisters ?
Elles se portent bien, merci.
They are
Comment va-t-on chez vous ?

le monde va bien, merci.
How are all at home ?
Comment vont
How is business
Tout
les affaires
well,
Everybody
thank you.
is well,
Tout doucement.
Rather slow.
Que
dites-vous de nouveau ?
Pas grand 'chose.
What is the news

Nothing much.
Dites-moi quelque chose en franais, voulez- vous?
Tell
Je ne sais que dire.

Essayez.
I do
Fermez
la porte.
Ouvrez
la fentre.
Shut the door.

Open the window.
Montez
le store.
Raise the shade.
me
something in French, will
you ?
not
know what
Try.
Baissez le store.
Lower the
Allumez
Light the gas.
le gaz.
Eteignez le gaz.
Turn
Venez.
Come.
Venez
ici.
Venez avec moi.

Venez encore.
Venez
bientt.
Allez.
Tout de
suite.
Dpchez- vous.
shade.
off the gas.
Come here.
Come with me.
Come again.
Come soon.
Go.
Allez-vous-en.
thank you.
Go
At
away.
once.
Hurry
up.
to say.
34
Ecoutez.
Listen.
Ecoutez-inoi.
Listen to we.
Attendez.
Wait.
Attendez-moi.
Wait for me.

Wait a minute.
Attendez une minute.

Pardonnez-moi.
Je vous
Pardon me.
demande pardon.
Excuse me.
Excusez-moi.
Certainement.
Vous parlez trop
Certainly.
vite.
Parlez plus lentement.
Rptez,
s'il
Comment
uary ?
On
dit
'
L beg your pardon.
vous
plat.
dit-on en franais " Jan-
'
janvier (zh5n-vee -ay).
You speak
Repeat, ifyou please.
How
do they say fanuary in

French ?
'janvier.
They say :
'
Fvrier (fay-vree-ay).
February.
Mars (mars).
March.
Avril (ah-vrill).
April.
Mai (may).
May.
Juin (zhwng).
Juillet (zhwee-yay).
Aot (oo or oot).
July.
Septembre (sep-tm-br).
September.
October.
November.
December.
L'automne
(loh-tone).
Iy'hiver (lee-vair).
'
August.
Octobre (c-toh-br).
printemps (*) (ler-pri g-tng),

Iv't (lay-tay).
'
fune.
Novembre (noh-vm-br).
Dcembre (day-sm-br).
L,e
too fast.
Speak slower.
Th) Spring.
Summer.
Autumn.
Winter.
Avez- vous compris?

Je pense que oui.
Have you understood?

I think so.
C'est bien.
All right
(*) In French the names of the days, months and seasons are written
with a small initial, only the proper names being written with a
capital.
35
CINQUIEME LEON,
LESSON V.
Le Temps
(1er
The weather.
tong)
some idiomatic
In relation to the weather and also in
expressions the verb faire,

in the
same manner
to
make,
is
used impersonally
as the English verb to
However, the verb
tre, to be, is
used
be.
when
word
the
it.
Thus, for instance, one may
u Le
beau temps," it is fine weather or
beau," the weather is fine.
temps, weather, precedes

say either "II
temps
est
Quel temps
fait
f ait-il
How is the weather? ( What weather

makes
it ?)
Il fait
beau temps.
mauvais temps.
It is
{it
Il fait
chaud.
It is
warm.
Il fait
Il fait froid.
Il fait frais.
It is {it
makes) fine weather.

makes) bad weather.
It is cold.
It is cool.
lourd.
It is sultry {heavy).
Il fait
humide.
It is
Il fait
du
It is foggy.
Il fait
brouillard.
damp.
Il fait
du vent.
It is windy.
Il fait
de
It is dusty.
Il fait
mauvais marcher.
It is
Il fait
sombre.
It is dark.
Il fait
du
It is sunny.
la poussire.
soleil.
de lune.
un beau clair de lune.
bad walking.
Il fait clair
It is moonlight.
Il fait
It is a beautiful moonlight.
36
Il fait jour.
It is daylight.
Il fait nuit.
It is night.
Le temps
Le temps
Le temps
Il fait
Il
est orageux.
The weather is cloudy.

The weather is threatening.
The weather is stormy.
clairs.
It is lightning.
est couvert.
est
des
menaant.
tonne.
It thunders.
It is raining ; it rains.
Il pleut.
Il
pleut verse.
It pours.
Il gle.
Il
It freezes.
dgle.
It thaws.
INTERROGATIVE FORM.
The
interrogation
is
formed
in
French, either by placing
the pronoun after the verb with a hyphen connecting

or
by prefixing the expression
est=ce que, is
it
them
that, to the
affirmative form.
The form est-ce que,

and familiar writing.
is
generally used
Examples
Fait-il
FvSt-ce
chaud ? or
qu'il fait chaud
in
conversation
Is it
warm ?
Pleut-il? or
Est-ce qu'il pleut?
Is it raining ?
NEGATIVE FORM.
To
ne
is
render a sentence negative in French,

placed before the verb and pas after
Examples
Il
Il
Il
ne fait pas chaud.

ne fait pas froid.
ne pleut pas.
it.
It is not
warm.
It is not cold.
It is not raining.
the
particle
37
L'heure (lur) The time (the hour).

Quelle heure
"
"
une heure.
deux heures.
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
trois heures.
Il est
What time
est-il ?
midi.
"
two
"
three o'clock.
o'clock.
" four o'clock.

" Jive o'clock.
" six o'clock.
" seven
"
"
"
"
nine
o'clock.
ten o'clock.
eleven o'clock.
It is twelve o'clock (mid-night).
Il est tard.
It is late.
It is early.
Douze heures
une heure
r\c" n
~~"
is
never used except in the sense of twelve hours.
et cinq,
et jix. (dees).
' '
"
et quart, (car).
" "
" "
" "
"
"
"
"
et vingt.
"
et vingt-cinq.
"
et demie.
Il est deux
heures moins vingt-cinq.
"""
"
^ "
" "
"
" "
"
"
'
'
' '
"
"
Suis- je en avance
Suis- je en retard
Vous
moins vingt.
moins un quart.
moins dix.
moins cinq.
{
'
It is five (minutes) past one.
<<
"
' '
o'clock.
eight o'clock.
n'est de bonne heure.
Il est
It is twelve o'clock (mid-day).
(*)
Ilêst minuit.
(*)
is it
It is one (hour) o'clock.
" quatre heures.

" cinq heures.
" six heures.
" sept heures.
" huit heures.
" neufheures. (nvr).
" dix heures.
" onze heures.
Il est
(hour)
tes en avance.
Vous"tes~enretard.
'
'
"
'
'
li
ten (minutes) past one.

a quarter past one.
twenty (minutes) past one.
twenty-five (minutes) past one.
half-past one.
It is twenty-five (minutes)
of two.
twenty (minutes) of two.
a quarter of two,
" ten (minutes) of two.
" five (minutes) of two.
"
1
'
Am I early ?
Am I late ?
You are
You are
early.
late.
Practical Frknch Course
38
Votre montre avance.

Votre pendule retarde.
Your watch is fast.

Your clock is slow.
C'est l'heure juste.
It is the correct time.
Le prsent
Le pass
The present.
The past.
(ler-pray-zng)
(ler-pah-say)
L'avenir (lav-neer) The future.

Aujourd'hui (oh-zhoor-dwee).
Maintenant (mant-nng).
prsent.
Ce matin (ser-mah-tang).
Cet aprs-midi (set-ah-pray-mee-
To-day.
Now.
At present.
This morning.
This afternoon.
dee).
Ce
This evening
soir (ser swahr).
Hier
Yesterday.
(ye-air).
Avant-hier (ah-vn-tee-air).
Lundi pass.
La semaine passe
Le mois pass.
{or) to-ni^
(f.)
L'an pass (long-pah-say).
Demain (der-mng).
Aprs demain.
Lundi prochain (proh-shang).
La semaine prochaine (proh-shn).
Le mois prochain.
L'an prochain.
{The day) before yesterday.

Last Monday.
Last week.
Last month.
Last year.
To-morrow.
The day) after to-morrow.
Next Monday.
Next week.
Next month.
Next year.
<sm!&?s>
39
SIXIEME LEON.
LESSON
VI.
THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE.

The
indefinite article
is
rendered
Un
before a masculine noun.
Une
before a feminine noun.
Ex.
Ex.
in
French by
un garon, a boy.
une fille, a girl.
PRACTICE.
Qu'avez-vous
fait
aujourd'hui?
J'ai lu le journal.
J'ai crit
une
lettre.
J'ai pris
un
J'ai fait
J'ai fait
une promenade.
une visite.
J'ai fait
des emplettes.
bain.
What have you done
to-day ?
I have read the newspaper.

I have written a letter.
I have taken a bath.
I have taken a walk.
I have paid a visit.
I have made some purchases.
Qu'avez-vous achet? (or)

Qu'est-ce que vous avez achet
J'ai achet,
(masculine nouns.)
Un costume, a suit.
Un chapeau, a hat.
Un pardessus, an overcoat.
Un gilet, a vest.
Un corsage, a shirt-waist.
Un jupon, a petticoat.
Un bracelet, a bracelet.
What have you bought ?

?
I have
bought.
(FEMININE NOUNS.)
Une robe, a gown.

Une voilette, a veil.
Une ceinture, a belt.
Une jaquette, a jacket.
Une montre, a watch.
Une pendule, a clock.
Une bague, a ring.
40
Un ventail, a fan.
Un parapluie, an umbrella.
Un tapis, a carpet.
Un fauteuil, an arm-chair.
Un sofa, a sofa.
Un canap, a couch.
Un
Un
couteau, a knife.
canif, a penknife.
Un
Un
Un
Un
crayon, a pencil.
encrier,
an inkstand.
cheval, a horse.
chien, a dog.
Une cravate, a necktie.

Une casquette, a cap.
Une malle, a trunk.
Une valise, a valise.
Une canne, a cane.
Une table, a table.
Une chaise, a chair.
Une cuillre, a spoon.
Une fourchette, a fork.
Une assiette, a plate.
Une maison, house.
Une bicyclette, # bicycle.
collective nouns.
Une paire
Une paire
Une paire
Une paire
Une paire
Une paire
Une paire
Une paire
de
de
de
de
bas.
chaussettes.
jarretires.
de souliers.
de bottines.
de pantoufles.
de caoutchoucs.
Une
Une
Une
Une
douzaine
douzaine
douzaine
douzaine
Une
Une
Une
bote de bonbons.
Un
livre
A pair ofgloves.
A pair of stockings.
A pair of socks.
A pair of garters.
A pair of shoes.
A pair of button-shoes.
A pair of slippers.
A pair of rubbers
gants.
de mouchoirs.
de chemises.
de cols.
de manchettes.
de sucre.
bouteille de bire.
mtre de dentelle.
A dozen (of) handkerchiefs.

A dozen (of) shirts.
A dozen (of) collars.
A dozen (of) cuffs.
A pound of sugar.
A box of candies.
A bottle of beer.
A yard of lace.
COMPOUND NOUNS.
J'ai achet aussi:
Un lit-pliant.
Un timbre-poste.
Un tire-bouchon.
I have
also bought:
A folding-bed.
A postage-stamp.
A cork-screw.
41
A screw-driver.
A paper-knife.
Un tourne-vis.
Un coupe-papier.
Un gratte-papier.
Un presse-papier.
Un porte-plume.
Un porte-monnaie.
An eraser.
A paper-weight.
A pen-holder.
A pocket-book.
A rocking-chair.
A sewing-machine.
Une chaise-berante.
Une machine coudre.
C'est tout.
What else ?
Nothing else.
That is all.
C'est assez.
That
Combien
How much have you paid?
J'ai
I have paid 20 francs.
Quoi encore ?
Rien de plus,
(or)
(or)
Quoi de plus ?
Plus rien.
avez- vous pay ?

pay vingt francs.
is
enough.
C'est cher.
It is dear.
Ce
It is not dear.
n'est pas cher.
bon march.
C'est trs bon march.
It is cheap.
C'est
It is very cheap.
OBSERVATIONS.
un (m), une (f), is not used in French between the verb to be and a noun denoting a profession or
I.
The
article
a nationality.
Il est
mdecin.
Il est franais, (adj.)
The
2.
(French).
is, however, used after c'est, it is

and also when an adjective determines the
He is and she is are generally rendered by c'est
(or) that
noun.
He is a physician.
He is a Frenchman
article un, une,
is,
before a substantive or adjective used substantively.

C'est
C'est
C'est
un mdecin.
un Franais, (subst.)
une Franaise.
He is a physician.
He is a Frenchman.
She
is
a French-woman.
42
C'est
un bon
C'est
une bonne
lve, (m.)
The
3.
lve,
(f.)
>
He
(f.)
She
indefinite article
is
is
a good pupil.
a good pupil.
not used in French,
is
after
the preposition sans {without), before a substantive.

Sans faute.
Sans guide.
Sans matre.
The
4.
Without a mistake.
Without a guide.
Without a master.
indefinite article
is
omitted
in
French, in ex-
clamatory sentences.
Quel beau jour
Quel dommage
Quel imbcile
(m.)
Quelfe belle nuit!

Quelle honte
Quelle chance
(f.)
The
5.
article un, une, is
What a fine day

What a pity!
What a fool!
What a fine
What a shame !
What (a) hick !
not
nouns of measure or weight, but

(m), la
le
Quel
Un
the
(f),
est le prix
6.
francs la livre.
When
used
in
French with
replaced by the article
franc le mtre.
Deux
is
What is the price ?

One franc a meter.
Two francs
a pound.
speaking of time, the indefinite article a
translated by par {per.)

Vingt
Vingt
Vingt
Vingt
francs par jour.
francs par semaine.

francs par mois.
francs par an.
Twenty francs
Twenty francs
Twenty francs
Twenty francs
a day.
a week.
a month.
a year.
is
French
rRACTiCAi,
Course;
43
EXERCISE.
Let the pupil replace each dash by the requisite word
both orally and in writing.
i.
Qu'as- tu fait? (familiar) or:

Qu'est-ce que tu as fait
J'ai
2.
3.
4.
1.
I have read the
What has he done ? or lit. :

What is it that he has done ?
Ila
He has
What has she done? or lit. :

What is it that she has done ?
Kile a
She has paid a
Qu'a-t-elle fait? or
3.
Qu' ont-ils
(m.) or
fait ?
4.
ont
Qu'ont-elles fait?
(f)
Klles ont
or
5.
Qu'avez- vous lu ? or
6.
J'ai
Qu'avez-vous crit? or:
7.
Nous avons
achet
Elle
10.
J'ai
newspaper.
What have you written ? or lit. :

What is it that you havewritten
or
8.
What has she bought ? or lit. :

What is it that she has bought ?
kerchiefs.
a-t-elle
pay
or
est-ce qu'elle
-a
Combien
Combien
What have you read? or lit. :

What is it that you have read ?
She has bought a dozen hand-
Elle a
Combien
Combien
What have they done ? or lit. :

What is it that they have done ?
They have made some purchases
We have written twenty letters
9.
What have they done ? or lit. :

What is it that they have done ?
I have read the
8. Qu'a-t-elle
visit.
They have taken a bath.
Qu'est-ce qu'elles ont fait?
7.
taken a walk.
Qu'est-ce qu'elle a fait?
Ils
6.
newspaper.
Qu'est-ce qu'il a fait?
Qu'a-t-il fait? or
Qu'est-ce qu'ils ont fait?
5.
What hast thou done ? or lit.

What is it that thou hast done
How much has she paid ? or lit.

How much is it that she haspaid?
:
She has paid eleven francs.
avez- vous pay
or
jo.
:
How much have you paid? or

lit.
How much is it that you
:
est-ce
.
que vous
have paid?
I have paid ten
dollars.
44
SEPTIEME LEON.
LESSON
VII.
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE.

The
I.
definite article the
is
Le before a masculine noun,
rendered in French by
singular.
Ex.:
le pre,
Ex.
la
Ex.
les enfants.
the father.
La before
a feminine noun, singular.
mre,
the mother.
Les before a plural noun,
either gender.
the children.
2.
Before a word beginning with a vowel or a silent h,
the letter e or a
is,
for
the sake of euphony, omitted and
replaced by an apostrophe.
L'ami, the friend,
L'homme, /^ wa,
instead of le ami.
"
le homme.
"
"
L'eau, the water

L'histoire, the history,
3.
The
article, in
noun with which

Le
4.
pre, la
The
mre
article
it
la eau.
la histoire.
French, must be repeated before each

has to agree
et les enfants
gender and number.
in
the father,
must be used
in
mother and children.
French
Before the names of countries. Ex. la France.

Before the titles prefixed to names. Ex. le docteur X.
Before the names of seasons. Ex. le printemps.
Before each noun used in a general sense. Ex. le pain,
bread; levin, wine; la gloire, glory ; la vertu, virtue.
:

5.
The
article
45
omitted in French before the ordinal
is
number designating
a sovereign or chapter.
Napolon premier, Napoleon the first.

Chapter the first.
Chapitre premier,
PRACTICE.
Que
dsirez-vous
Passez-moi,
me
Voulez- vous
vous
s'il
What do you wish

plat.
passer
Pass me, ifyou please.

Will you pass me ?
le pain, the bread.
la soupe, the soup.
le beurre, the butter.
la viande, the meat.
le
jambon, the ham.
la sauce, the sauce.
moutarde, the mustard.
le poulet, the chicken.
la
le poisson, the fish.
la salade, the salad.
le rti, the roast.

le
fromage, the
la glace, the ice.

la bouteille, the bottle.
cheese.
le sel, the sait.
la carafe, the decanter.
le poivre, the pepper.
Peau, the water.
le vinaigre, the vinegar.
l'huile, the oil.
les radis, the radishes.

les olives, the olives.
les pois, the peas.

les haricots, the beans.
les tomates, the tomatoes.
les
les
concombres, the cucumbers.

pommes de terre, the potatoes.
les fraises, the strawberries.

les
pommes,
the apples.
les raisins, the grapes.
Vous avez
Je ne suis pas bien.

La tte me fait mal.
Les dents me font mal.
l'air
malade
(idiom) You look
/ am
ill !
not well.
The (my) head hurts me.

The (my) teeth hurt me.
46
Qu'est-ce qui vous fait
What hurts you ?
Lit. :
mal
Le front, the forehead.

Le nez, the nose.
La bouche, the mouth.
Le menton, the chin.
La langue, the tongue.
La gorge, the throat.
Le cou, the neck.
La poitrine, the chest.

Le cur, the heart.
Le dos, the back.
is it
that
makes you
ill
Les oreilles, the ears.

Les yeux, the eyes.
Lesgencives, the gums.
Les lvres, the lips.
Les paules, the shoulders.
Les bras, the arms.
Les mains, the hands.
Les doigts, the fingers
Les jambes, the legs.
Les genoux, the knees.
Les pieds, the feet.
L'estomac, the stomach.
Tant pis
(kes-key-voo-fay-mahl.)
What
So much the worse !
/ am very sorry for you.
J'en suis trs fch pour vous.
REMARK.
After the verb aimer,
the substantive or adjective
to like,
used substantively must be preceded in French by the

article le, la, les, according to the gender and number of
the noun:
I like
wine.
I like
beer.
I like
strawberries.
J'aime le vin.
J'aime la bire.
J'aime les fraises.
J'aime le franais.
J'aime l'anglais.
I like French {language).

I like English.
J'aime le blanc.
J'aime le rouge.
J'aime le rose.
J'aime le bleu.
I like red.
I like pink.
I like blue.
Aimez- vous
Do you
le
Oui, je l'aime.
vin? (m.)
I like
Yes,
white.
like wi?ie
I like
it.

Aimez- vous
la bire
Do you
(f.)
like
I like
47
b,
Oui, je l'aime.
Yes,
Aimez-vous les fraises?

Oui, je les aime beaucoup.
Do you like strawberries ?

Yes, I like them very mucK
Pays
(pay-ee) Countries.
La France, France.
L'Angleterre, England.
L' Allemagne, Germany.
Austria.
Iv' Autriche,
La
Russie, Russia.
L'Espagne, Spain.
L'Italie, Italy.
La Belgique, Belgium.
Iya Suisse,
Switzerland.
L'Irlande, Ireland.
L'Ecosse, Scotland.
Iya Sude, Sweden.
Iya
Norvge, Norway.
Iye
Danemark, Denmark.
Grce, Greece.
Turquie, Turkey.
Iya Chine, China.
Iya
Iya
Iye
Japon, Japan.
Canada, Canada.
Iye
Mexique, Mexico.
Iye
Nationalits, Nationalities.
Les
Les
Les
Les
Les
Les
Les
Les
Les
Les
Les
Les
Les
Les
Les
Les
Les
Les
Les
Les
Les
Les
L'Europe, Europe.
L'Amrique, America.
Les Etats-Unis, the United States.

L'Amrique du Sud, South
{America.
it.
Europens, the Europeans.

Amricains, the Americans.
Franais, the French.
Anglais, the English.
Allemands, the Germans.

Autrichiens, the Austrians.
Russes, the Russians.
Espagnols, the Spanish.

Italiens, the Italians.
Belges, the Belgians.

Suisses, the Swiss.
Irlandais, the Irish.
Ecossais, the Scotch.
Sudois, the Swedes.

Norvgiens, the Norwegians.
Danois, the Danes.
Grecs, the Greeks.
Turcs, the Turks.
Chinois, the Chinese.
Japonais, the Japanese.
Canadiens, the Canadians.

Mexicains, the Mexicans.
Le nord, the North ; l'est, the East.

Le sud, the South ; l'ouest,
[the West.
EXERCISE.
Let the pupil replace each dash by the requisite
adjective or adjective used substantively.
article,
4S
I.
livre (m.), the book.

livres
the books.
me
the soul.
ciel (m.), the sky.

lune
the moon.
soleil (m.), the sun.
toiles
the stars.
dictionnaire (m.), the dictionary.
miroir (m.), the mirror.
(pi.),
(f.),
(f.),
plancher (m.), the floor.

plafond (m.), the ceiling.
rue
the
avenue
the avenue.
mur (m.), the wall.
toit (m.), the roof.
street.
(f ),
.
(f.),
2.
souliers (pi.), the shoes.
argent (m.), the silver {money).

or (m.), the gold.
He is English.
He is an Englishman.
11 est
He is
He is
Il est
{an) American.
an American.
He is Irish.
He is an Irishman.
He
He
3.
(pl.)>
Il est
C'est
is
Spanish.
Il est
a Spaniard.
C'est
Aimez-vous
Aimez-vous
Aimez-vous
Aimez- vous
Aimez-vous
Aimez-vous
Aimez-vous
Aimez-vous
Aimez-vous
I like
it.
Je
I like
them very much.
Je
Present Indicative of
J'aime, / like.
Tu aimes, thou likest.
Il aime, he likes.
Elle aime, she likes.
C'est
is
Do you like pears ?

Do you like cherries ?
Do you like {the) theatre ?
Do you like music ?
Do you like raspberries ?
Do you like green? (color.)
Do you like grey ?
Do you like black ?
Do you like France ?
C'est
aime.
aime
AIMER,
poires ?
cerises
musique?
(f.)
framboises ?
vert ?
gris?
noir
France ?
to like.
Nous aimons, we
Vous aimez, you
Ils
thtre? (m.)
aiment, they
like.
like.
like.
Elles aiment, they
like.
49
HUITIME LEON.
LESSON
VIII.
CONTRACTION OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE.

I.
Genitive
or Possessive Case.
Singular.
i.
Before a masculine noun, singular, beginning with a
consonant, of the
of de
is
rendered by du, which
Du pre, of the father,

Du frre, of the brother,
2.
a contraction
instead of de le pre.
"
de le frre.
Before a feminine noun, singular, beginning with a
consonant, of the
is
translated literally
De
De
3.
is
le.
la
la
by de
la.
mre, of the mother.

sur, of the sister.
Before a masculine or feminine noun, singular, be-
ginning with a vowel or an h mute, of the

the sake of euphony, by de 1\
De l'enfant, of the child, instead

"
De l'homme, <?//^ wa,
"
De l'arme, of the army,
"
De l'histoire, of the history\
of
is
rendered, for
du enfant.
du homme.
de
de
la
arme.
la histoire.
50
Pujrai,.
Before a plural noun of either gender, of the

des, which is a contraction of de les.
rendered
is
by
Des
enfants, of the children, instead of de les enfants.

"
de les armes.
Des armes, of the armies
HOW TO CONSTRUCT
A SENTENCE
IN
THE
POSSESSIVE CASE.
In French the
name
father
name
of the possessor always follows the

Thus, for instance, " Peter's
of the object possessed.

"
must be translated
Le pre de
Pierre, the father
La mre de Jean.
Le livre du professeur.
La grammaire de l'lve.
La sur de la modiste.
of Peter.
fohn's mother.
The professor's book.

The pupiVs grammar.
The milliner'' s sister.
The children'' s playthings.
Les jouets des enfants.
REMARK.
From
the
is
rendered, as of the, by du, de
la, des,
accord-
ing to the gender and number of the noun to which

refers.
Where do you come from ?
D'o venez- vous ?

Je viens du parc, (m.)
Je viens du thtre.
Je viens de la campagne,
Je viens de la banque.
I come from
I come from
(f.)
Je viens des Philippines, (pi.)
the park.
the theatre.
I come from
I come from
the country.
I comefro7n
tke Philippines.
the bank.
it

II.
Dative
51
Case.
Singular.
i.
Before a masculine noun, singular, beginning with a
consonant,
of
to the is
rendered by au, which
to the is
translated literally
A
A
3.
instead of le pre.
"
le frre.
Before a feminine noun, singular, beginning with a
consonant,
or
a contraction
le.
Au pre, to the father,

Au frre, to the brother,
2.
is
la
la
by
la.
mre, to the mother.

sur, to the sister.
Before a noun of either gender beginning with a vowel
h mute,
to
the
is
rendered, for the sake of euphony,
by l'
A l'enfant, to the child, instead of au enfant.

"
A l'ami, to the friend,
au ami.
"
A l'homme, to the man,
au homme.
A l'ennemi, to the enemy, "
au ennemi.
"
A l'arme, to the army,
la arme.
Plural.
Before a plural noun of either gender
by aux, which
is
a contraction of
to the is
rendered
les.
Aux enfants, to the children, instead

Aux amis, to the friends,
"
Aux hommes, to the men,
Aux ennemis, to the enemies,
"
Aux armes, to the armies.
'
'
' '
of les enfants.
les amis.
les hommes.
les ennemis.
les armes*
52
PRACTICE.
O
Where are you going f
allez- vous?
I am going to the park.

I am going to the theatre.
I am going to the restaurant.
I am going to the ball.
I am going to bed.
I am going to the city hall.
Je vais au parc, (m.)

Je vais au thtre.
Je vais au restaurant.
Je vais au bal.
Je vais au lit.
Je vais l'htel de
ville.
Je vais la pharmacie.
Je vais la cour.
Je vais l'cole.
I am going to the country.

I am going to the bank.
I am going to the postoffice.
I am going to the drug store.
I am going to court.
I am going to school.
Je vais l'glise.
I am going
Je vais la campagne,
Je vais la banque.
Je vais la poste.
(f.)
to church.
REMARKS
ABOUT THE PREPOSITION To.
r.
After the verb aller,
dered by
En before the names

Au before the names
mute
to
go,
the preposition to
of countries ending with a
reir
mute
e,
and by
of countries ending otherwise than with a
e.
allez- vous?
Where are you going?
Je vais en Europe.
Je vais en France.
I am going to Europe.
I am going to France.
Je vais au Canada.
I am going lo Canada.
I am going to Japan.
Je vais au Japori.
2.
is
However, we say
Cuba,
to
Cuba, and au Mexique, to Mexico.
2.
city the preposition to
allez-vous
to
go, and before the
I am going
I am going
allez
to
to Paris.
to
London
go, and before another verb in

is
not translated in French.
Where are you going ?
vous ?
/ am going to take a walk.

I am going to pay a visit.
I am going to take a bath.
I am going to take the car.
I am going to read the newspaper.
I am going to write a letter.
I am going to see my friend.
Je vais faire une promenade.

Je vais faire une visite.
Je vais prendre
of a
the infinitive, the preposition to
name
is
Je vais Paris
Je vais Londres.
3.
53
un
bain.
Je vais prendre le tramway.

Je vais lire le journal.
Je vais crire une lettre.

Je vais voir mon ami.
IMPORTANT REMARK
on the word Home.
In French there
word home.
chez meaning at
Home
glish
to the Engby the preposition
no word corresponding
is
is
translated
(or) to the house of.
/ am going home.
I am going to your house.
I am going to the dentist's.
Je vais chez moi.

Je vais chez vous.
Je vais chez le dentiste.
EXERCISE,
O
vas-tu ? (familiar)
Je vais
(m.
allez- vous
Nous
O
Il
allons
va-t-il
va
1.
Where art thou going f
I am going
(f.)

are going
Where
(verb)
We
is
he going
He is going
54
4.
va-t-elle ?
5.
vont-ils ?
Ils vont"'
6.
Where is she going ?

She is going
5.
Where are they going?

They are going
(f.)
est-il all ?
Where did he go
went
6.
est-elle alle
7.
8.
Where did she go ?

She went
Bile est alle
8.
9.
sont-ils alls?
Ils
sont alls
le docteur.
irez-vous
demain
Nous
10. Il
irons
/shall go
We will go
faut que j'aille
que
faut que
faut que
j'aille
Il
j'aille
j'aille
Qu'est-ce que
Je vais prendre
Je vais tudier
12.
I must go home.
I must go to the doctor's.
I must go to the dentist's.
I must go to Wanamaker's.
10.
Qu'allez- vous faire?
11.
Where will you go to-morrow
9.
(f.)
Il faut
Il
Where did they go ?

They went to the doctor's.
(m.)
J'irai
He
(m.)
Il est aile"
7.
4.
-(*0
Elle va
What are you going
11.
to
do ?
leon
I am going to take my lesson.

I am going to study my lesson
(f.)
Allez
Go
12.
to church.
Let us go
Allons
Present Indicative of
ALLER,
to
go;
to the theatre.
VENIR,
to
come.
Je vais, I go {am going).
Je viens, I come {am coming).
Tu
Tu
Il
Il
vas, thou goest.

va, he goes.
Nous
Vous
we go.
you go.
allons,
allez,
Us vont, they go.
viens, thou contest.
vient, he comes.
Nous venons, we come.

Vous venez, you come.
Us viennent, they come.
Tracticai, FkExNCh
Course
55
NEUVIEME LEON.
LESSON IX.
THE PARTITIVE ARTICLE.
I.
The English
French
some
adjective
or any, which
we
call in
rendered by
article partitif (partitive article), is
Du, before a masculine noun, singular.

Ex.
De
la,
du
pain,
some bread.
before a feminine noun, singular.
de la soupe, some soup.

Ex.
Des, before a plural noun, either gender.
Ex.: des -pom.rn.es, some apples.
:
Before a noun beginning with a vowel or h mute, the
changed,
partitive article
du,
de
euphony, into de
I\
Thus, we say
De l'argent,
De Tor,
De V eau,
De l'huile,
in
Nouns used
French by the
is
affirmative
3.
J'ai
de
4.
mang du
is
la,
the sake of
(some) money, instead of du argent.

"
"
gold,
du or.
"
"
water,
de la eau.
"
"
oil,
de la huile.
always preceded
in a partitive sense are
article du, de la or des
when
the sentence
pain,
du beurre,
partitive
article
/ have
eaten bread,
butter,
salad
and strawberries.
la salade et des fraises.
The
for
du
(m.), de la
(f.),
des
(pl-)> is
not used after a negation, but the preposition de, (of).
56
Je n'ai pas de vin.
Have you any wine?

I have some wine.
I have no (or not any)
Avez-vous de la bire ?
J'ai de la bire.
Je n'ai pas de bire.
Have you any beer?

I have some beer.
I have no beer.
Avez-vous des allumettes ?

des allumettes.
Have you any matches ?

I have some matches.
I have no matches (at all).
Avez-vous du vin ?
J'ai
du
vin.
J'ai
Je n'ai point (*) d'allumettes.
(*)
Point
5.
When
by an
is
wine.
more exclusive than pas.
the noun taken in a partitive sense
adjective, the preposition de {of)
of the partitive article du, de
is
is
preceded
employed instead
la, des.
However, the use of the latter has recently been authorized by an official decision of the Minister of Public Instruction.
I have good
de bon vin.
bonne bire.
Elle a de belles robes.
J'ai
Il
6.
When
wine.
He has good beer.
a de
She has beautiful gowns.
the noun and adjective are so connected that
they form a compound noun, the partitive article must be

used instead of the preposition de.
7.
Young men.
Young ladies.
Des jeunes gens.

Des jeunes filles.
after
Thus, we say
The partitive article du, de la, des is not employed

an adverb of quantity but only the preposition de.
>
57
Many people (a great number of).

Much money (a large quantity of).
Beaucoup de monde.
Beaucoup d**argent.
Assez de place.
Trop de bruit.
Combien de fois?
Enough room.
Too much noise.
How many times ?
IMPORTANT REMARK.
When
the English
word some
is
used, not in a partitive
sense, but as an indefinite adjective,
French by quelque
for the
it
is
translated into
singular and quelques for the
plural.
Some
Some
Some
Quelque jour.
Quelques jours.
Quelques oranges.
Quelque chose.
day.
{or a few) days.
{or a few) oranges.

Something.
Sometimes.
Quelquefois.
PRACTICE.
Avez- vous dn ?
Pas encore.
Avez- vous djeun
Oui, j'ai djeun.
A quelle heure ?
A huit
Have you dined?

Not yet.
Have you had breakfast
Yes, I have.
At what time ?
At eight o'clock.
heures.
Qu'avez- vous mang?
Qu'est-ce que vousjtvez

J'ai
or)
mang ? j What have you
mang, I have eaten
eaten ?
58
du pain, bread.
du beurre, butter.
du poulet, chicken.
du poisson, yzVz.
du fromage, cheese.
de la soupe, soup.
de la viande, meat.
de la salade, salad.
de la crme, cream.
de l'omelette, omelet.
des
des
des
des
des
hutres, oysters.
pches, peaches.
prunes, plums.
noix, z^s.
figues, y?^.
Qu'avez-vous bu? (<?r)

Qu'est-ce que vous avez bu
J'ai bu,
Un
Un
Un
Un
verre de bire.
lait.
verre de limonade.
Une tasse de
Une tasse de
Une tasse de
A cup of coffee.
A cup of coffee with milk.
A cup of tea.
caf.
caf
I drank
A glass of wine.
A glass of beer.
A glass of milk.
A glass of lemonade.
verre de vin.
verre de
What did you drink ?

?
lait.
th.
Est-ce tout? (ess-too.)
Is that all ?
Oui, c'est tout, (say-too.)
Yes, that is all.
C'est assez, (say-tah-say.)
That
Que
dsirez- vous
(or)
Qu'est-ce que vous desirez?
Garon, apportez-moi
Un uf la coque.
Un bifteck, saignant.
Une ctelette d'agneau.
is
enough.
What do you wish f
>
Waiter, bring fne:
A soft-boiled egg.
A beefsteak, rare.
A lamb chop.
(dah-nee-oh.)
Une
Une
ctelette de
demi-tasse.
L'addition.
mouton.
A mutton chop.
A small cup of coffee.
The
bill.

Etes- vous servi
Pas encore.
59
Are you waited on ?

Not yet.
Wait on me, please.
Servez-moi, je vous prie.
I am
Je suis press.
Oui. monsieur, tout de suite.
in a hurry.
Yes, sir, at once.
EXERCISE,
/.
2.
3.
Have you any milk ?

Have you any lemonade?
Have you any oysters ?
7.
I have some coffee.

I have good coffee.
I have some cream.
I have good cream.
8.
More money.
4.
j.
6.
11.
Have you a cigar?

Have you any cigarettes ?
me a plate.
me a napkin.
me a saucer.
me a tooth-pick.
17.
Go and bring me
15.
J'ai
6.
J'ai
7-
J'ai
10.
16.
14.
J'ai
5-
9-
Give
Give
Give
Give
13.
4.
8.
Less wine.
10. Much work.
.
12.
3.
Avez- vous
Avez- vous
Avez- vous
1.
2.
some soap,
some wood,
some coal,
some hot water,
a towel.
-?
?(f.)
(m.)
"'
(f.)
Plus
Moins
Beaucoup
12.
13.
Donnez-moi
11.
(m.)
trava
cigare? (m.)
cigarettes? (p.)
assiette.
14.
serviette.
15.
soucoupe.
16.
cure-dent.
17.
Allez
me
chercher
savon, (m.)
bois, (m.)
charbon, (m.)
eau chaude
(f.)
essuie-main (m.)
60
DIXIEME LEON.
LESSON
[.
The
tion,
is
How
to
form Questions.
auxiliary verb to do, used in English to ask a ques-
never used
in
French.
The interrogation
according to the following rules

I.
X.
If the subject of the
is
formed
sentence
is
a personal pronoun,
it
simply placed after the verb with a hyphen connecting

them.
is
Do you
Comprenez- vous ?
understand?
{Lit.:
Un-
derstand you ?)
Do you think?
Do you know ?
Pensez- vous ?
Savez- vous
2.
{Lit.:
Think you?)
(L it. :
Know you ?)
sentence is a noun, the noun

and the corresponding pronoun
If the subject of the
placed before the verb,
is
is
repeated after the verb.

mari ?
maison ?
Vos parentssont-ilsf la maison?
Votre frre
Votre sur
est-il
Lit.:
est-elle la
Lit.
w w
Lit.:
Your brother, is he married?

Your sister, is she at home ?
Your parents, are they at
[home ?
3. A euphonic t between two hyphens is inserted between the verb and the pronoun when the verb, in the
third person singular, ends with a vowel.
Votre ami a-t-il crit ?

Votre mari parle-t-il franais
Lit.:
Yottr friend, has he written ?
Lit.:
Your husband, speaks he
Lit. :
Your
[French ?
Votre
dame
parle-t-elle anglais
wife, speaks she
[English ?
French Course
Practicai,
When
4.
the verb, in the
first
Est-ce que je prononce bien
The
e, it is
Do I pronounce well?
Do I speak correctly?
interrogative form annexed
in English,
but in French
expression n'est=ce pas,
it is
is it
better to use the
is it that.
I
Est-ce que je parle correctement?
5.
person singular of the in-
mute
dicative present, ends with a
interrogative form est=ce que,
61
to
a proposition varies
invariably rendered by the
not (so)
Il fait
You are Frejnch, are you not ?

You understand, do you not?
You have understood, have you not?
It is warm, is it not?
Il est riche, n'est-ce
He is rich,
Vous tes franais, n'est-ce pas ?

Vous comprenez, n'est-ce pas?
Vous avez compris, n'est-ce pas ?
chaud, n'est-ce pas?
pas ?
Elle est jolie, n'est-ce pas ?
Vous viendrez, n'est-ce pas?
C'est entendu, n'est-ce pas?
6.
The
She
is
he not ?
is pretty, is
You will come,
she not ?
will you
not?
It is understood, is it not ?
interrogative expression n'est=ce pas
times used in the beginning of the sentence.
is
It
someis
then
followed by que, that.

N'est-ce pas qu'elle est jolie?
N'est-ce pas que c'est beau
II.
1.
An
answer
How
in
to
She
is pretty, is
It is fine, is it
she not?
not?
form Answers.
French must be explicit. It cannot,

merely of the auxiliary
therefore, as in English, consist
verb preceded by a nominative pronoun, as

Are you tired? I am.
Have you understood ?
Do you understand I do.

Will you come will.
?
have.
62
The sentence
as well as in
French must be complete in the answer

the question.
Therefore, the above examples
in
must be translated as follows
in
Oui, je suis fatigu.
Comprenez-vous ?Avez- vous compris?

Viendrez- vous ?
Oui, je comprends.
The neuter pronoun
2.
Etes- vous fatigu ?
Oui, j'ai compris.

Oui, je viendrai.
le (it) is,
an answer as a substitute
however, generally used

an adjective or a noun,
for
The pronoun
thus preventing their repetition,
le is
placed
before the auxiliary verb.

Btes-vous prt
Are you ready?
(m.) (pray.)
Oui, je le suis.
Ces deux garons sont-ils frres

Oui,
Yes,
I (it) am.
Are
those two boys brothers ?
Yes, they are.
ils le sont.
IMPORTANT REMARK.
The word
si is
often used as an adverb of affirmation in
the sense of yes.
Si
question or assertion
Etes-vous fatigu ?
Oui, je le suis.
N'tes- vous pas fatigu
must be used
;
Are you
Yes
?
Vous ne comprenez pas

Si, je
Mais
Si
je
fait, je
Are you
Yes,
?
(or)
comprends.
(More emphatic.)
understand ?
I do.
understand?
I understand.
You do not understand !
I do.
Why yes, I understand.
Yes, I do understand.
Yes,
comprends
not tired ?
I am.
Do you not
Yes,
tired ?
I am.
Do you
comprends.
si,
Yes,
Si, je le suis.
Comprenez- vous ?
Oui, je comprends.
Ne comprenez- vous pas
Si, je comprends.
answers to a negative
in
oui in plain answers.

III.
I.
To
How
to
after
form Negative Sentences.
render a sentence negative
ne, as already stated,
is
in
French the particle
placed before the verb, and pas
it.
/ understand.
I do not understand.
Je comprends.
Je ne comprends pas.
63
Before a verb beginning- with a vowel or a mute h,
the e of ne
is
omitted for the sake of euphony and replaced
by an apostrophe.
I have
Je n'ai pas.
Il n'a pas.
He has
Je n'aime pas.
I do
3.
If there is a
pronoun joined
not.
not.
not like.
to the verb, the particle
ne precedes the pronoun.
I do not understand you.

I do not like him, her, or it.
I do not like them.
Je ne vous comprends pas.

Je ne l'aime pas.
Je ne les aime pas.
4.
When
a negative sentence
is
used interrogatively the
negative pas must be placed after the pronoun.

N'ai- je pas ?
Am I not?
Have I not ?
Ne comprenez-vous pas ?
Do you
Ne
suis-je
5.
pas ?
When
the
negative
words
not understand f
rien,
nothing;
never ; point, none; personne, no one nobody

y
nowhere ; occur
in a sentence,
jamais,
; nulle part,
they take the place of pas.
64
ne
Je
/ know nothing.
I never smoke.
I have 110 money.
I know no one.
I shall go nowhere.
sais rien.
Je ne fume jamais.
Je n'ai point d'argent.
Je ne connais personne.
Je n'irai nulle part.
6.
verb
If the
is
understood, the negative
by a single word, the

verb
is
est
venu
allez- vous
Combien
7.
expressed
when
the
expressed.
Avez- vous dn ?
Fumez- vous ?
Qui
is
particle ne being used only
When
Personne.
Nulle part.
Who has
Point.
How many f
Pas encore.
Have you dined ?
Jamais.
Do you smoke ?
the verb
of the negation
is
is
{is) come ?
in a
Not yet.
Never.
Nobody.
Nowhere.
Not
any.
compound tense, the second part
placed between the auxiliary and the
past participle.
However, the negative personne
is,
by exception, placed
after the past participle.

Je n'ai pas eu le temps.
Je n'ai rien fait.
Je n'ai jamais t Paris.
Je n'ai vu personne.
8.
When
I have not had the time.

I have done nothing.
I have never been in Paris.
I have seen no one.
the words rien, jamais, personne, begin a sen-
tence, they are followed
by the
particle ne placed before
the verb.
Rien n'est plus facile.
Jamais je ne fume.
Personne n'est venu.
Nothing
is easier.
I never smoke.
Nobody has
(is)
come.
65
OTHER NEGATIVE EXPRESSIONS.

The manner
more; but
shown
Je n'ai
of expressing the negatives but, only
little,
but
few ;
in the following
que cinq
no,
any;
not
examples
neither,
no
nor, is
/ have only Jive cents.

I have no more money.
I have but few friends.
sous.
Je n'ai plus d'argent.

Je n'ai gure d'amis.
I have no
Je n'ai aucun intrt.

Je n'ai ni le temps ni l'argent.
interest.
I have neither the time nor the

[money.
OBSERVATION.
After the verbs savoir,
oser, to dare,
and cesser,
to
to
know ; pouvoir,
cease,
to be able ;
the negative (pas)
is
suppressed for elegance.
/ do not know where

I cannot do it.
I dare not say it.
Je ne sais o aller.
Je ne puis le faire.
Je n'ose le dire.
to go.
EXERCISE.
Let the pupil replace each dash by the requisite word
3.
Voulez-vous? Will you?

Je veux. / will.
Pouvez- vous ? Can you ?
4.
Je
5.
Vous parlez franais
6.
Il
1.
2.
peux
parle franais
7.
Votre mari
8.
Ma sur
9.
10.
je
suis.
4-
Will you not?
/ will
3.
not.
Can you not?
I cannot.
You speak French, do you not ?
He speaks
?
ici ?
malade?
I can.
{or) je puis.
/.
2.
French, does he not?
7.
Is your husband French ?
8.
Is
jo.
11.
12.
my sister here ?
Are you ill?

Yes, I am.
Are you not
Yes, I am.
tired
66
ONZIEME LEON
LESSON XI.
NUMERAL ADJECTIVES.
There are two kinds of numeral
and the ordinal.
I.
adjectives, the cardinal
Cardinal Numbers.
I,
Un
(ng).
21,
2,
Deux
(dur).
22,
Vingt et un (vn-tay-ng).
Vingt-deux (vnt-dr).
3,
Trois
(troo-ah).
23,
Vingt-trois
Quatre
Cinq
Six
Sept
(kahtr).
Vingt-quatre (vnt-kahtr).
(vnt-snk).
25, Vingt-cinq
26, Vingt-six
(vnt-sees).
(vnt-set).
27, Vingt-sept
28, Vingt-huit
(vnt-weet).
(vnt-nf).
29, Vingt-neuf
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
Huit
Neuf
(snk).
(sees).
(set).
(weet).
(nf).
(vnt-troo-ah).
24,
IO, Dix
h. Onze
12, Douze
13,
Treize
14,
(kah-torz).
70,
15,
Quatorze
Quinze
(knz).
80,
16,
Seize
(sayz).
17,
(dee-set).
IOO,
(deez-weet).
200,
Deux
19,
Dix-sept
Dix-huit
Dix-neuf
Trente
(trnt).
Quarante
(kah-rnt).
Cinquante
(san-knt).
Soixante
(swah-snt).
Soixante-dix (swah-snt-dees)
Quatre- vingt (kahtr- vang).
Quatre-vingt-dix (kahtr- vn(sahng).
Cent
[dees)
(deez-nf).
1,000,
20,
Vingt
(vng).
1,000,000, Million (mee-lee-ng).
18,
(dees).
30,
(ngz).
40,
(dooz).
50,
(trayz).
60,
90,
cents
Mille
(dsahng).
(meal).
IMPORTANT REMARKS ON THE CARDINAL NUMBERS,

1. The feminine of un (one) is une,
67
The x of deux, six and dix is sounded like z before

word commencing with a vowel or an h mute, but it
2.
a
is
silent before a consonant.
Deux enfants (dzng-fong), two children.

Six oranges (seezoh-rngzh), six oranges.
Dix hommes (dee-zohm), ten men.
Deux mois (dur mwah), two months.
Six semaines (see serman), six weeks.
Dix francs (dee frng), ten
3.
The x
of six
and dix
is
francs.
sounded
like s
when
Nous sommes six (noo sohm sees), we are six.

Nous tions dix (noo-zay-tee-ng dees), we were
4.
The
of neuf
is
pronounced
like
it is final.
ten.
v before a vowel or
an h mute.
Neuf ans (n-vng), nine years.
Neuf hommes (n-vohm), nine men.
5.
Numbers
are formed in succession, as in English, up
to seventy, the first nine
The word
6.
et {and)
is
being placed between each tenth.

used only for 21, 31, 41, 51, 61,
71.
Between 60 and 80, and again between 80 and 100,

in French the first nineteen numbers.
Thus,
we repeat
we say
:
Soixante-dix (60
10) for 70.
Soixante et-onze (60
11) for 71, and so on.
Quatre-vingt-dix (80
10) for 90.
Quatre-vingt-onze (80
11) for 91, and so on.
+
+
+
68
we do not say un cent, but simply cent,

hundred; nor do we use the conjunction et {and) between
Thus, for instance, we do not
cent and another number.
7.
In French
say un cent et cinquante, but simply cent cinquante (150).

Then again, we do not say dix cents for ten hundred, but
mille (one) thousand ; nor do
we
say vingt et un cents for
twenty-one hundred, but deux mille cent, two thousand [and
and so forth.
However, we generally count by hundreds from eleven
one) hundred,
to nineteen.
Thus,
we say
Onze cents, eleven hundred, instead

"
Douze cents, twelve hundred,
Treize cents, thirteen hundred,
8.
The word mil
[thousand)
is
of mille cent.
"
mille
deux
cents.
mille trois cents.
used instead of mille
for
the Christian era.

L'an mil neuf cent, the year one thousand nine
hundred.
However,
in conversation,
we say more
frequently:
L'an dix-neuf cent, the year nineteen hundred.
9.
Cardinal numbers do not vary except vingt and cent,
which take an s when multiplied by one number and not

followed by another.
Quatre-vingts hommes, eighty men.
francs, two hundred francs.
Deux -cents
Trois-cent cinquante soldats, three hundred
and fifty soldiers.
The English word " figure " is in French chiffre, (m.)

The word " number" is in French nombre (m,). "Numro"
" Even
is used for houses, rooms, carriages and badges.
"
" Odd
are called in French nombres pairs.
numbers
10.
numbers
"
are called in French nombres impairs.
69
Ordinal
II.
The
ordinal
Numbers.
numbers are generally formed
in
French
by-
adding the termination ime to the cardinal numbers.

Deux, two.
Deuxime,
Trois, three.
Troisime, third.
Vingtime, twentieth.
Vingt, twenty.
second.
REMARKS.
I.
When
letter is
the cardinal
number ends with a mute
that
Quatrime, fourth.
Onzime, eleventh.
Trentime, thirtieth.
Quatre, four.
Onze, eleven.
Trente, thirty.
2.
e,
omitted before the termination ime.
The
of neuf
is
changed into v before the termina-
tion ime.
Neuvime,
Neuf, nine.
Dix-neuf, nineteen.
Vingt-neuf, twenty-nine.
3.
The
ninth.
Dix-neuvime, nineteenth.
Vingt-neuvime, twenty-ninth.
q of cinq
is
followed by u before the termina-
tion ime.
CvM\,five.
Vingt-cinq, twenty-five.
4.
Cinquime, fifth.
Vingt-cinquime, twenty-fifth.
is rendered in French by premier (m.)

premire (f.).
First
Last
is
rendered
in
Le premier jour, (m.)

Le dernier jour.
La premire semaine,
La dernire semaine.
French by dernier (m.) dernire

The first day.
The last day.
(f )
.
The first week.

The last week.
(f.).
Practical French Coursk
70
After the numbers 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100 and
1,000, the ordinal adjective first is rendered by unime.
5.
Vingt et unime.
Trente et unime.
Quarante et unime.
Cent-unime.
Twenty-first.
Thirty-first.
Forty-first.
One hundred and first.
French by second (ser-gohng)

when one speaks of only two persons, animals or objects,
and by deuxime if there is a third, fourth, etc.
Second
6.
Vous
rendered
is
You are
tes le premier.
I am
Je suis le second.
Vous
tes le premier.
Louis est
Henri
le
in
deuxime.
You are
the first.
Louis
the second.
Henry
est le troisime.
the first.
the second.
is
is the third.
The ordinal numbers (except premier) are replaced

French by the cardinal numbers:
7.
in
After the names of sovereigns.
Before the names of months.
Louis quatorze.
Napoleon the First.

Napoleon the Third.
Louis the Fourteenth.
Le premier janvier.
Le quatre juillet.
Le quatorze juillet.
The first {of) January.

The fouHh (of) July,
The fourteenth (of ) July.
Napolon premier.
Napolon trois.
III.
Demi,
Fractional
half, (adj.)
La moiti, the half, (subst.)

Le tiers, the third.
Le quart, the fourth.
Le cinquime, the fifth.
Le sixime, the sixth {etc.).
Numbers,
Une demie, a half.

Une moiti, one-half.
Un
Un
Un
Un
tiers, one-third.
quart, one-fourth.
cinquime,
one-fifth.
sixime, one-sixth
[etc.).
71
REMARK.
The word demi
cedes the substantive, but takes
when
it is
placed after
the gender of the noun
One hour and a
Nouns
paire, a pair.
douzaine, a dozen.
huitaine, eight days,
quinzaine, a fortnight.
half.
used as Numbers.
Une
Une
Une
Une
vingtaine, about twenty.

trentaine, about thirty.
centaine, about one hundred.

millier, about
one thousand.
EXERCISE.
O demeurez-vous?
Je demeure
2.
Quelle rue?
1.
(f.)
Where do you
I live
2.
What
in
live ?
street?
Forty-second
street.
Thirty-fourth
Fourteenth
street.
street.
125th street.
3.
Twenty-first street.
Bleecker
Bleecker.
Quelle avenue
avenue.
street.
What avenue ?
(f.)
First avenue.
Second avenue.
4.
Fifth avenue.
Madison avenue.
Madison.
Quel tage
(m.)
pre-
A half hour.
IV.
i.
it
it.
Une demi-heure.
Une heure et demie.
Une
Une
Une
Une
when
{half) remains invariable
4.
What floor.
First floor.
Seventh floor.
Tenth floor.
72
5.
How old are you ?
Quel ge avez- vous?
fils ?
What age have you ?

twenty years old.
Lit.: L have 20 years
How old is your son ?
fille?
He is fifteen years old.

How old is your daughter ?
Lit. :
I am
J'ai vingt ans.
Quel ge a votre
Il_a
Quel ge a votre
Ellea
Quel ge a-t-il?
IU-
Quel
C'estle
C'est le
7.
quantime du mois ?
6.
8.
frres avez-vous
7.
9.
Combien de
livres avez-vous
J'en ai
J'en ai
J'en ai
Henri
Louis
Louis
3.
Le
is it ?
How many brothers have you ?

I {of them) have one. (m.)
How many sisters have you ?
I have one. (f.)
How many
books have you ?
I have about twenty.

I have about forty.
I have about fifty.
).
Louis the Fifteenth.

Louis the Sixteenth.
Henry
Kdouard
Guillaume
ro.
What day of the month
It is the last.
twenty-four years old.
It is the thirty-first.
Combien de surs avez-vous ?

J'en ai
is
Lt is the nineteenth.
.
old.
Lt is the first.
.
Combien de
J'en ai
She
C'est le
old.
How old is she ?
nine years
He is seventy-five years
a-t-elle
est le
C'estle
is
How old is he ?
Quel ge
Ellel
6.
She
the Fourth.
Edward the
Seventh.
William the Second.

10.
The first of May, 1Q02.
73
DOUZIEME LEON.
LESSON XII.
.
Demonstrative
The demonstrative
Adjectives.
adjectives are, in French
SINGULAR MASCULINE
FEMININE SINGULAR
ce
cette
ces
This or thaL
This or that.
These or those.
Ce monsieur.
plural, either gender
Cette dame.
Cette demoiselle.
This or that gentleman.

This or that lady.
This or that young lady.
Ces messieurs.
Ces dames.
Ces demoiselles.
These or those gentlemen.

These or those ladies.
These or those young ladies.
REMARKS.
I.
Before a masculine word beginning with a vowel or
an h mute, a euphonic
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
enfant.
oiseau.
arbre.
encrier.
tablissement.
Cetliomme.
Cethtel.
t is
added
to ce (cet).
This
This
This
This
This
This
This
or that child.
or that bird.
or that tree.
or that inkstand.
or that establishment.
or that man.
or that hotel.
74
2.
Although the same word
is
used
in
French
to ex-
press this and that, these and those, the nearness or re-
may
be indicated by the adverb ci

and l, meaning there, placed
Ci refers to
after the noun and joined to it by a hyphen.
this and these ; l to that and those.
moteness of an object
(abbreviation of
Ce
ici,
here)
livre-ci (m.), this book.
Ces
livres-ci, these books.
Cette plume-ci (f.), this pen.

Ces plumes-ci, these pens.
II.
The French
Ce
livre-l, that book.
Ces
livres-l, those books.
Cette plume-l, that pen.
Ces plumes-l, those pens.
Possessive
Adjectives.
possessive adjectives are

Singular
masculine.
Singular
Plural,
feminine.
either gender.
my
mon
ma
mes
thy
ton
son
ta
tes
ses
his, her, its
sa
your
notre
votre
nos
vos
their
leur
leurs
our
IMPORTANT REMARKS.
I.
In French the possessive adjectives ton, ta, tes {thy)
are always used to denote intimacy, instead of votre {your).
O
O
O
est ton
est ta
pre ?
mre
sont tes parents?
Where is thy father?

Where is thy mother?
Where are thy parents

2.
75
In French the possessive adjective must be repeated
before each noun with which
it
has to agree in gender and
number.
Mon pre, ma
mes
3.
mre, mes surs et
My
campagne.
frres sont la
mother,
father,
sisters
and
brothers are in the country.
Before a feminine word beginning with a vowel or an
h mute, the masculine adjectives mon, ton, son, are substieuphony, for the feminine ma, ta, sa.
tuted, for the sake of
Thus, we say
Mon
amie,
Ton
Son
amie, thyfriend,
amie, his or her friend,
Mon
habitude,
my friend
(f.),
my habit,
instead of ma amie.
"
ta amie.
"
sa amie.
instead of
Ton habitude, thy habit,

Son habitude, his or her habit,
4.
"
ma habitude.
ta habitude.
5a habitude.
In French the possessive adjective of the third per-
son singular, son,
sa, ses, does not
agree with the possessor,
as in English, but with the object possessed.
In other words, the French possessive- adjective agrees

in
gender and number with the noun that folloivs
Il
a perdu son pre.
Il
a perdu sa mre.
Il
a perdu ses parents.
it.
He has lost his father.

He has lost his mother.
He has lost his parents.
Elle a perdu son pre.
Elle a perdu sa mre.

Elle a perdu ses parents.
She has
She has
She has
lost
lost
lost
her father.
her mother.
her parents.
OBSERVATION.
He
is,
she
(m.) elle est
is,
they are, are rendered in
(f.), ils
sont (m.), elles sont
French by
(f.),
il
when they
est,
re-
French Course
Practicai,
76
and by
late to an adjective,
c'est, it is, or that is ; ce sont,
they are, these are or those are, before a substantive.
However,
in
consequence of a recent decision {February
26th, ioi) of the Minister of Public Instruction, c'est
may
be used instead of ce sont.
Comment
trouvez- vous ce
Il est trs
bon. (m.)
Comment
Ils
How do you
cette
[soupe?
(f.)
trouvez- vous ces pois
They are
trouvez- vous ces fraises?
Biles sont exquises,
(f.
like these peas ?
delicious.
How do you like these strawberries?

They are exquisite.
pi.)
Do you know that man ?
Connaissez- vous cet homme-l ?
concierge de cette
Oui, c'est le
soup?
like this
It is {she is) excellent.
How do you
sont dlicieux, (m. pi.)
Comment
wine ?
It is {he is) very good.
Comment trouvez-vous
Elle est excellente,
PRACTICE
vin?
How do you like {find) this
Yes,
he
is the janitor
is
that
of this
house.
maison-ci.
Qui (or Quelle)
est cette
femme
C'est la concierge de cette
Who
She
is
woman ?
the janitress of that house.
maison-l.
Qui (or Quel)
est ce
monsieur?
Qui
Qui
est ce
monsieur ?
est cet
homme?
C'est
monpre.
C'est
mon oncle.
mon graud-pre.
C'est
Qui
est cette d<ime
C'est
ma mre.
Who
is that
gentleman
He is my cousin.
He is my friend.
mon cousin.
C'est mon ami.
C'est
Who
Who
is
that gentleman ?
is
that
man ?
He is my father.
He is my uncle.
He is my grand-father.
Who
She
is
is
that lady ?
my
mother.

C'est
C'est
Qui
ma tante.
ma grand 'mre.
She
She
est cette demoiselle
is
is
Who
my aunt.
my grand-mother
is that
ma sur.
C'est ma nice.
C'est mon amie.
She
She
She
Qui sont ces messieurs?

Qui sont ces hommes ?
Qui sont ces jeunes gens ?
Ce sont (or c'est) mes amis.
Who
Who
Who
They are
Qui sont ces dames ?

Qui sont ces demoiselles ?
Qui sont ces jeunes filles ?
Who
Who
Who
C'est
Ce sont
(or c'est)
mes
Comment va votre beau-pre?

Comment va votre beau -frre ?
Comment va votre beau-fils ?
Il
va bien, merci.
Comment va votre
Comment va votre
Comment va votre
belle-mre ?
belle
sur ?
belle-fille
Comment vont vos

Ils
parents
vont bien, merci.
Comment va ton
Il
pre
(familiar. )
Comment va
ta mre ?
are those young
men (people) ?
my friends.
are those ladies ?

are those young ladies ?
are those young girls ?
my friends.
How is your mother-in-law ?

How is your sister-in-law ?
How is your daughter-in-law?
is well,
thank you.
How are (go) your parents ?

They are (go)
How is
He is
va bien, merci.
are those gentlemen ?

are those men ?
How is (goes) yourfather-in-law?

How is your brother-in-law ?
How is your sofi-in-law ?
He is (goes) well, thank you.
She
Elle va bien, merci.
young lady ?
my sister.
is my niece.
is my friend.
is
They are
amies.
77
well,
thank you.
thy father ?
well,
thank you.
How is thy mother ?
Elle va bien, merci,
She
Comment vont tes
How are thy parents ?
Ils
parents ?
vont bien, merci.
is well,
They are
thank you.
well,
thank yo-u.
78
Have you seen our horse ?

Have you seen our carriage ?
Have you seen our flowers?
Avez- vous vu notre cheval ?

Avez- vous vu notre voiture ?
Avez- vous vu nos fleurs?
Qui avez- vous vu ?

vu son frre, sa femme
J'ai
Whom
et
ses enfants.
J'ai
vu son mari, sa sur
I have seen her husband,
et
vu leur pre, leur mre
C'est
mon
son
I have
et
affaire,
That
That
That
That
That
(f.)
affaire.
C'est votre affaire.

C'est leur affaire.
Ce
sister
and
seen theirfather, mother and
friends.
C'est notre~affaire.
C'est
wife and
children.
leurs amis.
C'est
seen his brother,
children.
ses enfants.
J'ai
have you seen
I have
ma faute.
ma faute.
It is
n'est pas
is
my
is
his or her business.
business.
is your business.
is
our
is
their business.
business.
my fault.
my fault.
It is not
EXERCISE FOR TRANSLATION.

1.
How
It is
2.
Do you know
do you like that cigar ?(m.)

very good.
How do you like that
sauce
Yes, they are

daughters.
? (f . )
They
It is excellent.
3.
Do you know
Yes, he
He
is
my
that
young man ?
7.
She
is
is
my
He
He
that young lady ?

my sister's daughter.
brother's
nieces.
that
young man?
the janitor's son.
is
that gentleman
my wife's father.
is my father-in-law.
is
niece.
9.
5.
is
my
friend.
Do you know
Yes, she
my
Do you know
Who
4.
are
Yes, he
the doctor's son.
is
those young
ladies?
Do you know
those gentlemen
Yes, they are
my friends.
Who is that lady ?

is my husband's mother.
is my mother-in-law
She
She
79
TREIZIEME LEON,
LESSON
XIII.
QUALIFYING ADJECTIVES.
GENERAL RULE.
The French
ber with the
How
which
to
Un
petite
homme
A large theatre.
A large house.
2.
est trs grand.
femme
est trs
generally formed by the
A little boy.
A little girl.
fille.
grand thtre.
Cette
is
of Adjectives.
to the masculine.
Une grande maison.

Cet
and num-
refers.
of adjectives
mute e
petit garon.
Une
it
form the Feminine
to
The feminine
I.
addition of a
Un
adjective always agrees in gender
noun
grande.
That
That
man is very tall.

woman is very tall.
Adjectives ending in the masculine with a mute e do
not change in the feminine.

Ce monsieur
Il est trs
Cette
est trs riche.
charitable.
dame
est trs riche.
Elle est trs charitable.
That gentleman
He is
is
very rich.
very charitable.
That lady is very wealthy.

She is very charitable.
80
II. How to form the Plural of Adjectives.
I.
The plural
of adjectives
is
generally formed by add-
ing s to the singular.

Ces garons sont trs grands.
Ils
Those boys are very
Ces
filles
Those girls are very tall.

They are very polite.
sont trs grandes.
Elles sont trs polies.
2.
When
the adjective relates to two or more nouns of
different genders,
Ce garon
tall.
sont trs polis.
it is
put in the masculine gender.

That boy and girl are very
et cette fille sont trs
tall.
grands.
Ils
sont trs polis.
HI.
Place
of Adjectives.
I. The adjective in French has no definite place.

sometimes precedes the noun, but more frequently
lows it.
Euphony is the best rule to go by.
A good boy.
A bad boy.
A pretty girl.
Un bon garon.
Un mauvais garon.
Une
jolie fille.
Un enfant paresseux.
Un homme laborieux.
Un lve studieux.
Un homme charmant.
2.
Some
adjectives
It
fol-
lazy child.
An
industrious man.
A studious pupil.
A charming man.
have a
different
meaning, according
as they are placed before or after the noun.
The
81
following are those which occur more frequently
Un grand homme, a great man.

Un petit homme, a short man.
Un brave homme, an honest man.
Un homme
Un homme
Un homme
Une sage-femme,
Une
a mid-wife.
grand, a
tall
man.
a mean fellow.
brave, a brave man.
femme sage, a virtuous woman
petit,
IMPORTANT REMARKS
ON THE FEMININE OF CERTAIN ADJECTIVES.
I.
Adjectives ending
change that termination into
in f
ve for the feminine.

Neuf
(m.),
neuve
Actif (m.), active
(f.),
(f.),
(brand)new.
Vif (m.),
active.
Attentif (m.), attentive
vive
(f.), lively.
(f.),
attentive.
2.
ending
Adjectives
in
change that
termination
into se.
Courageux, courageuse, courageous
heureuse, happy.
Heureux,
Malheureux, malheureuse,
Jaloux,
jalouse, jealous.
unhappy.
3.
Adjectives ending in eur generally change that
ter-
mination into euse.

Flatteur, flatteuse,
flattering.
Menteur, menteuse,
deceitful.
However, the adjectives
Trompeur, trompeuse, deceiving.

Moqueur, moqueuse, mocking.
extrieur, exterior ;
intrieur,
interior ; suprieur, superior ; infrieur, inferior; meilleur,

better ;
majeur, major
mineur, minor, form their femin-
ine according to the general rule, that
addition of a mute
e.
is,
by the simple
82
ending
Adjectives
4.
in
eau change that termination
into elle.
Nouveau, nouvelle, new {different).
Beau, belle, beautiful.
5.
Adjectives ending in er change that termination into
re (air).
Cher (m), chre (f),

Amer,
am re,
6.
dear.
Fier (m),
bitter,
Lger (lay-zhay), lgre,
Adjectives ending in as, os,
double
the
last
proud.
fire (f),
ot, et, el, eil,
light.
en, on,
il,
consonant before taking the feminine
termination.
Gras (m), grasse
Gros,
Ancien (m), ancienne
(),fat.
grosse,
big (stout).
Bon,
bonne,
(f), ancient.
good.
Cruel,
cruelle,
cruel.
Sot,
sotte,
Pareil,
pareille,
similar, alike.
Coquet,
coquette, coquettish.
Gentil,
gentille,
nice.
Net,
nette,
7.
Contrary to the above
rule, the
t,
inquiet, uneasy,
but take a grave accent on the e
Complet, complte.
Secret,
Discret,
Inquiet, inquite.
discrte.
neat.
adjectives complet,
complete ; discret, discreet ; secret, secret
do not double the final

which precedes the t.
foolish, silly.
secrte.
ADJECTIVES WHICH FORM THEIR FEMININE

QUITE IRREGULARLY.
Blanc (m.), blanche
Franc,
franche,
Sec,
sche,
(f.),
white.
Doux
frank.
rousse,
fausse,
false,
publique,
public,
(m.),
dry.
Roux,
Faux,
fresh.
Public,
douce
(f),
Frais,
frache,
cool.
Long,
longue,
Fou,
folle,
crazy.
Favori,
favorite,
Mou,
molle,
soft.
Vieux
sweet.
reddish,
long,
favorite.
(vee-ur), vieille (vee-ay-yur)

old.
83
OBSERVATIONS.
Before a masculine word beginning with a vowel or h
I.
mute, the adjectives beau, nouveau, fou, vieux, are changed,

the
for
sake
euphony,
of
into
bel,
nouvel,
fol,
vieil
(vee-ay-ye).
Un bel
Un
Un
Un
A handsome child.
enfant.
Le nouvel
The new year.
an.
An old miser.
An old man.
vieil avare.
vieil
homme,
A foolish hope.
fol espoir.
2.
The
rendered
termination ish in English adjectives of color

in
French by
is
tre.
Bleu,
blue.
Bleutre,
Rouge,
red.
Rougetre, reddish.
Gris,
grey.
Gristre,
bluish.
greyish.
IMPORTANT REMARKS
ON THK
I.
PUJRAI, OF CERTAIN ADJKCTIVES.
Adjectives ending in x or s do not change in the
masculine plural.
Cet enfant est trs paresseux.
Ces enfants sont trs paresseux.
That child is very lazy.

Those children are very lazy.
Ce vin
That wine
est trs mauvais.

Ces cigares sont trs mauvais.
2.
al
is very bad.
Those cigars are very bad.
Adjectives ending in au take an
x.
Those ending
change that termination into aux.
Beau, beaux, beautiful.
Egal, gaux, equal.
Nouveau, nouveaux, new.
Principal, principaux, principal.
in
S4
EXCEPTIONS.
The
following adjectives do not change their termina-
tion into aux, but take
general rule
an
s in the plural,
according to the
Amical,
fatal, final, frugal, initial,
Nasal, naval, glacial, sentimental.
PRACTICE.
Je suis prt(e).
Je suis malade.
I am very sorry for you.

I a?n angry with you.
I am very tired.
I am very much surprised.
I am very much embarrassed.
I am very busy.
I am in a great hurry.
I am ready.
I am sick.
Je suis fch(e) de vous dranger.

Je suis fch(e) de vous avoir
I am sony
I am sony
J'en suis fch(e) pour vous.
Je suis fch (e) contre vous.

Je suis trs fatigu(e)
Je suis trs surpris(e).
Je suis trs embarrass(e).
Je suis trs occup(e).
Je suis trs press(e).
to disturb
to
you.
have disturbed you.
drang.
[dre.
Je suis f ch(e) de vous faire attenJe suis fch(e) de vous avoir fait
I am
I am
sorry to keep you waiting.
sorry to have kept you
attendre.
Il est
amoureux.
Il est
jaloux.
Il est
mari.
Il est trs intelligent.
Il est trs fort.

Il est trs habile.
maladroit (or) gauche.

heureux.
est malheureux.
Il est trs
Il est trs
Il
Il est
reconnaissant.
Il est ingrat.
Il est
dcourag.
He is in love.
He is jealous.
He is married.
He is very intelligent.
He is ve7y strong.
He is very skilful.
He is veiy awkward.
He is veiy happy.
He is unhappy.
He is grateful.
He is ungrateful.
He is discouraged.

Il est trs avare.
Il est
content.
Il est satisfait.
Il est ivre,
sol (or) gris.
Il est fou.
Bile est amoureuse.

Bile est jalouse.
Bile est mchante.

Bile est trs jolie.
Bile est blonde.
Bile est brune.
Bile est laide.

Bile est
folle.
Nous sommes
Nous sommes
Vous
Vous
trs occups.
brouills.
tes trs drle.

tes trs aimable.
85
He is very stingy.
He is contented.
He is satisfied.
He is drunk.
He is crazy.
She
She
She
She
She
She
She
She
is
in love.
is jealous.
is
naughty.
is very pretty.
is fair.
is
dark.
is
ugly (ill-looking).
is crazy.
We are very busy.

We are no longer friends.
You are very funny.
You are very kind.
Biles sont trs aimables.
They (m.) are very kind.

They (/.) are very kind.
Soyez un bon garon.

Soyez une bonne fille.
Soyez sage.
Be a good boy.
Be a good girl.
Be good (behave).
Ils sont trs aimables.
EXERCISE.
chapeau.
robe.
Un costume
Une maison
Du ruban
De la soie
Un tableau.
Un cadre.
Une peinture.
A new (different) hat.

A new gown.
A new (brand new) suit
A new house.
Some white
Some white
8.
10.
Un
Une
ribbon.
silk.
A beautiful picture.
A beautifulframe.
A beautiful painting.
A pretty flower.
10.
Une
fit
S6
i.
You are very lazy, (m.)

You are vety lazy. (/.)
Dear sir.
Dear madam.
Dear miss.
20.
My dearfriend,
(m.)
20.
21.
My
dear friend,
(fi)
21.
manteau.
maison.
Elle a de yeux, (m.)
Elle a de cheveux, (m. pi.)
Vous tes trs
Vous tes trs
monsieur.
madame.
mademoiselle.
Mon ami.
Ma amie.
Are you ready?

Are you ready?
(m.)
22.
Etes-vous
(_/.)
23-
ii.
12.
13.
14.
13.
16.
1 j.
18.
22.
23.
An
An
old cloak.
11.
Un
old house.
12.
Une
She has {some) beautiful
She has fine hair.
24. Is your sister,

23.
26.
2j.
28.
2.
ready ?
Are you sick ?

I am sick.
I am sorry for you.
Are you angry with me?
I am angry with you.
eyes.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
24.
malade
26.
Je suis
29.
Je suis fch
30.
31-
Etes-vous
Etes-vous
He is
very proud.
32.
Il est
She
She
is
very proud.
33-
Elle est
is
very nice.
34-
Elle est
35-
Il est
36.
Il est
37-
Elle est
36.
He is very nice.
He is crazy.
37.
She
is crazy.
38.
He
is
33.
innocent.
to
TRE,
have;
am,
Je suis
Tu as
Tu
Nous avons
Vous avez
Ils
ont
?
?
have, etc.
J'ai
II
innocent.
38.
Present Indicative of AVOIR,
32.
34.
pour
contre moi
28.
Are you in a hurry ?

Are you busy ?
33.
31.
30.
Votre sur
25-
27.
II
to be.
etc.
es
est
Nous sommes
Vous tes
Ils
sont
87
QUATORZIME LEON.
LESSON XIV.
I.
How
to
form the Comparative
The comparative
of Adjectives.
formed in French
by placing plus (more) before the adjective and que (than)
I.
after
of superiority
is
it.
Paris est plus beau
que
New York.
Paris
is
more beautiful than
New
York.
La langue anglaise est plus

que la langue franaise.
plus chaud qu'hier.
Il fait
The comparative
2.
moins
Je suis
Je suis
Il
facile
fait
yesterday.
is formed by placing"
and que (than) after it.
of inferiority
(less) before the adjective
moins habile que vous.

moins grand que vous.
moins chaud aujourd'hui
The comparative
warmer than
It is
I am
less skilful
/ am
not as tall as you.
It is not as
than you.
warm
to-day as it was
yesterday.
qu'hier.
3.
The English language is easier

than the French langttage.
of equality
is
formed by placing
aussi (as) before the adjective and que (as) after

Je suis aussi grand que vous.
I/' un est aussi bon que l'autre.
Il fait
aussi chaud qu'hier.
/ am
One
it.
as tall as you.
is
It is as
as
good as
warm
the other.
as yesterday.
In negative sentences the adverb as before an adjective
may
be rendered either by aussi or
gros
que vous (or)}
Je ne suis pas
v
* aussi
.
.
t
>
Je ne suis pas si gros que vous.
J
si.
Ir dtn
not as stout as you.
88
Il
Il
ne
ne
fait
fait
pas aussi chaud qu'hier {or)

pas si chaud qu'hier.
It is not so
warm as
yesterday.
IMPORTANT OBSERVATIONS.
I.
More
than, for nouns,
by plus de
que
rendered into French
de.
Plus de beurre que de pain.

Plus de vin que d'eau.
Plus d'hommes que de femmes.
2.
is
Less or fewer
que de.
More butter than bread.

More wine than water.
More men than women.
than, for nouns,
rendered by
is
moins de
Moins de beurre que de pain.

Moins de vin que d'eau.
Moins d'hommes que de femmes.
3.
As much
or as
autant de
many
as, for
nouns,
is
rendered by
que de.
Autant de beurre que de pain

Autant de vin que d'eau.
Autant d'hommes que de femmes.
4.
Less butter than bread.

Less wine than water.
Fewer men than women.
As much butter as bread.

As much wine as water.
As many men as women.
So much or so many, before a noun, is rendered by

When the noun is understood the preposition de
tant de.
is
omitted.
J'ai tant
J'ai tant
de travail
de choses
!
J'ai tant faire
faire
Je n'ai pas tant d'argent.

Je n'ai pas tant de livres.
5.
/ have so much work !

I have so many things to do !
I have so much to do !
I have not so much money.
I have not so many books.
Than, followed by a number,
by de (not
que).
is
rendered
in
French
More than twenty.

More than fifty.
More than once.
Plus de vingt.
Plus de cinquante.
Plus d'une fois.
Il est
plus de trois heures.
It is
more than
three o 'clock.
At
the end of a sentence more is rendered by davan=

and
by de plus after a number.
tage,
6.
En
Have you enough
avez-vous assez ?
Donnez-m'en davantage.
Donnez-m'en un de plus.
II.
I.
How
to
(of if) ?
I have not enough (of if).

Give me more (of if).
Give me one more (of them).
Je n'en ai pas assez.
form the Superlative of Adjectives.
The superlative absolute
is
formed
in
French by plac-
ing the adverbs trs, fort or bien (meaning very) before the
adjective.
C'est bien beau.
It is very beautiful.
C'est trs bon.
It is very good.
C'est fort intressant.
It is very interesting.
The superlative relative is formed by placing before

the
the words le plus, la plus, les plus, according to the gender and number of the noun.
2.
adjective
Le plus grand pays. (m.

La plus grande ville, (f
.
sing.)
sing. )
Les plus grands pays. (m. pi. )

Les plus grandes villes, (f. pi.)
The largest country.

The largest city.
The largest countries.
The largest cities.
REMARK.
Adjectives
in
the superlative
either before or after the
noun
may
degree
La plus grande ville,(or)

La ville la plus grande.
be placed
90
IRREGULARITIES.
I.
The comparative and
good, are irregular, to wit
superlative of the adjective bon,
Le meilleur,
Meilleur, better.
Le vin franais
est meilleur
que
le
vin amricain.
French wine
bire allemande est meilleure

que la bire franaise.
Les cigares amricains sont meilleurs que les cigares franais.
German
The
The comparative and
Comment vous
best wine.
best beer.
best cigars.
best oranges.
best in the (of the) world.
superlative of the adverb bien,
better.
sentez- vous ?
votre pre
va mieux.
Il va beaucoup mieux.
Tant mieux.
Il
mieux que
Le mieux,
the best.
How do you feel ?

Ifeel better.
sens mieux.
Comment va
3.
than
Mieux,
C'est le
better
French cigars.
Le meilleur du monde.
me
Amer-
beer is better than French
American cigars are
Les meilleurs cigares, (m. pi.)

Les meilleures oranges, (f. pi.)
Je
better than
beer.
The
The
The
The
Le meilleur vin. (m. sing.)

La meilleure bire, (f. sing.)
is
ican wine.
La
well, are
the best.
je puisse faire.
The comparative and
mauvais, bad, are
How is yourfather?
He is better.
He is much better.
So much the
better.
It is the best that
superlative
I can
of the
Plus mauvais (or) pire, worse.

Le plus mauvais (or) le pire, the worst.
do.
adjective
Vous
Vous
tes plus
mauvais que moi (or)\ You
It is the worst cigar that
The comparative and
badly, are
I have
ever smoked.
jamais fum.
C'est le pire de tous les cigares.
j'aie
It is the worst
of all cigars.
superlative of the adverb mal,
Plus mal (or) pis, worse,
Je parle
a%
tes pire que moi.
C'est le plus mauvais cigare que
4.
91
mal
L,e
plus mal (or) le pis, the worst.
I speak French
franais.
badly.
Mon frre parle plus mal.

Ma sur parle le plus mal.
My brother speaks worse.

My sister speaks the worst.
Tant
So much the worse.

It is the worst that may happen.
pis.
C'est le pis qui puisse arriver.
5.
The comparative and
petit, small,
little,
are
superlative
of the
Plus petit (or) moindre, smaller, less.

Le plus petit (or) le moindre, the smallest, the
6.
little,
The comparative and

are
adjective
least.
superlative of the adverb peu
Moins, in a smaller degree,

Le moins, the least.
less.
OBSERVATION.
For a better understanding of the above rules, we will
say that an adjective is a word which modifies a noun, while
an adverb
is
word which
modifies a verb.
92
COMPARATIVE EXPRESSIONS,
More and more.
De plus en
De moins en moins.
De mieux en mieux.
De mal en pis.
plus.
Less and
Better
Le plus
The
tt possible.
plus
better.
From bad to worse.

As soon as possible.
Aussitt que possible.
Au
Au
less.
and
earliest possible.
At the
At the
tt.
plus tard.
earliest.
latest.
Plus tt que d'habitude.
Earlier than usual.
Ou plutt.
De bonne heure.
De meilleure heure.
Early.
Earlier.
Bon march.
Cheap {good market).
Meilleur march.
Le meilleur march.
Cheaper.
Moins on
travaille,
Or rather.
moins on veut
The
The
cheapest.
one works, the
less
less
one
wishes to work.
travailler.
Plus je vous vois, plus

aime.
je
vous
The more I see you, the more
I like
you.
EXERCISE,
I am
older than you.
You are
i.
than I.
I am less rich than you.
Is it colder than yesterday ?
It is colder than yesterday.
More bread than butter.
Less water than wine.
taller
As many
9-
10.
ii.
12.
13-
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
boys as girls.
8.
More than twenty-five.

More than one thousand.
9.
10.
The most beautiful country.

The most beautiful city.
France and America are the
most beautiful countries in
11.
12.
13.
Je suis
tes
Paris
is the
most beautiful
in the world.
city
14.
vous.
grand
Je suis
Il
filles.
Plus
mille.
beau pays.
belle ville.
La France
et
Paris est
the world.
*4>
moi.
riche vous.
Fait-il froid hier?
fait froid hier.
Plus pain beurre.
Moins eau
vin.
Autant garons
Plus vingt-cinq.
Vous
monde.
l'Amrique sont
pays
monde.
ville

15-
The American ladies are the

most beautiful women in the
15-
Iês
93
Amricaines
femmes
belles
sont
monde.
world.
16,
17-
The
The
best book.
17-
18.
How is {goes) your mother ?
18.
19.
She
19.
is better,
thank you,
(m.)
livre,
16.
method.
best
mthode,
Comment va
Elle va
20.
How is yourfriend ?
20.
Comment
He
21.
Il
22.
So much
22.
23-
Come early.
23-
Tant
Venez
24.
25-
I shall come early.

I shall come earlier.
25-
Je viendrai
Je viendrai
26.
Come
26.
Venez
27.
at
27.
Je viendrai
getting (I become) more
28.
Je deviens
24.
worse.
the worse.
as soon as possible.
shall
come at six
o'clock
?
.
the latest.
28.
I am
and more
2.
like
ress(e)
interested in the
study of the French language.

The more I study it, the more I
29.
How do you feel ?
30.
Comment
I do
not feel well.
31.
Je ne
32.
How is your mother ?
32.
Comment va
She is better.
She is much better.
That is good.
33.
Bile
34.
Bile
35-
35.
36. It is very useful.
36.
amusing.
38. Have you enough ?
37.
37- It is very
38.
Imperfect Indicative of AVOIR,

I had, I
je l'tudi,
was having,
used to have
J'avais
Tu avais
II
avait
Nous avions
Vous aviez
Us avaient
me
sens pas
C'est utile.
C'est amusant.
En avez-vous
C'est
to
TRE,
have;
I
to be.
was, I used to be
J'tais
Tu
Il
tais
tait
Nous tions
Vous tiez
Ils
int-
je l'aime.
it.
3i-
34>
dans l'tude
30.
33-
21.
is
(f.)
taient
94
QUINZIEME LEON,
LESSON XV.
INDEFINITE ADJECTIVE.
I.
Different
the article
le, la,
The same day.

The same morning.
The same evening.
The same price.
mme nuit, (f )
mme semaine.
mme anne.
mme chose.
The same night.

The same week.
The same year.
The same thing.
mmes hommes,
mmes femmes,
le
mme
mme
chose.
Nous avons
C'est la
Mme.'*
an adjective meaning same.
Le mme jour, (m.)

Le mme matin.
Le mme soir.
Le mme prix.
Les
Les
of "
The word mme, preceded by
{the), is
La
La
La
La
Meanings
(m. pi.)
got.
Que dsirez- vous boire

N'importe quoi.
Le mme que vous.
A votre sant.
A la vtre.
pi.)
(f.
The same men.

The same women.
We have
It is the
the same taste.

same thing.
What do you wish
to
drink
No -matter what (anything).

The same as you.
(Here is) to your
To yours.
health.
les

2.
The word mme
(pi.
95
mmes), combined with the per-
sonal pronouns, corresponds to the English adjective self

selves.
Moi-mme, myself.
Toi-mme, thyself.
Lui-mme, himself.
Elle-mme, herself.
3.
Nous-mmes, ourselves.
Vous-mmes, yourselves.
Eux-mmes, themselves, (m.)
Elles-mmes, themselves,
The word mme
is
(f.)
used as an adverb in the sense of
even.
Mme vous.
Mme maintenant.
Mme prsent.
4.
Even you.
Even now.
Even al present.
The word mme placed
the sense of very, this very
after a substantive
Ce jour-l mme.
l'instant
5.
The word mme
Je suis
mme
is
used idiomatically
de, to be able
mme de me
dfendre.
in
able to defend myself.
PRACTICAL EXPRESSIONS
Tl est la
bont mme.
the expres-
to.
I am
formed with the word Heme.

Tout de mme.
Faites de mme.
in
This very morning.

This very instant.
mme.
sion tre
used
That very day.

This very day.
Aujourd'hui mme.
Ce matin mme.
is
All the same.

Do the same.
He is goodness
itself.
96
Cela revient au mme.

De la mme manire.
That amounts to the same.

In the same manner.
Quand mme.
Even though, even

Come neve7'theless.
Venez quand mme.
II.
Different
Meanings
of
if.
the word "Tout."
I. The word tout {all)

used as an adjective agrees in
gender and number with the substantive to which it relates.
The masculine plural of tout is tous (s silent).
Tout
Tout
All the day.

All the time.
(m.)
temps.
le jour,
le
Toute
Toute
All the night.

All the week.
la nuit, (f.)
la
semaine.
Tous les hommes, (m. pi.)

Toutes les femmes, (f. pi.)
Tout, tous and toutes
All
All
are
(the)
{the)
often
men.
women.
used in the sense of
every.
Tout
Tous
Tous
le
Everybody (all the people).

Every morning.
Every evening.
Eveiy hour.
Every two hours.
Every day.
Every other day.
les soirs.
Toutes
Toutes
Tous
Tous
monde.
les matins.
les heures.
les
deux heures.
les jours.
les
Tous
deux
jours.
(m.), toutes
final s of
tous
is
(f.),
are also used as pronouns.
then sounded (toos).
The

Venez tous, (m.)
Venez toutes, (f.)
Come ail.
Come ail.
Prenez ces
Take these books.

Take them all.
livres.
Prenez-les tous.
Prenez ces
97
Take these flowers.

Take them all.
fleurs.
Prenez-les toutes.
Tout and toute are sometimes used as adverbs
in the
sense of quite, very, entirely.

Il est
He is quite young.
tout jeune.
Elle est toute jeune.
Ce chapeau
est tout neuf.
Cette robe est toute neuve.

C'est tout
nouveau
C'est une toute autre histoire.
Tout autre (m.), toute autre

any other.
Tout autre aurait pleur.
Toute autre aurait ri.
She is very young.

That hat is brand new.
This dress is brand new.
That is qtiite new (novelty).
That is quite a different story.
(f.),
are used in the sense of
Any other would have cried.

Any other would have laughed.
PRACTICAL EXPRESSIONS
FORMED WITH THE WORD
Tout."
Point du tout.
Not at all.
Not at all (don't mention
None at all.
Rien du
Nothing
Pas du
Du
tout.
tout.
tout.
C'est tout.
Voil tout.
En
tout.
Tout ensemble.
Tout vous.
That is
That is
In all.
if).
at all.
all.
all.
Altogether.
All yours
(yotirs very truly).
98
Almighty.
All at once.
All of a sudden.
Above all.
Tout-puissant.
Tout d'un coup.

Tout coup.
Surtout (or) par dessus tout.
For good, in
Not quite.
Tout de bon.
Pas
tout--fait.
Within one hour (just now).

Both of them.
Tout--1' heure.
Tous
les
earnest (honest /)
deux.
C'est tout un.
It is all the same.
Tout au plus.
Tout au moins.
At the most.
At the least.
De
tout
Tout
mon
With all my heart.

All is well that ends
cur.
est bien qui finit bien.
III.
Other
Aucun (m.), aucune

Nul (m.), nulle (f.)
The above two

the verb.
Nul
is
well.
Indefinite Adjectives.
(f.))
'
(b
K
nQun)J
adjectives require the particle ne before
a stronger negative than aucun.
Aucun homme n'est parfait.

Nul homme n'est immortel.
Tel (m.),
No man is perfect.
No man is immortal.
telle (f.), such.
my interest.
my thought.
Tel n'est pas mon intrt.

Telle n'est pas ma pense.
Such
Such
Monsieur un
tel.
Mr. So-and-So.
Madame une
telle.
(idiom)
is
not
is
not
Mrs. So-and-So.
Chaque, each, every.
Chaque pays a ses coutumes.

Chaque billet cote cinq francs.
Every country has its customs.

Each ticket costs five francs.
99
Plusieurs, several.
For several reasons.

For several motives.
Pour plusieurs raisons.

Pour plusieurs motifs.
L'autre, the other.
Les autres, the
Les autres
others.
The other book.

The other books.
L'autre livre.
livres.
Quelconque, whatever, any.
D'une manire quelconque.

Donnez-moi un livre quelconque.
In anyway whatever (anyhow).

Give me a book (any kind of a book).
Quelque, quelques, some, a few.
Quelque chose.
Quelques livres.
Something.
A few books.
OBSERVATION
When
quelque chose
is
followed by
an
adjective,
it
requires the preposition de (of) before the adjective which

retains the masculine form.
Quelque chose de bon.

Rien de mauvais.
The same
rule applies to rien,
Something (of) good.

Nothing bad.

i.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The
The
The
The
The
same boy.
same girl.
same children.
same book.
same books.
6.
Is it the
7.
It is
8.
Is it
9.
It is
10.
same? (m.)
the same.
the same?
the same.
Even
I.
(f.)
100
II.
Even the
12.
42.
14.
This very day.

This very evening.
All the time, (m.)
15-
All the year,
16.
43-
Nothing extraordinary.
Nothing good.
Both of them, (f.)
44.
He is
45-
The almighty
All the Americans.
46.
How many
17.
All the Frenchmen.
47-
Twelve in
all.
18.
All the French
48.
The other
day.
19-
All the people.
49-
20.
Every day.
Every month, (m.)
Every week, (f.)
50.
Another time.
Give me a few matches.
13-
professor.
(f.)
women.
41.
almighty.
dollar, (m.)
in all
58.
29.
Nothing at all.
Do you understand ?
30.
Not
60.
Take these fruits.

Take them all. (m.)
Take these apples.
Take them all. (f.)
She is goodness itself.
The same exercise, (m.)
The same mistake (faute),
Is it the same price?
It is the same price.
Every other week.
3i-
How many in
61.
This very evening.
21.
22.
2324.
They (m.) are all good.

They (f.) are all bad.
25. Is that all
That
27.
What do you wish?
is all.
quite.
all
35-
36.
No man
33-
34-
373839-
40.
is
5354-
56.
Miss So-and-So.
Each time {fois).
Sometimes.
Several times.
32.
52.
55-
26.
28.
5i.
perfect {parfait).
Something funny {drle).

Something easy {facile).
Something good.
Nothing better.
Future Indicative of
I shall or will
have, etc.
J'aurai
Tu auras
Il
aura
Nous aurons
Vous aurez
lis
auront
57-
59-
62.
He
63.
68.
She is quite small.

Are you tired ?
Not at all.
Not the least in the world.
What do you wish ?
Nothing at all.
69.
All
is
70.
All
is right.
64.
6566.
67.
AVC >IR,
to
is
(f.)
quite small.
wrong. (All goes badly!)

(All goes well !)
have;
TRE,
to be.
I shall or will be, etc.
Je serai
Tu seras
Il sera
Nous serons
Vous serez
Ils
seront
101
SEIZIEME LEON,
LESSON
Personal Pronouns Used as
The personal pronouns used

in
XVI.
French
Subject of the Verb.
as subject of the verb are,
Je,
/.
Tu,
thou.
Il,
he\
Nous, we.
Vous, you.
they,
Ils,
(m.)
Elles, they. (/.)
Elle, she)
Personal pronouns are placed before the verb in affirmand after the verb in interrogative sen-
ative sentences,
tences, with a
Je
suis,
Tu
es,
hyphen connecting them.
I am.
Suis-je?
am I ?
thou
Es-tu ?
art thou ?
art.
he?
II est,
he is I
{Uis)
Elle est, she ts>
Est-il?
Nous sommes, we are.

Vous tes,
you are.
Sommes-nous ? are we ?
are you ?
Etes- vous ?
is
Est-elle
Ils sont,
they
Elles sont,
they (f.) are.
Sont-ils
(in.) are.
? is
Sont-elles
(is it?)
she ?
are they
are they
IMPORTANT REMARKS.
I.
The pronoun
someone, somebody)
particular.
they
is
when
rendered
it
in
French by on
{one,
does not refer to anybody
in
102
On vient.
On le dit.
On vous appelle.
On vous demande.
On me l'a dit.
2.
The pronouns
toi, lui,
c'est, it
Qui a
They are coming.

They say so.
They call you {some one calls you).
They want you {you are wanted).
They told me so.
/, thou, he, they, are rendered by moi,

eux (m.), elles (f.), when they are preceded by
is, and also in comparative sentences.
fait cela
Who
has done that ?
C'est moi.
It is I.
C'est
toi.
It is thou.
C'est
lui.
It is he.
Vous
tes plus riche
que moi.
Je suis plus jeune qu'elle.

Je suis plus jeune qu'eux, (m.)
Je suis plus jeune qu'elles
3.
It is they
c'est elles
eux
is
(f.)
richer than
I.
generally rendered by c'est eux (m.),
when followed by que, whom, and by ce sont

sont elles (f.), when followed by qui, who.
(f.),
(m.), ce
eux que je cherche.

Ce sont eux qui me cherchent.
C'est
4.
You are
I am younger than she.

I am younger than they {are).
I am younger than they {are).
It is they
whom I seek.
It is they
who
seek me.
The same pronouns moi, toi, lui, eux, are employed

je, tu, il, ils, when they are used absolutely or
instead of
after a verb to give
sentence,
a greater force to the subject of the
You and 1.
You and he.
You and they.
Vous et moi.
Vous et lui.
Vous et eux.
Je
le sais,
I know
moi.
it,
I do.
He knows it,
Il le sait, lui.
II.
103
Personal
he does.
Pronouns Used Objectively.
accusative or direct object.
DATIVE OR INDIRECT OBJECT.
Me (m' before a vowel), me.

Nous,
us.
He
(m* before a vowel),

Nous,
to us.
Te (f before a vowel),
Vous,
thee.
Te (V
to thee.
you.
Vous,
to you.
Le
La
(V before a vowel),
htm
III.
him.
Lui,
to
Lui,
to her.
Leur,
to
her
them.
Les,
before a vowel),
me.
to
Place
of Personal
them.
Pronouns.
Both accusative and dative pronouns are placed

before the verb in interrogative and affirmative sentences.
I.
fie comprenez-vous ? (or)
Est-ce que vous
me
comprenez
Do you
understand
"
"
me ?
"
I understand you.
Je vous comprends.
2.
In negative sentences the personal pronouns are also
placed before the verb, but after the particle ne.
Ne me comprenez- vous pas

Je ne vous comprends pas.
Do you not understand me ?

I do not understand you.
104
3.
When
the verb
is
in a
compound
tense the pronouns
are placed before the auxiliary.

M'avez- vous crit?
Je vous ai crit.
Have you written to me?

I have written to you-
PRACTICE.
He connaissez-vous?
Ne me connaissez-vous
pas ?
Je VOUS connais.
Je ne vous connais pas.
Voyez-vous ce monsieur
I know you.
I do not know you.
?
Do you
see that
gentleman ?
I see him.
Do you know him ?
I know him.
I do not know him.
Oui, je le vois.
Le
Do you know me ?
Do you not know me?
Yes,
connaissez- vous ?
Je le connais.
Je ne le connais pas.
Voyez-vous cette dame
Do you
see that lady ?
Je ne la connais pas.
I see her.
Do you know her?
I know her.
I do not know her.
Voyez- vous ces messieurs ?
Do you see
Oui, je les vois.
Yes,
Oui, je la vois.
La
Yes,
connaissez- vous ?
Je la connais.
Les connaissez-vous
Je les connais.
Je ne les connais pas.
'entendez- vous ?
Est-ce-que vous m'entendez?
Oui, je vous entends.
n'aimez- vous?
Oui, je
vous aime.
those gentlemen ?
I see them.
Do you
knozv them ?
I know them.
I do not know
Do you
Yes
me?
I hear you.
Do you
Yes,
hear
them.
love
me?
I love you.
Aimez- vous ce monsieur ?
Do you
Oui, je l'aime.
Yes,
like that gentleman
I like him.

Aimez- vous cette dame ?
Aimez- vous cette demoiselle ?
Do you
Do you
Oui, je l'aime.
Yes,
Aimez- vous ces messieurs?
Do you like
like that lady ?
like that young lady ?
I like
I like
Oui, je les aime.
Yes,
langue franaise ?
Oui, je l'aime beaucoup.
Do you
n'avez- vous vu?
Did you
Aimez- vous
la
Yes,
105
her.
those gentlemen ?
them.
like the
I like
it
French language
very much.
see
me ? {Me
have you
seen ?)
Oui, je
vous
ai vu.
Yes,
Avez- vous vu votre ami ?
I saw you.
{I you have seen. )
l'avez- vous vu?

vu ce matin.
O l'avez-vous vu?
Je l'ai vu dans le parc.
Did you see yourfriend ?

Yes, I saw him.
When did you see him ?
I saw him this morning.
Where did you see him f
I saw him in the park.
Avez- vous vu votre amie?
Ha ve you
Oui, je l'ai vu.
Quand
Je
l'ai
Oui, je
vue.
l'ai
Yes,
(f.)
Avez- vous vu vos* amis
Oui, je les ai vus. (pi.)
vous
ai crit.
Lui avez- vous crit
lui avez- vous dit
leur avez- vous dit
Je lui ai dit
Je leur ai dit
Have you written to them

I have written to them.
crit?
Je leur ai crit.
Que
Que
Have you seen yourfriends ?

Yes, I have seen them.
Have you written to him or her?

I have written to him or her.
Je lui ai crit.
Leur avez- vous
seen her.
Have you written to me

I have written to you.
n'avez- vous crit?

Je
seen your friend ?
I have
What did you

What did you
tell
him or her
tell
them ?
I told him or hev

I told them
106
Que
Que
Que
Que
Il
vous
vous
vous
vous
What did he tell you ?

What did she tell you ?
What did they (m.) tell you f
What did they (/.) tell you ?
a-t-il dit ?
a-t-elle dit
ont-ils dit
ont-elles dit?
He told me
m'a dit
m'a dit
She told me
They (m.) told me
They (f.) told me
Bile
Ils
m'ont
dit
Biles m'ont dit
Cela
Cela
Cela
Cela
(or a) m'est gal. (idiom.J
nous
lui est gal.
leur est gal.
Qu'est-ce que a
a ne
me
me
What difference does it make

{What do I care f)
It makes no difference to me.
fait?
fait rien.
Qu'est-ce que a
Qu'est-ce que a
nous
vous
fait
fait?
Qu'est-ce que a lui fait?

Qu'est-ce que a leur fait?
Cela
Cela
Cela
Cela
Cela
Cela
same (equal) to me.

same to us.
It is all the same to him.
It is all the same to them.
// is all the
It is all the
est gal.
ne me regarde pas.
ne nous regarde pas.
ne vous regarde pas.
ne le regarde pas.
ne la regarde pas.
ne les regarde pas.
Peu m'importe.
to
met
What do we care f
What do you care ?
What does he care ?
What do they care ?
That
That
That
That
That
That
does not concern me.

does not concern us.
does not concern you.
does not concern him.

does not concern her.
does not concern them.
It does not matter to me.
IMPORTANT REMARKS.
I.
In the imperative used affirmatively the pronouns fol-
low the verb, as in English.

dered by moi.
Me
and
to
me
are then ren-

Croyez-moi.
Parlez-moi.
107
Believe me.
Speak
to
me.
In the imperative used negatively the pronouns are
2.
placed before the verb, according to the general rule, but

after the particle ne.
Me
and
to
me
then rendered
are
by me.
Ne me taquinez pas.
Ne me parlez pas.
When two
3.
Do
Do
not tease me.

not speak to me.
pronouns, one direct and the other in-
direct, occur with one verb, the personal pronouns te and

vous are placed before the objective pronouns le, la, les,
but the pronouns lui and leur are placed after them.
Je vous le prte.
I give it (m.) to
I lend it to you.
Je le lui donne,
Je le leur prte,
I give it to him.
I lend it to them.
Je te le donne.
4.
thee.
In the imperative used affirmatively the objective pro-
noun
is
placed, as in English, before the personal pronoun.
Donnez-le-moi.
Donnez-le-nous.
Donnez-Ia-lui.
Donnez-les-leur.
Give it (m.) to me.

Give it to us.
Give it (/.) to him or her.
Give them to them. {Lit.)
EXCEPTION.
In the imperative used negatively the personal pronouns
me and nous
them)
precede the objective pronouns
le, la,
les
{it,
108
Ne me le donnez pas.
Ne nous le donnez pas.
Do
Do
not give
it (m.~) to
not give
it to us.
me.
OBSERVATION.
After a preposition the pronouns him, her, them, are ren-
dered by
lui, elle,
eux
(m.), elles
(f.).
Avec lui.
Sans elle.
Pour eux.
For them, (m.)
Contre elles.
Against them.
With him.
Without her.
(f.)
NOTE.
This lesson being one of the most important,
made the object of very serious sttidy.
it
should be
EXERCISE.
I.
He is younger than
She
I.
than he.
3> Do you understand him ?
4- I understand him.
5- Do you understand her
6. I understand her.
2.
is taller
7-
Have you
8.
friend ?
I have written to him.
Has yourfriend written
9-
10.
ii.
12.
1314.
15-
16.
He has
written
written to me.
I bet you.
Speak to me
(to)
your
to you?
jeune
11 est
7-
grande
comprenez- vous ?
comprends.
Je
comprenez- vous ?
comprends.
Je
Avez- vous crit
8.
Je
9-
Votre ami
3-
456.
10.
11.
in French.
me.
I shall write to you.
Tell {to) him.
Tell (to) them.
Write
to
1.
2.
12.
1314.
15-
16.
Bile est
ai crit.
a-t-il crit?
a crit.
Je parie.
Parlez en
Ecrivez
Je crirai.
Dites
Dites
Il
109
DIX-SEPTIEME LEON,
LESSON
XVII.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS,
I.
The
dered
in
interrogative pronoun
French by
who (nominative)
Qui
(or)
qui est=ce qui.
Who
has
Qui a gagn ? (or)

Qui est-ce qui a gagn ?
Who
has won ?
Qui
Qui
Who
is
Who
has taught you
Qui vous a crit ? (or)

Qui est-ce qui vous a crit
Who
has written
Qui vous a donn cela? (or)

Qui est-ce qui vous a donn cela ?
Who gave you
Qui vous l'a dit ? (or)

Qui est-ce qui vous l'a dit?
Who
Qui
Qui
est
venu
(or)
est-ce qui est
venu
(is)
corne ?
est votre professeur ? (or)
your teacher ?
est-ce qui est votre professeur?
Qui vous a enseign ? (or)

Qui est-ce qui vous a enseign
to
that
told you so?
you ?
is
ren
110
2.
The
dered
in
interrogative pronoun
French by
whom
(accusative)
is
ren-
Qui
(or)
qui est-ce que.
Qui demandez- vous ? (or)

Qui est-ce que vous demandez ?
Whom
do you ask for ?
Qui avez-vous vu ? (or)

Qui est-ce que vous avez vu ?
Whom
have you seen ?
Qui aimez- vous? (or)

Qui est-ce que vous aimez ?
Whom
do you love?
OBSERVATION.
The
interrogative forms qui est=ce qui and qui est-ce que
are less elegant than qui, but they are nevertheless frequently
employed by French people in ordinary conversation.

When, however, who and whom are used absolutely,
they are always rendered by qui.
3.
The
tive before
interrogative pronoun what, used as an accusa-
a verb,
is
Que
Que
(or)
qu'est=ce que.
What do you wish ?
dsirez- vous ? (or)
Qu'est-ce que vous dsirez?
Que voulez-vous ?
What do you want ?
(or)
Qu'est-ce que vous voulez
Que voulez- vous dire ? (or)

Qu'est-ce que vous voulez dire
What do you mean ?

?
Que
faites- vous
What are you doing ?
(or)
111
Qu'est-ce que vous faites?
Que
dites-vous
What do you
(or)
Qu'est-ce que vous dites
Que pensez- vous ?
say
What do you think ?
(or)
Qu'est-ce que vous pensez?
Que cherchez- vous ?
What are you looking for?
(or)
Qu'est-ce que vous cherchez?
Que
What do you prefer
prfrez- vous ? (or)
Qu'est-ce que vous prfrez?
Qu'avez- vous? (or)

Qu'est-ce que vous avez
What
Qu'avez- vous mang? (or)

Qu'est-ce que vous avez mang
Que
is
the matter with you ?
What have you
eaten ?
What have you
told
lui avez-vous dit? (or)
him or her?
Qu'est-ce que vous lui avez dit?
I bade him
Je lui ai dit bonjour.
Que
leur avez-vous dit
good morning.
told
them
I told them
Je leur ai dit
Que vous
'
What have you
(or)
Qu'est-ce que vous leur avez dit
'
a-t-il dit ? (or)
What did he
tell you
Qu'est-ce qu'il vous a dit?

Il
m'a
He
dit
Que vous
a-t-elle dit
(or)
toldme
What did she
tell you
Qu'est-ce qu'elle vous a dit?

Elle m'a dit
She told
Que vous
What did
they tell you ?
They told
me
ont-ils dit
(or)
me
Qu'est-ce qu'ils vous ont dit?

Ils
m'ont
dit
'
'
112
4.
lated
What used
by
as a nominative before a
verb
is
trans-
Qu'est=ce qui.
Qu'est-ce qui vous fait mal?
Qu'est-ce qui lui fait mal?

Qu'est-ce qui leur fait mal?
Qu'est-ce qui vous chagrine?
Qu'est-ce qui vous rend triste
Qu'est-ce qui vous fait rire
What hurts you?

What hurts him or her ?
What hurts them ?
What worries you ?
What makes you sad?
What makes you laugh ?
IMPORTANT REMARKS
on the word What.
1.
an
What {between two verbs) is ce que when it is used

and ce qui when it is used as a subject.
as
object,
Savez- vous ce que je pense?

Savez- vous ce que je crois
Savez- vous ce que j'ai fait?

Savez- vous ce que j'aime?
Savez-vous ce que j'aimerais
Do you know what I think ?

Do you know what I believe ?
Do you know what I have done?
Do you know what I like ?
Do you know what I would like?
que vous voudrez.

que vous voudrez.
Mangez ce que vous voudrez.
Buvez ce que vous voudrez.
Do what you will.

Say what you will.
Eat what you will.
Drink what you please.
Savez-vous ce qui est bon ?

Savez-vous ce qui m'ennuie ?
Savez-vous ce qui est arriv ?
Do you know what is good ?

Do you know what worries me ?
Do you know what has (is)
Faites ce
Dites ce
happened ?
Mlez-vous de ce qui vous regarde!
Mlez-vous de vos affaires
!
2.
What,
Attend
employed absolutely
dered by quoi.
to
what concerns you
Mind your own
business
or indefinitely,
is
ren-
Practical French Cours k

Quoi
De
De
De
De
What!
quoi parlez- vous
do you speak ?
What are you laughing at ?
What ij the discussion about
What is it about ?
What are you thinking of?
What is the use ?
What is the use of crying ?
Of what
quoi riez- vous ?

quoi est-il question?
quoi s'agit-il ? (idiom.)
A quoi pensez- vous ?
A quoi bon ? (idiom.)
A quoi bon pleurer ?
La vie est trop courte
Life
3.
113
What
is too
short
(or) which, relating to a noun,
is
translated
quel, quelle; quels, quelles,
according- to the gender

Quel est votre nom ?
Quel ge avez-vous ?
Quel est votre mtier ?
Quel temps f ait-il ?
Quel est le jour du mois ?
Quel est le train pour Paris
Quelle
Quelle
Quelle
Quelle
Quelle
est votre adresse
est-il
What
name ?
is your
trade ?
the weather ?
What day of the month

Which
A quelle heure dnez- vous ?
is it
is
translated
by
Lequel,
in reference to a masculine noun, singular.
Laquelle, in reference to a feminine noun, singular.
Which ones
is
the train to Paris ?
What novels do you read?

What are your intentions ?
Which one
is
What is your address ?

What is your profession ?
What time is it fWhat street is this ?
What avenue is this ?
At what time do you dine ?
avenue ?
Quels romans lisez- vous ?

Quelles sont vos intentions
is your
How is
est cette rue

est cette
What
How old are you ?
est votre profession
heure
and number of the noun.
translated
by
Lesquels,
in reference to a masculine noun, plural.
Lesquelles, in reference to a feminine noun, plural.
by
114
EXERCISE.
Who
/.
Who
2.
has tola you that ?
1.
has broken that window f
2.
Qui vous a dit cela

Qui est-ce qui
(or)
?
Qui a cass cette vitre?
(or)
?
j.
Who has
4.
What
been elected ?
does he want
3.
Qui a t lu
4.
Que
(or)
veut-il
(or)
Qu'est-ce qu'
What
5.
does she want
5.
Que
veut-elle
(or)
?
What do
6.
they want ?
6.
Que
veulent-ils
(or)
?
(m.)
What do
7.
they
want ?
7.
Que
veulent-elles
(/)
What are you doing
8.
there
8.
Que
(or)
f aites-vous
l ? (or)
?
What did he
say ?
9.
What did she say ?
10.
Conditional of
I
should or would have,
10.
AVOIR,
etc.
to
Qu'a-t-il dit? (or)
Qu'a-t-elle dit? (or)
have;
I
ETRE,
to be.
should or would be,
J'aurais
Tu aurais
Il aurait
Je serais
Nous aurions
Vous auriez
Us auraient
Nous serions
Vous seriez
Tu
Il
serais
serait
Ils
seraient
etc.
115
DIX-HUITIEME LEON.
LESSON
I.
XVIII.
Demonstrative
Pronoi ins.
SING! JI,AR.
Masculine
Celui
Feminine
That, the one
This
Celui-ci
Celle-ci
That
Celui-l
Celle-l
Celle
PUJRAI,.
Feminine
Masculine
Those, the ones
Ceux
Celles
These
Those
Ceux-ci
Ceux-l
Celles-ci
Celles-l
PRACTICE.
Quel
Which book have you?
livre avez- vous?
J'ai celui
de
mon
I have my
frre.
brother's (that
of
my
brother).
J'ai celle
Quelle montre avez- vous ?

de ma sur.
I have my sister's.
Quels gants avez- vous ?

ceux de mon frre.
I have my
Which watch have you
Which gloves have you
J'ai
Quelles bagues avez- vous

J'ai celles
de
ma
Which rings have you ?
I have my sister's.
sur.
Mon chapeau est noir;

mon frre est gris.
brother's.
celui de
My hat is black ; my brother's {that

of my brother)
is
gray.
116
Ma
robe est noire
sur
celle
de
ma
Mes gants
My gown is black ; my sister's {that

of my
est grise.
sont noirs
ceux de mon
amie sont blancs.
My
sister) is
gray.
gloves are black ;
{those of
my friend)
my friend's
are white.
Vos cheveux (*) sont plus noirs que

ceux de votre sur.
Your hair is blacker than your

ter's (that of your sister).
Vos robeo oont plus
Your dresses are prettier than your

sister's (those ofyour sister).
jolies
celles de votre sur.
Voyez ces deux livres

Lequel prfrez-vous?
que
Choisissez.
See these two books :

Which do you prefer ?
Choose.
Je prfre celui = ci. (m. sing.)

Je prfre celui = l.
I prefer this.
I prefer that
Voyez ces deux bagues

Laquelle prfrez-vous ?
See these two rings :

Which do you prefer?
Je prfre celle=ci.
Je prfre celle=l.
I prefer this.
I prefer that.
(f.
sing.)
Regardez ces gants

Lesquels prfrez- vous ?
Look at these gloves :

Which do you prefer f
Je prfre ceux-ci. (m. pi.)

Je prfre ceux=l.
I prefer these.
I prefer those.
Regardez ces fleurs

Lesquelles prfrez- vous ?
Look at these flowers :

Which do you prefer?
Je prfre celles=ci.
Je prfre celles-l.
I prefer these.
(f.
pi.)
I prefer
sis-
those.
(*) The hair of persons is in French les cheveux, the hairs (pi.)
The hair other than that of the head, and also the hair of animals
called poils.
is

II.
Demonstrative Pronouns Used Absolutely.

Ceci, this.
indefinite
Cela
(or) a,
that
cela are never used before a noun.
and
Ceci
117
They
are
or absolute pronouns serving only to point out
objects.
Voulez- vous ceci
Prenez ceci.
Do you want this ?
Take
Donnez-moi cela (or)

Racontez-moi cela.
Regardez cela.
Voyez
Tetl
me that.
me that.
Look
at that.
Give
a.
this.
See that.
cela.
Voyez-vous cela
Do you see that?

Do not say that.
Do not do that.
Do not touch that.
Do not believe that.
Ne dites pas cela.

Ne faites pas cela.
Ne touchez pas cela.
Ne croyez pas cela.
That is it.
That goes without saying.
Leave that alone.
C'est cela (or) c'est a.
Cela va sans dire.

Laissez a tranquille.
IMPORTANT REMARKS
on
The pronoun
I.
il
pronoun
It.
relative to a noun,
or elle (he or she) according to the
as there
Le dner
Oui,
La
it,
the;
il
is
no neuter
est-il
prt
table est-elle mise
French
translated
Yes, it (he) is (ready).
by
gender of the noun,
Is the dinner ready ?
est prt.
Oui, elle est mise.
in
is
Is the table set ?

Yes, it (she) is (set).
118
2.
//,
pronoun (not relative
indefinite
dered in French by ce
(c*
of the verb tre, to be
Who
tore (has torn) this
C'est moi.
It is I.
Ce
It is not I.
n'est pas moi.
moi que vous
parlez ?
Oui, c'est vous que je parle.
qui est-ce jouer
C'est
moi
3.
mon
is
ce
is
paper?
me ?
I speak.
is it to play ?
my turn
to play.
my turn.
generally used by French people in
Qu'est-ce que c'est?
What
is it ?
What
is
that ?)
C'est l'ambulance.
It is (that is) the ambulance.
C'est le bruit des voitures.
It is the noise
Ce n'est
It is (that is) nothing.
rien.
Qu'est-ce que c'tait?

C'tait
Ce
une parade.
n'tait rien.
Qu'est ceci ?
Qu'est cela ? (or)
Qu'est-ce que c'est a? (or)
Qu'est-ce que c'est que a? (pop.)
une aiguille.
une pingle.
C'est un d.
C'est du fil.
C'est
C'est
C'est
un bouton.
ren-
It is your turn to play.
It is
the sense of that
to
Yes, it is to you that
It is
tour
The word
Do you speak
Whose turn
jouer.
C'est vous jouer.

C'est
noun)
before a vowel) as the nominative
Qui a dchir ce papier ?
Est-ce
to a
What was
It
It
it
of carriages.
was a parade.
was nothing.
What
What
is this ?
is that ?
It is (or that is) a needle.

It is
a pin.
It is a thimble.
It is thread.
It is a button.
Practical French course
119
PRACTICAL EXPRESSIONS.
C'est bon,
It is good.
bad.
easy.
C'est facile,
C'est
pretty.
C'est
C'est laid,
ugty nice.
C'est gentil,
simple.
C'est simple,
perfect.
C'est parfait,
correct.
C'est correct,
absurd.
C'est absurde,
ridiculous.
C'est ridicule,
interesting
C'est intressant,
amusing.
C'est amusant,
funny.
C'est drle,
sweet.
C'est doux,
C'est amer,
certain.
C'est certain,
sure.
C'est sr,
doubtful.
C'est douteux,
possible.
C'est possible,
impossible.
C'est impossible,
terrible.
C'est terrible,
dreadful.
C'est affreux,
C'est pouvantable, frightful.
dangerous.
C'est dangereux,
practical.
C'est pratique,
necessary.
C'est ncessaire,
well done.
C'est bien
badly done.
C'est mal
C'est mauvais,
difficile,
difficult.
joli,
bitter.
fait,
fait,
Here
Here
is
is
or here are
is
a contraction of vois
is.
C'est assez,
It is enough.
C'est trop,
too
C'est trop petit,
too small.
C'est trop grand,
C'est trop haut,
C'est trop bas,
C'est trop gros,
C'est trop mince,
C'est trop lourd,
C'est trop lger,
C'est trop court,
C'est trop long,
C'est trop
C'est trop fonc,
C'est trop loin,
C'est trop prs,
C'est trop bte,
C'est trop
C'est trop tard,
C'est trop cher,
C'est trop froid,
C'est trop serr,
C'est trop sec,

C'est trop mouill,
clair,
tt,
too high.
too low.
too big.
too thin.
too heavy.
too light.
too short.
too long.
too light.
too dark.
too far.
too near.
too foolish.
too soon.
too late.
too dear.
too cold.
too tight.
too dry.
too wet.
that is
It
Ce n'est pas
It is not
was
C'tait
It
Ce sera
Ce serait
It will be
It
would be
Here are.
ici,
too large.
C'est
is,
much.
see here.
voici,
which
120
There
is
or there are
contraction of vois
is
by
translated
voil,
which
Here is your hat.

Here are your gloves.
Voil votre parapluie.

Voil vos caoutchoucs.
There is your umbrella.

There are your rubbers.
Voici votre chapeau.
is,
Here she
Here
}
>
is,
Le
(Here
voici.
voici.
Les
they are,
There he
is,
it is.)
La
voici.
There she
is,
est
voici.
Where is my hat ?
Here it (he) is.
voil.
There it
est
voici.
Where is my cane ?
Here it (she) is.
voil.
There
sont
Me
i.
2.
Whose hat
is this
EXERCISE.
A qui
is this
my friend's.
est
(m.)
C'est
brother's (that of).
Whose umbrella
It is
it is.
Here I am.
Here we are.
voici.
my
voil.
There they are.
voici.
It is
voil.
Where are my gloves f

Here they are.
mes gants ?
Les voici.
Les voil.
Nous
La
is.
La
La
canne
voil.
Les
There they are,
Le
Le
mon chapeau ?
Le
}
y (There it is.)
ma
l, see there.
Voici vos gants.
Here he
is
2.
A qui est
C'est
parapluie
.
(m.)

j.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
10.
11.
Whose gloves are these f

They are my sister's.
3.
Whose rings are these ?

4.
Take this
Take that
{one).
(/.)
{one),
{m.)
Take these {ones), (m.)

Take those {ones). (/.)
Here are two rings.

Here are two diamonds.

Where is your book
Here it is.
Where is my pencil ?
Here it is.
Where are my gloves f

Here they are.
121
gants?
A qui sont
Ce sont
bagues?
qui sont
Ce sont
5.
6.
7-
8.
Prenez
Prenez
Prenez
Prenez
(m. pi.)
deux bagues,
(f.)
prf rez-vous ?
deux diamants, (m.)

prfrez- vous ?
9-
Ouest
livre?
0.
est
1.
sont
12.
est
13.
Est-ce
(m.)
crayon? (m.)
gants?
There they are.

12.
Where is my box of cigars ?

Here it is.
There
-?
it is.
13. Is it correct ?
Est-ce que
It is correct.
It is not correct.
14,
Here he
75.
There she is.

There you are!
16.
is.
14.
15.
16.
voici.
voil
voil!
{or)
?
(f.)
(f.
pi.)
122
DIX-NEUVIEME LEON,
LESSON XIX.
I.
Relative
Qui,
who, which (nominative).
Que,
whom, which, that (accusative).

to whom, whose (dative).
A qui,
The
relative
French
or Conjunctive Pronouns.
pronoun que can never be suppressed in

whom,
the corresponding English pronouns
like
which.
Likewise, the conjunction que [that), which
omitted
in
often
is
English, must always be expressed in French.
PRACTICE.
L'homme
qui demeure au premier

un vieux garon.
tage est
Le monsieur que
j'ai
salu est
mon
professeur de franais.
J'ai lu
avec un trs grand plaisir

lettre que vous
charmante
m'avez crite.
la
Voici
le
livre
que vous m'
prt la semaine passe.
The man who

floor is an old
lives
on the
first
bachelor.
The gentleman (whom) I have

saluted is my French teacher.
I have read with

pleasure
the
(a)
very great
charming
{which) you have written
Here
is
the book {which)
me last
week.
Je l'ai trouv trs intressant.
Ifound
Je vous remercie beaucoup.
I thank you
it
very interesting.
very much.
letter
{to)
you
me.
lent
qui avez-vous crit

mon ami.
To whom have you written ?

I have written to my friend.
J'ai crit
qui est ceci ?
Whose is this ?
mine {belongs
C'est moi.
It is
qui est ce parapluie ?

moi.
Whose umbrella
qui est cette canne
mon
Whose cane
It is
frre.
qui sont ces gants

sont ma sur.
De
qui parlez- vous ?
New
York.
Of whom do you speak ?

I speak of the Mayor of New
York.
is this ?
is that ?
It is for you.
With whom have you been

park ?
With my friend.
au parc ?
Avec mon ami.

Je pense
Je pense
is this ?
brother's.
For whom
For whom
Pour qui est ceci ?

Pour qui est cela ?
C'est pour vous.
Avec qui avez-vous
my
Of {to) whom do you think

I think of (to) my friend.
qui pensez-vous ?
mon ami.
Je pense
Je parle du maire de
is this f
Whose gloves are these ?

Ils
to me).
It is mine.
Il est
Elle est
123
que vous avez

que vous avez
to the
I think {that) you are right.

I think you are wrong.
raison.
tort.
OTHER CONJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS.

The
following are employed with reference to a noun or
to avoid a double
meaning
in the sentence.
SlNGUIyAR.
Masculine.
Which or whom.
Of which, of whom.
To which, to whom.
Lequel.
Duquel.
Auquel.
Feminine.
Laquelle.
De
laquelle.
laquelle.
124
PU7RAI,.
Which or whom.
Of which, of whom.
To which, to whom.
Masculine.
Lesquels.
Desquels.
Feminine.
Lesquelles.
Desquelles.
Auxquels.
Auxquelles.
PRACTICE.
qui
appartient
l'htel
dans
lequel vous demeurez?
qui appartient la maison dans

laquelle vous demeurez ?
Auquel de
ces messieurs avez- vous
parl ?
La dame laquelle
j'ai
parl est
franaise.
To whom does the

you live belong ?
hotel in which
To whom does the house in which

you live belong ?
To which (one) of those gentlemen
did you speak ?
The lady
spoken)
to
is
whom I
spoke (I have
French.
REMARK.
The pronouns de
qui,
of whom, or from whom, and
duquel, de laquelle, desquels, desquelles, of which, ox from
which, are most frequently replaced by the invariable pro-
noun dont, when they are not used

Connaissez-vous l'homme dont je
parle
je parle est fran-
knozv the
man of whom I
Les personnes dont
The woman of whom I speak
is
French.
aise.
riches.
Do you
si
La femme dont
interrogatively.
je parle sont
The persons of whom I speak are

rich.

C'est ce
dont
j'ai
what I am afraid of
what I have need of
You do not know what I am
That
That
peur.
Voil ce dont j'ai besoin.

Vous ne savez pas ce dont je suis
is
is
capable
capable.
II.
Demonstrative
125
of.
and Relative Pronouns Combined.
NpMINATlVE.
Celui qui, he who, the one which.
Celle qui, she who, the one which.
Ceux
qui, they who, the ones which

Celles qui, they whoJJie ones which
ACCUSATIVE.
Celui que, the one
Celle que, the one
whom
whom
or which.
or which.
Ceux que, the ones whom or which.

Celles que, the ones whom or which
INDIRECT OBJECT.
Ceux dont,
Celui dont, that of which.
the ones of which.

Celles dont, the ones of which.
Celle dont, that of which.

Ce dont (neuter), that of which.
PRACTICE,
Celui qui est riche n'est pas toujours heureux.
He who is rich
Avez- vous remarqu ce monsieur

Lequel ?
Celui qui m'a salu.
Celui que j'ai salu.
Have you
Avez- vous remarqu cette dame

Laquelle ?
Celle qui m'a salu.
Celle
que
j'ai salue.
Apportez-moi mes gants.

Lesquels ?
is
not always
happy.
noticed that gentleman t

Which (one) ?
The one who has saluted me.
The one whom' I saluted.
Have you
noticed that lady f

Which (one) ?
The one who (has) saluted me.
The one whom I have saluted.
Bring me my gloves.
Which (ones)?
126
Ceux qui sont sur la commode.

Ceux que j'ai achets ce matin.
Those which are on the bureau.

Those which I bought this -morning.
L'homme dont vous
The
petit
celui
dont
parlez est
grand.
I,a
is tall.
dame dont vous
brune
man of whom you speak is

whom I speak
small ; the one of
je parle est
celle
dont
The lady of
parlez est
whom you speak is

whom I speak
dark ; the one of
je parle est
blonde.
is fair.
HI.
Possessive
Pronouns.
SINGULAR.
Masculine.
Feminine.
Le mien.
Le tien.
Le sien.
La mienne.
La tienne.
La sienne.
Le ntre.
Le vtre.
Le leur.
La ntre.
La vtre.
La leur.
Mine.
Thine.
His or hers.
Ours.
Yours.
Theirs.
PIJJRAI,.
Mine.
Thine.
His or hers.
Masculine.
Feminine.
Les miens
Les tiens.
Les siens.
Les miennes.
Les tiennes.
Les siennes.
Les ntres.
Les vtres.
Les leurs.
Ours.
Yours.
Theirs.
PRACTICE.
Votre chapeau est l
le
mien
est
Your hat
is there ;
mine
is here.

Votre canne est l
la
mienne
est
Your cane
les
Your gloves are on
127
is there ;
mine
is here.
ici.
Vos gants sont sur la table

miens sont sur la chaise.
Vos mains sont
trs petites
les
est noir
mine
Your hands are very small ; mine
miennes sont grandes.
Mon chapeau
the table ;
are on the chair.
are large.
le
vtre
My hat is black ; yours is gray.
est gris.
Ma
robe est bleue
la
vtre est
My dress is blue ; yours is pink.
rose.
OBSERVATIONS.
I.
When
used without the prefixed
possessive pronouns
Ce chapeau
est
Ces gants sont miens.

Ces fleurs sont miennes.
There
is
in
adjectives.
This hat is mine (belongs

That cane is mine.
Those gloves are mine.
Those flowers are mine.
mien,
Cette canne est mienne.
2.
French no such construction
of mine, of yours, etc.
the above
article,
become possessive
We
say
One of my friends.
Un
One of ourfriends.
de nos amis.
me).
as a friend
de mes amis, (m.)

Une de mes amies, (f.)
Un
to
EXERCISE.
/.
Do you know the gentleman who

on the third floor ?
Yes, I know him.
He is a doctor.
He is a dentist.
lives
i.
Connaissez- vous le monsieur
demeure
Oui, je
connais.
docteur.
dentiste.
128
He is a jeweler.
He is a druggist.
He is a clock-maker.
He is a grocer.
He is a butcher.
He is a banker.
2.
bijoutier.
pharmacien.
horloger.
picier.
boucher.
banquier.
Do you know the lady who lives
2.
I know
Yes,
She
She
She
She
She
She
is
is
is
is
is
is
Oui, je
her.
a milliner.
a dressmaker.
a corset maker.
a palmist.
a manicure.
a clairvoyant.
4.
is
corsetire.
palmiste.
manicure.
clairvoyante.
whom
rencontr
Non.
whom you
Is the lady French to
6.
7.
8.
4.
L,a
10.
The
ai'e
book
12.
is this
Whose
10.
I/homme
I speak
is
11.
I,a
veil is this ?
W/tose books are these ?
They are mine.
avez-vous vu?
avez-vous rencontr ?
parl?
est
livre? (m.)
fleurs?
sont
is
13.
14.
je parle
dame
est
est
est
crayon? (m.)
voilette
Elle est (or) c'est
sont livres? (m.)
Ils sont (or) ce sont
Il est
It is mine.
14.
vous avez parl
9-
12.
speak
allemand.
8.
It is mine.
ij.
7-
man of whom I
Whose pe?icil
5.
6.
these flowers.
very rich.
11. The lady of whom
very pretty.
dame
nous
est-il
Non,
have you seen ?

have you met ?
To whom have you spoken?
is this
est-elle
Whom
Whom
For whom
For whom
Le monsieur
met?
German.
have spoken ?
No, she is English.
5.
connais.
couturire.
{have')
No. he
modiste.
Is the gentleman French
we
Connaissez- vous
on the fifth floor?
est
(or) c'est
? (f.)
Whose flowers are

They are mine.
these
fleurs?
15.
Biles sont
16.
He is a friend of mine.
16.
C'est
17.
She
17.
C'est
18.
is
Where
a friend of mine.
is your
book
18.
on the table.
Where is yours ?
It is on the chair.
It is
i.
20.
2i.
22.
Il
Where are your brothers ?

They are upstairs.
Where are yours ?
They are downstairs.
20.
Where are your sisters ?

They are in London.
Where are yours ?
They are in Paris.
21.
does this book belong?
may have,
Que j'aie
Que tu aies
etc
sur
est
est
la ville.
sont
la ville.
Ils
sont
sont vos surs?
en haut.
?
sont en bas.
Elles sont
sont
appartient
22.
appartient.
appartient cette
23.
Present Subjunctive of AVOIR,

I
sur
en bas de
It belongs to
That
Il
To whom does this house belong?

Mr. Vanderbilt.
est
(f.)
(or) ce sont
en haut de
It belongs to me.
23.
un
une
est
19.
whom
O
Il
Where is your sister ?

She is uptown.
Where is yours ?
She is downtown.
To
129
Elle
to
have;
TRE,
to be.
I may be,
Que je sois
Que tu sois
That
etc.
Qu'il ait
Qu'il soit
Que nous ayons

Que vous ayez
Que nous soyons

Que vous soyez
Qu'ils aient
Qu'iJs soient
130
VINGTIEME LEON.
LESSON XX.
INVARIABLE PRONOUNS.
En, some, any, of
This most important pronoun
when
It
the noun
is
it,
of them.
is
employed
immediately precedes the verb, except
imperative,
when
Encore,
in
answers
understood to avoid repetition thereof.
it is
in the
affirmative
placed after the verb.
more
some more.
Ne
plus,
not any more.
PRACTICE.
Have you any tobacco?
I (of it) have.
I (of it) have not.
Ayez- vous du tabac?

J'en ai (zhah-nay).
Je n'.en ai pas.
Avez- vous encore de l'argent ?

J'en ai encore.
Je n'en
ai plus.
Dsirez-vous encore
poulet ?
Merci
un peu de
Oui, j'en
ai.
Do you
wish some more chicken ?
Thank you ; I haveênough.
j'en ai assez.
Avez- vous des enfants
Have you any more money ?

I have some more.
I have not any more.
Have you any

Yes, I have.
children?
Combien en
avez- vous
J'en ai deux.
Avez- vous du papier ?

Avez-vous de la colle?
Avez- vous des enveloppes ?
J'en ai.
Je n'en ai pas.
Je n'en ai point.
Je n'en ai plus.
Combien de frres avez-vous ?

J'en ai un.
Combien de surs avez-vous ?

J'en ai une.
(f.)
Combien d'enfants avez-vous?

J'en ai plusieurs.
Combien en avez-vous ?
J'en ai cinq.
Avez-vous beaucoup d'lves?

J'en ai beaucoup.
En avez-vous assez ?
J'en ai assez.
Je n'en ai pas assez.
J'en ai de reste.
voulez- vous
J'en veux.
Je n'en veux pas.
En
voulez- vous encore ?
Je n'en veux plus.

J'en ai assez.
En
dsirez-vous
Combien en
(of them) have you ?
Have you any paper ?

Have you any glue f
Have you any envelopes ?
I have some.
I have not any.
I have none.
I have no more.
How many brothers have you ?

I have one.
How many sisters have you ?
I have one.
How many children have you ?
I have several.
How many have you ?
I have five.
Have you many pupils t
I have many.
Have you enough ?
I have enough.
I have not enough.
I have very little (or) few.

I have too much (or) too many.
I have some left.
J'en ai trs peu.

J'en ai trop.
En
How many
I have two.
131
dsirez- vous ?
Do you want some ?

I want some.
I do not want
any.
Will you have some
more?
I do not want any more.

I have enough.
Do you
wish for some (of it)
How much (of) how many

want ?
do you
Practical 'French Course
132
Donnez-m'en un peu.
Donnez-m'en un morceau.
Donnez-m/en une tranche
Donnez-m'en un verre.
Donnez-m'en une tasse.
Donnez-m'en une livre.
Donnez-m'en une douzaine.
Give me (of if) a little.

Give me a piece.
Give me a slice.
Give me a glass.
Give -me a cup.
Give me a pound.
Give me a dozen (of them).
Donnez- lui-en un peu.

Donnez-leur-en un peu.
Donnez-nous-en un peu.
Give him or her (of it) a

Give them a little.
Give us a little.
Ne
Ne
Do
Do
lui
en donnez pas.
leur en donnez pas.
not give
him or her any.
not give them any.
Ne m'en donnez plus.

Ne lui en donnez plus.
Ne lui en donnez plus.
Ne leur en donnez plus.
Do
Do
Do
Do
J'en ai assez.
Il en a assez.
I have enough
Nous en avons assez.

Vous en avez assez.
en ont
not give
me any
not give
him any more.
more.
not give her any more.

not give them any more.
(of it or of them).
has enough.
She has enough.
We have enough.
You have enough.
He
Elle en a assez.
Ils
little.
They ha ve enough
They have enough,
assez.
Elles en ont assez.
(f.)
OBSERVATION.
The word en
from there.
is
also used as an adverb in the
Etes- vous de Paris?
Are youfrom Paris?
J'en suis.
I (from
Venez- vous de Paris

J'en viens.
there)
am.
Do you come from

I do.
sense of
Paris ?
(Ifrom there come.)
133
Y.
This
is
pronoun,
another important word

it
an adverb,
except
in
means to it,
means there.
to
them
it
It
at
;
is
Used as a
them.
Used as
French.
in
at
it,
placed before the verb,
the affirmative imperative.
Pensez-y (png-say-zee).
Think of it.
J'y pense.
I think of it.
J'y penserai.
I wilt think of it.
avez- vous pens
Do
Do
N'y pensez pas.

N'y pensez plus.
N'y pensons plus.
est-il
Il
n'y est pas.
chez
lui (or) la
Votre mre
chez
est-elle
elle (or)
la maison?
Vos parents sont-ils chez eux

la maison ?
Ils
Ils
n'y sont pas.
Cor)
Vos surs sont-elles chez

(or) la maison ?
J'y vais
!
(or) in the
is.
mother at home
(or) in the
is.
is not.
Are your parents
at
home
(or) in
the house ?
elles
Are your sisters at home

house ?
They are.
They are not.
sont.
Elles n'y sont pas.
home
They are.
They are not.
sont.
Allons-y
Ls your
She
She
est.
Allez-y
Ls yourfather at
house ?
Elle n'y est pas.
not think of it.

not think of it any more.
He (there)
He is not.
est.
Elles
it.
house ?
Il
to
Let us not think of it any more.
maison ?
Elle
Think
Have you thought of it?

I have thought of it.
I have not thought of it.
J'y ai pens.
Je n'y ai pas pens.
Votre pre
Lit.:
Go there !
I go there !
Let us go there
(or) in the
134
IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
FORMED WITH THE WORD
Il
Il
Il
y
y
y
there is (or) there are.
a,
avait, there
was
aura, there will
a-t=il ? (or)
Est=ce
qu'il
Y.
be.
Is there (or) are there ?
y a?
avait-il ? (or)
(or) there were.
Wa$
there
Est-ce qu'il y avait?)
Yaura-t=il?(^)
,^
were theye
Est-ce qu'il y aura?
Il
Il
Il
y a beaucoup de monde
y avait beaucoup de monde
y aura beaucoup de monde
Il
a,
ago.
Combien de temps y a-t-il ?

y a deux ans.
Il y a environ trois ans.
Il
There are many people

There were many people ..,
There will be many people
Lit. : There is (or) there are.
How long ago ?

Two years
About
Long
ago.
three years ago.
Il
y a longtemps.
y a bien longtemps.
It is a very long time since.
Il
n'y a pas longtemps.
Not long
Il
ago.
ago.
135
EXERCISE.
2.
Is your brother married ?

Has he any children ?
3.
How many
4.
He has two.
5.
6.
/.
7.
8.
.
10.
How many pupils have you f
5.
Combien
6.
J'
Has he many pupils?
7.
He has not many.

He has very few.
Have you much work ?
75.
16.
Do you
too
i.
wish any oranges ?

me a dozen.
Do you wish any beer ?
Yes, give me a glass.
20.
Are
21.
There are not many.
Yes, give
there
many people
...
22.
Were there many people
23.
There were not many.
24. Is
25.
26.
27.
28.
29
30.
he from Paris?
Il
12.
Avez-vous
13.
Je n'
14.
J'
15.
Je n'
16.
Dsirez- vous
17.
Oui, donnez m'
18.
Dsirez- vous
19.
Oui, donnez
ai
20.
Il
n'y
Il
n'y
?
.
m'
beaucoup
a
24. Est-il
28.
Serez- vous
29.
Oui,
30.
N'
il
penserez- vous ?
j'
j'
Oui,
avait
est.
Oui,
there.
beaucoup
22.
23.
ai qu'
27.
there.
ai point.
26.
I shall be
travail (or)
trop.
J'
Will you think of it ?

I will think of it.
Will you be at home?
Yes,
Avez-vous
ouvrage
25.
Do not go
beaucoup.
Yes, he is from there.
Yes,
avez- vous?
9.
21.
.
A-t-il
Un'
n.
much.
a-t-il ?
8.
10.

I have not any.
I have one.
/ have only one.
18.
Il
have twenty.
mari?
?
Combien
12.
1 j.
A-t-il
3.
I have
14.
Votre frre
4.
has he ?
11.
13.
1.
2.
penserai.
vous?
serai.
allez pas.
136
VINGT ET UNIEME LEON,
LESSON XXL
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
ON.
The
pronoun on
is
used
very often
in
the
French
language.
It
stands for the English words one, somebody, people
-,
we, they, whenever these words have a general and indefin-
meaning that is, whenever they do not refer to anybody in particular.

The pronoun on enables the French to use the verb in
ite
the active form, which they always prefer to the passive.
On sonne.
On a sonn.
On frappe.
On frappe la porte.
On a frapp.
On dit qu'il est trs riche.
On le dit.
On me l'a dit.
On craint (que)
On croit
Ici
on parle franais
Somebody rings.
Somebody has rung.
Somebody knocks
Somebody raps at the door.
Somebody has knocked.
They say that he is very rich.
They say so {one it says.)
I was told so.
It is feared {that)
It is believed
(or)
Ici l'on parle franais
(euphonie
1')
French
French
is
is
spoken here.
spoken here.
Quelqu'un, somebody, some one, anybody.

Personne, nobody, no one, not
anybody.
137
Avez-vous vu quelqu'un?
Have you
Je n'ai vu personne.
I have
a-t-il
Is there anybody there
Il
n'y a personne.
quelqu'un
There
Y avait-il quelqu'un
seen anybody ?
not seen anybody.
is
nobody there.
Was there anybody there?

There was nobody there.
Il.n'y avait personne.
Quelque chose, something, anything.

Rien,
nothing, not anything.
Je n'ai rien achet.
Have you bought anything?

I have bought something.
I have not bought anything.
Quelque chose de beau.

Quelque chose de drle.
Quelque chose de nouveau.
Quelque chose d'intressant.
Donnez-moi quelque chose boire.
Something fine.
Something funny.
Something new.
Something interesting.
Give me something to drink.
Rien du tout.
Rien de bon.
Rien de meilleur.
Nothing at all.
Nothing good.
Nothing better.
Avez-vous achet quelque chose

J'ai achet quelque chose.
Que
faites- vous?
dites- vous
Je ne dis rien.
Qu' avez-vous dit?

Je n'ai rien
I am doing
Je ne fais rien.
Que
dit.
nothing.
What do you say ?
I do
not say anything.
What have you said?
I said nothing.
Quelques=uns (m.))
a f
Quelques-unes (f.) ; bome Jew
<-.
'
'
138
Voulez- vous des timbres-poste ?

Oui, donnez-m'en quelques-uns.
Do you want some postage stamps $

Yes, give me a few.
Voulez- vous des enveloppes
Do you want any envelopes

Yes, give me a few.
Oui, donnez-m'en quelques-unes.
Chacun
Chacune
(f.)
Chacun de ces messieurs.

Chacune de ces dames.
Chacun son got.
Chacun son mtier.
Chacun son tour.
Chacun pour soi.
Tout
Tout
Tout
Tout
Tout
le
le
le
le
^ 7
Each
(m.))
}
Each
Each
Each
Each
Each
Each
le
monde,
monde sait cela.

monde le sait.
monde le dit.
monde aime l'argent.
one of those gentlemen.

one of those ladies.
one to his taste.
one to his trade.
in his turn.
one for himself.
everybody.
Everybody knows that.

Everybody knows it.
Everybody says so.
Everybody likes money.
Quiconque, whoever, whosoever.
Quiconque n'aime pas sa mre'

n'est pas digne d'tre aim.
Quiconque
flatte
ses matres, les
Whoever loves not

unworthy of being
Whoever
mother
flatters his
is
masters be-
trays them.
trahit.
L'un (m.), l'une (f.),

Les uns, les unes,
his
loved.
(the) one.
L'autre,
(the) ones.
Les autres, the others.
the other.
139
L'un est blanc, l'autre est noir.

L'une est blanche, l'autre est noire.
One
uns sont bons, les autres sont

mauvais.
Les uns disent oui, les autres
disent non.
Some
are good, the others are bad.
Some
say yes, the others say no.
Donnez-moi
Donnez-moi
Give
Give
Ives
l'autre.
les autres.
L'un est aussi bon que l'autre

L'un vaut l'autre.
(or)
One
is white, the
other
is black.
me the other.
me the others.
is
as good as the other.
L'un aprs l'autre.

Les uns aprs les autres.
One after another.

The ones after the others.
L'un ou l'autre, (m.)

L'une ou l'autre, (f.)
Either one ; the one or the other.
L'un et l'autre (or)

Tous les deux, (m.)
L'une et l'autre (or)
Either, both.
Toutes les deux,
(f.)
Ni l'un ni l'autre, (m.)

Ni l'une ni l'autre, (f.)
Il
faut s'aimer les uns les autres,
<
<<
Either, both.
<<
<<
Neither.
We must
love one another.
(idiom.)
Autrui, others (invariable
Il
faut respecter le bien d' autrui.
Ne
pas autrui ce que vous

ne voudriez pas qu'on vous ft.
faites
applies to people only).
We must respect other 's property.

Do not unto others that whtCh you
would not
to be
done unto you.
140
Qui que,
Quoi que,
whoever, whosoever.
whatever (before a verb in the subjunctive mood).
whatever (relating to a masculine noun).
Quelque,
Quelle que, whatever (relating to a feminine noun).
Qui que ce soit.

Quoi que ce soit.
Whoever it may be.

Whatever it may be.
Quel que soit le prix.

Quelle que soit la difficult.
Whatever the price may be.

Whatever the difficulty may
4-
One ca?i.
One cannot.
One copJd.
They would
4-
5-
It is thought that
5-
peut
pourrait.
voudrait
pense que
Has he seen anybody ?
6.
A-t-il
7-
Il n'
i.
2.
3-
6.
I.
2.
3-
8.
He has seen nobody.

Do you wish for anything
9-
I do
7-
io.
ii.
12.
ij.
14.
75.
16.
1 j.
18.
i.
20.
21.
22.
23.
not wish for anything.
Give
me something
to eat.
Will you have a few cigars ?

me a few. (m.)
Will you have a few oranges ?
Yes, give me afezo. (_/".)
Yes, give
What did he say ?
He
did not say anything.

What did she say ?
She did not say anything.
him.
Everybody
Everybody
Everybody
likes
One
One
the other is pink.
likes her.
8.
9-
0.
peut.
vu
...
?
.
Je dsire
Donnez-moi
Dsirez-vous
14.
Voulez- vous
Oui, donnez m'en
Dsirez- vous
Oui, donnez m'en
15.
Qu'a-t-il
16.
Un'
17.
Qu'a-t-elle
18.
Elle n'
11.
12.
13.
19.
20.
be.
Tout
Tout
le
le
manger.
?
.
?
.
monde
monde
1'
1'
likes them.
is red,
is blue,
the other is yellow.
22.
1/
23
1/
,.
est rouge,
est bleu,
1'
est rose.
est jaune.
1'
Practical French Course:
141
VINGT-DEUXIEME LEON,
LESSON
XXII.
THE ADVERB.
I.
Adverbs,
Formation of the Adverbs.

French, are generally formed by adding
in
Ment
ment to the feminine termination of the adjective.

corresponds to the English ending ly
Iênte, (f.)
slow.
Forte,
strong.
(f.)
Lentement,
Fortement,
Grandement,
Heureusement,
Grande, (f.) great.

Heureuse, (f.) happy.
slowly,
strongly,
'
greatly.
happily.
Adjectives ending in ant, ent, form their adverbs
in
amment, emment.
Ngligent,
constamment,
ngligemment,
Prudent,
prudemment,
Constant,
Some adverbs
constantly.
negligently.
prudently.
require an acute accent over the e pre-
ceding the termination ment

Profondment,
deeply,
Prcisment,
precisely.
Expressment,
expressly.
Communment,
Commodment,
Enormment,
commonly.
commodiously
enormously
142
II.
Place
of the Adverbs.
In simple tenses the adverb
compound tenses
iliary and the past
in
it is
participle
beaucoup
/ work very much.

I have worked very much.
travaill.
You are doing very well.

You have done very well.
Vous faites trs bien.

Vous avez trs bien fait.
Je
m'amuse beaucoup.
Je
me
suis
I enjoy myself very much.

I have enjoyed myself very much.
beaucoup amus.
III.
List of Adverbial Expressions.

(I.)
Bien,
well, right.
Mai,
badly, wrong.
ADVERBS OF MANNER.
1
(2.)
Premirement,
Finalement,
placed after the verb, but
Je travaille beaucoup.
J'ai
is
generally placed between the aux-
Mieux,
better.
Ainsi,
so, thus.
ADVERBS OF ORDER.
firstly.
finally.
Ensemble,
Sparment,
together.
separately.
ADVERBS OF QUANTITY.
(3.)
enough.
Peu,
Assez,
Plus,
more.
Moins,
less,
Trop,
too much, too many.
Tant,
so much, so many.
Autant, as much, as many.
little, few.
Beaucoup, much, many.
fewer.
(4.)
Vraiment,
Certainement,
ADVERBS OF AFFIRMATION.
truly, indeed.
certainly.
Assurment,
assuredly.
Naturellement, naturally,
of course.

(
O?
ADVERBS OF INTERROGATION.
5.)
D'o?
where ?
from where ? whence ?
Quand ?
when
(6.)
here
L,
there
Devant,
before
Derrire,
Dessus,
Dessous,
Comment ? how?
Combien ? how much ? how many?
Pourquoi ? why ?
ADVERBS OF
PI, ACE.
Dedans,
Dehors,
Ici,
143
inside.
outside.
Loin,
far.
behind.
Prs,
near.
upon
unde meath
Ailleurs,
elsewhere.
Partout,
everywhere.
',
in front of.
( 7.)
ADVEB JBS OF TIME.

formerly.
Aujourd' hui,
to-day.
Autrefois,
Hier,
yesterday.
Dsormais,
Demain,
to-morrow.
Dornavant
Maintenant,
now.
Aussitt,
henceforth.
,
hereafter.-
as soon,
immediately.
Tt,
soon.
Bientt,
very soon.
Alors,
then.
Soudain,
Ensuite,
suddenly.
Tard,
Souvent,
Jamais,
Toujours,
after, afterwards.
Rarement,
seldom, rarely.
Enfin,
lastly, at last.
Longtemps
a long time.
(8.)
late.
often.
never, or ever.
always.
ADVERBIAE PHRASES.
D'abord, first, at first.
A prsent,
Tout d' abord, from the very first.

Quelque part, somewhere.
Nulle part, nowhere,
Peu peu, little by little.
En avance, early, in advance.

En retard, late, behind time.
En haut, up, upstairs.
En bas, down, down-stairs.
Petit petit, by degrees.
D'ailleurs, besides, in other respects.
Peut-tre, perhaps.
Du
En
Tout d'un coup, all at once.

Tout coup, all of a sudden.
Tout fait, quite.
Tout de suite, at once.
Tout l'heure, just now,by-and-by.
De
at present.
reste, besides,
'
'
outre, besides that, further.
plus, moreover, furthermore.

Par consquent, consequently.
De nouveau, anew, anon, again.
En mme temps, at the same time.
144
De bonne
la
heure, early.
bonne heure, very
well.
Combien de fois ? how many times ?

Une fois, once.
Plusieurs
fois,
several times.
Combien de temps ? how long?

Depuis quand ? since when ?
De temps en temps, once in a while.

Loin de l, far from it.
Tant s'en faut, farfrom it, (id.).
A peine,
Tant
a
a
hardly, scarcely.
much
pis, so
se peut,
it
the worse.
may
be.
se pourrait, it might be.
REMARKS ON THE ADVERBS OF QUANTITY.

I.
Before a noun the adverbs of quantity, as already
stated, are
always followed by the preposition de (of)
Combien de frres avez-vous ?

Combien d'argent avez-vous ?
How many brothers have you?

How much money have you ?
Beaucoup de livres.
Beaucoup d'argent.
Trop de travail.
Trop de peine.
Trop d'argent.
Trop de monde.
Peu d'argent.
Peu de personnes.
Tant d'argent.
Tant de fois.
Many
money.
Too much work.
Too much trouble.
Too much money.
Too many people.
Little money.
Few persons.
So much money.
So many times.
More money.
Less work.
Plus d'argent.
Moins de
2.
travail.
The adverb
books.
Much
assez,
enough,
is
always
French, before the noun, adjective, or adverb.
Assez
Assez
Assez
Assez
Assez
d'argent.
Enough money.
grand.
haut.
Large enough.
loin.
High enough.
Far enough.
bien.
Well enough.
placed,
in
145
PRACTICE.
/ desire to
Je dsire parler franais
couramment
et correctement
speak French
and
correctly.
/ desire
to learn the French

language thoroughly.
Je dsire apprendre fond
langue franaise.
Est-ce que je parle trop vite
fluently
Do I speak
too fast ?
Oui, vous parlez trop vite.
Yes, you speak too fast
Parlez plus lentement.
Kst-ce que je prononce bien.

Vous prononcez trs bien.
Speak slower.
Speak louder.
Speak lower.
Do I pronounce well ?
You pronounce very well.
Me
Do you
Parlez plus haut.

Parlez plus bas.
comprenez- vous
Je vous comprends parfaitement.

Vous prononcez trs distinctement.
Aimez-vous
la
langue franaise ?
musique
la
homme
est
femme
it
like the
French
very much.
I like it passionately.
Do you like money ?
Of course.
Naturellement.
Cela va sans dire.
Cet
Do you
distinctly.
Do you like music ?
Je l'aime passionnment.
Aimez- vous l'argent ?
Cette
You pronounce very
I like
Je l'aime beaucoup.
Aimez- vous
understand me ?
I understand you perfectly.
normment riche.
est immensment
That
That
man is enormously rich.

woman is immensely rich.
riche.
Il fait
Il fait
terriblement chaud.
excessivement froid
It is terribly hot.
It is exceedingly cold.
Allez-vous souvent au bal ?
Do you go
J'y vais trs rarement.

Allez-vous souvent au thtre
I go
J'y vais
une
Comment va
Il est trs
Tant pis
fois
par semaine.
votre ami
malade.
(there*)
Do you go
I go
to the ball often
to the theatre often
once a week.
How is yourfriend ?
He is
very seldom.
very sick.
So much the worse !
146
Comment va
votre
mre
How is your mother?
She is very much better.

So -much the better !
Elle va beaucoup mieux.
Tant mieux
EXERCISE.
I.
You work
2.
Yes,
34-
too
I work
much.
much.
too
He is doing very well.

He has done very well.
She speaks very well.

6. She has spoken very well.
7 He pronounces very badly.
8. She pronounces very distinctly.
5-
9-
10.
ii.
12.
1314.
15-
You speak
better.
She speaks very much better.

Let us go together.
Let us go separately.
Where have you been ?
When will you leave?

L shall leave to-morrow.
How
do you pronounce this

word ?
17- How do you spell that word?
18. Why do you cry ?
19. Why do you laugh ?
20. Why do you smile?
21. Where do you live ?
22. You live too far away.
23- Are you angry with me ?
16.
1.
Vous
2.
Oui, je travaille
Il fait
Il
5-
Elle parle
6.
Elle a
fait.
parl.
prononce
7.
Il
8.
Elle prononce
9-
Vous parlez
10.
Elle parle
11.
14.
Allons
Allons
avez-vous t ?
partirez- vous ?
15.
Je partirai
12.
13-
16.
17.
prononcez-vous
(m.)
pelez-vous
21.
22.
Vous demeurez
18.
19-
20.
23-
24.
25-
26.
Many people.
26.
25-
pleurez- vous
riez-vous
souriez- vous
demeurez- vous
Etes- vous fch

.
Avec
27.
28.
28.
29.
C'est
plaisir.
monde.
More than that.

Less than that.
29. That is good enough.
30. That is too easy.
30.
facile.
J/. It is too difficult.
31-
difficile.
27
3-
4-
Far from it.

With much pleasure.
24.
travaillez
m&p?
cela.
cela.
.
mot?
147
VINGT-TROISIEME LEON.
LESSON
[.
The
(I.)
at or
A,
Aprs,
Avant,
Avec,
Chez,
Contre,
Dans,
Preposition.
SIMPLE PREPOSITIONS.
Hors
to.
out
de,
Malgr,
after.
of.
in spite of.
before.
Moyennant
with.
Nonobstant notwithstanding.
at or to the house of.
Outre,
against.
Parmi,
Pendant,
Pour,
by means
of.
in, into, within.
De,
of or from.
Depuis, since.
Durant, during.
Except except.
in.
En,
,
between
Entre,
XXIII.
besides, beyond.
amongst.
pending, during.
for.
Sans,
without.
Sauf,
save, except.
Selon,
according
Suivant,
following.
on, upon.
Sur,
to.
Environ about.
Hormis, except.
Sous,
under.
Vers,
Hors,
Envers,
towards (direction or
towards (of people).
except.
(2.)
A cause de,
A l'gard de,
COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS.
En
on account of
in regard to.
faveur de, in favor of.

Vis vis de
opposite.
,
Au
beyond.
del de,
A l'exception de, with the excepAu dessus de,
above.
tion of.
Au dessous de,
Au milieu de,
Au lieu de,
Autour
de,
[time)
below.
En
face de,
Prs de,
facing.
near, close
Loin de,
far from.
A ct
at the side of.
de,
to.
Au devant de,
before, in front.
instead of.
Jusqu',
until, as far as.
around.
Quant
as for.
in the middle
of.
148

II.
The
SIMPLE CONJUNCTIONS..
(I.)
Car,
Conjunction.
Or,
now
however.
Ou,
or.
Pourtant, however, though.

Puisque,
since.
for, because.
Cependant,
Comme,
as, like.
Donc,
then, therefore.
Et,
and.
Lorsque,
Mais,
when.
but.
ni ....
Ni
Nanmoins,
'
although.
Si, sinon,
if,
that.
if not.
whether, so be
Toutefois, however, yet,
COMPOUND CONJUNCT ions
Aussitt que as soon
it.
still.
(followed by a verb).
Pourvu que,
as.
as soon as.
que,
Que,
Quoique,
Soit,
nevertheless.
(2.;
Ds
nor
neither
then, well now.
Bien que,
provided
although
De
so that.
that.
Pendant que while.

Tandis que, while.
Jusqu' ce que, until.
Afin que,
so that.
A moins
que,
unless.
Pour que,
in order that.
De peur
que,
lest,
Parce que,
because.
Avant que,
Ou
or.
Par consquent, consequently.

Sans que,
without.
bien,
Aprs que,
after.
III.
The following
is
The
and exclamatory phrases

Ah!
Oh!
H
Eh
bien
bien
H!
Dites donc
for fear
before.
that.
Interjection.
of the
list
sorte que,
most usual interjections
Ah!
Parbleu
Oh!
Courage
Now then !
Allons
Allons done
Well then !
Hey ! See here!
Forsooth
Bravo
Courage !
Come ! Courage !
Nonsense! Is that
Bravo !
{sot

Hlas
Hol!
Bien
Chut
"Vraiment
A la bonne heure
Gare!
Attention
Prenez garde
Mais oui
Mais si
Bis!
What!
Very well !
Tiens
Attention
Tenez
Indeed !
Look out !
Take care !
Comment
Dame
Good !
Bon!
Hush !
Alas!
Hello !
Well!
Quoi
149
How !
Ah, well !
Hold!
Misricorde
Mon dieu
Why yes !
Yes indeed !
Ma
Encore !
Silence
Good gracious !
foi
Behold !
Mercy !
My faith
Silence !
PRACTICE.
Avec moi.
Avec nous.
Avec lui.
Avec elle.
Avec eux. (m.)
Avec elles, (f )
Avec plaisir.
With me.
With us.
With him.
With her.
With them.
With them.
With pleasure.
Aprs vous.
Aprs cela.
Aprs djeuner.
Aprs dner.
After you.
After that.
After breakfast.
After dinner.
Aprs-midi.
Afternoon.
Sans doute.
Sans peine.
Without a doubt.
Without any trouble.
Without any difficulty.
Without ceasing.
Without care.
Sans* difficult
Sans
Sans
cesse.
souci.
Pourquoi ?
Pourquoi pas ?
Pourquoi pleurez- vous ?
Porquoi n'tes- vous pas venu?
C'est pourquoi (or) voil pourquoi.
Parce que.
Parce que je ne peux pas.
Parce que je ne veux pas.
Why?
Why not ?
Why do you
cry ?
Why did you
not come ?
Therefore, that is why.
Because.
Because I cannot.
Because I will not.
150
Avant, before
Devant, before
Avant maintenant.
Avant longtemps.
Devant vous.
Devant ma maison.
(for time).
(for place).
Before now.
Before long.
Before (in front of) you.
Before my house.
Depuis, since (for time).

Puisque, since, as, for the reason
Depuis longtemps.
Depuis ce temps-l.
Depuis lors.
Since a long time.
Since that time.

Since then.
Since you will have
Puisque vous le voulez ainsi.

Puisque vous ne pouvez pas.
Puisque c'est impossible.
que
que
que
que
Since
je suis
New
impossible
Ever since I was

York.
I am
in
York.
partir de, from, starting from.
Ds aujourd'hui.
Ds maintenant.
Ds demain.
From to-day.
From now on.
From to-morrow.
From
partir d'aujourd'hui.
born.
New
Since
je suis retourn.
Ds from, beginning.
Since
I came.
Since I returned
venu.
it is
since (before a verb).
je suis n.
je suis
it so.
Since you cannot.
Depuis que,
Depuis
Depuis
Depuis
Depuis
that.
this
day forward.

Aussitt que
Ds que
(or)
ds que, as soon
As soon
As soon
possible.
Aussitt que possible.
Entre, between.
151
as.
as possible.
as possible.
Parmi, among, amid.
Entre vous et moi.

Entre nous.
Entre deux et trois heures.
Between you and me.

Between us.
Between two and three
Parmi nous.
Parmi le nombre
Dans le nombre.
Amongst
towards (direction) about (time).
Envers, towards
Il
(of people).
He
was going towards the river.

She was going towards the park.
allait vers la rivire.
Elle allait vers le parc.
Je viendrai vers cinq heures (or)

Je viendrai vers les cinq heures.
Il faut tre poli
us.
Among the number.

Among the number.
(or)
Vers,
o'clock.
envers les dames.
I shall come around five
o 'clock.
One must be polite towards the ladies
Prs de,
near, close
Auprs de,
near, about.
to.
Prt (adjective), ready
to.
152
Prs de
Il
ma maison.
demeure prs
Near to my house.
He lives close by.
d'ici.
Stay near me (or by me).

I am ready to go out.
Restez auprs de moi.

Je suis prt sortir.
Durant,
Pendant,
during (whole duration).

pending, during.
Pendant que,
Durant sa vie.
en Floride pendant
Pendant que j'y suis.
Pendant que vous y tes.
Pendant que j'y pense.
J'irai
Sur, upon.
Sur
Sur
Sur
Sur
Sur
while.
l'hiver.
While I am at it (or there).

While you are at it (or there).
While I think of it.
Sous, under.
chemine.
le perron.
le toit.
ma parole.
Sous
Sous
Derrire, behind.
Upon the table.

Upon the mantel-piece
Upon the stoop.
Upon the roof.
Upon my word.
la table.
la
During his life.

[winter.
I shall go to Florida during the
Under the sofa.

Under the tree.
le sofa.
l'arbre.
Behind the door.

Behind you.
Derrire la porte.
Derrire vous.
Dessus, upon,
over.
Otez cela de dessus la table.

Otez cela de dessous la chaise.
C'est au dessus de mes forces.
Dessous, underneath.
Take that off the
Remove
table.
that from
It is beyond
under the
my strength.
chair.

Par dessus
Par dessus
le
le
march.
mur.
Into the bargain.
Over the
dessus.
Ci-dessous.
Cent francs
wall.
{Here) above.
Thereupon.
{Here) below.
Ci-dessus.
153
et
One hundred francs and upward.
au dessus.
En,
in (countries, time, situation).
Dans, in (into, within, at the end of).
Je suis n en France en i860.

J'espre que vous tes en bonne
I was born in France in i860.

I hope that you are in good health.
sant.
Rome
n'a pas t btie en
un
Dans une heure.

Dans un quart d'heure.
Dans une demi-heure.
Dans deux mois.
Dans ma poche.
Dans le tiroir.
Dans la cuisine.
Dans le salon.
Dans la salle manger.
Dans la salle de bain.
Dans le corridor.
Dans l'armoire.
Dans l'escalier.
Dans la rue.
Dans le jardin.
Dans le parc.
Dans la cave.
jour.
Rome was
not built in a day.
In one hour.
In a quarter of an hour.
In half an hour.
In two months.
In my pocket.
In the drawer.
In the kitchen.
In the parlor.
In the dining-room.
In the bathroom.
In the hall.
In the closet.
In (on) the staircase.
In
In
In
In
the street.
the garden.
the park.
the cellar.
EXERCISE.
/.
2.
j.
With much difficulty.

With great pleasure.
With the greatest pleasure.
lm
2.
3.
difficult.
un plaisir.
le plaisir.
154
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
75.
After my lesson.
After my dinner.
Without you.
Without him.
Without her.
Why do you not study ?
Why do you not try ?
Because I am too busy.
Because I am tired.
Because it is useless.
Before to-day.
Before the stove.
18.
Behind the curtain.

Behind the screen.
As soon as you can.
ig.
As
20.
Near there.
I shall come
16.
17.
21.
22.
soon as
While
zve
I can.
4
5
6
7
ma
mon
vous.
lui.
elle.
tudiez-vous
9
10
essayez-vous
je suis
11
12
13
14
are at
it.
?
?
occup.
fatigu.
inutile.
aujourd'hui.
15
fourneau, (m.)
16
rideau, (m.)
17
paravent, (m.)
18
vous pourrez.
19
je pourrai.
20
at about 2 o'clock.
21
l.
Je viendrai
22
nous y sommes.
23.
In the bureau.
23
commode,
24.
On
24
25.
27.
In the pantry.
In a moment.
In the middle of the
bureau, (m.)
garde-manger, (m.)
28.
Until to-morrow.
27
28
26.
the desk.
25
26
street.
29.
As for me.
29
30.
Closed on account of death.
30
31.
During
the lesson.
3i
32.
In
In
ofyou.
of all that.
32
33.
spite
spite
might have,
rue. (f.)
moi.
Ferm
dcs.
leon.
33
etc.
un moment.
demain.
Imperfect Subjunctive of AVOIR,

That
(f.)
vous.
cela.
TRE,
to have;
That
might
to be.
be, etc.
Que j'eusse
Que tu eusses
Que
Que
Qu'il et
Qu'il ft
Que nous eussions

Que vous eussiez
Que nous fussions

Que vous fussiez
Qu'ils eussent
Qu'ils fussent
fusse
tu fusses
je
Practical French Course:
155
VINGT-QUATRIEME LEON.
LESSON XX IV.
PRACTICAL EXERCISE ON SOME INVARIABLE WORDS
WHICH HAVE SEVERAL MEANINGS.
to>
Corresponds generally to the English prepositions aland

but in many cases it is used idiomatically and may be
rendered in English by after;
till,
by, on.
A mon regret.
A droite.
A gauche.
To my regret.
To the right.
To the left.
A quelle heure dnez- vous ?

Je dne six heures.
At what
A la franaise.
A l'amricaine.
After the French fashion.

After the American fashion.
A bord.
A cheval.
A pied.
A bicyclette.
On board.
On horseback.
On foot.
On a bicycle.
A ce soir.
A demain.
A bientt.
A tout l'heure.
Till this evening,
I dine
time do you dine ?
at 6 o'clock.
Till to-morrow,
(
Till) shortly.
{Till) by
and by.
Pas pas.
Step by step.
Peu peu.
Little by little.
Petit petit l'oiseau fait son nid.
Little by little the bird builds {up)
her nest.
156
IMPORTANT REMARK.
The
preposition
two nouns
in the
is
often used idiomatically
Une tasse caf.

Une cuillre caf.
Une brosse dents.
Une brosse cheveux.
Une pingle cheveux.
Une assiette soupe.
Une assiette dessert.
Une cuillre bouche.
Une cuillere bouche.
A coffee-cup.
A coffee-spoon.
A tooth-brush.
A hair-brush.
A hair-pin.
A soup plate.
A dessert plate.
A tablespoon.
A tablespoonful.
Du
Some
papier
lettre.
Un bateau vapeur.
Un bateau voiles.
Une peinture l'huile.
Une tarte la crme.
Une omelette au rhum
caf au
letter-paper.
A letter-box.
A bedroom.
A steamboat.
A sail boat.
Une bote lettres.

Une chambre coucher.
Du
between
sense of used for, propelled by, made with.
An
oil pai?iting.
A cream pie.
A rum omelet.
Coffee
lait.
and milk.
EN
Corresponds generally to the English preposition in, but
used idiomatically and maybe rendered in English by
it is
at, to,
from
there,
of it, of them, as or
like, on, by.
En hiver en t en automne.
En Europe en France en prison.
En traneau.
En voiture.
hi winter; in summer; in autumn.
En
En
At war ; at peace.
At liberty ; at nurse.
guerre
libert
en paix.
en nourrice.
Etes-vous de Paris?
Oui, j'en suis.
I?i
Europe; in France; in jail.
In a sleigh.
In a carriage.
{All aboard!)
Are you from Paris?

Yes, I {from there) am.
De temps en
157
Fro?n time to time.
temps.
{Once in a
while. )
De mal en
From bad to
pis.
Have you a pencil?

Yes, I have one.
Yes, I have some.
Avez-vous un crayon ?
Oui, j'en ai un.
Avez-vous des allumettes ?

Oui, j'en
ai.
En
En
En
partant.
Un
officier
arrivant.
dbarquant.
en
worse.
civil.
On
On
On
leaving.
An
ununiformed officer.
arriving.
landing.
I speak
Je vous parle en ami.
to you as
a friend.
DE
Corresponds generally to the English prepositions of
and from.
Le cheval de mon
oncle.
L'automobile de mon ami.

La bicyclette de ma femme.
Je viens de Versailles.
Versailles n'est pas loin de Paris.
My uncle's horse, {The horse of)

My friend' s automobile
My wife's bicycle.
I come from
Versailles
is
Versailles.
not far from Paris.
IMPORTANT REMARK.
The name of the material of which an object is composed always follows, in French, the name of the object
itself, the two words being connected either by the preposition
Une
Une
Une
Une
Une
en or
de.
montre d'or (or)

montre en or.
montre d'argent (or)
montre en argent.
plume d'acier.
A gold watch.
A gold watch.
A silver watch.
A silver watch.
A steel pen.
158
Un chapeau
de
Une robe de
soie.
A straw hat.
A silk dress.
paille.
Wool stockings.
Des bas de laine.

Des bas de coton.
Cotton stockings.
QUE
Corresponds generally to what and that, but it has
other meanings, being rendered into English,
according to the sense of the phrase, by than, as, but or
several
only, how, how much

why (exclamatory).
Que pensez-vous de
Paris
or
how many,
Je pense que c'est la plus belle

ville
Il
du monde.
(popular.)
chaud qu'hier?
plus chaud qu'hier.
when, whether,
What do you think of Paris f

I think (that} it is the most beautifui
n'y a pas d'erreur
till,
world.
no mistake about that.
city in the (of the)
There
is
war in as yesterday ?
warmer than yesterday.
Fait-il aussi
Is it as
Il fait
It is
Avez-vous de l'argent sur vous ?

Je n'ai que cinq francs.
Combien de cigares avez-vous ?
Je n'en ai qu'un.
Have you a?iy money about you ?

I have but five francs.
How many cigars have you f
Que vous
Que vous
How kind you are !

How good you are !
How warm it is !
How pretty you are !
tes aimable
Qu'il fait
bon
chaud
Que vous
tes jolie
Oh
je
que
tes
vous aime
Que d'argent
Que de monde
I have but
one.
Oh ! how I love you !
How much money ! (exclam.)

How many people /
Attendez que je vienne.

1,'anne que j'tais Paris.
Qu'il pleuve ou qu'il neige.
Que ne le faites-vous
Que n'y allez-vous
!
Wait
till
I come.
The year (when) I was in Paris.
Whether
Why
Why
it
rains or snows.
it ! (exclam.)
don't you do
don't you
go !
159
BIEN
Corresponds generally to the English adverb well, but
in many instances it is used idiomatically, and maybe rendered into English by very, quite, right, very much or very
many and
indeed.
C'est bien.
I am well ; I have good health.

Everything goes well.
All is well that ends well.
All right ; that's right.
Je suis bien las.

Je suis bien content.
J'en suis bien aise.
J'en suis bien fch.
I am
I am
I am
I am
Je
me
porte bien.
Tout va bien.
Tout est bien qui
finit bien.
very tired.
very satisfied.
very glad of it.
very sorry {for if).
very dear.
very astonishing.
C'est bien cher.
It is
C'est bien tonnant.
It is
C'est bien fait pour vous.
It serves yoti right.
bien chaud.
C'est bien gentil de votre part.
It is quite
Il fait
J'ai
Je
bien
me
J'ai
vu bien des pays.
a bien promis qu'il viendrait,
mais
je
ne crois pas
warm
very nice of you.
I laughed very much.

I enjoyed myself very much.
I have seen many countries.
A great many people.
ri.
suis bien amus.
Bien des personnes.

Il
It is
qu'il vienne.
He
certainly promised he would

come, but I do not believe he wilL
Je vous le promets bien.

Si vous le voulez bien.
I do promise (it to) you.

Ifyou are quite willing.
Je veux bien.
I am
quite willing.
REMARK.
The word
bien
is
also used as a substantive in the sense
of good, blessing, property, estate.
160
Le bien
Cela
d' autrui.
fait
du
The property of others.

That does one good.
That will do you good.
We must re?ider goodfor evil.
He is an honest man.
Health is the most precious
bien.
Cela vous fera du bien.

Il
faut rendre le bien pour le mal.
un homme de
La sant est le bien
C'est
bien.
le plus
prcieux.
of
blessings.
Les biens de
The good things of the earth.
la terre (or) d'ici -bas.
SI
Corresponds to the English words

Si c'est possible.
if,
whether,
S'il fait
If it is possible.
If I can.
Ifyou can.
If the weather permits.
If it is fine weather.
S'il
Ifyou please.
Si je peux.
Si vous pouvez.
temps le permet.
beau temps.
vous plat.
Si le
Je ne sais
non.
si
je pourrai venir
I do not know whether I
ou
chaud
bon
C'est une si bonne location
Je ne suis pas si bte (pop. )
si
shall be
able to co7ne or not.
Il fait si
C'est
so.
It is so
warm !
good !
is so good a
It is so
It
I am not
location.
so foolish !
POUR.
The word
pour, as
already seen, corresponds to the
English preposition for, but

to,
in order to
Il
faut
also used in the sense of
and per.
For whom
Pour qui est ceci ?

C'est pour vous.
manger pour
J'ai dit cela
it is
is this
It is for you.
vivre.
pour plaisanter.
One must eat to live.

I said that in jest.
161
In order to speak and write cor

rectly in French,
one tmist
Pour parler et crire correctement

en franais il faut savoir fond
la grammaire franaise.
know
{the)
French grammar
thoroughly.
Les caisses d'pargne paient

trois et demi pour cent.
Le pour
The savings banks pay three and
le
a half per cent, (interest).
Pro and con.
et le contre, (subst.)
PAR
Corresponds to the English prepositions by, per, through.
serves also to form
It
many
Qu'avez- vous lu ?
J'ai lu les " Trois
Mousquetaires, "
par Dumas, pre, et "Cyrano

de Bergerac, par Edmond Ros'
idiomatic expressions.
What have you read?

I have read the " Three Guardsmen," by Dumas, the elder, and
"Cyrano
'
Combien payez-vous par jour ?

Combien payez-vous par semaine ?
Par o
Bergerac,"
by
tes- vous entr
How much do you pay per day ?

How much do you pay per week ?
How didyou get in ?
Je suis entr par la fentre.
I got
in
Cela ne vaut rien.
That
is
Jetez-le par la fentre.
Throw
Par o faut-il passer ?

Par ici.
Par l.
Par ici la sortie.
Par ci, par l (or)
de
Edmond Rostand.
tand.
et l.
Par amour.
through the window.

not good.
out of the window.
it
Which way must one go ?

This way.
That way.
This
way
out.
Here and there (or)

Here and there.
For love.
so so.
OU.
The word ou (unaccented) corresponds

conjunction
or.
to the English
162
Tt ou tard.
Tout ou rien.
Maintenant ou jamais.
Plus ou moins.
Mort ou vif.
Sooner or later.
All or nothing.
Now or never.
OU
More or
less.
Dead or
alive.
(accented)
Corresponds generally to the English adverb where, but

also used idiomatically in the sense of in, which and
when.
it is
O demeurez- vous ?
O avez- vous t ?
Where do you live f

Where have you been ?
The danger in which you
Le danger o vous tes.

Le sicle o nous vivons.
Le jour o je suis venu.
The century in which we

The day (when) I came.
are.
live.
JUSQUE.
an adverb which denotes both time
The word jusque
and distance, being rendered into English by till and as
is
far
as.
It is
also used sometimes in the sense of even.
Jusqu' prsent.
Jusqu'alors.
Jusqu'o ?
Jusqu' Boston.
Jusqu' la rivire.
Jusqu'au parc.
Jusqu' ses amis.
Jusqu' la dernire minute.
Depuis le premier jusqu'au dernier.
Until now.
Until then.
As far as where ?
As far as Boston.
As far
As far
Even
as the river.
as the park.
his friends.
Up to the last minute.

From the first to the last.
EXERCISE.
my great
i.
To
2.
Turn to your right.

I shall come at one o'clock.
3.
regret.
regret.
votre
1.
2.
Tournez
3.
Je viendrai
mon

4-
He is in
(at) Paris.
8.
I shall go on foot.
We will go on horseback.
Give me a coffee-cup.
Give me a cup of coffee.
9-
My friend' s father is sick.
s.
6.
7-
10.
11.
4-
11 est
5-
J'irai
6.
Nous
8.
11.
X?
14-
How
nice !
14.
i5-
I am
so tired !
1516.
17.
Klle est
A French lesson.
21.
22.
My sister's bicycle.
2324.
2526.
27.
A silver watch.
A wooden chair.
What do you think of me ?
What do you think of her ?
It serves him right.
her right.
29. What do you wish ?
30. What do you say ?
V> What did you say ?
28. It serves
32.
33
34-
Are you sorry for it ?

I am sorry for it.
We laughed very much.
Imperative of AVOIR,
Je suis
Elle est
2T.
ig.
13.
20.
18.
is
18.
lasse
jolie
est-il?
19-
Il est
20.
Au
revoir
22.
La
bicyclette
23-
Une montre
de franais.
25-
de bois.
de moi
26.
d'elle?
24.
27.
C'est bien fait
bien fait
dsirez-vous?
28. C'est
29.
30-
31.
32.
dites- vous
avez- vous dit?
tes- vous fch
33. J'
34.
to
suis fch.
Nous avons
have;
ETRE,
Sois, be thou
Ayez, have you

Ayons, let us have
Qu'il ait, let him have
Soyez, be you
Soyons, let us
her have
Qu'ils aient, let them have
Qu'elles aient, let them have
Qu'elle soit,
let
(f.)
Aie, have thou
Qu'elle ait,
est malade.
pensez-vous Mlle X
Je pense elle est charmante
c'est gentil
12.
very pretty
is so pretty !
Where is he ?
He is in (at) Paris or London.
Good-bye ; till to-morrow.
She
n- She
i.
Un
Un
10.
What do you think of Miss

I think she is charming.
irons
9-
13-
12.
Donnez-moi
Donnez-moi
Le pre
7-
A gold bracelet.
A silk hat.
163
Qu'il soit,
let
to be.
be
him
let
be
her be
Qu'ils soient, let them be

Qu'elles soient, let them be
164
VINGT-CINQUIEME LEON.
LESSON XXV.
REMARKS ON THE RIGHT USE OF SOME
PRACTICAL WORDS.
DAY. MORNING.
EVENING.
The words day, morning and evening are translated in

French by jour, matin and soir (m.) when one refers to
any part of the day, morning or evening, and also after
the words tous, every ; chaque, each ; ce, this or that.
They are translated by journe, matine, soire, (f.) when
one wants to express the whole duration of the day, morning or evening.
Each day.
Every day.
Chaque jour (or)

Tous les jours.
Ce jour.
Il
Il
This day.
a fait une belle journe.

a plu toute la journe.
It
It
I shall come to-morrow morning.

I shall leave at 8 o'clock a.m.
Je viendrai demain matin,

Je partirai huit heures du matin.
Je viendrai dans la matine.

J'ai travaill toute la matine.
Nous viendrons ce soir.

Nous partirons huit heures du
has been a fine day.

has rained all day long.
I shall come in the forenoon.

I have worked all the morning.
We will come to-night.

We will leave at 8 o'clock p.m.
soir.
[us.
Venez passer la soire avec nous.

J'ai pass une trs agrable soire.
Come and spend the evening with

I have spent a very pleasant
evening.
165
YEAR.
The word year is translated in French by an (m.) for a

number of years, and by anne (f.) for an indefinite
definite
number,
number.
Il
for interrogative
y a deux
Deux ans
Two years ago.

Two years after.
I am twenty years
ans.
aprs.
vingt ans.
J'ai
En
sentences and after an ordinal
quelle anne tes-vous n
Je suis n en l'an 1880.
mme
L,a
old.
In what year were you born ?

I was born in the year 1880.
The same year.
anne.
Je vous souhaite une
bonne anne.
I wish you a prosperous year.
PARENTS. RELATIVES.
The French word
parents
means both
(pah-rahng)
parents and relatives.
The word
relations
means only
social or
commercial
acquaintances.
Comment se portent vos

Nous sommes parents.
Un proche
(or)
How are your parents ?

We
parent.
Un parent paternel
mon pre.
Un
parents ?
du ct de
parent maternel (or) du ct

ma mre.
are related.
A near relative.
A relation on my father' s side.
A
relative on
my
mother's
side.
de
Nous sommes en
relations
We
are commercially related.
d'affaires.
FATHER=IN=LAW, STEP=FATHER, ETC.
The words
father-in-law, step-father, and
words, are rendered
in
all
similar
French by the same expression.
166
Beau-fils.
Father-in-law (or) step-father.

Brother-in-law (or) step-brother.
Son-in-law (or) step-son.
Belle -mre.
Mother-in-law (or) step-mother.
Beau-pre.
Beau-frre.
Belle-sur.
Sister-in-law (or) step-sister.
Belle-fille.
Daughter-in-law
daughter.
(or) step-
PIECE.
The English word

morceau,
for
piece
material
is
translated
in
French by
of something-, and for
portion
The. French word pice is used for coins, theatrical plays, rooms, and (speaking of price) a piece, each.
music.
pice de cinq francs.
A piece of bread.
A piece of music.
A five-franc piece.
pice amusante.
An
Un morceau
Un morceau
Une
Une
de pain.
de musique.
amusing play.
Ceci est une belle pice.
This
Un appartement
An apartment of six
How much for one ?
Combien
Un
de six pices.
la pice
is
a fine room.
One franc a piece
franc pice.
rooms.
(or) each.
LECTURE.
The English word lecture is translated in French by

The French word lecture means reading.
confrence.
Je vais entendre une confrence.
I am going
Un
Un
Un
A lecturer.
A (reading) book.
A reading room.
confrencier.
livre
de lecture.
cabinet de lecture.
to
hear a lecture.
OFFICE.
The word
office is
translated in French as follows
Practical French Cours k
Etude
167
for lawyers, notaries, etc.
(f.),
Cabinet (m.), for statesmen, doctors, dentists.

Bureau (m.) for tradesmen and bankers.
Atelier (m.)
The French word
for printers, artists, etc.
office is
used with quite a different
meaning.
Thus, we say
L'office divin.
The divine
Mes bons
My good services.
Un
offices.
avocat
Une
office
nomm
service.
A lawyer appointed by the judge.

A pantry well provided.
d'office.
bien garnie.
END.
The word end is
translated by fin
(f.)
period of time and for the end of a book.
by bout (m.)
for the
end of a
rendered
for the
It is
extremity of an object.
du livre.
du mois.
Au bout du corridor.
At the end of the month.

At the end of the hall.
Un
A bit of ribbon.
La
The end of the
fin
la fin
bout de ruban.
From
D'un bout l'autre.

Le bout des doigts.
Le bout de la langue.
Au bout du compte.
as follows
beginning to end.
The finger-ends.
The tip of the tongue.
After
TICKET.
The words
book.
ticket
billy
BILL.
all ; upon-the whole.
NOTE.
and note are translated
Billet fm.),
for theatres, railroads, lotteries
Carte Cf.),
Etiquette
for visiting cards
Note
in
(f.)
and
and bank-notes.
bills of fare.
for clothing tickets, etc.
for a bill and a short letter.

Facture (f.), for invoices.
Addition (f.), amount of check (for meals).
(f.),
Un billet de theatre.
Un billet de faveur.
Un billet d'aller et retour.
A theatre ticket.
A complimentary ticket.
Un
A love-letter.
billet
French
doux.
An excursion ticket.
168
Envoyez-moi votre note.

Envoyez-moi la facture.
Send me your bill.

Send me the invoice.
Un
Un
Un
A bank-note.
A draft payable at sight.
A draft payable to order.
billet
de banque.
billet vue.
billet ordre.
PRESENT. GIFT.
The word
present or gift
rendered
is
in
French
by-
prsent for valuable presents, and by cadeau tor small

presents.
C'est
C'est
un
un
It is a fine present.
joli prsent.
joli
cadeau.
It is a fine present.
Je vous en fais cadeau.

Je vous ferai un prsent.
I give it to you.
I will make you a present.
On m'en
On m'en
a fait cadeau.
It
a fait prsent.
It
was given to me.

was given to me as a present.
MOUTH.
The word mouth is translated by bouche for men, horses

and cannon by gueule for animals (except horses), and
by embouchure for rivers.
;
Ouvrez la bouche.
Fermez la bouche.
Bouche bante.
Faire la bouche en cur.
Cela fait venir l'eau la bouche.
I,a gueule d'un animal.
L'embouchure d'une rivire.
Open your mouth.

Close your mouth.
Open-mouthed.
To screw up one's mouth.
That makes one's mouth water.
The mouth of an animal.
The mouth of a river.
FIRE.
The
"word, fire is
rendered by
generally translated by feu (m.).
incendie (m.)
building, a conflagration.
when
it
It is
means the burning of a

Allumez
Faites
Light the fire.
le feu.
Make afire in my
du feu dans ma chambre.
Le feu est teint.

Quel bon feu
The fire
Un feu d'artifice.
Un feu de joie.
Au feu au feu
Fire-works.
Un
A terrible fire.
A fire engine.
A bonfire.
Fire ! fire !
terrible incendie.
Une pompe
incendie.
The firemen.
pompiers.
Iês
room.
is out.
What a good fire !
169
WORD.
Is translated in
French by mot (m.) or parole
Mot is used for a word

means a word spoken.
Comment
Une
Parole
How do you spell that word ?
mot ?
pelez-vous ce
Un mot mal
(f.).
written, spelled or printed.
A
A
imprim.
faute d'impression.
Je vous donne ma parole.

Parole d'honneur!
word badly printed.

mistake in printing\ a misprint.
I give you my word.

My word of honor !
LINEN.
Is translated
by linge (m.) or
for (linen) apparel, the
dame a de beau
femmes aiment la
second
Cette
linge.
Ives
lingerie.
Un
mtre de
toile
(f.).
The
first is
That lady has fine linen.
Women
toile.
are fond oflinen garments.
meter of linen
cloth.
NEXT.
The word
next
is
rendered
in
French as follows
Suivant=e,
for the order.
Prochain =e, for the time.
Voisin-e,
used
for the material.
for the place.
170
Next
Le chapitre suivant.
Dans la chambre voisine.
Le mois prochain.
Le jour suivant (or) le lendemain.
Le surlendemain.
(following) chapter.
In the next room.

Next month.
The day following.
Two
days after ; the third day.
AUDIENCE.
The word
audience
is
translated in French
by
l'auditoire
(m.) or les auditeurs.
The French word audience means
the hearing, the re-
ception (sovereigns, the Pope, etc).
Un nombreux
A large
auditoire.
audience.
L'audience du tribunal.
The hearing of the
Jour d'audience.
Court day.
tribunal.
SENSIBLE.
The word sensible is translated into French by

The French word sensible means sensitive.
He is a very sensible man.
Il est trs sens.
He is very sensitive.
Il est trs sensible.
sens.
WAGES.
The word wages
le salaire
is,
in
French,
or la paie (pay-yur) for

4
for officials
les
les
gages for servants,
workmen,
le
traitement
honoraires for clergymen, lawyers, doctors.
RIVERS.
The word
river
is,
in
ing into another river

into the sea.
French, rivire
(f.)
for a river flow-
fleuve (m.) for a river emptying
171
EXERCISE.
snowed all day.
/.
It has
2.
I spent twenty days in Paris.

I spent two years in London.
j.
4.
The first year.
6.
At about 10 'clock
At about 11 p.m.
7.
Is he y our son ?
8.
He is my
Is she your daughter ?
5.
10.
She
is
a.m.
my step-daughter.
12.
A magnificent piece of music.

A twenty-franc piece.
13.
I heard a
14.
He is a
11.
15.
16.
17.
very fine lecture.
brilliant lecturer.
A lawyer's
A doctor's
A banker's
The end of the
20.
A complimentary ticket.
25.
26.
2j.
28.
2.
30.
31,
lesson.
Est-ce
8.
C'est
9-
Est-ce
10.
C'est
11.
Un
18.
the end of the table.
a fine present.
?
.
?
.
.
magnifique
de vingt francs.
Une
J'ai entendu une trs belle
brillant
d' avocat.
Le d' docteur.
Le d' banquier.
C'est
L'
La
20.
Au
Un
21.
C'est
22.
Eteignez
19.
Put out the fire.

It was a terrible fire.
Upon my word.
23. C'tait
24.
I do not understand that

Next time.
word.
There was a large audience.

The workmen's wages.
The President's salary.

The priest's salary.
The Seine is a river.
7-
13.
Paris.
.
Vers
Vers
12.
pass
6.
16.
At
24.
La
17.
office.
i.
23.
J'ai pass
14.
office.
2i. It is
3-
4.
15-
office.
18.
22.
Il
J'ai
5-
step-son.
a neig
1.
2.
25.
26.
La fois.
y avait
des ouvriers.
Le
Le du prsident.
du prtre.
Les
La Seine est
27. Il
28.
29.
30.
31.
Sur
Je ne comprends pas
.
m&t?
PbacticaIv
172
French Course
VINGT-SIXIEME LEON.
LESSON XXVI.
Auxiliary Verbs.
There are only two auxiliary verbs

Avoir,
to have,
and tre,
in
French:
to be.
These two verbs are so important that the pupil should

have them, so to speak, at his finger-ends.
He must,
therefore learn them by heart, affirmatively\ negatively and
interrogatively.
In studying them at the same time, their points of

ence and similarity will be noticed more readily.
differ-
Experience has shown that most pupils have difficulty

in correctly pronouncing the various forms of the verbs
avoir and tre. I have therefore deemed it advisable to
give approximate equivalents of these sounds in English,
as a help to the pupil.
However, a perfect pronunciation can only be acquired

by hearing the sounds enunciated by the teacher.
173
Conjugation of the Auxiliary Verbs.
I.
Simple Tenses.
INFINITIVE PRESENT
(Infinitif prsent).
A
Avoir (ah-voo-ahr),
to have.
Etre
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
(ay-yng), having.
Etant (ay-tng),
(), had.
(Participe pass).
Et
INDICATIVE PRESENT
I
(ay-tay), been.
(Indicatif prsent).
have, etc.
Je suis (zher
am,
J'ai
(zhay).
Tu as
(tii
ah).
Tu es
(tii
ay).
(ill
ah).
Il
est
(ill
ay).
Il
being.
PAST PARTICIPLE
Eu
(Participe prsent).
Ayant
(ay-tr), to be.
etc.
siiee).
Elle a (ell ah).
Elle est (ell ay).
Nous avons (noo-zah-vng).

Vous avez (voo-zah-vay).
Nous sommes (noo-sohm).

Vous tes
(voo-zett).
Ils
ont
Elles ont
Ils
Elles sont
IMPERFECT
I
sont
(ill-zng).
(ell-zng).
had, I was having, or I used to

have, etc.
(ill-sng).
(ell-sng).
(Imparfait).
I
was, I was being, or
used
to be, etc.
J'avais
(zhah-vay).
J'tais
(zhay-tay).
Tu
(tii-ah-vay).
Tu
(tii-ay-tay).
(ill-ah-vay).
Il tait
(ill-ay-tay).
Nous tions
Vous tiez
(noo-zay-tee-ng).
Il
avais
avait
'
Nous avions (noo-zah-vee-ng).

Vous aviez (voo-zah-vee-ay).
Ils
avaient
(ill-zah-vay).
Ils
tais
taient
(voo-zay-tee-ay).
(ill-zay-tay).
174
PAST DEFINITE
This tense
is
narrative only
(Pass dfini).
therefore,
it is
not used in
ordinary conversation.
I had, I
did have,
etc.
J'eus
(zh).
Je fus (zher
Tu eus
(tii ti).
Tu
(illii).
Il
Il
eut
eurent
fus
fut
Ils
(ill-ziir).
FUTURE
furent
^tii
oh-rah).
Tu
aura
(ill
oh-rah).
Il
(ill-zoh-rng).
Ils
J'aurais
(zhoh-ray).
Tu
(tii
Il
aurait
Ils
oh-ray).
auraient
surah).
(noo-srng).
(voo-sray).
seront
(ill-srng).
(Conditionnel).
etc.
(ill-oh-ray).
Nous aurions
Vous auriez
(ill
Nous serons
Vous serez
should or would have,
aurais
sera
(voo-zoh-ray).
(noo-zoh-rng).
CONDITIONAL
I
or will be, etc.
Je serai (zher suray).

seras (tii surah).
(zhoh-ray).
auront
fii-t).
(ill fii-r).
I shall
J'aurai
Ils
fii-m).
(Futur).
Tu auras
Nous aurons
Vous aurez
fi).
(ill fii).
I shall or will have, etc.
Il
etc.
(tii fii).
Nous fmes (noo

Vous ftes (voo
Nous emes (noo-z-m).

Vous etes (voo-z-t).
Ils
was,
should or would be,

zher sray).
Je serais
Tu
(tii
sray).
(ill
sray).
Il
serais
serait
etc.
(voo-zoh-ree-ay).
Nous serions (noo-sr-ee-ng)

Vous seriez (voo-sr-ee-ay).
(ill-zoh-ray).
Ils seraient
(noo-zoh-ree-ng).
(ill
suray).
Practical French course
SUBJUNCTIVE
175
(Subjonctif).
Present.
That
Que
Que
may
That
have, etc.
j'aie
(ker-zhay).
tu aies
(ker-t-ay).
Que
Que
(kill-ay).
Qu'il soit
Qu'il ait
may
be, etc.
je sois (ker-zher-swah).
tu sois (ker-tu-swah).
(kill-swah).
Que nous soyons
Que nous ayons
(ker-noo-swah-yng).
(ker-noo-zay-yng).
Que vous ayez
(ker-voo-zay-yay).
Que vous soyez
Qu'ils aient
(kill-zay).
Qu'ils soient (kill-swah).
(ker-voo-swah-yay).
IMPERFECT
This tense
That
(imparfait).
always derived from the past
is
might have,
Que j'eusse
Que tu eusses
(ker
Qu'il et
(kill ).
That
etc.
(ker-zh-ss).
tii i-ss).
Que
Que
je fusse
might
be, etc.
(ker zher
tu fusses (ker tu
Qu'il ft
Que nous eussions
definite.
(kill
fii-ss).
fii-ss).
fi).
Que nous fussions
(ker noo-zu-se -ng).
(ker noo-fii-see-ng).
Que vous fussiez
Que vous eussiez
(ker voo-fii-see-ay).
(ker-voo-zii-see-ay).
Qu'ils eussent (kill-zii-ss).
Qu'ils fussent (kill
IMPERATIVE
Aie
(ay),
Ayez
Ayons
(ay-yay),
have {thou).
have (you).
(ay-yng),
let
us have.
fii-ss).
(Impratif).
Sois
(swah),
Soyez (swah-yay)
Soyons (swah-yng),
be {thou).
be {you).
let
us
be.
OBSERVATION.
The imperative
English forms
let
in
French has no third person. The

let her, let them
are rendered by
him,
176
the
person singular or plural
third
subjunctive,
of the
present.
Qu'il ait
(kill-ay).
Qu'elle ait
(kell-ay).
That he may have (or) let him have.

That she may have (or) let her have.
That they may have (or) let them
Qu'ils aient (kill-zay).
{have.
Qu'il soit
(kill-swah).
Qu'elle soit
(kell-swah).
That he may be (or) let him be.

That she may be (or) let her be.
That they may be (or) let them be.
Qu'ils soient (kill-swah).
II.
We
Compound
will give
only the
Tenses (Temps composs).
first
person singular of the
differ-
ent compound tenses, as from that the other persons can

readily be formed.
PAST INFINITIVE
(Infinitif pass).
To have
To have had.
Avoir
Avoir eu.
COMPOUND PARTICIPLE
Having been.
Ayant
eu.
PAST INDEFINITE
This tense
is
always used
t.
(Participe compos).
Having had.
Ayant
been.
in
t.
(Pass indfini).
conversation instead of the
past definite.
I
have had,
etc.
J'ai eu, etc.
have been,
etc.
J'ai t, etc.
PLUPERFECT
I
had had,
J'avais eu,
(Plus-que-parfait).
I
etc.
have had,
I shall
would have been,
Que
j'aie
etc.
J'aurais t, etc.
SUBJUNCTIVE PAST
may have
etc.
(Conditionnel pass).
etc.
J'aurais eu, etc.
That
have been,
J'aurai t, etc.
CONDITIONAL PAST
would have had,
etc.
(Futur antrieur).
etc.
J'aurai eu, etc.
had been,
J'avais t, etc.
etc.
FUTURE ANTERIOR
I shall
177
(Subjonctif pass).
That
had, etc.
may have
Que
eu, etc.
j'ai
been, etc.
t, etc.
PLUPERFECT OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE

(Plus-que-parfait
That
might have had,
Que
III.
j'eusse eu,
How
The negation
stated,
etc.
etc.
du
subjonctif).
That
might have been,
Que
etc.
j'eusse t, etc.
to Conjugate the Verbs Negatively,
in French is formed, as we have already

by placing ne before the verb and pas after it. In
i?8
compound
tenses ne
is
placed before the auxiliary and pas
before the past participle.
MODEL OF NEGATIVE FORM,

SIMPLE TENSES
(ist
person singular).
Let the pupil supply the other persons.

I am
Je ne suis pas, etc.

Je n'tais pas, etc.
Je ne fus pas, etc.
Je ne serai pas, etc.
Je ne serais pas, etc.
Je n'ai pas, etc.
Je n'avais pas, etc.
Je n'eus pas, etc.
Je n'aurai pas, etc.
Je n'aurais pas, etc.
COMPOUND TENSES
Je n'ai pas eu, etc.
Je n'avais pas eu, etc.
Je n'aurai pas eu, etc.
Je n'aurais pas eu, etc.
Je n'ai pas t, etc.
Je n'avais pas t, etc.
Je n'aurai pas t, etc.
Je n'aurais pas t, etc.
IV.
How
not.
I was not.
I was not.
I shall not be.
I would not be.
I have not.
I had not.
I had not.
I shall not have.
I would not have.
(ist
person singular).
/ have not had.

I had not had.
I shall not have had.
I would not have had.
I have not been.
I had not been.
I shall not have been.
I would not have bee?i.
to Conjugate Verbs Interrogatively.
Verbs are conjugated interrogatively by placing the

nominative pronoun after them, or by using the expression

est=ce que
(is
it
thai)
before the
179
nominative
pronoun
followed by the verb.
MODEL OF INTERROGATIVE FORM.

SECOND FORM.
FIRST FORM.
Suis-je
Ne
Est
Am I?
Am I not ?
suis-je pas
il ?
N'est-ilpas?
Etes- vous
'
Est-ce qu'il est?
Is he not?
Est-ce qu'il n'est pas?
tes- vous
pas ?
Sont-ils?
Ne
Est-ce que je ne suis pas?
Is he ?
Sommes- nous ?
Are we ?
Ne sommes-nous pas ? Are we not ?
Est-ce que je suis
sont-ils pas
Est-ce que nous
sommes ?
sommes pas ?
Est-ce que nous ne
A re you ?
Est-ce que vous tes?
Are you
Est-ce que vous n'tes pas
Are
Are
not ?
they?
Est-ce qu'ils sont?
they not ?
Est-ce qu'ils ne sont pas?

I.
2.
3-
45-
6.
7.
8.
9-
10.
11.
12.
Was I ? (imperfect.)
Was he not ?
Was she not ?
Had you ?
Had you not ?
Were we ?
Were you?
Were you. not ?
13-
Shall I be?
14.
I have?
Will you be?
Will you have?
I shall not be.
I shall not have.
Would you be?
15-
16.
17-
18.
19-
Shall
would
be.
20.
Had I not?
Had we ?
21.
Would she have
22.
had.
We had.
23-
She would not have

Are you not ?
Have you not ?
24.
i8o
VINGT-SEPTIEME LEON.
LESSON XXVII.
PRACTICAL EXERCISE
on the verb Etre,
to be.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATION.
The two
parts of the
French negative (ne pas) are used
conjointly before a verb in the infinitive, or before the
pronoun,
objective
which
may
precede the verb
in the
infinitive.
Etre, ou
ne pas
tre, voil la
To
de or not to be, that is the
question.
question.
Pour ne pas vous dranger.
Not
Je suis charm de vous voir.
I am
I am
I am
Je suis enchant de vous voir.

Je suis bien aise de vous voir.
est votre frre
He is
est votre
sur ?
Elle est sortie.
sont vos parents ?
Ils
sont sortis
Ils
sont absents.
Ils sont la
campagne.
sont vos surs
Elles sont au bord de la mer.
Elles sont l'tranger.
you.
delighted to see you.
very pleased to see you.

very glad to see you.
Where
Il est sorti.
to disturb
is your
brother?
(gone) out.
Where is your sister ?

She is (gone) out.
Where are your parents

They are (gone) out.
They are away.
They are in the country.
Where are your sisters ?

They are at the seashore.
They are abroad.
181
Elles sont Berlin.
They are in Germany,

They are in Berlin.
Etes- vous content de moi ?

Je suis trs content de vous.
Are you pleased with me ?

I am very much pleased with
Elles sont en Allemagne.
Etes- vous satisfait de
satisfied with (of) my

progress in French ?
Yes, indeed ; I am very well
satisfied (with it).
Are you
mes
progrs en franais ?
Oui, vraiment
j'en suis trs
satisfait.
Votre
Non,
au collge
en vacances.
fils est-il
il
est
Is your son at college ?

No, he is on his vacation.
Votre petite sur est-elle la
Is your little sister at
maison ?
Non, elle est
No, she
O
O
est la
l'cole.
femme de chambre ?
Elle est en bas.
Il est
Il est
Where
est le concierge ?
Il est
sont dans la rue.

sont dans la cour.
Ils
sont dans le jardin.
is
the janitor ?
Where are the children ?

They are on the stoop.
They are on the sidewalk.
They are in the street.
They are in the back yard.
They are in the garden.
sont les enfants ?
sont sur le perron.

Ils sont sur le trottoir.
Ils
Ils
is at school.
He is in the basement.
He is in the cellar.
He is on the ground floor.
dans le sous-sol.
dans la cave.
au rez-de-chausse.
Ils
home?
Where is the chambermaid ?

Where is the children's maidf
She is upstairs.
She is downstairs.
bonne ?
en haut.
est la
Elle est
you.
Have you had your breakfast ?

Not yet.
I have not had my breakfast.
Avez-vous djeun?
Pas encore.
Je suis jeun.
(I am fasting.)
A propos,
o tiez-vous hier
soir
By
the way, where were you last
night ?
182
J'tais
/ was
au thtre.
Y avait-il
beaucoup de monde
La
salle tait
Iv.
pice tait-elle intressante
comble.
Was
Oui, en vrit.
J'en viens.
chez
Non,
n'y tait pas.
tait-il
Il tait
son bureau.
Avez-vous vu vos amis ?

ils n'taient pas chez eux.
Non,
taient-ils
Ils taient
Have you been to Mr. X's ?

I have just been there.
Was he
Etait-il
lui
the play interesting ?
Yes, indeed.
Avez-vous t chez monsieur
il
at the theatre.
Were there many people there ?

The house {hall ) zvas crowded.
au thtre.
demain ?
moi toute la
at
home
Have you seen your friends

No, they were not at home.
Where were they ?
They were at the theatre.
Serez- vous chez vous
Will you be at
Oui, je serai chez
Yes,
Je serai bien aise de vous voir.

Je serai bien aise de le voir.
Je serai bien aise de la voir.
Je serai bien aise de les voir.
sera bien aise de vous voir.
Elle sera bien aise de vous voir.

Ils
seront bien aise de vous voir.
Nous serons
I shall
home to-morrow ?
home all (the)
be at
day long.
journe.
Il
No, he was not {there).

Where was he ?
He was at his office.
trs
heureux de vous
I shall be very glad to

be very glad to
I shall
see you.
see
him.
I shall
be very glad to see her.
I shall
be very glad to see them.
He
will be very glad to see you.

She will be very glad to see you.
They will be very glad to see you.
We
will be very happy to see you.
voir.
J'ai t trs occup.

Il
a t trs malade.
Elle a t trs surprise.
Nous avons t trs peines.

Vous avez t trs heureux.
Ils
ont t trs contents.
I have
been very busy.

has been very sick.
She was very much surprised.
We have been very much grieved.
You have been very fortunate.
He
They were very pleased.

Je serais trs
I should
Il serait
He
heureux de le voir.
enchant de vous voir.
Elle serait trs heureuse de
faire votre connaissance.
Nous
heureux de
serions trs
recevoir votre visite.
183
be very happy to see him.

would be delighted to see you.
She would be very happy to
make your acquaintance.
We would be very happy to
receive your visit.
Restez un peu plus.
Stay a
Je le voudrais, mais je ne puis.

Il faut que je sois chez moi deux
I sliould like to, but I cannot.

I must be {it is necessary that I be)
heures prcises.
Soyez
Soyez
Soyez
Soyez
Soyez
Soyez
Soyez
Soyez
Ne
Ne
at
attentif, (m.)
attentive,
(f.)
prompt.
exact.
ponctuel.
sage
un bon garon
une bonne fille
soyez pas fch

soyez pas de mauvaise humeur.
!
little
home
longer.
at 2 o'clock sharp.
Be attejitive.
Be attentive.
Be prompt.
Be exact.
Be punctual.
Be good ! {of children.)
Be a good boy !
Be a good girl !
DonH
be angry !
Don't be cross ! {in bad humor.)
FORMED WITH THE VERB
Je n'y suis pour personne.
Madame n'y est pas.
/ am
Vous y tes
Vous n'y tes pas
You have
J'y suis
O en
Je ne sais o j'en suis.

Voulez-vous tre des ntres ?
Si j'tais de vous.
Il
at hoyne to no one.
Madam
n'en est rien.
Je n'en suis plus.

Je suis gn.
Je vous suis redevable.
is
That's not
I have
tes- vous
Etre.
not at home.
it !
{There you are
it !
Where are you
I do
!)
it !
not
{at) ?
know where I am
{at).
Will you be one of us ? {Join us.)

If I were you.
It is nothing of the sort.
I cry off! {I quit f)
I am uncomfortable.
I am indebted to you.
i84
/ am not in the mood.

I am ill at ease [on thorns.)
I am about to leave.
I shall be with you in a moment.
Je ne suis pas en train.

Je suis sur les pines.
Je suis sur le point de partir.
Je suis vous dans un moment.
It is for you to speak.
C'est vous de parler.
En
tes- vous
encore l
Cela n'est pas
C'en est fait de lui
Nous sommes de moiti
Je ne suis pas dans mon assiette
Do you still believe
It is all over with
bien, soit
Ainsi
soit-il
that
It is not so !
Well, let it be so
So be
him
We go halves !
I am not myself!
!
Amen !
it !

FRENCH CONSTRUCTION.
ENGLISH CONSTRUCTION.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
your brother married ?

your wife French?
Are my brothers here ?
Are my sisters here ?
Where are your friend's
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
5.
Where
3.
Was Mr. Smith at home ?

Was Mrs. Smith at home?
*Were your sons at home?
Will your father be at home ?
man very rich ?

not that lady very pretty ?
Are not those boys lazy ?
At what time will you be here ?
Is not that
10.
Is
11.
At what time will your

husband be at home ?
At what time will your
friend's mother be at home?
16.
Do
17.
Is it
not be in such a hurry.
good?
19.
Was it good
What is it ?
20.
Is it correct
18.
4.
1.
2.
parents
brother,
is
wife, is she
are the parents of
your friend ?
Mr. Smith, was he chez lui?
Mrs. Smith, was she chez elle?
Your sons, were they chez eux ?
Your father, will be he chez lui?
That man, is he not very rich ?
That lady, is she notverypretty?
Those boys, are they not lazy ?
At what hour will be you here ?
At what hour your husband
will be he chez lui?
At what hour the mother of your
friend will be she chez elle ?
18.
Be not so hurried.
Is it that it is good ?
Is it that it was good ?
19.
What
16.
17.
Your
Your
he married ?
French ?
My brothers, are they here ?
My sisters, are they here ?
Is
Is
is it
that
it is?
20. Is it that it is correct?
185
VINGT-HUITIEME LEON.
LESSON XXVIII.
PRACTICAL EXERCISE
on The verb Avoir,
to have.
E SAY IN FRENCH
Avoir
Avoir
Avoir
Avoir
Avoir
Avoir
Avoir
Avoir
Avoir
faim, to have hunger,
for
have thirst,
i,
sommeil, to have sleep,
h,
chaud, to have warmth
froid, to have cold.
peur, to have fear,
honte, to have shame,
raison, to have reason
tort, to have wrong,
for
soif, to
II.
WE
for
for
for
for
for
for
for
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
be hungry.
be thirsty.
be sleepy.
be
warm.
be cold.
be afraid.
be ashamed.
be right (of people).
be
wrong
(of people),
SAY IN FRENCH
Avoir besoin, to have need,

for
To need.
Avoir soin, to have care,
for
To take care.
Avoir piti (de), to have pity,
for
To pity.
Avoir coutume (de), to have custom for
To be in the habit.
Avoir envie (de), to have desire,
for
To feel like.
Avoir sujet (de), to have subject,
for
To have reason for.
Avoir lieu (de), to have cause,
for
To have cause for.
Avoir lieu, to have place,
for
To take place.
Avoir mal (), to have pain,
for
To have a pain.
Avoir l'air, to have the appearance, for
To look (as if).
Avoir de la chance, to have luck, for
To be lucky.
Avoir bonne mine, to have a healthy appearance,
for
To look well.
Avoir quelque chose, to have something for something to be the matter.
i86
III.
WE
SAY IN FRENCH:
Moi aussi (7 also). For so have 7, so am 7, so do 7, so did 7, etc.

Ni moi non plus (nor I either), For neither have 7, neither
am 7,
neither do
7, *fc.
PRACTICE.
J'ai faim.
I am
hungry.
J'ai soif.
I am
I am
thirsty.
sommeil.
chaud.
J'ai
J'ai
(I have cold.)
I am cold.
(I have fear.)
I am afraid.
I am ashamed. (I have shame.)
(I have right.)
I am right.
(I have wrong.)
I am wrong.
J'ai peur.
J'ai honte.
J'ai raison.
J'ai tort.
Are you hungry?

Yes, I am.
Avez- vous faim ?
Moi
j'ai
(I have sleep.)
(I have warmth.)
sleepy.
I am warm.
J'ai froid.
Oui,
(7 have hunger.)
(I have thirst.)
faim.
So
aussi.
am
I.
Si, j'ai trs soif.
Are you not thirsty ?

Yes, I am very thirsty.
Moi
So
N'avez-vous pas soif?

aussi.
am
I.
Je n'ai pas sommeil.
I am
Ni moi non
Neither
plus.
not sleepy.
Je n'ai pas faim.
I am
Ni moi non
Neither
Si
plus.
vous avez faim, mangez.
Si vous avez soif, buvez.
Si vous avez sommeil, dormez.

Si vous avez froid, chauffez- vous.
Si vous avez chaud, tez votre
am
I.
not hungry.
Ifyou
Ifyou
Ifyou
Ifyou
Ifyou
am
I.
are hungry, eat.

are thirsty, drink.
are sleepy, sleep.
are cold, warm yourself
are warm, take offyour coat.
paletot.
N'ai- je pas raison

Si,
vous avez parfaitement raison.
Am I not right?
Yes,
you air perfectly
right.

Ai- je tort
187
Am I wrong ?
Non, vous n'avez pas
tort.
No, you are not wrong.
Avez-vous besoin de quelque

chose ?
J'ai besoin de beaucoup de choses.
Do you
De quoi avez-vous
What do you need ?

I need a hat.
I need a vest.
I need a coat.
I need trousers.
I need a new suit.
I need a pair of shoes.
I need gloves.
J'ai
besoin ?
besoin d'un chapeau.
J'ai besoin
d'un
gilet.
besoin d'un paletot.

J'ai besoin d'un pantalon.
J'ai besoin d'un nouveau costume.
J'ai besoin d'une paire de souliers.
J'ai besoin de gants.
J'ai
Avez-vous tout ce dont vous avez

besoin ?
Oui, j'ai tout ce dont j'ai besoin.
Vous avez bonne mine.

Je
me
Vous avez mauvaise mine.

Vous avez l'air malade.
Je ne
me
sens pas bien.
Qu'est-ce que vous avez?
J'ai
mal
mal
mal
mal
J'ai
un
J'ai
J'ai
J'ai
la gorge.
l'estomac.
aux dents.
mal de
tte.
J'ai la fivre.
J'ai
une
terrible nvralgie.
J'ai pris froid.
J'ai
un gros rhume.
Un rhume
de poitrine.
Un rhume de
cerveau.
Je suis enrhum.
Have you
things.
all you
Yes,
I have
You
look well.
all
need?
I need.
well.
You look bad.

You look ill.
I do not feel well.
What
is
the matter with you ?
I have a headache.
I have a sore throat.
I have a pain in the stomach.
I have a toothache.
la tte.
violent
I need many
Ifeel
sens bien.
need something f
I have a
violent headache.
I am feverish.
I have a terrible neuralgia.
I have taken cold.
I have a severe cold.
A cold in the chest.

A cold in the head.
I have a
cold.
i88
Je suis enrhum du cerveau.

Ayez soin de vous-mme.
Cet
homme
J'ai piti
sourd et muet.
de la chance.
beaucoup de chance.
Je n'ai pas de chance.
I am
I am
I am
eu de la chance.
eu beaucoup de chance.
Je n'ai pas eu de chance.
I have
I have
I have
J'ai
J'ai
J'ai
J'ai
lieu
head.
He is blind.
He is a cripple.
He is deaf and dumb.
aveugle.
La runion aura
my
Thai man is to be pitied.

Ipity him.
What is the matter with him ?
lui.
Il est estropi.
Il est
cold in
Take {have) care of yourself.
est plaindre.
de
Qu'est-ce qu'il a
Il est
I have a
demain
soir.
lucky.
very lucky.
not lucky.
been lucky.
been very lucky.

not been lucky.
The meeting will take place to-mor-
row evening.
La crmonie aura
lieu ce soir.
The ceremony will take place
this
evening.
Le mariage (or la noce) aura lieu

demain matin.
Le baptme aura lieu dimanche
aprs la messe.
L'enterrement aura lieu

aprs midi au cimetire
cette
The wedding
will take place to-
morrow morning.
The christening will take place on
Sunday after mass.
The interment will take place
afternoon at
this
cemetery.
les obsques)
auront lieu demain matin.
The funeral will take place to-morrow morning.
La runion n'a pas eu lieu elle a

t renvoye dimanche pro-
The meeting did not take place ; it

was postponed until Sunday
Les funrailles (or
next.
chain.
Comment vont les affaires ?

Trs bien, en vrit.
Je n'ai pas lieu (or sujet) de
How is business ?
me
Very good, indeed.

reason for complaining.
I have no
plaindre.
Tant mieux.
So much the
better.
189
IMPORTANT REMARKS.
I. The English expressions to be good tempered, to be
bad tempered, are rendered in French by avoir bon caractre, avoir mauvais caractre.
Character is, in French, renomme, rputation.
Il
He is bad tempered.
un mauvais caractre.
un trs bon caractre.
Elle a
She
Un homme de mauvaise rputation.
A
A
Une femme de mauvaise
is
good tempered.
man of bad character.

woman of bad reputation.
rputation.
Avoir,
2.
sition
to have,
followed by a noun, takes the prepo-
de before a verb
in the infinitive.
J'ai
envie de fumer.
envie de dormir.
Ifeel like smoking.

Ifeel like sleeping.
J'ai
envie d'aller au thtre.
Ifeel
J'ai
Je n'ai pas le temps de sortir.
Je n'ai pas le temps d'y aller.

J'ai
coutume de me lever de grand
matin.
J'ai l'habitude de
me
coucher trs
l'honneur de vous saluer.
3.
not the time to go {there).

in the habit of rising very
I am
in the habit
of going
I have
to
bed
not the honor of
knowing
you.
I have the honor
to salute
you.
Avoir, to have, requires the preposition before a

in the infinitive.
Qu'avez-vous faire
J'ai
I am
not the time to go out.
at a very late hour.
Je n'ai pas l'honneur de vous

connatre.
verb
I have
I have
early in the morning.
tard.
J'ai
like going to the theatre.
beaucoup
faire.
What have you
I have much
to
to do.
do ?
190
/ have nothing to do.

I have absolutely nothing
Je n'ai rien faire.

Je n'ai absolument rien faire.
Qu'avez- vous dire
What have you
say?
I have
nothing to say.
You have nothing to say.
Je n'ai rien dire.

Vous n'avez rien dire.
To have something
4.
to
to do.
left is
rendered
in
French by avoir
de reste or rester (the latter used impersonally).

Combien
How much have you left ?

I have twe?ity cents left.
I have nothing left.
avez- vous de reste ?
vingt sous de reste.
J'ai
Je n'ai rien de reste.
Combien vous
Il
me
Il
ne
5.
reste-t-il
How much have you left ?

I have twenty francs left.
reste vingt francs.
me
I have
reste rien.
The age
in
French
is
nothing
left.
expressed with the verb avoir.
In speaking of old people, the adjective g, aged,

respectful than the
Quel ge avez-vous
words vieux
vingt ans.
J'ai un an de plus que vous.
J'ai
Quel ge
a-t-il
a quarante ans.
Il
a trois ans de plus que moi.
J'aurai trente ans demain.
aura quinze ans

prochain.
Mon
Ma
le
premier mai
pre est trs g.
Ma mre
fte
(f.),
is
more
old.
How old are you ?

I am twenty years old.
I am one year older than you.
How old is he ?
Il
Il
(m.), vieille
est trs ge.
de naissance.
He is forty.
He is three years older than
I shall be
He
I.
thirty to-morrow.
will be fifteen on the first of

May next.
My father is very old.

My mother is very old.
My birthday.
Practical,
French
Course;
191
FORMED WITH THE VERB Avoir.
/ have
Je n'ai pas de quoi.
not the means.

has the means to satisfy his
Il
a de quoi satisfaire ses gots.
He
Il
n'y a pas de quoi.
Don't mention
ing to it.)
tastes.
J'ai
beau
I try
faire.
it.
{There
is
noth-
in vain.
You speak in vain.

You cry in vain.
You would cry in vain.
Vous avez beau dire.

Vous avez beau pleurer.
Vous auriez beau pleurer.
EXERCISE FOR TRANSLATION

1.
He
2.
is
was
3-
She
4-
He
5-
6.
7-
8.
9-
hungry.
thirsty.
2.
is
sleepy.
is right.
(*)
What
What
He
He
He
does he need ?
does she need?
looks well.
looks sick.
has a headache.
She
He
has hunger.
3.
had thirst.
She has sleep.
4.
He
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
has reason.
Of what has he need ?

Of what has she need ?
He has good appearance.
He
He
has the air sick.

has pain in the ( la) head.
She has the fever.
You have (some) luck.
feverish.
10.
11
13-
You are lucky.

You are not lucky.
You have been lucky.
13.
You have no luck.

You have had (some)
14.
At what time will the meeting
14.
At what hour the meeting
10.
11.
12.
is
take place
16.
That boy
That girl
17.
How
15.
old
is
is
is
12.
it
bad tempered.
good tempered.
your boy?
15.
16.
17.
(she) take place
luck.
will
That boy has a bad temper.

That girl has a good temper.
What age has your boy?
(*) In speaking of things, right and wrong are translated idiomatically

by bon, mauvais, correct, bien, mal, juste, convenable. Ex.: C'est
bien, c'est juste, c'est mal, ce n'est pas bien.
We also say idiomatically

L'homme
qu'il faut.
L'endroit d'une toffe.
L'envers d'une toffe
The right man.

The right side of (dry) goods
The wrong side of (dry) goods.
192
VINGT-NEUVIME LEON
LESSON XXIX.
REGULAR VERBS.
I.
General
Notions.
French three regular conjugations.

Each conjugation is distinguished by the termination of
There are
in
the verb in the infinitive.
The ist conjugation has the infinitive ending in er, as parler, to speak.
The 2d conjugation has the infinitive ending in ir, as finir, to finish.
The 3d conjugation has the infinitive ending in re, as vendre, to sell.
Two
parts
must be distinguished
in the
French verbs
the radical or essential part, ordinarily invariable, and the

termination or accidental part, generally variable.
The
radical
is
what remains of a verb in the

has been cut ofT.
Thus
after its termination
The
The
The
radical of the verb parler
is pari.
radical of the verb finir
is fin.
radical of the verb
infinitive,
vendre
is
vend.
IMPORTANT REMARK.
For the purpose of simplification, in our table of conjusome tenses and persons of the verb finir are
formed by prefixing finiss, from the present participle
gations,
finissant, finishing.
193
All verbs of the second conjugation are formed in the
same way, some tenses being formed from the infinitive,

and some from the present participle, as will be readily
seen from the table.
OBSERVATION
Old grammars contain a fourth conjugation comprising
But inasoir, as recevoir, to receive.
much as these verbs are only five in number, namely:
the verbs ending in
apercevoir;
perceive
to
dcevoir,
owe
to deceive
we have
concevoir,
followed the ex-
to conceive
ample
set
by modern grammarians, and placed
among
the irregular verbs.
II.
devoir, to
them
Hints for Conjugating the Regular Verbs.

HOW TO FORM THE
(1.)
The
imperfect
is
IMPERFECT.
formed by adding
to the radical of the
verb the terminations of the imperfect of the verb avoir;

viz.
ais,
ait,
ions,
HOW TO FORM THE
(2.)
The
ais,
simplest
way
iez,
aient.
FUTURE.
of forming the future
is
to
verb in the infinitive the terminations of the

present of the verb avoir;
ai,
viz.
as, ons,
a,
ez,
ont.
add
to the
indicative
practical French Course
194
HOW TO FORM THE
(3.)
The
simplest
way
CONDITIONAL.
of forming the conditional
is
to
add
to
the verb in the infinitive the terminations of the imperfect

tense of the verb avoir
ais,
(4.)
ais,
viz.
ait,
ions,
HOW TO FORM THE
iez,
aient.
FIRST AND
SECOND
PERSONS OF THE IMPERATIVE.

The
are the
first
and second persons,
same
plural, of the imperative
as the corresponding persons of the indicative
present, minus the personal pronouns
Nous
Vous
The second
we speak.
you speak.
parlons,
Parlons, let us speak.
parlez,
Parlez, speak.
person, singular, of the imperative
is
the
same
as the corresponding person of the indicative present, minus
the personal pronoun

Je parle,
/ speak.
Parle, speak (thou).
REMARK,
The
following table
student can
see at a
has
been so arranged that the
glance how,
in fact, the three regular
conjugations may be reduced into one, the terminations

being perfectly alike in most tenses and persons.

III.
Conjugation
of the
195
Regular Verbs.
MODEL VERBS.
Second Conjugation.
First Conjugation.
Third Conjugation.
INFINITIF PRESENT.
Pari er, to speak,
Fin
ir, to
finish.
Vend
re, to sell.
Vqnd
ant, selling.
Vend
u, sold.
PARTICIPE PRESENT.
Pari ant, speaking.
Finiss ant, finishing.
PARTICIPE PASSE.
Fin
Pari , spoken
i,
finished.
[NDICATIF PRSENT
I finish
I speak,
I am speaking.
/ sell,
/ am finishing
pari e.
Je
fin is.
Je
I am
Je
vend
Tu
es.
Tu
is.
Tu
Il
e.
Il
it.
Il
ons.
ez.
Nous
Vous
ent.
Ils
Nous
Vous
Ils
(*)
ons.
ez.
ent.
Ent
Nous
Vous
Ils
(*)
is silent
when
it
finiss
marks the
selling.
s.
s.
ons.
ez.
ent.
third person plural of a verb.
However, if the next word begins with a vowel, the

and carried over.
final t is
sounded
196
IMPARFAIT.
/ was
I was finishing, or
speaking, or
used
used
to speak.
I was
selling,
used
to finish.
vend
pari ais.
Je finiss ais.
Je
Tu
ais.
Tu ais.
Tu
ais.
11
ait
11
11
ait.
ions.
iez.
Nous
Vous
aient (ay).
Ils
Je
Nous
Vous
Ils
ait.
ions.
iez.
aient
Nous
Vous
(ay).
Ils
or
to sell.
ais.
ions.
iez.
aient
(ay).-
PASSE DEFINI.
This tense
is
only narrative, and therefore not used
in
ordinary conversation.
I spoke, or
Ifinished, or
did speak.
did finish.
pari
ai.
Je
Tu
as.
Tu
Il
a.
11
Je
Nous
Vous
Ils
mes (ahm).
tes (aht).
rent
(air).
fin is.
is.
it.
Nous
Vous
Ils
mes (eem).
tes (eet).
irent (eer).
sold, or
did sell.
Je vend
is.
Tu
is.
11
it.
Nous
Vous
Ils
mes (eem)
tes (eet).
irent (eer).
FUTUR.
/ shall, or
will speak.
I shall, or im
'Il
finish.
I shall, or
Je parler
ai.
Je
Je vendr
ai.
Tu
as.
Tu
as.
Tu
as.
Il
a.
Il
a.
Il
a.
Nous
Vous
Us
ons.
ez.
ont.
Nous
Vous
Us
finir ai.
ons.
ez.
ont.
Nous
Vous
Us
will
ons.
ez.
ont.
sell.
197
CONDITIONNEL.
I would, or
should speak.
I would, or
should finish.
I would, or
should
sell.
Je vendr ais.
Je parler ais.
Je
Tu
ais.
Tu
ais.
Tu
ais.
Il
ait.
Il
ait.
Il
ait.
ions.
Nous
Vous
ions.
iez.
iez.
Nous
Vous
aient (ay).
Ils
aient (ay).
Ils
Nous
Vous
Ils
finir ais.
ions.
iez.
aient (ay).
SUBJONCTIF PRESENT.
That I may speak.
Que
Que
es.
Que
Que
e.
Qu'il
je pari e.
tu
Qu'il
Que nous
Que vous
Qu'ils
That I may finish.
ions.
iez.
ent.
Que nous
Que vous
Qu'ils
I may
sell.
es.
Que je vend
Que tu
es.
e.
Qu'il
e.
je finiss e.
tu
That
ions.
iez.
ent.
Que nous
Que vous
Qu'ils
e.
ions.
iez.
ent.
IMPARFAIT DU SUBJONCTIF.
This tense
is
always formed from the past
That I might speak.
Que
Que
je
Qu'il
Que nous
Que vous
Qu'ils
asses.
Que
Que
t.
Qu'il
pari asse.
tu
That I might finish.
assions.
assiez.
assent.
(as)
je
Qu'ils
That I might
isses.
Que
Que
t.
Qu'il
issions.
issiez.
Que nous
Que vous
issent.
Qu'ils
fin isse.
tu
Que nous
Que vous
definite.
(iss)
je
vend
sell.
isse.
isses
tu
t.
Issions.
issiez.
issent
(iss)
: 98
IMPRATIF.
Pari
e,
speak {thou)
is,
finish (s.)
Finiss ez, finish {pi.)
Finiss ons,let us finish
IV.
The compound
English,
Vend
Vend
Vend
Fin
Pari ez, speak {you).

Pari ons, let us speak.
Compound
s,
sell {s.)
ez,
sell {pi.)
ons,
let
us
sell.
Tenses,
tenses of active verbs are formed, as in
by combining the past
participle with the
dif-
ferent tenses (simple) of the verb avoir, to have.
PASS INDFINI.
This tense being the most used
(it
always replaces the
past definite in ordinary conversation),

it
in full, but will give
only the
first
we
will conjugate
person singular of the
other tenses, as from that the other persons can easily be
formed.
J'ai parl (fini
Tu
/ have spoken
ou vendu).
{finished or sold).
Thou hast spoken.
as parl.
a parl.
He has spoken.
Elle a parl.
She has spoken.
Nous avons parl.

Vous avez parl.
You have
ont parl.
Elles ont parl.
They {m.) have spoken.

They {/.) have spoken.
Il
We have spoken.
Ils
spoken.
PLUS-QUE-PARFAIT.
J'avais parl, etc.
I had spoken or been
speaking.
Practical French
Course
199
PASS ANTRIEUR.
J'eus parl, etc.
I had spoken.
FUTUR ANTERIEUR.
J'aurai parl, etc.
I shall have
CONDITIONNEL PASSE.
J'aurais parl, etc.
/ would have
spoken.
SUBJONCTIF PASS.
Que
j'aie parl, etc.
PIvUS-QUE- PARFAIT
Que
j'eusse parl, etc.
That I may have spoken.
DU SUBJONCTIF.
That
I might have spoken.
INFINITIF PASSE.
Avoir parl.
To have spoken.
PARTICIPE COMPOSE.
Ayant
parl.
Having
spoken.

1.
Do
2.
Does he speak French ?
2.
3.
Does she speak English ?
3.
speak well?
1.
Is it that I speak well ?

Speaks he French ? (or)
Is it that he speaks French
Speaks she English ? (or)
Is
it
that she speaks English

4.
Do we speak ?
4.
Speak we ?
Is it that
5.
Do they speak
(m.)
5.
Speak they ?
Is it that
6.
Did
7.
Didst thou speak
8.
Did he speak
9.
Did we
speak
6.
7.
8.
finish
9.
10.
Did she
11.
Did they
12.
do not speak.
12.
did not speak.
13.
finish
10.
(or)
we speak ?
Have
11.
spoken ? (or)
Is it that I have spoken ?
Hast thou spoken ? (or)
Is it that thou hast spoken
Has he spoken ? (or)
Is it that he has spoken ?
I
Have we
finished
Is it that
we have
Has she
finished
Is it that she
sell
(or)
they speak
Have they
(or)
finished
13.
She did not
15.
We
16.
They
17.
Shall I ever speak French?
sell.
15.
did not speak.
19.
Do you like French?

Do you speak to me?
20.
18.
14.
did not finish.
16.
17.
18.
19.
speak to you.
20.
23.
To whom are you speaking ?

To whom did you speak ?
To whom were you speaking ?
24.
At what time did you
21.
22.
finish
21.
22.
23.
24.
has finished ?
sold? (or)
have sold?
speak not.
I have not spoken.
She has not sold.
We have not finished.
They have not spoken.
Shall speak I ever French ?
Like you the French?
(To) me speak you ?
I (to) you speak.
To whom speak you ?
To whom have you spoken ?
To whom spoke you?
At what hour have you
I
finished
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Did she speak to you ?

She spoke to me.
I spoke to her.
What are you selling ?
What does he sell ?
30. I
am
through.
(To) you has she spoken

26. She to me has spoken.
25.
her have spoken.
27.
I to
28.
What sell you ?

What sells he?
29.
(or)
Is it that they
14.
30. I
have
ms&v
finished.
20I
TRENTIEME LEON,
LESSON XXX.
I.
The
Verbs
of the First Conjugation.
following verbs ending in er belong to the
first
conjugation and therefore must be conjugated after the
model verb
parler.
Those governing a preposition before another verb

the infinitive are followed by that preposition
in
Abandonner,
to
Acheter.
Adresser,
Agacer,
Agrer,
to buy.
abandon.
Appeler,
to call.
Appliquer,
to apply.
to address.
Arrter,
to irritate.
Arriver
to stop, to arrest.
(),
to accept.
to arrive,
or
to succeed.
Aimer,
to like
Arroser,
to sprinkle.
Ajouter,
to add.
Atteler,
to hitch
Allumer,
to light.
Attnuer,
to extenuate.
Amener,
to
Attirer,
to attract.
Apporter,
to
Avaler
to
Bouder,
Bouger,
to pout, to sulk.
or to love.
bring {people.)
bring ( things.)
\
up a
swallow.
Badiner,
to trifle, to joke.
Bailler,
to yawn, to
Balayer,
to sweep.
Brider,
to bridle.
gape.
horse.
to stir, to budge.
Baiser,
to kiss.
Briser,
to break (to pieces).
Baisser,
to lower.
Broder,
to embroider.
Bavarder,
to prattle, to gossip
Broncher,
to stumble, to trip.
Bercer,
to rock, to lull.
Brosser,
to brush.
Boucher,
to
Brler,
to burn.
cork
'pottles).
202
Cacher,
Cacheter,
to hide, to conceal.
Coller,
to paste.
to seal up.
to order.
Cajoler,
to cajole.
Commander (de),
Commencer (),
to begin.
Caresser,
to caress.
Compter,
to count, or
Casser,
to break.
Cesser (de),
Chanter,
to cease.
to implore.
to sing.
Conjurer (de),
Continuer (),
Chtier,
to chastise.
Copier,
to copy.
Chercher,
to look for
Couper,
Cracher,
to cut.
to spit.
Crier,
to cry out, to yell.
to intend.
',
or to try.
Cirer,
to
black {boots).
to continue.
Danser,
to dance.
Dieter,
to dictate.
Dater,
to date.
to
Dboucher,
to
Diminuer,
Discontinuer
Dcacheter,
Dcider,
Dchirer,
to unseal {letters).
Discuter,
to discuss.
to decide.
Distinguer,
to distinguish.
to tear.
Dompter,
Demander
uncork
{bottles).
diminish.
(de), to discontinue
to tame, or
to subdue.
(), to ask.
Demeurer,
to live, to dwell.
Dpenser,
to
Dsirer,
to wish, to desire.
Deviner,
to guess.
Donner
spend (money).
i
j
to
(),
give.
Dorer,
to gild.
Douter,
Durer,
to doubt.
to last.
Ecouter,
to listen.
Encadrer,
to frame {a picture).
Ecraser,
to crush.
to annoy.
Effacer,
to rub out, to efface.
Effleurer,
to
Ennuyer,
Enseigner
Envoyer,
Effrayer,
to frighten.
Epeler,
to spell.
Egarer,
to mislay.
Epouser,
to
Egratigner,
to scratch, to claw.
Epousseter,
to dust.
Embrasser,
to emb-ace.
to take
Essayer (de),
Essuyer,
to try, to
Emmener,
Empeser,
Employer (),
graze.
away
() to teach.
to send.
to
marry,
to espouse.
attempt.
wipe.
{people or animals ).
Estropier,
to cripple.
to starch.
Etouffer,
to choke.
to employ.
away
Emporter,
to carry
Emprunter,
to borrow.
{things).
Etrangler,
to strangle.
Eviter (de),
Exciter (),
Exiger,
to avoid.
to excite.
to exact.
Fatiguer,
to tire.
Faufiler,
to baste.
Feuilleter,
to
Fermer,
to close tip, to shut.
Fortifier,
203
to fortify,
or
to strengthen.
turn over {pages).
Flageller,
to cowhide.
to whip.
to knock.
Frapper,
Frquenter to frequent.
Flner,
to idle, to lounge.
Friser,
Flatter,
to flatter.
Frissonner, to shiver.
Fouetter,
Forcer (de), to force.

Former,
to form.
Formuler,
to formulate.
to curl.
Fumer,
to
Fusiller,
to shoot,
smoke.
{to
execute militarily).
0.
Gager,
Gagner
(),
to
lay a wager.
Goter,
to taste.
to
gain, to win.
Graisser,
to
grease.
Garder,
to keep.
Gratter,
to scratch.
Gaspiller,
to waste, to squander.
Glisser,
to slip.
Gronder,
Guider,
to
to scold.
guide.
Habiller,
to clothe.
Hriter,
to inherit.
Habiter,
to inhabit.
Hsiter ()
Honorer,
to hesitate.
Huiler,
to oil.
Harnacher, to harness.
to raise, to lift up.
Hausser,
to honor.
Imaginer,
to conceive.
Insinuer,
to insinuate.
Imiter,
to imitate.
Insister,
to insist.
Importer,
to import.
Insulter,
to insult.
Imprimer,
to print.
Intresser,
to interest.
Incorporer, to incorporate.
Indiquer,
to indicate.
Informer,
to
inform.
Jeter,
to
throw.
Jouer,
to
Interroger,
to interrogate.
Inviter,
to invite.
Inventer,
to invent.
Juger,
Jurer (de),
to
play.
Labourer,
to plough.
fcher,
to let go, to release.
judge.
to swear.
L
I
Lever,
to arise.
Librer,
to liberate.
204
Laisser,
to leave, to let.
Laver,
to
Lecher,
to lick.
wash.
Lier,
to tie up.
Livrer,
to deliver.
Lorgner,
to ogle.
M
Mcher,
to masticate.
Manuvrer, to maneuver.
Manger,
to eat.
Marquer,
to
mark.
Mler,
to
mix
Mener,
to lead, to take to.
Manier,
to handle.
Mriter (de), to deserve.
Manifester,
to manifest.
Modifier,
to
Manquer,
to miss, to fail.
to
Marteler,
to
Monter,
Montrer,
Maugrer
to curse
Marcher,
to
walk.
Murmurer,
Nager,
to
swim,
Notifier,
to notify.
Ngliger,
to neglect,
Noter,
to note.
hammer.
and swear
to
Mouiller,
up.
modify.
go up, to mount.
show.
to wet, to moisten.
to
murmur, to grumble.
Ngocier,
to negotiate,
Nommer,
to
Nier,
to deny,
to knot.
Niveler,
to level.
Nouer,
Noyer,
name,
to iiominate.
drown.
to
o
Objecter,
to object.
Obliger ( or de),
Observer,
to oblige.
Opposer,
Ordonner, (de),
to order.
to observe.
Oser,
to dare, to venture.
Offenser,
to offend.
Oter,
to
Oprer,
to operate.
Oublier (de),
to forget.
{wounds).
to oppose.
take
off.
Panser,
to dress
Plaisanter,
to jest, to joke.
Pardonner,
to forgive.
Pleurer,
to
Parier (de),
to bet.
Plier,
tofold.
Passer,
to pass, to
spend
(time).
ay,
to weep.
Porter,
to carry, to wear.
Poser,
to place.
own
Possder,
to possess, to
Prter,
to lend, to loan.
to think.
Prier (de),
to
to sin.
Priver,
to deprive.
to fish.
Profiter,
to profit.
Prononcer,
to
Patiner,
to skate.
Payer (pour),
Penser ()
to pay (to
Pcher,
Pcher,
Peser
to
weigh.
orfor).
pray.
pronounce.
money
Quter,
to collect
Quereller,
to quarrel.
(alms).
205
Questionner,
to question.
Quitter,
to quit, to leave.
Ramasser,
to
pick up.
Regretter (de),
Ramer,
Ramener,
Ramper,
to
row
Rejeter,
to reject.
to
bring back (people).
(boat).
to regret.
Remuer,
to stir
to crawl.
Rentrer,
to re-enter.
Rappeler,
Rapporter,
Raser,
to recall.
to repeat.
to shave.
Renvoyer,
Rpter,
Reprocher,
Rciter,
to recite.
Rester,
to
remain, to
Reculer,
to fall back, to recoil.
Retirer,
to
withdraw, or
Redouter,
Refuser (de)
Regarder,
to
to
draw (money).
to
bring back (things).
dread.
Retourner,
Rver,
to refuse.
to
look
at.
to
up.
send back.
to reproach.
to return.
to
stay.
dream.
Saigner,
to bleed.
Saler,
to salt.
Simer,
Soigner,
Saluer,
to salute.
Songer
Sauter,
to jump.
Sonner,
to
Scier,
to
Soulever,
to lift
Secouer,
saw.
to shake up.
Soupirer,
to sigh.
Semer,
to sow.
Suer,
to sweat.
Sparer,
to separate.
Supposer,
to suppose.
Serrer,
to squeeze, to tighten.
Surveiller,
to look after, to
Taquiner,
to tease.
Tirer,
to
pull
(),
Transpirer,
to whistle.
to nurse.
to think.
ring (the
up.
to
perspire.
to shoot.
Travailler (), to work.

Traverser,
to cross.
to turn.
Trembler (de)
(the trigger)
Tourner,
Tousser,
to
Torturer,
to torture.
Tourmenter
to
torment.
Tracasser,
to
annoy.
cough.
bell).
to tremble.
Tricher,
to cheat.
Tromper,
to deceive.
Trouver,
Tuer,
to find.
to kill.
watch
2o6
V
aim.
watch, to sit up.

to avenge.
Viser,
to
Visiter,
to visit.
Verser,
to pour, to
Voler,
to fly,
Vider,
to
Voyager,
to travel.
Veiller,
to
Venger,
II.
shed
(tears).
empty.
Remarks
on the Spelling
of
or to
Some Verbs
steal.
of the First
Conjugation.
Verbs ending
in the infinitive in cer, as
avancer, take
a cedilla under the before the vowels a, o:

Il
2.
avana, he advanced ; nous avanons, we advance.
Verbs ending
the letter
Il
3.
1
and
g, to
in ger, as
soften
it,
voyagea, he travelled ; nous voyageons, we travel.
The verbs
appeler, to call ; jeter, to throw ; double the
t before a
mute
Je jette, I throw.
Je jetterai, I shall throw.
I call ;
J'appellerai, I shall call ;
J'appelle,
4.
voyager, take a mute e after
before a and o
Verbs ending in yer, as envoyer, to send ; essayer,

change the letter y into i before a mute e
J'envoie, I send ; J'essaierai, I shall try.
to try ;
5.
Verbs having a mute
e in
the penultimate syllable
of the infinitive take a grave accent over that e before a

syllable containing a
Amener,
to
bring
mute
J'amne,
I bring ;
J'amnerai,
I shall bring.
Practical Frknch Course;
207
Verbs having before the final syllable of the infinchange the acute accent into a grave accent before a
syllable beginning with a mute e:
6.
itive
Esprer, to hope ; J'espre,
III.
Verbs
I hope ;
of the
J'esprerai,
I shall hope.
Second Conjugation.
The following verbs ending
belong to the second

conjugation, and therefore they must be conjugated after
the model verb finir:
in ir
Jouir (de),
Danguir,
to
enjoy or possess.
to
languish.
Maigrir,
to get thin.
to act, to do.
Obir,
to obey.
to enlarge.
Plir,
to
Punir,
to punish.
Abolir,
to abolish.
Accomplir,
to accomplish.
Assortir,
to sort, to
Agir,
Agrandir,
Avertir,
to
warn,
match.
inform
to
of.
become pale.
grow young again.
Btir,
to build.
Rajeunir,
to
Chrir,
to cherish.
Rflchir,
to reflect, to think.
Choisir,
to choose.
Compatir,
to
sympathise with.
Remplir,
to replenish, to fulfill.
Russir,
to succeed.
Dfinir,
to define.
Rtir,
to roast.
Dmolir,
to demolish.
Rougir,
to blush.
Dsobir,
to disobey.
Salir,
to soil, to stain.
Emplir,
Gmir,
Grandir,
to fill up.
Trahir,
to betray.
to
groan,
Unir,
to unite.
to
grow,
Grossir,
to
grow
Gurir,
to cure, to recover.
to
to
moan.
grow
stout.
IV. Verbs
The
tall.
Vernir,
to varnish.
Vieillir,
to
grow
Vomir,
to
vomit.
old.
of the Third Conjugation.
following verbs ending in re belong to the third
conjugation, and therefore must be conjugated after the
model verb vendre
208
Attendre,
Mordre,
Pendre,
to
Perdre,
to lose.
to correspond.
Prtendre,
to pretend.
to corrupt.
Rpandre,
Rpondre,
Revendre,
Rendre,
Tendre,
Tondre,
to spread, to spill.
to shear.
Tordre,
to twist, to wring.
to
wait for, or
to expect.
Confondre,
Correspondre
Corrompre,
Dfendre,
Descendre,
Etendre.
Entendre,
Fendre,
Fondre,
to
,
confound.
to defend, to forbid.
to descend.
to spread, to
expand.
to hear.
to split.
to
melt down.
to bite.
to
hang.
answer.
to sell again.
to render, to give back

to stretch.
V.-Exercises for Translation.
i.
Do you
like
i.
Lit.
Like you
that you like

2.
3-
45-
6.
7-
8.
9-
io.
ii.
12.
Does he like ?
Does she like ?
you find
he buy?
she sing
5-
Is
6.
Sing you ?
Dance you
Play you?
3-
Do they like ?
Do I pronounce
Do you sing ?
Do you dance ?
Do you play ?
Did
Did
Did
Did
4-
Likes he ?
Likes she ?
Like they ?
2.
well?
7-
8.
9-
IO.
ii.
they win
12.
it
( or,
?
?
that I pronounce well
Have you found ?

Has he bought ?
Has she sung ?
Have they won ?
II.
1.
He
2.
She
3.
4.
5.
6.
is
building a
is
growing
new
tall.
punish you.
punish you.
She would punish me.
Why do you blush?
I shall
He
will
theatre.
He
is it
builds a
new
theatre.
She grows (tall).

I you shall punish.
He you will punish.
She me would punish.
Why blush you?
Do not blush.
Which do you choose ?
Which did you choose ?
7.
8.
9-
Blush not.
Which
Which
enjoy good health.

has cured me.
10.
n.
He
12.
my
have done
209
enjoy of a good health.
He me has
duty.
you?
you chosen?
(m.s.) choose
(f.s.)have
have
cured.
fulfilled
mon
devoi?\
III.
What
1.
are you waiting for
5.
Did you wait for me ?

Do you hear ?
Do you hear it?
Did you not hear me ?
6.
7.
How much
8.
I shall
2.
3.
4.
9.
10.
11.
12.
did you lose
What
Come down
What
is it that you wait (for)?

have you waited (for) ?
Hear you ?
It hear you ?
Me have you not heard ?
I you it forbid.
How much have you lost ?
I you shall defend.
What has he answered ?
Descend
The first book is he finished ?
Yes, he is finished.
Me
forbid you.
defend you.
did he answer
the first book finished

Yes, it is.
Is
MAXIMES ET REFLEXIONS.
1.
du
Iâ
corps,
conscience est la voix de l'me; les passions sont la voix

(J. J.
Rousseau)
conscience est un juge plac dans l'intrieur de notre tre.
2.
L,a
3.
I/es conseils
(Sgur)
agrables sont rarement des conseils utiles.
(Massillon)
Ceux qui donnent des conseils sans les accompagner d'exemples,

ressemblent ces poteaux de la campagne qui indiquent les chemins
4.
sans les parcourir.
(Rivarol)
sommes loigns de notre pays, que nous

sentons surtout l'instinct qui nous y attache. (Chateatibriand)
Ceux qui gouvernent sont comme les corps clestes qui ont
6.
beaucoup d'clat et n'ont point de repos.
7.
L,a nature nous a donn deux oreilles et une bouche, afin que
nous coutions beaucoup et que nous parlions peu.
5.
C'est lorsque nous
210
TRENTE ET UNIEME LEON.

LESSON XXXI.
The Use
THE
I.
verb preceded
of the Tenses.
INFINITIVE.
by another verb is put in the

two auxiliaries avoir and
infinitive present (except the

tre).
Je vais prendre un bain.

Voulez- vous sortir avec moi ?
Je ne peux pas voir.
Je ne
Je
peux pas y
parler,
dsire
comprendre,
crire le franais.
lire
et
2.
The
which
aller.
infinitive
is
I am going to
take a bath.
Will you go out with me ?
I cannot see.
I cannot go there.
I desire to
speak, understand, read
and write the French language.
used in French after certain verbs,
are, in English, joined to other verbs
by the con-
junction and.
Allez chercher le mdecin.
Allez voir un docteur.
Allez me chercher un
Venez me voir.
journal.
Go and bring the physician.

Go and see a doctor.
Go and get me a newspaper.
Come and see me.

3.
Some
verbs,
which practice
will teach,
211
govern other
verbs in the infinitive with the preposition or de.

J'aime parler franais.
Je
commence comprendre.
Je n'ai rien faire.
J'ai
peur de vous dranger.
Je regrette de vous dranger.

J'ai oubli de prendre mon livre.
J'ai oubli
4.
de l'apporter.
The French
/ like to speak French.

I begin to understand.
I have nothing to do.
I am afraid to disturb you.
I regret to disturb you.
I have forgotten to take my
I forgot to bring it.
book,
prepositions (except en, in) do not gov-
ern the present participle as in English, but the infinitive

present.
Without going out (to go out).
Without running
(to run).
Without laughing (to laugh).
Without joking
(to joke).
Before commencing (to begin).
Before eating
(to eat).
Before drinking
(to drink).
Before going (to go) to bed.
After having (to have) dined.
Sans sortir.
Sans courir.
Sans rire.
Sans plaisanter.
Avant de commencer.
Avant de manger.
Avant de boire.
Avant d'aller au lit.
Aprs avoir dn.
5.
The
infinitive of a verb
tively, as in
is
sometimes used substan-
the following examples
Le lever du soleil.
Le coucher du soleil.
Au lever du soleil.
Le boire, le manger et
sont ncessaires.
The sunrise.
The sunset.
At
le
dormir
sunrise.
Drinking, eating and sleeping are

necessary.
212
PRACTICE.
/ do
Je ne sais que faire.
I do not know what to do.

I do not know what to eat.
I do not know what to drink,
I do not know what to answer,
I do not know what to think.
Je ne sais que
manger.
Je ne sais que boire.

Je ne sais que rpondre.
Je ne sais que penser.
Je ne sais qu'acheter.
Je ne sais lequel choisir.

Je ne sais o aller.
Je ne sais comment faire.
not
know what
to say.
I do
not
what
I do
I do
not
which to choose,
where to go.
know
know
not know
I do not know
what
to buy.
to do.
Je ne puis y aller.
Je ne puis le dire.
Je ne saurais vous le dire, (id.)
1 cannot go
Je n'ose le dire.
Je n'ose le faire.
I dare
I dare
Je ne veux pas le savoir.

Je ne veux pas vous dranger.
I do not want to know it.

I do not want to disturb you.
Voulez- vous prendre un verre

avec moi ?
Trs volontiers.
Will you have (take a glass) a

drink with me ?
Very willingly.
Que
dsirez-vous prendre ?
there.
I cannot say it.

I could not tell you.
What
not say
not do
it.
it.
will you have ?

to take ?)
What
you wish
No
matter what.
The same as you.
N'importe quoi.
Le mme que vous.
Voulez- vous
Avec
fumer un
cigare?
plaisir.
Will you smoke a cigar?

With pleasure.
Voulez-vous me donner du feu,

s'il vous plat?
Certainement.
Merci beaucoup.
De rien, monsieur.
Not
Avez- vous jamais t en Europe
Have you ever
Will you please give

{some fire) ?
me a
light
Certainly.
Thank you very much.

at
all, sir.
been to
Europe ?
PRACTICAI,
Jamais
FRKNCH COURSE
213
Never ; but I hope
mais j'espre y aller
to
go
there
soon.
bientt.
Quand comptez- vous
partir ?
Je compte partir le mois prochain.
When do you expect to leave ?

I expect to leave next month.
When
Quand comptez-vous tre de
do you expect to be back f
retour ?
Je compte tre de retour New

York vers la fin du mois de sep-
tembre ou au commencement
I expect
to be
back in
New
York
by the end of September or the
beginning of October.
d'octobre.
Voulez-vous
sortir et faire une
promenade avec moi ?
with
Je le voudrais, mais je ne puis

j'attends du monde.
Qu'avez- vous faire ?
beaucoup faire.
Je n'ai rien faire.
Je n'ai absolument rien
J'ai
faire.
go
me ?
Will you
I should
out
like to
and take a walk

y
I cannot ; 1
but
expect company.
What have you to do ?

I have much to do.
I have nothing to do.
I have absolutely nothing to
Qu'est-ce que vous avez dire?

Je n'ai rien dire.
What have you to say ?

I have nothing to say.
Parlez- vous franais
Do you speak French ?

I am beginning to speak.
Je
commence
parler.
Aimez- vous parler franais ?
Do you
Oui, je l'aime beaucoup.
Yes,
Qui avez-vous vu ?
vu mon ami.
Il m'a invit djeuner.
J'ai
speak French ?
very much.
like to
I like
it
Whom
have you seen
I have
seen
my friend.
He has invited me
vu mes amis.
m'ont invit dner avec eux.
do.
to lunch.
my friends.
J'ai
I have
Ils
They have invited me
seen
to
dine with
them.
Pourquoi ne venez-vous pas

voir plus souvent ?
me
Why
do you not come
oftener ?
to see
me
214
I am afraid to
peur de vous dranger.
J'ai
Have you brought your book?

I have forgotten to bring it.
Avez- vous apport votre livre ?

J'ai oubli
de l'apporter.
I beg you
Je vous prie de m' excuser.

Il
Il
Il
Il
me
me
me
me
tarde de vous voir.
to
excuse me.
I long to see you.

I long to dine.
I long to go to bed.
I long to be able to speak French
(*)
tarde de dner.
tarde d'aller au
disturb you.
lit.
tarde de pouvoir parler
franais.
me tardait de fumer.
me tardera de vous voir.
Il
Il
I was longingfor a smoke.

I shall be anxious to see you.
envie de dormir.
J'ai
Je n'ai pas envie de sortir.

J'ai intention d'aller en Europe.
Ifeel like sleeping.

I do not feel like going
I intend to go
out.
Je n'ai pas le plaisir de le

connatre.
Europe.
I have not the honor of knowing
you.
I have not the pleasure of knowing him.
Que me conseillez -vous de faire ?

Je vous conseille d'attendre.
What do you advise me

I advise you to wait.
Je suis oblig de vous quitter.

Je suis oblig de partir sur-le-
I am
I am
Je n'ai pas l'honneur de vous

connatre.
to
to do ?
obliged to leave you.

obliged to leave at once.
champ.
(*)
The personal pronoun
il
in "il
me
tarde "
means
it,
the verb be-
ing used impersonally.

1.
Has your husband ever been
2.
Europe ?
Never but he hopes
;
soon.
to
to
1.
go there
2.
Your husband, has he ever been

in Europe ?
Never but he hopes there
go soon.
;
to

3.
4.
5.
6.
When
When
does he expect to leave ?

Does your brother like to
speak French?
Does not your sister begin to
speak French ?
Has your brother brought his
book?
Your
expects he to leave?
brother, likes he () to
speak French ?
Your
sister,
begins she not ()
French ?
Your brother, has he brought
his book ?
to speak
7.
He
8.
beg you to excuse him.
9.
am
has forgotten to bring
215
He
it.
very glad to see you.

be very glad to see him.
10.
I shall
11.
should be very glad to speak

French.
I am very sorry to disturb
has forgotten of
it
to bring.
you beg of him to excuse.

am very happy of you to see.
shall be very happy of him to
see.
12.
should be very happy of to

speak French.
am very sorry of you to
am
you.
13.
am
disturb.
very
happy
know
to
14.
15.
16.
17.
very happy of you to
know.
you.
I am obliged to go home.
Does your brother speak
French ?
He commences to speak.
Will you please give me a glass
of cold water
am
Your
obliged of to go chez moi.

brother, speaks he
French ?
He commences
() to speak.
Will you, if you please (to) me

to give a glass of water
fresh ?
18.
Will you have the kindness to

give me a glass of ice water ?
Will you
(to)
have the good-
ness of (to)
me
to give a
glass of water iced

19.
Come and
20.
I shall
21.
22.
see us.
go and see you.
long to eat.
long to drink.
Aucun chemin de
Come
20.
I shall
21.
me tarde of to eat.
// me tarde of to drink.
22.
MEMORY
fleurs
Qui veut parler sur
tout,
19.
us to see.
go
(j'irai)
you
to see.
77
EXERCISE.
ne conduit la gloire. (La Fontaine)

souvent parle au hasard. {Andrieux)
translation:
No
flowery path leads to glory.
Who
random.
(he who) wishes to speak on every subject, speaks often at
216
TRENTE-DEUXIEME LEON.
LESSON XXXII.
The Present
[.
i.
The present
always ends
participle
in,
is
generally invariable, and
is
in ant.
Etant, being.
En,
Participle.
Ayant, having.
Voyant, seeing.
the only preposition governing the present
participle.
En
The
chantant, in singing.
En
pleurant, in crying.
sometimes used adjectively.

agreeing in gender
and number with the substantive to which it refers.
3.
It
present participle
then follows the rules
4.
is
for adjectives,
Ce garon
est trs obligeant,
Cette
est trs obligeante,
fille
The present
participle
is
That boy is very obliging.

That girl is very obliging.
never used,
the auxiliary tre, to express that the action

taneous.
in their
in
is
French, with
or
was instan-
Instead, the indicative present or the imperfect
simple form are used.
Thus we say
Je vais,
Il
I go,
for
he studies, for
tudiait he studied, for
Il tudie,
f am going.
he
is studying.
he was studying.
However,
if
necessary, the same precision
217
may
be at-
tained as in English by using the following idiomatic form;
(*)
(f)
tudier (or)
tudier (or)
est
en train (f) d'tudier.

en train d'tudier.
II est (*)
Il
Il tait
Il tait
The word occup, busy, is understood,

train de means in the act of.
En
PRACTICE,
Etant
trs press, je
ne puis rester
Being
in a
great hurry, I cannot
stay any longer.
plus longtemps.
I am
A mon
To
Ayant
lu votre annonce dans le

" Herald " de ce jour, et dsr=
ant prendre des leons de franais, voulez-vous avoir la bont
de passer chez moi demain, dans
la matine, ou si vous prfrez,
l' aprs midi ?
Having read your advertisement

in to-day's "Herald,'" and de-
Vous avez dj une bonne con-
You have already a good knowledge of the French language.
grand regret, je suis oblig

de vous quitter.
naissance de la langue franaise.
Vous
vous perfectionnerez en
en crivant, en allant
parmi les Franais, en convers=
ant avec eux, en faisant des exercices, en traduisant, en un mot,
en pratiquant autant que poslisant,
my great regret,
obliged to leave you.
siring to take French
lessons,
will you have the kindness to call
on
me to-morrow
in the
morn-
or if you prefer, in the

afternoon ?
ing,
You will perfect yourself by reading, by writing, by going among

the French, by conversing with
them, by (making) exercises, by

translating, in a word, by practicing as
much as possible.
sible.
L,a
Practice makes perfect.
pratique rend parfait.
En voyageant on apprend
coup.
beau-
In traveling one learns a great

deal.
218
Le voyage
est
une grande cole.
En dbarquant
au Havre vous
Traveling
On
a great school.
is
landing at Havre you will find
trouverez la bibliothque de la
gare le New York ''Herald,"
the Parisian edition of the New

York Herald at the railroad
dition de Paris.
station bookstand.
En
arrivant Paris, vous serez
une
surpris de trouver
belle, si
propre et
si
ville si
'
' '
'
On
arriving in Paris, you will be

surprised at finding such a beau-
and gay
tiful, clean
gaie.
Aimez- vous les couleurs voyantes?

Non, je ne les aime pas.
Ni moi non plus.
ma lettre en vous em=

brassant affectueusement.
Je termine
Donnez-moi bientt de vos nouvelles, et en attendant, croyezmoi, je vous prie,
Do you
city.
like loud colors ?
No, I do not
Neither do
like
them.
I.
With an affectionate kiss I
my
close
letter.
me hear from you very soon,

and in the meantime, believe me,
Let
Yours truly,
Yours very truly,
Bien vous, (or)

Votre tout dvou (m.),
Votre toute dvoue (f.).
II.The Past Participle.
i.
When
used without auxiliary,
the
past
participle
agrees in gender and number with the noun to which
it
refers, like the adjectives.
The past year ; last year.

The past week ; last week.
L'an pass.
La semaine passe.
La lune
est
comme une lampe
dans l'azur suspendue.
d'or
The moon is like a golden lamp

suspended in the azure vault.

Iv a
lune est
comme une
pice d'or
dans l'espace par des

amoureux pour acheter le silence
de la nuit.
jete
2.
The
219
The moon is like a piece of gold

thrown into space by some lovers
to buy the silence of the night.
with
past participle, used
the auxiliary tre,
agrees in gender and number with the subject of the verb,

whether the subject be placed before or after it.
Il est
He is dead.
mort.
Bile est morte.
Ce
She
livre est bien crit.
Cette lettre est

Il est
mal
is
dead.
This book is well written.

This letter is badly written.
crite.
He is discouraged.
dcourag.
Elle est dcourage.
She
Mes amis sont dcourags.

Mes surs sont dcourages.
My friends are discouraged.

My sisters are discouraged.
Votre cigare est teint.

Votre cigarette est teinte.
Your cigar is out (the

Your cigarette is out.
Votre gilet est dboutonn.

Votre robe est dcousue.
Votre robe est dchire.
Mes gants sont tachs.
Your vest is unbuttoned.

Your dress is ripped.
Your gown is torn.
Il
ont t pardonnes par
le pr-
sident de la Rpublique.
La porte
Non,
est-elle
elle est
ferme ?
ouverte.
Avez vous vu
le
tombeau dans
lequel sont enfermes les cen-
dres de Napolon I ?
discouraged.
light of).
My gloves are stained.

He has been
a t condamn mort.
Elle a t acquitte.
Ils
is
sentenced to death.
She has been discharged (legally).

They have been pardoned by the
President of the Republic.
Is the door shut ?
JVo
it is
open.
Have you
seen the tomb in which
the remains of
inclosed ?
Napoleon
I.
are
220
The
3.
past participle, used with the auxiliary avoir,
agrees in gender and number with

object,
when
it
when
its
direct
regimen or
that regimen precedes the participle, but not
follows
it.
Avez-vous ouvert la fentre ?

Oui, je l'ai ouverte.
Have you opened the window ?

Yes, I have opened it.
Avez-vous ferm la porte

Oui, je l'ai ferme.
Have you shut the door ?

Yes, I have closed it.
Avez-vous bross mes habits ?

Oui, je les ai brosss.
Have you brushed my
Avez-vous tudi votre leon
Have you studied your

Yes, I have studied it.
Oui. je
l'ai
Avez-vous reu
Oui, je
l'ai
tudie.
ma
lettre
reue.
Yes,
clothes?
I have brushed them.

lesson
Have you received my letter?

Yes, I have received it.
Oui, je les ai traduits.
Have you translated your exercises?

Yes, I have translated them.
Avez-vous vu vos amis ?

Oui, je les ai vus.
Have you seen your friends ?

Yes, I have seen them.
Avez-vous traduit vos exercices ?
reu et lu avec un extrme

charmante lettre que
vous m'avez crite en franais.
Je suis heureux de dire que je
l'ai parfaitement comprise.
J'ai
plaisir la
I have
received and read with

extreme pleasure the charming
letter which you have written me
I am pleased to say
I have understood it per-
in French.
that
fectly.

1.
2.
3.
4.
Is your brother married ?

Are your brothers married ?
Is your sister married ?
Are your sisters married ?
Your brother, is he married ?
Your brothers, are they married?
Your sister, is she married ?
Your sisters, are they married ?

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Have you
received the book

which I (to) you have sent ?
Have you received the letter
Have you received the books
Have you received the flowers
wmich I (to) you have sent ?
The book which you (to) me
have sent is very interesting.
The method (f.) which you (to)
me have lent is very inter-
Did you receive the book which

I sent you ?
Did you receive the letter
which I sent you ?
Did you receive the books
which I sent you ?
Did you receive the flowers
which I sent you ?
The book you sent me is very
interesting.
10.
The method you
lent
me
221
is
very interesting.
esting.
11.
Did I show you the bracelet

which my husband gave me
for
12.
bracelet
my birthday ?
(to)
my birthday ?
Have you seen
brother
the rings which
my
husband
from Paris ?
15.
16.
She
She
me
birthday ?
husband
study.
search (for) my gloves.
She
She
leaving.
18.
arriving.
19-
20.
has
16.
MEMORY
me
(to)
17-
my
has given
14.
crying.
In the meantime.
my
(to)
my
shown the
15-
singing.
20.
brought from Paris
is
On
On
has given for
Have you seen the rings which
my
is
19.
18.
13-
me
am studying.
am looking for my gloves.
14.
17.
brought
shown the
husband
my
watch of gold which

for
13
me
that
fte of birth ?
(To) you have
Did I show you the gold watch

which my brother gave me
for
you have
(To)
sings.
cries.
In departing.
In arriving.
In waiting.
EXERCISE.
Ce que l'on comprend bien s'nonce clairement. {Boileau)

(Chateaubriand)
le plus obscur aime la libert.
Le bonheur des mchants comme un torrent s'coule. (Racine)
L'homme
translation:
That which we understand well, we express clearly.
The most humble man loves liberty.
The happiness of the wicked runs away like a torrent.
222
TRENTE-TROISIEME LEON.
LESSON XXXIII.
I.
i.
The
Thus,
sion,
The
Present of the Indicative.
indicative present has only
speak,
I am speaking, I do
translation, to wit
Etes- vous venant ?
for
Je suis venant.
for
tes- vous allant
speak, have but one
Are you coming

I am coming.
for
I am going
I am working.
for
Je suis travaillant.
for
The above and all similar phrases must be

manner
Que
Lit.
Je vais
L it.
faites-vous
2.
The
Je travaille.
indicative present
Lit.:
Come you? I come.

Where go yo u? I go
What do you? 1 work.
may be
future to express something that

to be done.
translated in
Je viens.
allez-vous?
for
Je suis allant
Qu'tes-vous faisant?
Venez-vous ?
French.
therefore, be very careful to avoid
such translations as the following
the following
in
Je parle.
The student must,
one form
English modes of expres-
for instance, these three
is
..
used in place of the
going to take place or
Thus,
for
example
I leave
Je pars ce soir.
Il part demain.
Je suis vous dans
223
un moment.
(shall leave) this evening.
He leaves (will leave) to-morrow.

I am (shall be) with you in a
moment.
PRACTICE.
O
O
es-tu
Je suis
O
O
Where art thou ?

Where are you ?
tes- vous?
I am
ici.
Where art thou going? (goest thou)

Where are you going ? (go you )
I am going out. (I go out. )
I am going (I go) to the park.
vas-tu?
allez- vous
Je sors.
Je vais au parc.
Que
fais-tu
What art thou doing?

What aft thou doing ?
(or)
Qu'est-ce que tu fais
Que
faites- vous
here.
(or)
Qu'est-ce que vous faites?

Je travaille.
I am work'i7ig:
Je
I am
reading.
I am
writing.
lis.
J'cris.
est votre frre
Il est
Que
(I work.)
(I read. )
(I write. )
is your brother?
downstairs.
He is
What
What
fait-il ? (or)
Qu'est-ce qu'il fait?
He is
He is
He is
Il travaille.
Il lit.
Il crit.
Que cherchez vous ?
he doing ? (does he)

he doing ?
working. (He works.)
reading. (He reads.)
is
is
writing.
(He
writes.)
What are you looking for ?

(search you)
(or)
Qu'est-ce que vous cherchez
mes
(do you)
Where
en bas.
Je cherche
(dost thou)
gants.
I am
looking (I search) for
my
gloves.
O demeurez- vous ? (or)

O est-ce que vous demeurez ?
Je demeure
New York.
Where do you
Where do you
live ?
A ew
Yo7'k.
I live
in
live ?
(live you)
224
O demeure-t-il ?
O demeure-t-elle ?
O demeure votre ami ?
Where does he live ? (lives he)

Where does she live ?
Where does yourfriend live ?
Pourquoi pleurez-vous ?
De quoi riez- vous ?
Why
De
qui riez-vous
Je ne
ris
de personne.
Que voulez-vous ?
(or)
Qu'est-ce que vous voulez?
Je ne veux rien.
Que
veut-il
Il
(cry you)
What do you want? (want you)

What do you want ?
I do not want anything.
He
veut de l'argent.
Que
ay ?
What does he want ? (wants

What does he want ?
(or)
Qu'est-ce qu'il veut
do you
What are you laughing at ?

(laugh you at)
Whom are you laughing at ?
I am laughing (I laugh) at no o?ie.
wants money.
What
regardez- vous ?
he)
are you looking at?
(look you)
Je regarde la parade.
I am looking (I look) at the parade.
Qui attendez-vous ?
Whom
are you waiting for ?
(wait you)
I am waiting for
J'attends le facteur.
carrier.
Que prenez-vous pour djeuner ?

Je prends du caf au
Parlez-vous franais
Je parle assez pour
lait.
faire
The
speak French ?
I speak enough
to
make myself
understood.
comprendre.
II.
What do you take for breakfast

I take coffee zvith milk.
Do you
me
the letter-
(I wait. )
The
imperfect
Imperfect of the Indicative.
may
be called the progressive or descrip-
tive past tense of the French.
scribe something
It is
used to express or de-
which was accomplished or
still
going on
French Course
Tracticai,
It is also
at the time referred to.
225
used to express repeated
or customary action, being rendered in English by the
words used
placed before the verb.
to,
The imperfect corresponds
to the three
pressing the past in English, to wit
manners of ex-
(I was speaking.
I used to speak.
(/ spoke.
Je parlais
<
PRACTICE.
de
Etiez-vous Paris lors

dernire Exposition ?
la
Were you in Paris at the time of

the last exposition ?
Oui, j'y tais.
Yes,
Etiez-vous dans un htel ?

Non, j'tais dans une pension de
there.
Were you in a hotel?

No, I was in a private boardinghouse.
famille.
Aviez-vous une bonne chambre
Oui, j'avais une trs bonne
chambre
I was
Had you a good room ?

Yes,
I had a
Was
the cooking
very
good room.
L,a cuisine tait-elle
bonne
was
good ?
Elle tait excellente.
It
Quel tait le prix ?

Je payais dix francs par jour.
I paid ten francs a
alliez-vous ce matin, vers les
dix heures ?
J'allais la gare.
Vous marchiez
J'tais
press
manquer mon
trs vite.
j'avais
peur de
train.
N'avez- vous pas vu mon frre ?

Si, je l'ai vu il y a peu prs une
heure.
Etait-il seul
Non.
il
What was
un monsieur.
the cost ?
day.
Where were you going this morning about ten o 'clock.

I was going to the station.
You were walking very fast.
I was in a hurry ; I was afraid I
would miss my train.
Have you not seen my brother?

Yes, I saw him about one hour
ago.
Was he
tait avec
excellent.
alone ?
No, he was with a gentleman.
Practical French Cours ic
226
Comment
habill
ce monsieur tait-il
un
portait
Il
talon
How
was
that gentleman dressed?
un panun chapeau de
paletot bleu,
clair
et
He
wore (he had on) a blue coat,

trousers and a straw hat.
paille.
Have you
Il
crivait.
Il
fumait.
?
seen Mr.
I have.
What was he doing ? (did he)
What was he doing ?
He was reading. (He read.)
He was writing. (He wrote.)
He was smoking. (He smoked.)
propos, o tiez-vous hier soir?
By
Avez- vous vu monsieur

Oui, je
Que
Yes,
vu.
l'ai
faisait-il? (or)
Qu'est-ce qu'il faisait ?

Il lisait.
the way, where were you

night ?
'
J'tais au thtre.
I was
Were there many people there ?

It (the house) was full.
It was packed.
It was jammed.
avait-il
beaucoup de monde?
C'tait plein.
C'tait bond.
C'tait comble.
Il
n'y avait pas un sige de vide.
at the theatre.
There was not one empty
seat.
EXERCISE FOR TRANSLATION,

ENGUSH CONSTRUCTION.
I.
He
2.
She
is
hungry.
is thirsty.
1.
He
has hunger.
3.
She has thirst.

You have reason.
4.
What does your
5.
He
2.
6.
You are right.

What is your brother doing ?
He is smoking.
What is your sister doing ?
6.
smokes.
What does your
7-
She
7.
She dances.
3-
45-
S.
9-
is
Where
Where
IO.
ii.
12.
dancing.
is
is
he going ?
she going ?
was hungry.
was thirsty.
had company.
8.
9.
brother?
sister
Where goes he ?
Where goes she ?
10.
11.
12.
had hunger.
had thirst.
had some monde, (m.)
last

13.
14.
15.
What was your brother doing?

He was smoking.
What was your sister doing?
17.
She was working.

Where did you live
18.
Formerly,
19.
Did you see your friend?

What was he doing ?
He was working.
He was studying his lesson.
He was reading the newspaper.
He was writing a letter.
Did you see your friends? (m.)
What were they doing ?
They were working.
They were playing.
I am going home.
16.
in Paris
15.
What did your brother?

He smoked.
What did your sister ?
16.
She worked.
17.
Where
18.
Formerly,
13.
14.
used to smoke a
227
lived
I
you
at Paris?
smoked much.
great deal.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
MEMORY
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Have you seen your

What did he ?
He
He
He
He
worked,
read the newspaper.
wrote a letter.
29.
30.
26.
27.
28.
studied his lesson.
Have you seen your

What did they ?
They worked.
They played.
Where go you ?
25.
friend
friends?
go chez moi.
EXERCISE.
I/honnte homme est discret; il remarque les dfauts d'autrui,

mais il n'en parle jamais. {St. Evremond)
Les limites des sciences sont comme l'horizon; plus on en approche,
plus elles reculent.
{Mme. Necker)
Quiconque est capable de mentir est indigne d'tre compt au nombre des
hommes.
(Fnelon)
Fn
toute chose
Iva
moiti des humains vit aux dpens de l'autre.
il
faut considrer la fin.
{La Fontaine)
(Destouches)
translation:
The
(real)
gentleman
is
discreet;
he observes the defects of others,
but never alludes to them.
The
limits of science are like the horizon, the
more they recede.

Whoever is capable of falsehood
(the number of) men.
more we approach
(them), the
is
unworthy
to be counted
In everything we should consider the end.

One half of mankind lives at the expense of the other.
among
228
TRENTE-QUATRIEME LEON.
LESSON XXXIV.
The Past
I.
The
past indefinite
is
Indefinite.
generally formed, in French, by
combining- the indicative present of the auxiliary avoir
with the past participle of another verb.
/ have
J'ai parl.
Il
spoken.
He has finished.
fini.
She has
Elle a vendu.
sold.
2. The past indefinite is used to express an action accomplished at a period of time entirely elapsed but not
specified.
J'ai
achet un chapeau.
reu un tlgramme.
J'ai
vu mon avocat.
J'ai
3.
The
/ have bought a hat.

I have received a telegram.
I have seen my lawyer.
past indefinite
is
also used, in French, to express
an action done at a time a part of which

as
is
not yet elapsed,
to-day, this week, this month, this year.
Aujourd'hui
j'ai
/ have studied a great
beaucoup
deal to-day.
tudi.
Cette semaine
j'ai
beaucoup
tudi.
Ce mois-ci
j'ai
perdu cent
dollars.
have studied a great deal this

week.
li>st
one hundred dollars this
month.
229
Practical French Course,
The past indefinite is also used in French conversawhen the time is entirely elapsed and specified.
Thus, for instance, we say
4.
tion
J'ai
vu mon ami
hier soir.
I
I saw my friend
last night.
IMPORTANT OBSERVATION.
The
I.
definite
auxiliary tre, to be,
and
all
the other
is
used to form the past
compound
in-
tenses of the follow-
ing verbs of motion:

Aller,
to go.
Retourner,
Partir,
to depart.
Revenir, to come again

Parvenir,
to succeed.
Venir, to come.
Sortir, to
go
Arriver,
out.
to return.
to arrive.
Tomber,
to fall.
Natre,
to be born.
Mourir, to die.
Devenir, to become.
examples:
/ went. (I am gone. )
He came. (He is come.)
Je suis all.
Il est venu.
She went
Bile est sortie.
Nous sommes
Il est
is
gone
out.)
We are arrived.)
He fell. {He is fallen.)
tomb.
Je suis n en i860.
I was
Qu' est-il devenu ?

Il est mort la semaine passe.
He
2.
{She
out.
We arrived.
arrivs.
The English
(I am) born in i860.

What has (is he) become (of
auxiliary did
died (he
is
is
hitn ?)
dead) last week.
replaced, in French,
the auxiliary avoir or tre, according to the above rules.

Avez-vous tudi ?
paye
A-t-elle reu ma lettre?
A-t-il
Ont-ils accept
tes- vous all ?
Did you study ?

Did he pay?
Did she receive my
Did they accept ?
Where did you go ?
letter
by
230
Where did he go ?
Where did she go ?
Where did they go ?
When did you arrive?
At what time did he leave?
est-il all ?
O est-elle alle ?
O sont -ils alls?
Quand
tes-vous arriv
quelle heure est-il parti?
PRACTICE,
Avez- vous tudi votre leon ?
Oui, je l'ai tudie.
La savez-vous
Je pense que oui.
Avez-vous reu
Oui, je
l'ai
ma
Have you
lettre?
reue.
Yes,
l'ai
comprise.
Yes,
fait ce matin?
une promenade.
fait une promenade en voiture.
fait une promenade cheval.
fait une promenade
Qu' avez-vous
J'ai fait
J'ai
J'ai
J'ai
received
I have
my letter ?
received
Did you understand
L' avez-vous comprise?
Oui, je
Have you studied your lesson ?

Yes, I have studied it.
Do you know it?
I think I do.
it.
it ?
I did.
What have you done this morning ?

I have taken a walk.
I have taken a carriage ride.

I have taken a ride on horseback.
I have taken a bicycle ride.
bicyclette.
Avez-vous crit votre ami?

Oui, je lui ai crit.
Vous
a-t-il
rpondu
Not yet.
Pas encore.
Votre ami vous
Oui,
il
m'a
Have you written to yourfriend ?

Yes, I have.
Has he answered you ?
a-t-il crit
Lui avez-vous rpondu

Oui, je lui ai rpondu.
Has yourfriend
written to you ?
Yes, he has.
crit.
?
Vos amis vous ont-ils crit ?

ils m'ont crit.
Leur avez-vous rpondu ?
Have you answered him

Yes, I have.
Have your friends
written to you,
Oui,
Yes, they have.
Oui, je leur ai rpondu.
Have you answered them ?

Yes, I have.
Avez-vous vu votre ami ?
Have you
seen
your friend?

Oui, je l'ai vu ce matin.
Lui avez- vous parl ?

Oui, je lui ai parl.
Que
lui avez- vous dit
Je lui ai dit que vous dsirez le
Qu'avez- vous achet?

un impermable.
O l'avez- vous achet ?
Je l'ai achet au " Bon-March.
J'ai achet
Chez qui avez-vous achet votre

chapeau ?
l'ai
avez-vous pass la soire

passe chez mon ami.
Qu' avez-vous fait ?
l'ai
Nous avons chant.

Nous avons dans.
Nous avons jou aux
What did you buy ?
I bought
cartes.
a,
mackintosh.
Where did you buy
I bought
it
At whose
it ?
at the " Bon-March.'
store
did you buy your
hat?
I bought
achet chez Dunlap.
Je
Yes, I saw him this morning.

Have you spoken to him ?
Yes, I have.
What did you tell him ?
I told him that you wish to see
him.
voir.
Je
231
it
at Dunlap''s.
Where have you spent
the evening?
I spent it at my friend''s.
What did you do there?
We sang.
We danced.
We played cards.
Avez-vous gagn ?
Non, j'ai perdu.
Did you win?

No, I lost.
Combien avez-vous perdu ?

J'ai perdu un louis.
How much did you lose ?
Avez-vous reu des nouvelles de
Have you heardfrom your friend?
votre
est votre frre
est-il all ?
Il est all
chez le barbier.
sont vos surs
Elles sont sorties.
(20 francs).
Yes, I heardfrom
him this morning.
Where is your brother ?

went out.
Where did he go ?
He went to the barber's.
He
Il est sorti.
lout's
ami ?
Oui, j'en ai reu ce matin.
I lost one
sont-elles alles
Elles sont alles chez la modiste.
Where are your sisters

They went out.
Where did they go ?

They went to the milliner's.
232
Votre oncle
Oui,
Vos amis
Ils
est-il arriv
Has your
sont-ils arrivs
uncle arrived ?
Yes, he arrived this morning.
est arriv ce matin.
il
Have your friends arrived?
They have not yet arrived.
ne sont pas encore arrivs.
Je suis arriv la semaine passe.
When did you arrive ?

I arrived last week.
At what
Quand
tes- vous arriv
quelle heure tes- vous parti ?
I left
Je suis parti huit heures.
quelle heure tes-vous retourn
Je suis retourn cinq heures.
j'ai pris le
At what time did you return

I returned at five o'clock.
Did you come on foot?
No, I took the electric car.
Etes-vous venu pied ?
Non,
time did you leave ?
at eight o'clock.
tramway
lectrique.

1.
Has your brother received
my
Your
my
letter?
2.
Whom did you see
3.
To whom
6.
7.
Did you play
5.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
did he answer
did she buy ?
letter
Whom
did you speak ?

did you say ?
What
What
What
4.
brother, has he received
6.
How much did you lose

How much did you win
7.
?
What did I tell you ?

What did he tell you?
What did they tell you?
What did you tell them ?
What have you been doing ?
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
have you seen ?

To whom have you spoken ?
What have you said?
What has he answered ?
What has she bought ?
Have you played ?
How much have you lost ?
How much have you won ?
What (to) you have I told ?
What you has he told ?
What you has she told ?

What you have they told ?
What X.r him have you told ?
What to them have you told ?
What have you done?
Tracticai,
17.
18.
19-
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
French Course
Where did you go ?

Where did he go ?
Where did she go ?
Where did they go ?
17.
18.
19.
20.
When did you arrive ?

When did she arrive ?
When did he leave ?
When did they leave ?
When did you return ?
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Did you see your friend
27.
29.
Yes, I did.
When did you see him ?
I saw him yesterday.
29.
30.
At what time did you see him ?
30.
31.
saw him at 4
Did you speak
28.
26.
27.
28.
233
Where are you gone ?

Where is he gone ?
Where is she gone ?
Where are they gone ?
When are you arrived ?

When is she arrived ?
When is he departed ?
When are they departed ?
When are you returned ?
Have you seen your friend ?
him have seen.
When him have you seen ?
I him have seen yesterday.
At what hour him have you
Yes, I
seen?
32.
33.
34.
o'clock.
31-
him ?
32.
to
Yes, I did.
No, I did not.
33-
34-
38.
Have you seen your friends ?

them have seen.
When them have you seen ?
I them have seen the week
What day them have you seen ?
35.
Did you see your friends ?(m.)
35-
36.
36.
37.
Yes, I did.
When did you see them
38.
saw them
last
37-
week ?
him have seen at 4 hours.

To him have you spoken ?
Yes, I to him have spoken.
No, I to him have not spoken.
I
Yes, I
past.
39
What day
did you see them ?

40. I saw them on Tuesday.
39-
40.
41.
Did you speak to them ?
41.
MEMORY
Il
est plus
EXERCISE.
glorieux de se vaincre
[Scudery)
autres.
I them have seen Tuesday.

To them have you spoken ?
soi-mme que de vaincre
choses de la terre ne valent pas qu'on s'y attache.

{Nicholas)
meilleure leon est celle des exemples. {La Harpe)
Ives
L,a
les
translation:
more glorious to conquer one's self than to conquer

The things of eanh are unworthy of our attachment.
The best lesson is that of example.
It is
others.
234
TRENTE-CINQUIEME LEON.
LESSON XXXV.
The Past
The
Definite.
past definite, which might also be called the his-
torical or narrative tense, indicates
at a time
entirely elapsed.
It
an action accomplished
cannot, therefore, be used
connection with the words to-day, this morning, this
in
week, this months this year
but
it
may
be used
in
speak-
ing of yesterday, last week, last month, last year.
The past
definite
is
particularly used in narratives, but
in ordinary conversation
it is
generally avoided as pedan-
and is always replaced by the past

preceding lesson.
tic,
The
following exercise
is
indefinite, as in the
an excellent illustration of the
use of the definite or narrative past.
Bn
quelle anne naquit George
Washington ?
naquit en 1732.
Bn quelle anne mourut-il
Il mourut en 1799.
ington bo7m ?
was born in 1732.
In what year did he die ?
He died in 179c.
He
Il
Bn
quelle anne naqut

Napolon I. ?
naquit dans
Il
l'le
de Corse
le 15
aot, 1769.
Bn
Il
quelle anne mourut-il
mourut
le
5 mai, 182 1.
sont actuellement les restes de
Napolon premier ?
In what year was George Wash-
In what year was Napoleon I.

born?
He was born in the island of Corsica on the 15th of August, 176c.
In what year did he die ?
He died on the 5th of May, 1821.
Where at present are the remains

of Napoleon the first ?

Les restes de Napolon I. furent
ramens en France en 1840, et
dposs dans l'Htel des Inva-
vux:
mes cendres re-
lides^*) Paris, selon ses

dsire que
"Je
posent sur les bords de la Seine,

au milieu de ce peuple franais
que j'ai tant aim."
Napolon sortit sous-lieutenant

de l'cole militaire de Brienne
en 1785.
Il
fut
nomm
capitaine, puis col-
onel en 1793.
Il
5 octobre, 1795,
il
mitrailla les
meutiers devant l'glise SaintRoch, Paris, et reut le commandement en chef de l'arme

d'Italie en 1796.
Aprs de nombreuses et brillantes

victoires, il conclut le trait de
paix qui donnait la France le
Rhin pour limites en 1797.
Aprs
la
gagna
campagne d'Egypte o
il
la glorieuse victoire des
pyramides, il retourna en
France, renversa le Directoire
novembre,
le 5
1799,
et se fit
nommer consul pour dix
(*)
XIV.
ans.
palatial shelter for old
in 1674.
The remains of Napoleon I. were

brought back to France in 1840
and placed in the Hotel des Invalides, in Paris,
in compliance
with his wishes:
"
desire that
my ashes repose
on the banks of
the Seine, among the French peo-
ple
whom I loved so
much.''''
Napoleon left the military school of

Brienne as a Sub-Lieutenant in
1785-
He
was made a Captain, then a
Colonel, in 1793.
reut les epaulettes de gnral

de brigade en 1794, aprs le fameux sige de Toulon o il se
distingua.
Le
235
He was
given the epaulets of a

Brigadier-General in 1794, after
famous siege of Toulon, at

which he distinguished himself
the
On
the jth of October, 1795, he

shelled the rioters in front of the
Church of St. Roch, in Paris, and

was made Commander-in-Chief
of the
'
'
Arme d' Italie
'
'
in 1796.
After numerous and brilliant victories, he concluded the treaty of

peace which gave to France the
Rhine as a boundary in 1797.
After the Egyptian campaign, in
which he won the glorious victory
of the Pyramids, he returned to
France, overthrew the Directory
{Government) on the 5th of October, 1799, and caused himself to
be made a Consulfor 10 years.
and invalid soldiers founded by Louis
236
Il
Practical,
franchit le
gagna
mont
French Course
Bernard,
St.
de Marengo, et
signa la paix avec l'Autriche en
1801, et avec l'Angleterre en
la bataille
1802.
Nomm
consul vie,
il
rouvrit
He crossed the
(M.)
won
St.
Bernard,
Marengo and
of peace with
and with Eng-
the battle of
signed the treaty
Austria in 1801,
land in 1802.
Made
Consulfor
life,
churches
which had been
he reopened
que la rvolution
avait fermes et rorganisa
toutes les branches de l'admin-
closed by the Revolution
istration.
government.
glises
les
Proclam empereur des Franais

le 18 mars 1804, il fut sacr en
grande pompe le 2 dcembre de
la mme anne par le pape Pie
VII., dans l'glise Notre-Dame
de Paris.
commena
Alors
cette srie
de
victoires qui jeta sur son rgne
une
si
grande
dsastreuse
en
Kn
gloire, jusqu' la
campagne de Russie
the
and
re-
organized all the branches of the
Proclaimed Emperor of the French

on the 18th of March, 1804, he
was crowned in great state on
the 2d of December of the same
year by Pope Pius VII, in the
Church of Notre-Dame.
Then began that series of victories

which cast so great a glory upon
his reign, up to the disasttvus
campaign of Russia in 181 2.
1812.
1813,
l'Europe entire se coa-
In
1 81j,
the
whole
of Europe
lisa contre le redoutable vain-
formed a
queur qui abdiqua Fontaine-
formidable victor, who abdicated

at Fontainebleau on the 14th of
April, 1814, and was given the
bleau le 14 avril 18 14, et reut

l'le d'Blbe en souverainet.
coalition against the
sovereignty (of) the Isle of Elba.
Le premier mars 181 5, il reparut

en France et rgna encore pen-
On
the 1st
of March, 181 5, he made
his reappearance in France
and
dant cent jours, mais aprs la

terrible bataille de Waterloo, le
18 juin, il signa, en faveur de
son fils, sa seconde abdication et
rclama l'hospitalit de l'An-
reigned one hundred days, but

after the terrible battle of Waterloo, on the 18th, of une, he signed
gleterre.
tality
his second abdication in favor of

his son, and invoked the hospi-
of England.
Le cabinet anglais
le dclara prisonnier et le rlgua SainteHlne, o il mourut le 5 mai

182 1.
(Bnard.)
237
The English Parliament declared
him a prisoner and deported him

to St.
Helena, where he died on
the 5th of May, 1821.

I.
first leave
the military school
of Brienne
2.
In what year Napoleon first

left he the school military
of Brienne ?
In what year did Napoleon the

?
In what year received he the

epaulets of General of Bri-
In what year was he given the

shoulder-straps of a Briga-
dier-General
3.
4.
gade
did he shell in front of

the Church of St. Roch ?
What
St.
he before the
Roch ?
victory
won he
in
Egypt?
7.
What mountain did he cross

What did he reopen ?
What did he reorganize ?
8.
When was he
5.
Church
victory did he win in
Egypt
6.
Whom shelled
Whom
What
What mount crossed he ?

What reopened he ?
What reorganized he ?
When was
proclaimed an
he proclaimed Km-
Emperor ?
9.
10.
II.
In what year did he abdicate
When
9.
In what year abdicated he
did he reappear in
France, and how long did he
reign ?
When reappeared he in France,
After what battle did he sign
After what battle signed he

his second abdication ?
his second abdication
12.
In what year, and where did
he die ?
and how much

reigned he yet ?
of
time
In what year, and where died
he?
238
TRENTE-SIXIEME LEON,
LESSON XXXVI.
I.
The
future
shall be
is
The
always used,
Future.
in
or will take place at a
French, to express what
time not yet come.
Therefore, the present tense, which

lish
after
is
often used in
Eng-
an adverb of time, such as when, as soon
must be rendered
in
as,
French by the future, whenever the
adverb points out the relative time of a future action, state

or condition.
Thus,
for
example,
I shall
I shall
must be translated
come when I am ready,

come as soon as I can,
Je viendrai quand je serai prt.
Lit.:
I shall come when I
shall be
ready.
Je viendrai ds que je pourrai.
I shall come as
soon as
shall be
able.
IMPORTANT REMARK.
When
the action depends on the will of the person, or
has not yet been settled, the indicative of vouloir, to be

willing, to wish, followed by an infinitive, must be employed.
O
O
Where will you go ?

Where will you (do you wish
I shall go to Paris.
I wish to go to Paris.
irez-vous ?
voulez-vous aller ?
J'irai Paris.
Je
veux
aller Paris.
Voulez-vous aller avec moi ?

'accompagner?
Voulez- vous
Voulez-vous venir ?
Voulez-vous me dire quelle heure
il
239
to) go?
Will you go with me ?

Will you accompany me?
Will you come ?

Will you tell me what time
it is
est?
Voulez-vous me donner un verre

d'eau ?
Voulez-vous avoir la bont de me
donner un verre d'eau?
Will you give
me
a glass of water ?
Will you have the kindness

me a glass of water ?
to
give
PRACTICE.
Serez-vous chez vous demain ?
Oui, je serai chez moi toute la
Will you be at
Yes,
journe.
il
lui
Yes, he will (be there).
Votre tante sera-t-elle chez

Non, elle n'y sera pas.
elle
Que ferez-vous aujourd'hui?
ma
leon.
Je prendrai un bain.
Je ferai une promenade.
Je ferai une ou deux visites.

J'irai faire des emplettes.
Qu 'achet rez-vous ?
J'achterai un chapeau.
O irez-vous ce soir ?
Je resterai chez moi.
du monde.
Nous aurons du monde.
J'aurai
Will your brother be at home ?
y sera.
J'tudierai
home to-morrow
home all day
be at
long.
Votre frre sera-t-il chez

Oui,
I shall
Will your aunt be at home

No, she will not {be there).
What will you do to-day ?

I shall study my lesson.
I shall take a bath.
I shall take a walk.
I shall make one or two visits.
I shall go shopping.
What will you buy f

I shall buy a hat.
Where will you go this evening
I shall stay at home.
I will have company.
We
will have company.
240
demain?
campagne.
quelle heure partirez- vous ?
irez- vous
J'irai la
Je partirai six heures
du matin.
quelle heure retournerez-vous ?
Je retournerai sept heures
du
Where will you go to-morrow ?

I shall go to the country.
At what time will you leave?
I shall leave at six o'clock in the
morning (or a.m.).
At what time will you return ?
I shall return at seven o'clock in
the evening (or p.m.').
Quand
irez-vous en Europe ?
printemps prochain.
Combien de temps resterez-vous
l'tranger?
Environ deux mois.
J'irai le
Quand viendrez-vous me
J'irai
vous voir
la
voir
semaine pro-
will you stay abroad?
About two months.
When will you come to see me?

I shall go and see you next week,
You will be welcome.

You will be welcome.
bienvenu.
le
How long
without fail.
chaine, sans faute.
Vous serez
Vous serez
When will you go to Europe ?

I shall go next Spring.
la bienvenue, (f.)
I will see you to-morrow.
Je vous verrai demain.
II. The Conditional.
The
conditional present
is
used to express what would
take place under a certain condition.

Si j'avais assez d'argent. j'ache=
terais cette maison.
The
conditional past
taken place
have been
if
If I had enough money I would buy

that house.
is
used to denote what would have
the condition on which
fulfilled.
it
depended should

eu assez d'argent
achet cette maison.
Si j'avais
rais
The verb
j'au-
241
If I had had enough money I would

have bought that house.
following the conjunction
si,
if,
cannot be
used, as in English, in the future or the conditional.
The
ent,
future
is
replaced, in French,
by the
indicative pres-
and the conditional by the imperfect of the
indicative.
Thus, the sentences,

If
If
If
you will permit me I will come,

you would permit me I would come,
you would have permitted me, I would have come,
must be translated
Si vous
me
le
permettez
le
permettiez
Ifyou permit me I shall come.
je
viendrai.
Si vous
me
If you permitted
je
me I would come.
viendrais.
Si vous
me
l'aviez
permis
Ifyou had permitted

have come.
je
serais venu.
When, however,
word
the
si
is
used
in
me I would
the sense of
whether the future and conditional must be employed in

',
both languages.
Je ne sais
s'il
Je ne savais
viendra ou non.
s'il
viendrait ou non.
not know whether he will

{come or not.
come or not.
I did not know whether he would
I do
PRACTICE.
Si vous aviez assez d'argent ache-
teriez-vous cette maison ?

Oui, si j'avais assez d'argent je
l'achterais.
If you had enough money would

you buy that house ?
Yes, if I had money enough I would
buy
it.
242
ma
mer.
my place what would

you do ?
If I were in y our place, this is what
I would do :
I would go and spend a month in
the mountains or at the seashore.
beau temps sortiriez-
If it were fine weather zvould you
vous tiez
Si
place que
f eriez-vous ?
Si j'tais
que
votre place, voici ce
je ferais
passer un mois dans les
J'irais
montagnes ou au bord de
S'il faisait
vous
Oui,
la
go
si
le
temps
tait
beau
je
le
out ?
if the weather were fine
une promenade dans
parc central.
Si vous preniez
{go and) take a walk
Central Park.
une leon chaque
jour, vos progrs seraient beau-
coup plus rapides
vous parle-
couramment
riez bientt
I would
out.
Where would you go
iriez-vous?
J'irais faire
Yes,
would go
sortirais.
Ifyou were in
et cor-
If you would take a lesson every

day, your progress would be
much more rapid ; you would
soon speak fluently and correctly.
rectement.
si je prenais une
leon chaque jour je progrs =
serais beaucoup plus vite, mais
Oui, c'est vrai
je n'ai ni le
temps ni
every day
the time nor the mo?iey.
l'argent.
Pourquoi ne venez-vous pas me

voir plus souvent ?
J'irais vous voir plus souvent si
je le pouvais, mais je ne le puis
je suis occup du matin au soir.
;
Pourquoi n'amenez-vous pas votre

ami?
Je serais trs heureux de faire sa
connaissance.
Pourquoi n'avez- vous pas amen

votre amie ?
J'aurais t trs heureux de faire
sa connaissance.
I took a lesson
I would progress much
more rapidly, but I have neither
Yes, that is so ; if
Why
do you not come to see
me
oftener ?
I would go and see you oftener if

I could, but I cannot ; I am busy
from morning to evening.
Why
do you not bring your
friend ?
I should
be very
happy
to
make
his acquai?itance.
Why didyou
not bring yourfriend?
I should have been very glad

have made her acquaintance.
to
Practicae French Course

N'aimeriez-vous pas
Si, je
Would you
aller Paris?
l'aimerais beaucoup.
Je ferais bien de m'en aller.

Vous feriez bien de vous en
Yes,
Il
On
l'air,
I should
like it
very much.
You had better go.

going to rain.
It is going to storm.
It is
le dirait (or)
a en
not like to go to Paris f
I had better go.

aller.
va pleuvoir.
va faire un orage.
Il
243
It looks like it.
It looks like
(idiom.)
it.

i.
At what time
will
you be
at
i.
;
home ?
2.
At what time
be at
3.
At what time
be at
4.
2.
\
your
will
sister
3.
At what time your father

be he chez lui ?
At what hour your
home ?
At what time
be at
your father
will
home ?
At what hour will be you chez

vous ?
home
will
be she chez
your parents
4.
sister will
elle f
At what hour your parents will

be they chez eux ?
5.
Will you have company?
Will have you du monde
6.
Where
Where
7.
8.
9.
will
he go ?
When will she leave?

When will they return ?
How long will he stay ?
him to-morrow.
9-
will
will*
go he ?
When will leave she ?

When will return they ?
How much of time will stay he?
him
will see to-morrow.
10.
I will see
11.
he would permit me.

he were in my place what
would he do ?
Where would he go?
Would he come?
14.
he me it permitted.
he was at my place what
would do he ?
Where would go he ?
Would come he ?
15.
Would she come?
15-
Would come she ?
16.
Is it
16.
Is it that it
17.
It
17-
One
12.
13.
14.
10.
If
11.
If
12.
going to rain?
looks like
it.
13-
If
If
it
goes to rain ?
would
say.
244
TRENTE-SEPTIEME LEON.
LESSON XXXVII.
The Subjunctive Mood.
All the French verbs, regular and irregular (the aux-
i.
iliaries
avoir and tre excepted) end in the subjunctive
present in
e, es, e, ions, iez, ent.
We
2.
will conjugate here in the subjunctive present the
irregular verbs
tion,
namely
in
French conversa-
go.
Aller,
to
Prendre,
to take.
That I may go,
Que
Que
most commonly used
etc.
j'aille.
tu ailles.
Venir,
to
Dire,
to say.
come.
That I may come,
Que
Que
Pouvoir,
to be able.
Faire,
to do.
etc.
je vienne.
tu viennes.
That
Que
Que
I may be able, etc.
je puisse.
tu puisses.
Qu'il aille.
Qu'il vienne.
Qu'il puisse.
Que nous
Que vous
Que nous venions.

Que vous veniez.
Que nous
Que vous
Qu'ils viennent.
Qu'ils puissent.
allions.
alliez.
Qu'ils aillent.
That I may
Que
Que
je
take, etc.
prenne.
tu prennes.
That I may
Que
Que
say, etc.
je dise.
tu dises.
That
Que
Que
puissions.
puissiez.
I may do,
je fasse.
tu fasses.
Qu'il prenne.
Qu'il dise.
Qu'il fasse.
Que nous prenions.

Que vous preniez.
Que nous
Que vous
Que nous
Que vous
Qu'ils prennent.
Qu'ils disent.
disions.
disiez.
etc.
fassions*
fassiez.
Qu'ils fassent.
245
USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE
GENERAL RULE.
When two
verbs are united by the conjunction que, that,
the second must be put in the subjunctive mood, unless the

first expresses something certain,
positive, evident, in
which case the second verb is always used in the indicative mood.
To be more explicit, we will specify and say
:
i.THE
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD MUST BE USED
After verbs expressing a desire, request, doubt, consent,

surprise, regret, fear, apprehension, gladness.
Je dsire que vous veniez.
Je souhaite que vous russissiez.
Je doute qu'il vienne.
O voulez- vous que j'aille ?
Que
voulez- vous que je fasse ?
/ wish you {would) to come.

I wish you may succeed.
I doubt {if) he will come.
Where do you want me to go f
What do you want me to do ?
IMPORTANT REMARK.
Verbs expressing
to
fear ; avoir peur,
hend ; trembler,
fear,
to
apprehension, such as
craindre,
be afraid ; apprhender, to appre-
to tremble,
when used
in the affirmative,
take the particle ne before the subjunctive.
The
subjunctive preceded by ne must also be employed
after the expressions
crainte que,
moins que, unless
de peur que, de
for fear that.

The particle ne is used idiomatically, without any nega-
tive sense.
lest,
246
Je crains qu'il ne vienne.

J'ai peur qu'il ne soit malade.
Ifear he may corne.

I am afraid he is sick.
De peur qu'il ne pleuve.

Je viendrai srement moins qu'il
ne pleuve.
I shall
Lest
2. THE SUBJUNCTIVE
After the verbs croire,
employed negatively
to
it rains.
surelv
come unless
it rains.
MUST BE USED
when
when em-
believe ; penser, to think,
or interrogatively, but not
ployed affirmatively.
Croyez- vous qu'il vienne ?
Do you
Je ne crois pas qu'il vienne.

Je crois qu'il viendra.
I do not believe he will come.

I believe he will come.
Pensez- vous qu'il pleuve ?
Do you think
Je ne pense pas qu'il pleuve,

Je pense qu'il pleuvra.
I do not think {that)

I think it will rain.
3. THE SUBJUNCTIVE
After impersonal
verbs
unless
believe (that) he will come?
{that) it will rain

it
will rain.
MUST BE USED
they express something
positive, certain, evident.

Il
faut que j'aille chez moi.
/ must go home.
Il est
possible qu'il vienne.
It is possible that
Il est
temps que
It is
je parte.
pas sr qu'elle vienne.

importe que vous y soyez.
Il est bon qu'il le sache.
Il vaut mieux que j'y aille.
C'est dommage que vous ne puis=
siez pas venir.
he will come.
time for me to leave.
not certain that she will come.
Il n'est
It is
Il
It
is
essential that you be there.
It
is
good
that he
It is better that
knows
I go
it.
there.
It is a pity that you cannot come.
4. THE SUBJUNCTIVE
MUST BE USED
After a relative pronoun preceded
by a superlative
phrase having the force of a superlative, as
or
le plus, the
most;
le
moins, the least;
the best ; le pire, the worst
The
subjunctive
ions before a
II
Il
Il
is
le
;
meilleur, the best; le mieux,
le seul, the only.
also used after the following express-
noun or pronoun
There
There
There
n'y a (or) il n'est

n'y a pas (or) il n'est pas
n'y a que (or) il n'est que
Examples
La plus
femme que
jolie
mais vue de
La
ma
247
j'aie ja-
no
is
not
is
only
......
The prettiest woman
I ever saw
in
my life.
vie.
seule chose que vous
is
ayez
The only thing you have
to do.
faire.
C'est le
mieux que vous puissiez
It is the best that you
can do.
faire.
C'est le meilleur que nous ayons.
Il
n'y a personne qui puisse le
very best
It is the
There
is
zve
have.
no one who can do
it.
faire.
Il
n'est rien qui soit comparable
Il
There
is
nothing
compared with
cela.
n'y a pas de mthode qui soit
There
is
which can be
that.
no easier method.
plus facile.
Il
n'y a que
mon
frre qui puisse
parler anglais chez nous.

C'est le plus
j'aie
beau monument que
jamais vu.
C'est le seul jour o je puisse

aller.
There is only my brother

speak English at home.
It is the most beautiful
that
I have
It is the only
there.
who can
monument
ever seen.
day that
I can go
248
5. THE SUBJUNCTIVE
MUST BE USED
After the following conjunctive expressions
Avant que.
Suppos que
Afin que.
Soit que.
Pour que.
Pourvu que.
Bien que (cr) quoique.
Quel que.
Qui que.
Quoi que.
Quelque chose que.
Jusqu' ce que (or) que.
En
cas que.
Sans que.
Examples
Avant
vienne.
Afin qu'elle vienne.
Pourvu qu'il ne pleuve pas.
Jusqu' ce que je vienne.
Attendez qu'il vienne.
Soit qu'elle vienne ou non.
En cas qu'il pleuve.
Qui que ce soit.
Quoi que ce soit.
Quel que soit le prix.
Quelque bons amis qu'ils soient.
qu'il
Before he comes.
In order that she may come.
Provided it does not rain.
Until
I come.
Wait
till
he comes.
Whether she conies or

In case it rains.
Whoever it jnay be.
not.
Whatever it may be.

Whatever may be the price.
However goodfriends they be.
PRESENT AND IMPERFECT OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE

The
mood
determined by the
tense of the preceding verb, according to the following
rules
tense of the subjunctive
is
1.THE
PRESENT OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE
IS
REQUIRED
After the present and future tenses of the indicative mood.

faut que j'aille chez moi.
faudra que j'aille Boston.
Je ne pense pas que ce soit
Il
Il
possible.
I must go
home.
I shall have to go to Boston.

I do not think it is possible.
2.THE
IMPERFECT OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE
249
IS
REQUIRED
After the past tenses of the indicative and after the conditional.
Je ne savais pas qu'il ft mari.
Je ne pensais pas qu'elle et des
/ did not know he was married.

I did not think she had children.
enfants.
Je voudrais que vous vinssiez.
I should like you
to come.
OBSERVATION
In conversation the imperfect of the subjunctive
is
gen-
by the present, the imperfect of the indicaby the conditional. This change has been recently authorized by an official decision of the French
erally replaced
tive,
or
Minister of Public Instruction.
PRACTICE.
PRESENT OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE.
IMPERFECT OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE.
Que voulez- vous que je fasse ?

Que voulez- vous qu'il fasse ?
Que voulez- vous que nous fassions?
Que voulez- vous qu'ils fassent ?
Que
Que
Que
Que
Je ne pense pas qu'il soit mari.
Je ne pensais pas qu'il ft (ou tait)

mari.
Je ne pense pas qu'elle ait des

enfants.
Je ne pensais pas qu'elle et des

enfants.
Je ne crois pas que ce soit possible.
Je ne croyais pas que ce ft
Je ne crois pas que vous puissiez
Je ne croyais pas que vous pussiez

(ou pourriez) le faire.
vouliez- vous que je fisse ?
vouliez-vous qu'il
' '
'
'
ft
que nous fissions ?
vouliez-vous qu'ils fissent ?
possible.
le faire.
Je ne crois pas qu'il vienne.
Je ne croyais pas qu'il vnt (ou

viendrait).
250
Pensiez- vous qu'il vnt
Pensez-vous qu'il vienne ?
viendrait)
Croyez- vous que ce soit possible
Croyiez-vous que ce ft possible
temps que
J'avais peur qu'il ne ft malade.
peur qu'il ne soit malade.

Je crains qu'elle ne soit malade.
J'ai
Il est
ou
Je craignais qu'elle ne ft malade.
je parte.
Il tait
temps que
je
partisse
(ou parte).
est
Il
Il est
temps qu'il parte.

temps que vous partiez.
C'est le
Il tait
Il tait
mieux que vous puissiez
faire.
temps qu'il partt.

temps que vous partissiez.
mieux que vous pussiez
C'tait le
faire.
C'est le mieux qu'il puisse faire.

Je regrette que vous ne puissiez
pas venir.
C'tait le
mieux
qu'il
pt
faire.
Je regretterais que vous ne pussiez pas venir.

i.
Where do you want me
i.
Where
2.
When do you want me to come?
2.
When
to
go
will
will
you that
you that
I
I
may go?
may
come?
4.
What do you want me

What do you wish me
5.
What do you wish him
3.
to take
3.
to sing
4.
What will you that I may take?

What wish you that I may
5.
What wish you
sing?
to
do
that he
may
do?
6.
Where do you want him
to go?
6.
Where
will
you that he may
go?
7.
When
do you want her to
come
8.
When
7.
When
will
come
do you wish us
to
come?
8.
When
wish you that we
come
9.
What do you want me
to do?
speak French.
10.
want you
to
11.
want you
to study.
you that she may
may
9.
What
will
10.
I will
that you
11.
I will that
I may do ?
may speak
you that
French.
you may study.

12.
13.
want you to sing.

want you to tell me the
12.
I will
13.
that you
will that
may sing.
me may
you
say
la vrit.
truth.
14.
Do you think he
15.
Do you
16.
Do you
17.
Paris
251
will
come ?
15.
Think you that he may come ?

Think you that he may go to
16.
Think you that she may come?
17.
14.
think he will go to
Paris
think she will come

do not think she is rich.
think not that she
may
be
rich.
18.
19.
20. I
do not believe he is in New

York.
do not think she can speak
French ?
18.
at
19.
did not think that he was so
did not think she was

married.
New
20. I
thought not that he might

be so rich.
21.
thought not that she might

be married.
rich.
21.
not that he may be

York.
think not that she may be
able to speak French.
I believe
OBSERVATION.
The
subjunctive
mood being
of very great importance in
French, the pupil should study the above lesson most attentively and familiarize himself thoroughly with the same.
MEMORY
EXERCISE.
vaut mieux hasarder de sauver un coupable que de condamner

un innocent.
Voltaire)
Il
Tous nos jours vont la mort,

L/e remde est parfois pire que
le
dernier y arrive.
(Leno/e)
{Montaigne)
le mal.
translation:
It is better to risk
sparing a guilty person than to
condemn an
inno-
cent one.
All our days travel towards death, the last one arrives at (reaches)
it.
The remedy
is at
times worse than the
evil.
252
TRENTE-HUITIEME LEON.
LESSON XXXVIII.
The Imperative Mood.
The
imperative
is
employed
express command, ex-
to
hortation, permission, prayer or entreaty.
HOW TO FORM THE
IMPERATIVE.
I. The
second person singular of the imperative is
always the same as the first person singular of the indicative present, minus the personal pronoun je.
Je parle,
Je
finis,
Je vends,
Je viens,
2.
/ speak.
Ifinish.
I sell.
I come.
The
first
Parle,
speak thou.
Finis,
finish thou.
Vends,
sell thou.
Viens,
come
thou.
and second persons plural of the imperative
are similar to the
same persons
of the indicative present,
minus the personal pronouns nous and vous.

Nous parlons,
Nous allons,
Nous partons,
Nous buvons,
we speak.
we go.
Parlons,
let
us speak.
Allons,
let
us go.
we depart.
we drink.
Partons,
let tes depart.
Buvons,
let
Vous parlez, you speak.

Vous allez, you go.
Vous buvez, you drink.
us drink.
Parlez, speak
Allez,
go
ye or you.
Buvez, drink!
253
EXCEPTIONS.
The verbs
tre,
to
be ;
avoir,
have
to
pouvoir, to be able, and vouloir, to be willing,
imperative
aller,
make
to
go ;
in the
Sois,
be thou.
Aie,
Soyez,
be ye or you.
Soyons,
let
Ayez,
Ayons,
us
be.
Va,
go
have thou.
have ye or you.
let
us have.
thou.
Veuillez, be willing {kindly).
Puissiez-vous
may you
3. The English forms let him, let her, let them, are rendered in French by the third person singular or plural of
the subjunctive present.

Let him be.
Let her be.
Let them be.
Let him go.
Let them go.
Let him come.
Let them come.
4.
That he may be.

That she may be.
That they may be.
That he may go.
That they may go.
That he may come.
That they may come.
Qu'il soit.
Qu'elle
soit.
Qu'ils soient.
Qu'il aille.
Qu'ils aillent.
Qu'il vienne.
Qu'ils viennent.
In the imperative the pronoun or pronouns are placed
after the verb
the verb
when
when
the sentence
the sentence
is
Examples
Parlez-moi.
Parlez-nous.
Parlez-lui.
Parlez-leur.
Dites-le-moi.
Dites-le-nous.
Dites-le-lui.
Dites-le-leur.
is
affirmative,
negative.
:
Ne me parlez pas.
Ne nous parlez pas.
Ne lui parlez pas.
Ne leur parlez pas.
Ne me le dites pas.
Ne nous le dites pas.
Ne le lui dites pas.
Ne le leur dites pas.
and before
254
PRACTICE.
What do yoti want me
what you please
Lay the table-cloth.
Que
voulez- vous que je fasse?

Faites ce que vous voudrez.
Mettez le couvert.
Mettez la table.
Otez le couvert.
Balayez le salon.
Lavez le plancher et les
Lavez la vaisselle.
Essuyez la vaisselle.
Epoussetez les meubles.
Clear the
escaliers.
qu'il fasse
What do you wa?it him to do

Let him do what he pleases.
Let him study his lesson.
Qu'il fasse ce qu'il voudra. (*)

Qu'il tudie sa leon.
voulez- vous qu'elle fasse
What do you want her to do ?

Let her do what she pleases.
Let her study her lesson.
Qu'elle fasse ce qu'elle voudra.

Qu'elle tudie sa leon.
Que voulez-vous
qu'ils fassent
Qu'ils fassent ce qu'ils voudront

Qu'ils tudient.
Qu'ils lisent.
Quand voulez-vous que
je
vienne ?
Venez quand vous voudrez.

Venez quand bon vous fera plaisir.
Quand
voulez- vous qu'il vienne
quand il voudra.
Qu'il vienne quand bon lui
Qu'il vienne
fera
What do you want them to do ?

Let them do what they will.
Let them study.
Let them read.
When do you wish me to come

Come when you will.
Come when you please.
veux
When do you wish him to come

Let him come when he will.
Let him. come when
plaisir.
(*) Je
table.
Sweep the parlor.

Wash the floor and stairs.
Wash the dishes.
Wipe {or dry) the dishes.
Dust the furniture.
Kindle the fire.
Iron my shirt
Study your lesson.
Go and mart this letter.
Etudiez votre leon.

Portez cette lettre la poste.
Que
do ?
Set the table.
Allumez le feu.
Repassez ma chemise.
Que voulez-vous
to
Do
{or) je dsire is understood.
Quand
255
When do you wish them
come ?
dsirez- vous qu'ils

viennent?
Qu'ils viennent quand ils
Let them come when they
voudront.
Qu'ils viennent quand bon leur
Let them come when they please*
to
will.
fera plaisir.
dsirez- vous
que
Where do you wish me
j'aille?
to
go ?
Allez o vous voudrez.
Go where you please.
Where do you wish him to go

Let him go where he will.
dsirez-vous qu'il aille?
Qu'il aille o
il
voudra.
dsirez- vous qu'ils aillent
Qu'ils aillent o
ils
Where do you wish them to go

Let them go where they will.
voudront.
Que voulez-vous que nous fassions ?

Fumons un cigare.
Chantons une chanson.
Buvons un coup.
Jouons aux cartes.
Dansons.
Amusons-nous.
Allons au thtre.
What
Let
Let
Let
Let
Let
Let
will you have us do ?
us smoke a cigar.
us sing a song.
us have a drink.
is play cards.
us dance.
us enjoy ourselves.
Let us go
to the theatre.

i.
What do you want him
2.
study ?
Iyet him study his lesson.
2.
will you that he may

study ?
That he may study his lesson.
3.
What do you want
3.
What
4.
Iyet
to
1.
her to buy ?
her buy a theatre ticket.
4.
What
will you that she may

buy ?
That she may buy a " billet de
thtre."
5.
6.
Where do you want him to go

Let him go to Boston.
5.
6.
Where will you that he may go ?

That he may go to Boston.
256
7.
When
do you want her
come
to
Let her come to-morrow.
9.
What do you wish her
to
10.
Let her wash the
11.
What do you wish them
do
floor.
will
you that she may
to
8.
That she may come to-morrow.
9.
What wish you
that she
10.
do?
That she may wash the
11.
What wish you
may
floor
that they
may
sing?
Let them sing a song.
13.
What do you wish them
to
do
Let them dance.
MEMORY
Il est
When
12.
14.
7.
come ?
8.
sing
12.
That they may sing
13.
What wish you
14.
do?
That they may dance.
a song.
that they
may
EXERCISE.
plus ais d'tre sage pour les autres que pour soi-mme.
Le moment du
pril est celui
du courage.
{La Rochefoucauld)
{La Harpe)
Jamais nous ne gotons de parfaite allgresse. {Corneille)

Le monde est une figure trompeuse qui passe. {Buffon)
L'harmonie la plus douce est la voix de celle que l'on aime.
{La Bruyre)
Les meilleures harangues sont celles que le cur a dictes.
{Marmonte)
{Fabre d' Eglantine)
L'arbrisseau le pins sain a besoin de culture.
La colre et la prcipitation sont deux choses fort opposes la
prudence. (Fnelon)
translation:
It is easier to
The time
We never
be wise for another than for one's
self.
of peril is the time for courage.
enjoy perfect (unalloyed) happiness.
The world is a deceitful picture which passes before us.

The sweetest harmony is the voice of her whom we love.
The best addresses are those which the heart has dictated.
The healthiest shrub needs cultivation.
Anger and precipitation are two things very much opposed
prudence.
to
257
TRENTE-NEUVIEME LEON.
LESSON XXXIX.
MISCELLANEOUS RULES
I.
How
to
Render
I
in
COULD,
French the English Form

I
COULD HAVE.
I could and I could have are rendered in French, the former by the conditional present, the latter by the conditional past of the verb pouvoir, either tense followed by a
verb in the
infinitive.
Je pourrais venir.
Je pourrais mourir.
J'aurais pu venir.
J'aurais
The
pu mourir.
I could (to) come.

I could (to) die.
I could have come.
I could have died.
following are these two important tenses
CONDITIONAL PAST.
CONDITIONAL PRESENT.
/ would be
/ would have
able, etc.
Je pourrais.
Tu pourrais.
J'aurais pu.
Il pourrait.
Il
Nous pourrions.
Vous pourriez.
Nous aurions pu.

Vous auriez pu.
Ils pourraient.
Ils
Tu
aurais pu.
aurait pu.
auraient pu.
been able,
etc.
258
II.
How
to
Render in French the English Form
I SHOULD
SHOULD HAVE
The English
(or) I
(pr) I
OUGHT TO.
OUGHT TO HAVE.
forms I should (or) / ought
have, are rendered in French, the former
to, I ought to
by the conditional
and the latter by the conditional past of the verb

either tense followed by a verb in the
to owe
present,
devoir,
infinitive.
J'aurais
I ought to study.
I s ho uld ha ve studied.
The
following are these two important tenses
Je devrais tudier.
d tudier.
CONDITIONAL PRESENT.
/ ought
CONDITIONAL PAST.
I ought
to, etc.
Je devrais.
J'aurais d.
Tu
Tu aurais
devrais.
to have, etc.
d.
aurait d.
Il devrait.
Il
Nous
Vous
Nous aurions d.
Vous auriez d.
devrions.
devriez.
Ils devraient.
III.
Ils
How
to
Render
in
MAY
MIGHT)
infinitive.
je puis, je
It
may
auraient d.
French the English Form

before a verb.
The English form / may, I

dered by
might, I might have,
be also
is
ren-
by an
translated idiomatically by il est
pourrais, j'aurais pu, followed

possible que (or)
by a verb
il
se peut que,
il
se pourrait que, followed
the subjunctive mood.
in
Je puis venir (or)

II est
Il
Il
possible que je vienne (or) v
se peut
que
je
vienne.
Il se
come.
possible qu'il vienne (or) y He
may
come.
peut qu'il vienne.
Je
J
pourrais venir
r
Il
se pourrait que je vinsse.)
(or)
>
IT might come.
.
I might have come.
pu venir.
pu venir.
Klle aurait pu venir.
Ils auraient pu venir.
J'aurais
He might have
aurait
come.
She might have come.

They might have come.
AM
Ne
The
/ may
peut venir (or)
Il est
Il
259
NOT TO BE PITIED?
suis- je
pas plaindre ?
passive form, used in English to express that some-
done or undergone, is rendered

by the infinitive, preceded by the preposition .
thing
Il est
Il
is
to be
plaindre.
plaindre.
n'est pas
Ils
Ils
sont plaindre.
ne sont pas plaindre.
Vous
Vous
tes plaindre.
n'tes pas
plaindre.
in
He is to be pitied.
He is not to be pitied.
They are to bej>itied.
They are not to be pitied.
You are
You are
to be pitied.
not to be pitied.
French
260
Qu'y
Il
a-t-il
faire ?
What is
n'y a rien faire.
There
HOW
is
PITY YOU
there to be done ?
nothing
The adverb how, used as an exclamation,

French either by que or comme.
Que
je
vous plains (or)

vous plains
How I pity you !

How I pity you !
vous aime (or)

je vous aime
How I love you !

How I love you !
Comme je
Que
je
Comme
Que
c'est joli
is
rendered
in
How pretty it is !
How pretty it is !
(or)
Comme c'est joli
to be done.
THINK
CAN DO
IT.
In French two verbs in the infinitive
mood
are often
placed in succession, the second being the regimen of the

first.
I think I can do it.

I thought I coidd come.
Je crois pouvoir le faire.

Je pensais pouvoir venir.
The
expressions
wish
WISH
COUI,D.
I could,
wish
I were,
wish I had,
are rendered in French by j'aimerais pouvoir (or) je voudrais

pouvoir, j'aimerais tre (,or) je voudrais tre, j'aimerais
avoir (or)
je
voudrais avoir.

J'aimerais pouvoir parler
261
/ wish I could speak
French.
I wish I could speak
French.
franais (or)
Je voudrais pouvoir parler

franais
J'aimerais tre riche (or)

Je voudrais tre riche.
/ wish I were rich (or)

I should like to be rich.
J'aimerais avoir dix ans de

moins.
Je voudrais bien avoir dix ans de
moins.
I wish I were
NOT THAT
I should like
ten years younger.
to be ten
years
younger.
THINK HE
IS
GUILTY.
The word not is sometimes translated

and more emphatically by non pas.
in
Non que je le croie coupable.

Non pas que je le croie coupable.
Not
Not
Assurment non.
Je pense que non.
Je crois que non.
Assuredly not.
I think not.
French by non,
that
I believe him guilty.
that
I believe him guilty.
I believe not.
DO YOU KNOW HOW TO SWIM?
After the verb

in
to
know the adverb how
is
not translated
French.
Savez-vous nager ?
Do you know how to swim ?
Oui, je sais nager.
Yes,
Savez-vous ramer ?
Savez-vous jouer aux cartes
I know how
to
swim.
Do you know how to row f

Do you know how to play cards ?
Practicai,
262
French Course
Savez- vous jouer au billard ?

Savez- vous jouer aux checs ?
Do you know how to play billiards?

Do you know how to play chess ?
Savez- vous compter en franais ?
Do you know how to
count in
French ?
PRACTICE.
Vous devriez prendre une leon
You should take a
lesson every day.
tous les jours.
Vous devriez
faire
de l'exercice.
Vous auriez d apporter votre
You should take
You ought
to
exercise.
have brought your
book.
livre.
Vous auriez d amener votre ami.
You should have brought your

friend.
Vous n'auriez pas d
l'oublier.
Vous n'auriez pas d y
aller.
You should not have forgotten

You should not have gone
Would you
there.
not like to have an
N'aimeriez- vous pas avoir un

(or) une automobile ?
Si, je l'aimerais beaucoup.
Yes,
Savez- vous conduire ?

Savez-vous monter cheval
Do you know how to drive ?

Do you know how to ride on
it.
automobile ?
I should
like
it
very much.
horseback ?
Savez-vous aller bicyclette
n'est pas croire.

Cela n'est pas faire.
Que c'est cher
Ce
Que
c'est loin
Qu'il fait chaud
Pensez- vous pouvoir y aller?

Je pense pouvoir y aller.
Do you know how

It is
to ride
a bicycle?
not to be believed.
is not to be done.
That
How dear it is !
How far it is ! (It is so far!)
It is so
warm !
Do you
think you can go there ?
I think I can go
there.
263

1.
2.
You should study the verbs.

You should take exercise.
i.
2.
You ought
You ought
to study the verbs.
to
make some
exercise.
3.
He
should take more exercise.
3.
He ought
to
make more
of
exercise.
4.
She should take three lessons
4.
She ought to take three lessons
a week.
5.
per week.
She may come.
5.
It is possible that
she
may
come.
6.
They may come.
6.
It is possible that
they
may
come.
7.
may go
to Paris.
7.
It is possible
may go
that I
to
Paris.
8.
may
return sooner.
8.
more
13.
How beautiful it is
How dear it is
How kind you are
How pretty she is
How pretty you are
14.
wish
15.
wish
16.
wish
9.
10.
11.
12.
may return
It is possible that I
soon.
13.
How it is beautiful
How it is dear
How you are amiable
How she is pretty
How you are pretty
were in your place.
14.
should like to be at your
could go to Paris.
15.
should like to be able to go
had a million
16.
9.
10.
11.
12.
place.
to Paris.
dollars.
should like to have one

million of dollars.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Do you know how to dance ?

Do you know how to sing ?
Do you know how to play cards?
Do you know how to do it ?
17.
18.
19.
20.
Know you to dance ?

Know you to sing ?
Know you to play at the cards ?
TTnr-ci7
-von it
i+ to
fr do
rlr>?
Know you
?
264
QUARANTIEME LEON,
LESSON XL.
PRACTICAL EXERCISE
ON SOME IMPORTANT VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION.
AIMER,
The verb
to love, to like.
aimer, followed by an
infinitive,
generally re-
quires the preposition , but aimer mieux, to like better,
takes no preposition.
M 'aimez- vous
Do you
love
me ?
I love you.
Oui, je vous aime.
Yes,
M'aimes-tu?
Dost thou
Oui, je t'aime.
Yes,
Je l'aime beaucoup.
I am very fond of it.

I am very fond of tht
Je les
aime beaucoup.
I do
I do
I do
Je ne l'aime pas.
Je ne l'aime pas.
Je ne les
aime
I love
pas.
love
me ?
thee.
not like
not like
him or
not like them.
J'aime monter cheval.

J'aime mieux aller en voiture.
I like
I like
Vous ne m'aimez pas

Mais si, je vous aime.
Qui m'aime bien aime mon
You do not like me !
chien.
her.
it.
to
ride on horseback
better to drive.
Why, yes I do.

Love 7ne, love my
do.
TROUVER,
The verb
O
preceded by the adverb
to like,
avez- vous trouv cela
l'ai
trouv dans
un peu
Comment
Un
ce vin
is
trans-
un peu
I find it a
wine ?
do you like {find) these

grapes ?
Ifind them a little sour (green).
surs.
How did you like {find) Paris?

Ifound it
trs beau.
very beautiful.
A foundling
enfant trouv.
FELICITER,
Permettez-moi de vous
to congratulate.
Allow me
fliciter.
to cotigratulate you.
I congratulate you.
I congratulate you on your
Je vous flicite.
Je vous flicite de votre belle
ful
voix.
beauti-
voice.
I congratulate you on yourprogress
Je vous flicite de vos progrs en
in French.
franais.
Je vous fais
this
little sour.
How
ces
avez- vous trouv Paris
trouv
the street.
How do you like {find)
Je les trouve
l'ai
Ifound it on
aigre.
Je
hozv,
Where did you find that ?
la rue.
Je le trouve
raisins
to find, to like.
French by trouver.
lated in
Je
265
I compliment you very
mes compliments bien
sincerely.
sincres.
Je vous adresse
mes plus
sincres
I tender you my most
PENSER
In
its
sincere
congratulations.
flicitations.
, to
think
of.
usual meaning, the verb penser requires the pre-
position before the object, but
if it
signifies to
have an
266
opinion about someone or something
it
takes the prepo-
sition de.
A qui pensez-vous ?
Je pense mon ami.
A quoi pensez- vous?
Of whom do you think ?

I think of my friend.
Of nothing.
What are you thinking off
rien.
Pensez moi.
Avez- vous pens moi ?
Oui, j'ai pens vous.
Think of me.
Did you think of me ?

Yes, I have thought ofyou.
Think of it ; think
I will think of it.
Pensez-y.
J'y penserai.
Y avez-vous pens ?
over.
Did you think of it?

I have thought of it.
I have not thought of it.
J'y ai pens.
Je n'y ai pas pens.
N'y pensez
it
Do not think of it any more.

I do not think of it any more.
plus.
Je n'y pense plus.
Que pensez-vous de moi
What do you think of me ?

(that) you are very
Je pense que vous tes trs

aimable.
I think
Pensez votre avenir.

bonne pense.
Think of yourfuture.
That is a good thought.
C'est une
kind.
DIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS,
Penser mal.
Penser tout haut.
ma
manire de penser.
pense.
Pendant que j'y pense.
Sans y penser.
C'est
A ce que
je
To think wrong.
To think aloud.
Thai is my way of thinking.
To
my mind ;
While
in
my opinion.
I think of it.
Unintentionally.
PASSER,
to pass, to
Laissez-moi passer.
Voulez- vous me passer cela
O
Je
Will you hand
passe chez
me that ?
You cannot go
that
way ; go
this
way.
ici.
avez- vous pass la soire
l'ai
call upon.
Let me pass.
?
Vous ne pouvez pas passer par

passez par
spend (time), to
267
madame
Where did you spend the evening ?

it at Mrs. JV's.
I spent
N.
Voulez-vous passer chez moi ?

Voulez- vous avoir la bont de
passer chez moi ?
Veuillez passer chez moi.
Je passerai chez vous demain.
Will you call at my house ?

Will you have the kindness to call
on me f
Kindly call on me.
I will call on you to-morrow.
Avez- vous pass chez le docteur?

Oui, j'ai pass chez lui, mais il
n'y tait pas.
Did you call upon the doctor ?

Yes, I called on him, but he was
not at home.
IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS.
That flower is faded.
Cette fleur est passe.

jours sont passs.
Mes beaux
My best days are over.
Cela m'a pass de l'esprit.

Il a t pass par les armes.
Il a t pass au fil de l'pe.
J'ai pass par de rudes preuves.
Cela me passe.
That has slipped my memory.

He was shot militarily.
He was put to sword.
Passez votre chemin.

Passez par dessus ce mur.
C'est pass de mode.
DEMANDER,
to
I have gone through
ask for,
to wish, to
want.
DEMANDER , to ask from or of.

Que demandez- vous ?
Je ne demande rien.
severe trials.
That is beyond my comprehension.

Pass on ; go your way.
Pass over this wall.
It is now out offashion
What do you want ?

Nothing.
268
Whom
Qui demandez- vous ?

Je
Je
Je
Je
demande
demande
demande
demande
le
la concierge.
demande de
A qui faut-il
demande?
What
He
l'eau chaude.
que
je
cashier.
I want the book-keeper.

I want the janitor.
I want the janitress.
livres.
le concierge.
Qu'est-ce qu'il
Il
teneur de
do you want?
I want the
le caissier.
demande
does he want f
wants some hot water.
From whom must I ask
la
permission ?
the Mayor.
permission ?
From
Demandez-la au maire.
Cela
demande du temps
et
de
la
That requires time and patience.
patience.
demande une explication.

demande l'aumne.
Cela
That requires an explanation.
Il
He seeks alms
On vous demande.
On demande une femme
{charity).
You are wanted.
A chamber-maid is wanted.
de
chambre.
On demande un commis
sachant
CHERCHER,
A clerk familiar with French is

wanted.
nothing better.
bien le franais.
Je ne demande pas mieux.
I ask for
to
look for, to search.
Que cherchez-vous ?
Je cherche mes gants.

Que cherche-t-il ? (or)
I a7n {oo king for my gloves.

What is he looking for f
What is he looking for ?
Qu'est-ce qu'il cherche ?

Il
cherche son carnet.
Allez
Allez
Allez
me chercher un marteau.
me chercher un clou.
me chercher un tourne-vis.
He is
looking for his note-book.
Go and bring me a hammer.

Go and bri?ig me a nail.
Go and bring me a screw-driver.
269
Go for a physician.
Sendfor the doctor.
He tries to pick up a quarrel with
Allez chercher un mdecin.
Envoyez chercher
le docteur.
cherche noise tout
Il
monde
le
everybody.
(or)
He
cherche querelle tout le

monde.
Il cherche midi quatorze
Il
tries to
pick up a quarrel with
everybody.
He
looks for difficulties
where
there are none.
heures.
Cherchez
la
femme
Find
the
woman

1.
2.
3.
4.
Do you like wine ?

Do you like beer ?
Do you like flowers ?
What do you like better
i.
2.
3.
4.
7.
Have you found your gloves ?

Where them have you found ?
How find you New York ?
8.
How have
congratulate him.
congratulate her.
5.
Did you
5.
6.
Where
6.
7.
8.
Like you the wine? (m.)

Like you the beer? (f.)
Like you the flowers ?
What like you better ?
find your gloves ?

did you find them ?
How do you like New York

How did you like Paris
you found Paris ?
9.
him
10.
I shall
10.
her shall congratulate.
11.
have congratulated them.

Give him my compliments.
11.
12.
Make
them have congratulated.

to him my complimentSc
9.
12.
15.
think of you all the time.

have thought of you.
Do you think of me ?
16.
I will
13.
13.
14.
14.
think of you.
17.
Whom
l8.
Ask
19-
He
20.
21.
is
he asking for?
of the janitor.
wanted.
Boy wanted.
What is she looking for ?
is
congratulate.
think to you all the time.

have thought to you.
me ?
15.
Think you
16.
I will
17.
Whom demands he?
to
think to you.
20.
Ask to the janitor.

One him demands.
One demands a boy.
21.
What
18.
19.
searches she ?
270
QUARANTE ET UNIEME LEON,

LESSON XLI
PRACTICAL EXERCISE
ON SOME IMPORTANT VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION.
QUITTER,
The verb
quitter
is
to leave, to quit.
used
in reference
to persons
and
places and sometimes to things in the sense of to abandon,
give up,
to
to
remove.
She has left her husband.
She has left her house.
He has abandoned business.
He gave up the game.
Elle a quitt son mari.

Elle a quitt sa maison.
Il
a quitt le commerce.
Il
a quitt la partie.
Take
Quittez vos souliers.
LAISSER,
The verb
ever,
laisser
is
sometimes used
offyour shoes.
to leave, to let.
generally said of things.
persons
in reference to
It
to allow, to let.
O
Je
est votre livre
l'ai laiss
l'cole.
Laissez-moi tranquille.
Laissez-le tranquille.
Laissez cela tranquille.
Where
I left
is your
it
book ?
at school.
Leave me alone.
Leave him alone.
Leave that alone.
is,
in the
how-
sense of
271
Laissez-moi
faire.
C'est prendre ou laisser.
Vous avez
laiss
tomber quelque
Leave it to me.
Take it or leave it.
You have dropped something.
chose.
Il
He
laisse tout l'abandon.
She
Elle laisse tout traner.
leaves everything in disorder.

lets
everything
lie
about in
disorder.
DESIRER,
to desire, to
wish.
Que dsirez-vous ?
What do you wish
Je dsire vous parler.
I desire
Je ne dsire rien.
Je ne dsire plus rien.
J'ai tout ce que je dsire.
I desire nothing.
I desire nothing more.
I have all I desire.
SOUHAITER,
Je vous souhaite le bonjour.
Je vous souhaite une bonne nuit.
un bon voyage.
une bonne anne.
Je vous souhaite un joyeux Nol.
Je vous souhaite
Je vous souhaite
to speak to you.
to wish.
/ bid you good day.

I bid you good night.
I wish you a pleasant trip.
I wish you a happy 7iew year.
I wish you a merry Christmas.
PORTER and MENER, to carry, to take to a place.

APPORTER and AMENER, to bring.
EflPORTER and EHHENER, to take away
The verbs
porter, apporter
things (except carnages.)
and emporter are used
for
Practical lu bnch Course
272
The
verbs mener, amener and emmener are used for per-
sons and animals.
The verb
porter
is
also used in the sense of to wear, to
have on (clothes.)
Portez cette lettre la poste.
flenez cet enfant l'cole.
Take this letter to the post-office.

Take that child to school.
Apportez votre
Bring your copy-book.

Bring y ourfriend.
Amenez
cahier.
votre ami.
Emportez
ce livre.
Emmenez
votre chien.
Amenez-moi une
voiture dcou-
Take that book away.

Take your dog away.
Bring me an open carriage.
verte.
Amenez-nous une
voiture ferme.
L,e
ce
chemin
ce sentier
vent a emport
closed carriage.
That brings good luck.

That brings bad luck.
Cela porte bonheur.

Cela porte malheur.
O mne
O mne
Bring us a
Where
mon
chapeau.
1/ amour l'emporte souvent sur la
road lead to ?
path lead to f
does this
Where does
this
The wind has blown my hat off.

Love often gets the better of reason.
raison.
Cette considration l'emporte sur

toutes les autres.
That consideration outweighs every

other.
LEVER, to lift up, to raise.

SOULEVER, to lift up, to stir up.
ELEVER, to raise, to erect, to bring
ENLEVER, to carry off, to remove.
Levez la main droite.

Soulevez ce paquet.
up.
Raise your right hand.

Lift up this package.
Practical French Coursic

That child is well-bred.
That boy is ill-bred.
Cet enfant est bien lev.
Ce garon
est
273
mal lev.
Enlevez cela de dessus la table.

Voyez si vous pouvez enlever cette
Take that off the
table.
See ifyou can remove this stain.
tache.
VERSER, to pour, to shed.

RENVERSER, to upset, to spill.
BOULEVERSER, to upset, to unsettle.
Pour me something to drink.

I have shed many tears.
Versez-moi boire.
vers bien des larmes.
J'ai
J'ai
J'ai
J'ai
J'ai
J'ai
J'ai
Il
I have
I have
renvers la cafetire.
renvers la thire.
renvers la soupire.
renvers le sucrier.
renvers le saladier.
renvers la salire.
a t renvers par
Il est
tomb
la
Nous sommes en
une
upset the coffee-pot.

upset the tea-pot.
I have upset the soup-tureen.

I have upset the sugar-bowl.
I have upset the salad-bowl.
I have upset the salt-cellar.
voiture.
renverse.
train de
dm-
He was thrown down by a carriage.

He fell backwards.
We
are
moving our furniture.
nager.
Tout
Tout
est
Everything
Everything
boulevers.
est sens dessus dessous.
OTER,
Otez votre pardessus.
Otez a de l.
Otez- vous du chemin.
to
take
off,
to
is
upset.
is
upside down.
remove.
Take offyour coat.

Take that away from
Stand out of the way.
there.
274
TRAVAILLER,
Je travaille du matin au
Vous travaillez trop.
Ne travaillez pas tant.
Il
work.
to
/ work from morning

You work too much.
Do not work so much.
soir.
faut que je travaille pour gagner
I have
work
to
to
to night.
my
earn
living.
ma vie.
PESER,
Combien pesez-vous
to
weigh.
How
much do you weigh ?

one hundred and
I weigh
Je pse cent cinquante livres.
fifty
pounds.
C'est
un bon poids.
That
Voulez- vous peser cette lettre

Elle fait plus que le poids.
aime
les
this letter ?
to praise, to rent.
She was very much praised.

She likes praise.
louanges.
House
Maison louer.
Appartement meubl louer.
Chambre garnie
good weight.
It is over-weight.
lle a t trs loue.

Elle
Will you please weigh
LOUER,
is
louer.
EilPECHER,
to let.
Furnished apartment to
Furnished room to let.
let.
to hinder, to prevent.
Vous m'empchez de travailler.

Il m'a empch de sortir.
You hinder me from working.

has prevented me from going
He
out.
Je ne vous
empche pas d'y
Je ne puis l'empcher.
Iv'un
n'empche pas
l'autre.
aller.
I do
not prevent
I cannot
help
you from going.
it.
The one does not preclude the other.
ESPERER,
to hope.
DESESPRER,
J'espre que vous russirez.
Je l'espre.
J'espre vous revoir bientt.

J'espre en Dieu.
Je vis d'espoir (or) d'esprance.
de russir.
perdu tout espoir.
J'ai l'espoir
J'ai
275
to
despair.
I hope that you

I hope so.
will succeed.
I hope to see you soon

I trust in God.
I live in hope.
I hope to succeed.
I have lost all he te.
C'est sans espoir.
It is hopeless.
Je suis au dsespoir.
I am in despair.
I despair.
Je dsespre.
Il ne faut jamais dsesprer.
Tant qu'il y a de la vie il y a de
again.
We must
never
While there is life there
is
hope
l'espoir.
REGARDER,
Que regardez- v dus ?
Je regarde cette enseigne.
Cela vous regarde.
Cela ne le regarde pas.
Il m'a regard de travers.
to
look
What are you looking
I am
He looked cross
is
to
at me.
break
is employed in speaking of fragile things

and also for a will and a judgment. The
used in speaking of other things and also in
casser
as glass, china
verb briser
at ?
looking at that sign.
That concerns you.

That does not concern him.
CASSER, BRISER,
The verb
at.
a moral sense.
276
Who has broken that window-glass?

The will has been broken.
The judgment has been reversed.
Qui a cass cette vitre ?
Le testament a
L,e jugement a
t cass.
c^s.
I am
Je suis tout bris.
Vous me brisez
Cela
me
brise le
Brisons l-dessus
sore all over.
You break my
cur.
cur.
le
heart.
That breaks my heart.

Let us say no more about
(idiom)
it

Why did
1.
Why has
Where
2.
Where have you
3.
What
she leave her home ?

did you leave your um-
brella
What
Why
brella
does he wish ?
did you not bring your
friend
Why have you not brought your

friend
Can you
Where do you work ?

Did you work yesterday ?
How much does your brother
Is this
Why
10.
11.
12.
she upset ?
remove you not your coat ?
ther?
14.
How much weighs he ?

How much weighs she?
15.
This house
to
16.
Have you some rooms furnished
from go-
17.
He me
does he weigh ?
does she weigh ?
house to
let
13.
let?
to let
prevented
me
ing out.
hope to see him soon.

Who broke this glass ?
Who broke that chair ?
I
to raise this trunk
Where work you ?

Have you worked yesterday ?
How much weighs your bro-
Have you furnished rooms
He has
What has
did she upset ?

Why do you not take off your
coat ?
How much
How much
Raise the head.
What
weigh
5.
Hold up your head.

Can you lift up this trunk
your um-
4.
book
did you not bring your
left
wishes he ?
Why have you not brought your
book?
Why
she left her house
19.
she to let
has prevented from to
go out.
hope him to see soon.
Who has broken this glass ?
Who has broken that chair ?
18. I
20.
is
277
QUARANTE-DEUXIEME LEON.
LESSON XLII
PRACTICAL EXERCISE
ON SOME IMPORTANT VERBS OE THE EIRST CONJUGATION.
PRESENTER,
to
present, to introduce.
Permettez-moi de vous prsenter

monsieur X.
J'ai l'honneur de vous prsenter
madame X.
the
present you Mr. X.
honor of presenting you
Introduce me to yourfriend.
Introduce me to him.
Give him or her my regards.
Prsentez-lui mes respects.
JOUER,
joue bien c'est un bon acteur.
joue fort bien
c'est une
;
Bile
bonne
I have
to
Mrs. X.
Prsentez-moi votre ami.

Prsentez-moi lui.
Il
Permit me
actrice.
to play.
He plays well; he is a good

She plays very well ; she
is
actor.
a good
actress.
Voulez- vous jouer aux cartes

qui est-ce jouer?
Will you play cards ?
Whose turn
is it
to
play t
It is your turn to play.
C'est vous jouer.
Touchez- vous du piano
Je joue de la mandoline.
Do you play the piano ?

Iplay the mandoline.
Il
He plays
Il
Let us throw dice.

Play us a tune.
He played 711e a trick.
pince de la guitare.
Jouons aux ds.
Jouez-nous un air.
Il
m'a jou un tour.

joue la hausse.
joue la baisse.
Il
m'a
Il
jou.
the guitar.
He is a bull. (Broker's term.)

"
He is a bear.
He has deceived me.
'*
278
VOLER,
Il
vole ses clients
un voleur.
c'est une
c'est
Bile a vol une bague

voleuse.
to steal, to rob, to fly.
Cet oiseau est bless il ne peut

pas voler.
Le temps passe bien vite.
;
Le temps vole.
Vous ne
Il
ne
l'a
l'avez pas vol

pas vol
(idiom)
He robs
She
DERANGER,
a ring ; she
That bird
is
thief.
wounded ;
is
Time passes very

Time flies.
di
cannot
You deserve
deserves
quickly.
it
richly !
it
richly !
to disturb.
Est-ce que je vous drange ?

Vous ne me drangez nullement.
Am I disturbing you ?
Je suis fch de vous dranger.
I am sorry to
I am sorry
Je suis fch de vous avoir dran=
fly.
He
his customers ; he is a thief.
stole
You do not
disturb
me
in the
least.
disturb you.
have
to
disturbed
you.
Je vous en prie, ne vous drangez
pas.
GNER,
to
me
gnent.
Je suis gn, (idiom)

Il est sans-gne.
Ne
to
vous gnez pas.
is
no trouble
hurt ^garments, shoes.)
Am lin your
Not
tout.
souliers
There
incommode, to embarras,
Est-ce que je vous gne
Mes
not trouble your-
self.
C'est sans drangement.
Pas du
I beg you, do
at
way?
all.
My shoes hurt me.

I am
He
Do
ill at ease.
does not stand on ceremony.
not stand on ceremony.
TAQUINER,
279
to tease.
Ne me taquinez pas.
Do not tease
Vous aimez taquiner.

Vous tes un taquin.
You like to tease.

You are a tease.
DEMEURER, HABITER,
RESTER,
to
me.
to live, to dwell, to inhabit.
remain, to stay.
O demeurez-vous ?
O demeure votre frre ?
O demeurent vos parents ?
Where do you live ?

Where does your brother live?
Where do your parents live?
Avez- vous habit l'Angleterre ?

habit l'Angleterre et
l'Allemagne.
Have you lived in England?

Yes I have lived in England and
Cette maison est bien habite.

Cette maison est mal habite.
That house has good tenants.

That house has bad tenants.
Nous sommes voisins.

Nous demeurons porte
We are
We are
Oui, j'ai
porte.
Restez ici.
Restez un peu plus.
O en sommes-nous rests
Combien de temps
neighbors.
next-door neighbors.
Stay here.
Stay a
?
(id.)
tes- vous rest
Paris ?
J'y suis rest prs de deux ans.
PAYER,
me payer ?
Germany.
little
longer.
Where did we leave off?
How
long
did you remain in
Paris ?
I remained nearly two years.
to pay.
Je vous paierai demain.

J'ai pay toutes mes dettes.
Can you pay me ?

I will pay you to-morrow.
I have paid all my debts.
Donnez-moi un reu.
Faites-moi une quittance.
Give me a receipted bill.
Pouvez-vous
Give
me a
receipt.
28o
Payer de belles paroles.
Payer d' audace
Payer en mme monnaie.
To pay with fine words.

To face it out.
To pay in like.
Vous me
/ will be revenged on you.

I will be revenged on him.
Il
me
la paierez
la paiera
TACHER, to try, to endeavor.

ESSAYER, to try, to attempt, to try
Je tcherai de venir.
Je tcherai de
mieux
faire l'ave-
to come.
to
do better in the
ture.
nir.
Essayez
Essayez
Essayez
Try on
Try on
Try on
ce chapeau.
celui-ci.
celle-ci.
FERMER,
Je sens
/ shall try
I shall try
on.
un courant
Fermez
Fermez
this one. (/.)
to shut, to close.
Ifeel a
cold draught.
Shut the door.
Shut the window.
d'air.
la porte.
la fentre.
Fermez les yeux.

Fermez la bouche.
Ferm pour cause de
this hat.
this one. (m.)
Close your eyes.
Close your mouth.

dcs.
Closed on account of death.
Fermez
Il
Lock the
la porte clef.
Je lui ai
ferm
la porte
COMPTER,
door.
He closed up his shop.
a ferm boutique.
au
nez.
I shut
the door in his face.
(kng-tay) to count, to intend,
Comptez votre monnaie.

Que comptez- vous faire ?
Quand comptez-vous partir ?
Vous pouvez compter sur moi.
Vous pouvez y compter.
to
depend.
Count your change.

What do you intend to do ?
When do you expect to leave
You can depend upon me.
You can depend upon it.
fu
CONTER, RACONTER,
Contez-moi cela.
Contez-moi votre affaire.
Racontez-moi votre histoire.
Je vous conterai cela une autre
281
to relate, to tell
Tell
me
that.
Tell nie your case.
Tell
me your
will
tell
story.
you that some other
time.
fois.
CHANTER,
to sing.
He
Il
chante
Il
a une fort belle voix.
trs bien.
He
Elle chante admirablement.
sings very well.

has a very fine voice.
Elle chante ravir.
She sings admirably.

She sings wonderfully well.
She sings ravishing ly.
Chantez-nous quelque chose.
Sings
Je ne sais que chanter.

Chantez la Marseillaise.
I do not know what to
Elle chante merveille.
MANQUER,
tes
Sing the
something.
*
'
sing.
Marseillaise.
'
'
to miss, to lack, to fail.
manqu le train.
manque mon coup.
Ne manquez pas de venir.
J'ai
J'ai
/ have missed the train.

I have missed my aim.
Do
not fail to come.
DIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS.
me manque
manque de tout.
II me manque cinq francs.
J'ai manqu de mourir.
Vous l'avez manqu belle.
L'argent
/ have
II
He is destitute.
I am five francs short.
Il l'a
chapp
belle.
ne
manque
pas d'intelligence.
Il
not the money.
I came near dying.

You had a narrow
escape.
He had a narrow escape.

He is not deficient in intelligence,
282
Vous avez manqu votre
devoir.
You have failed in your duty.
Manquer l'occasion.
Manquer du ncessaire.
Un peintre manqu.
C'est une affaire
It is a failure.
Il
manque deux
To miss an
occasion.
To want for
manque.
pages.
necessaries.
would-be painter.
There are two pages missing.
Did you pay him ?
pay him to-morrow.
Did he give you a receipt ?
Him
I shall
Have you
6.
Did you try on your dress ?

Why did you close the door ?
Why do you not close the
7.
Did you count your change ?
1.
2.
3.
have you paid ?

shall pay to-morrow.
(To) you has he given a
him
receipt
4.
5.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Did you pay him?

I will introduce you to
What did he steal ?
her.
He stole a horse.
I am afraid to disturb you.
I am afraid to disturb him.
Why do you tease me
He always teases me.
?
tried your dress?
Why have you closed the door

Why close you not the win-
dow ?
Have you
window ?
8.
14.
counted
your
change ?
Him have you paid ?
I you will present to her.
What has he stolen?
He has stolen a horse.
I have fear of you to disturb.
I have fear of him to disturb.
Why me tease you ?
15.
He me
teases always.
Where
Where
lives
9-
10.
II.
12.
13.
Where does your friend live?

Where did you live before ?
l6.
Did he remain in Paris ?

She sang very well.
18.
19.
19-
Is he remained at Paris ?
She has very well sung.
20.
He
20.
He
16.
17.
18.
sings out of tune.
17-
your friend
lived you before ?
sings faux.
283
QUARANTE-TROISIEME LEON.
LESSON
XLIII.
PRACTICAL EXERCISE
ON SOME IMPORTANT VERBS OF THE SECOND AND THIRD CONJUGATIONS
CHOISIR,
Puis-je choisir
May I choose ?
Let me
Laissez-moi choisir.
Choisissez.
GRANDIR,
to
to
Il
a beaucoup grandi.
Il
a agrandi son magasin.
blush ?
Do not make me blush.

Do not blush.
grow
get
to blush.
Why do you
Pourquoi rougissez- vous ?
Ne me faites pas rougir.

Ne rougissez pas.
Vous maigrissez.
Vous avez maigri.
Vous grossissez.
Vous avez beaucoup
choose.
Choose.
ROUGIR,
HAIGRIR,
to choose.
grossi.
AGRANDIR, to enlarge.
GROSSIR, get stout.
tall.
thin.
to
He has grown very tall.

He has enlarged his store.
You are getting thin.
You have got thin.
You are growing stout.
You have got very stout.
Practical
284
OBEIR,
to obey.
French Course
DESOBEIR, to disobey.
These verbs are not active
in
French.
They always
take
the preposition before a noun.
Un bon
enfant obit toujours ses
A good child always
parents.
Il
ne dsobit jamais ses matres.
PUNIR,
Si vous n'tes pas sage, je vous

punirai.
S'il n'est pas sage, punissez-le.
Il
JOUIR
This verb
He never disobeys his masters.
to punish.
Ifyou are not good {wise) I shall

punish you.
If he is not good, punish him
He was punished.
a t puni.
is
(de), to enjoy, to possess.
not active in French.
preposition de before a noun. To
rendered
in
French by s'amuser,
Je jouis d'une bonne sant.

Il
obeys his pa-
rents.
jouit d'une grande fortune.
It
always takes the

generally
eiijoy one's self'is
to
amuse
one's self.
I enjoy good health.
He possesses
a large fortune.
Vous amusez- vous?
Do you
m'amuse beaucoup.
Vous tes- vous amus ?
I enjoy myself very much.

Did you e?ijoy yourself ?
I enjoyed myself very much.
Je
Je
me
suis
beaucoup amus.
enjoy yourself ?
'
QUERIR,
Votre ami
Il est
est-il
guri
to cure, to
to recover.
Has yourfriend recovered?
He has
compltement guri.
REUSSIR,
I wish he may succeed.

Did you succeed?
I did not succeed.
Avez- vous russi ?

Je n'ai pas russi.
to
render\ to give back.
me rendre un service ?
m'a rendu un bon service.
Rendez-moi mon argent.
Votre lettre m'a rendu trs heuVoulez- vous
to succeed.
/ hope you will succeed.
J'espre que vous russirez.

Je souhaite qu'il russisse.
RENDRE,
completely recovered.
He is a very good physician.

He has cured me.
un trs bon mdecin.

m'a guri.
C'est
Il
get cured,
285
Will you do me a favor ?

did me a good service.
Give me back my money.
Your letter made me very
Il
He
reux.
Cela me rend malade.
That makes
me sick.
IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS,
May God reward you.
Dieu vous le rende

Je vous rends grce.
Je suis rendu.
Je vous rends votre parole.
I give you thanks.

I am tired out.
I release you from your
Rendre avec usure.

Rendre compte.
Rendre tmoignage.
Rendre un arrt.
Rendre raison.
Rendre l'me.
Rendre la pareille.
Rendre son dner.
To return with interest.

To give an account.
To bear witness.
To issue a decree.
To account for.
To give up the ghost ; to die.
To return like for like.
To throw off one'' s dinner.
word.
2 86
ATTENDRE,
to
Qu'attendez-vous ?
Qui attendez- vous ?
J'attends le facteur.
J'attends du monde.
wait for, to expect.
For what are you waiting ?

For whom are you waiting ?
I am waiting for the letter-carrier.

I expect company.
Avez-vous attendu longtemps ?

J'ai attendu plus d'une heure.
I am sorry to keep you waiting.

Have you waited long ?
I have waited over one hour.
Y a-t-il longtemps que vous atten-
Have you
Je regrette de vous faire attendre.
dez
Il
been waiting long ?
y a une heure que j'attends
M 'avez-vous attendu?
Je vous ai attendu jusqu' midi.
Je l'attends tout moment.

Je suis las d'attendre.
Qu'il attende.
I have
been waiting one hour.
Did you wait for me ?

I waitedforyou until twelve o'clock.
I expect him every minute.
I am tired of waiting.
Let him wait.
Vous vous
Il se fait
faites attendre.
toujours attendre.
Vous pouvez vous y attendre.

Il fallait s'y
Je
attendre.
m'y attendais.
ENTENDRE,
You keep people waiting.
He
always keeps people waiting.
You can expect it.

It was to be expected.
I expected that.
to hear.
ENTENDRE DIRE or OUR DIRE, to hear something said.

ENTENDRE PARLER, to hear spoken of.
RECEVOIR DES NOUVELLES, to hearfrom.
287
M'entendez- vous ?
Do you
Je vous entends.
I hear you.
Ne m'avez-vous pas entendu ?
Did you not hear me ?

I heard you.
Je vous ai entendu.
J'ai
Je
entendu dire qu'il est mort.

entendu dire, or
l'ai
Je l'ai ou dire.
Je le sais par ou=dire.
J'ai
entendu parler de
lui.
J'en ai entendu parler.
Avez-vous reu des nouvelles de

Mr. X. ?
J'ai reu de ses nouvelles ce matin.
hear
me
I have heard he is dead.

I heard it said.
I heard it said.
I know it by hearsay.
I have heard of him.
I have heard of it.
Have you heard from Mr. X.

I heardfrom him
this
morning.
I understand you.
Je vous entends.
Il n'entend pas raison.
Il n'entend pas raillerie.
Vous n'y entendez rien.
Il n'y entend rien.
Entendons-nous.
Qu'entendez-vous par
C'est entendu.
On ne s'entend pas.
Je m'entends.
Il s'y entend.
Cela s'entend.
Il est trs entendu.
He
does not listen to reason.
He
cannot take a joke.
You know nothing about it.

He knows nothing about it.
Let us come to an understanding.
What do you 7nean by that ?
That
is
understood ; agreed !
One cannot hear another speak.
I know what I mean.
He is an
expert.
as a matter of course.
very skillful in his profession
Of course ;
He is
{medical).
288
REPONDRE,
Rpondez-moi.
Pourquoi ne rpondez-vous pas
to
answer.
Answer me.
?
Qu'avez-vous rpondu?
Why do you
not answer
What did you answer?
Je n'ai rien rpondu.
I answered nothing.
Je rponds de
J'en rponds.
I answerfor him.
I answerfor it.
lui.
Je m'empresse de rpondre votre

aimable lettre du 3 courant.
DEFENDRE,
I hasten
to
of the 3d
answer your kind letter

instant.
to forbid, to prohibit, to defend.
On me dfend de sortir.
On me l'a dfendu.
Le mdecin m'a dfendu de fumer.
Dfense de fumer (id.)
I am forbidden to go out.
I have been forbidden.
The physician forbade me
to smoke.
No smoking allowed.
Dfendez-moi.
Defend me.
Je vous dfendrai.
I shall defend you.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Which one did you choose ?

Which ones did he choose?
You are blushing.
She blushed.
He is growing tall.
She is getting thin.
That girl obeys her parents.
2.
Which have you chosen ?

Which has he chosen ?
3.
You
4.
She has blushed.
1.
5.
6.
7.
blush.
He grows
(tall).
She gets thin.

That girl obeys
to her parents.

8.
That boy disobeys his parents.
8.
289
That boy disobeys to his parents.
9. I
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
shall punish you.
Did you punish him ?

Did he succeed?
I hope he will succeed.
He enjoys good health.
Did you expect us ?
Why did you not wait ?
I cannot wait any longer.
What did she answer ?
18. I shall
19.
defend you.
you not defend
Why did
22.
23.
24.
me ?
was forbidden.
Did you answer ?
Will you answer him ?
Do not answer him.
How long did you wait ?
20. I
21.
you shall punish.

10. Him have you punished ?
11. Has he succeeded ?
12. I hope that he will succeed.
13. He enjoys of a good health.
14. Us have you expected ?
15. Why have you not waited ?
16. I cannot to wait more long time.
17. What has she answered ?
18. I you shall defend.
19. Why me have you not defended?
9.
23.
One me has forbidden...

Have you answered ?
To him will answer you ?
To him answer not.
24.
How much
20.
21.
22.
waited
25.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Can you
Can you wait ?
25.
cannot wait.
Has your brother recovered
He has recovered.
Who cured him ?
Doctor X. cured him.
26. I
26. I
MEMORY
Nul
of time
to wait
27.
Your brother
He
29.
cannot to wait.
28.
30.
is
is
he cured ?
cured.
Who him has cured ?

The doctor X. him has
mcontent de son
Iv'ignorance toujours est prte s'admirer.
dpend toujours de
soi d'agir
cured.
EXERCISE.
n'est content de sa fortune, ni
esprit.
{Mme.
Il
have you
Deshoulires)
{Boileai)
honorablement.
( Girault-Duvivier)
Ici-bas, tout passe, tout casse, tout lasse.
translation:
No one
is pleased with his fortune, nor displeased with his wit.

Ignorance is always ready to admire itself.
It is always in our power to act honorably.
Here below, all passes away, all is fragile, everything wearies.
290
QUARANTE-QUATRIEME LEON.
LESSON
I.
How to Form the Compound Tenses

Verbs
of the
The
of
Motion.
following are called verbs of motion
venir, to come ; sortir, to

to
XLIY.
arrive
go
out
retourner, to return
; partir, to
aller,
depart
entrer, to enter
to
go ;
arriver,
tomber,
to fall.
These verbs have
their
compoimd
tenses formed, not with
the auxiliary to have, as in English, but with the auxiliary

to be.
Thus we say
Je suis all,
J'tais all,
Je serai all,
Je serais all,
Que
Que
je sois all,
je fusse all,
Etant
all,
From
formed.
I am gone ;
I was gone,
I will be gone,
I would be gone,
that I may be gone,
that I might be gone,
being gone,
the above
first
for I have gone or I went.

/ had gone.
/ will have gone.

/ would have gone.
that I may have gone.
that I might have gone.
having gone.
persons the others can easily be
291
PRACTICE.
O
Il
est votre frre

est sorti.
O
Il
est-il all
Where
He
Pourquoi n'tes-vous pas venu ?

Pourquoi n'est-il pas venu ?
Pourquoi n'est-elle pas venue ?
Pourquoi ne sont-ils pas venus ?
Pourquoi ne sont-elles pas venues
brother ?
Where did he go ?
est all Brooklyn.
A quelle
is your
He went out.
heure tes-vous parti
quelle heure est-il parti
went
to Brooklyn.
Why did you not come ?

Why did he not come ?
Why did she not come ?
Why did they (m.) not come ?
Why did they (f ) not come ?
At what time did you leave ?
At what time did he leave f
A quelle heure est-elle partie ?

A quelle heure sont-ils partis ?
At what time did she leave ?
Votre oncle est-il arriv ?

Votre tante est-elle arrive ?
Quand tes-vous arriv ?
Quand sont-ils arrivs ?
Has your uncle ariived ?

Has your aunt arrived ?
When did you arrive?
When did they arrive ?
S'il avait fait
beau temps
je serais
sorti.
seriez-vous all ?
Je serais all faire une

cheval.
promenade
Pensez-vous qu'il soit arriv

Pensiez-vous qu'il ft arriv
At what time did they
leave ?
If it had been fine weather I would

have gone out.
Where would you have gone ?
I would have gone for a ride on
horseback.
?
?
Do you think he has arrived ?

Did you think he had arrived f
Je ne pense pas qu'il soit arriv.

Je ne pensais pas qu'il ft arriv.
I do not think he has arrived.

I did not think he had arrived.
Je suis tomb la renverse.

Il est tomb.
Ifell backwards.
Votre ami est-il retourn (or de

retour) de son voyage ?
Il n'est pas encore retourn.
Has yourfriend returned from his
Qui est venu ?

Personne n'est venu.
He fell ; he has fall
71.
trip ?
He
has not yet returned.
Who
has come ?
Nobody has come.
PRAcriCAi,
292
II.
French Course
Impersonal
Verbs.
The impersonal verbs can only be used in the third person singular. Ex.
Il pleut, it rains ; il pleuvait, it was
:
raining, etc.
PLEUVOIR,
Il
pleut.
Il
pleuvait.
to rain.
PLU,
raining.
rained.
It is raining {It rains).

It
was raining.
It rained.
Il plut.
Il
PLEUVANT,
It will rain.
pleuvra.
pleuvrait.
Qu'il pleuve.
It
Il
would rain.
That
it
may
going
rain.
Il
va pleuvoir.
It is
Il
a plu.
It has rained or been raining.
Il avait plu.
Il
aurait plu.
NEIGER,
It
had rained.
It
would have
That
Qu'il ait plu.
to
snow.
NEIGEANT,
it
rained.
may have
rained.
NEIGE, snowed.
snowing.
snowing {It snows).

was snowing.
Il
neige.
// is
Il
neigeait.
It
Il
neigea.
It snowed.
Il
neigera.
It will
Il
neigerait.
It
Qu'il neige.
to rain.
snow.
would snow.
That
it
may snow.
going
to snow.
Il
va neiger.
It is
Il
It has snowed.
Il
a neig.
avait neig.
It
had snowed.
Il
aurait neig.
It
would have snowed.
Qu'il ait neig.
That
it
may have
snowed.
Practicai,
Remark.
French Course
The verb neiger
is
293
often replaced in ordinary
conversation by the expression tomber de la neige".

Il
tombe de
Il
tombait de
Il
tombera de la neige.
va tomber de la neige.
Il
The
There is a fall of snow.

There was a fall of snow.
There will be a fall of snow.
There is going to be a fall of snow.
la neige.
la neige.
following verbs are conjugated like neiger
Bruiner,
Geler,
Grler,
To drizzle.
To freeze.
To hail.
FALLOIR, to
Grsiller,
Tonner,
Venter,
be necessary.
FALLU,
To sleet.
To thunder.
To blow {to
FALLANT,
be windy).
being necessary.
been necessary.
It is necessary.
Il faut.
Il fallait.
It
was (being)
Il fallut.
It
was necessary.
necessary.
Il
faudra.
It
will be necessary.
Il
faudrait.
It
would be
That
Qu'il faille.
Il
a fallu.
it
necessary.
may
be necessary.
It has been necessary.
Il avait fallu.
It
had been necessary.

would have been necessary.
Il
aurait fallu.
It
Il
va
It is going to be necessary.
falloir.
FAIRE CHAUD,
chaud.
chaud.
Il fera chaud.
Il ferait chaud.
Qu'il fasse chaud.
to be
warm
(to
make warm) of the
makes) warm.
was warm.
It will be warm.
It would be warm.
That it may be warm.
Il fait
// is (it
Il faisait
It
a fait chaud.
avait fait chaud.
Il aurait fait chaud.
Qu'il ait fait chaud.
Il va faire chaud.
Il
Il
weather.
has been warm.

had been warm.
It would have been warm.
It
It
That
It
is
it
may have
going
to be
been warm.
warm.
Practical
294
The
French Course
following are conjugated like faire chaud

To
To
To
To
To
Tb
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
Faire froid.
Faire frais.
Faire humide.
Faire lourd.
Faire beau temps.
Faire mauvais temps.
Faire du vent.
Faire du brouillard.
Faire de la poussire.
Faire mauvais marcher.
Faire du soleil.
Faire clair de lune.
Faire des clairs.
Faire nuit.
SEflBLER,
be cold (weather).
be cool.
be
damp.
be sultry.
be fine weather,
be
bad weather.
be windy.
be foggy.
be dusty.
be
bad walking.
be sunny.
be moonlight.
be lightning.
be night.
to seem.
Il
semble
Il
semblait.
It seemed.
Il
semblera.
It will seem.
Il
semblerait.
It
would seem.
Il
a sembl.
It
Il
avait sembl.
It
has seemed.
had seemed.
Il
aurait or
It
would have seemed.
// seems
que...
il
et sembl.
IMPORTER,
Il
importe
Il
importait que....
importerait que.
Il
que....
to matter.
// matters that....
It
It
ETRE TEHPS,
II
est temps.
temps.
serait temps.
that...,
mattered that..,.
would matter that
to be time.
It is
Il tait
It
Il
It
was time.
would be time.
Y AVOIR,
295
there to be {there to have\.
y a. {Idiomatic.}
y avait.
Il y aura.
Il y aurait.
Qu'il y ait.
Qu'il y et.
There is or there are.

There was or there were.
There will be.
There would be.
That there may be.
That ttiere might be.
y a eu.
y avait eu.
Il y aura eu.
Il y aurait eu.
Qu'il y ait eu.
There has or have been.

There had been.
There will have been*
There would have been.
That there may have been.
There is going to be.
Il
Il
Il
Il
va
Il
avoir.

1.
I went...
2.
He
went...
I am gone...
He is gone...
3.
We
went...
We are gone...
4. I
5.
arrived yesterday.
We
am
We
arrived last night.
arrived yesterday.
are arrived yesterday eve-
ning.
6.
7.
When did he leave ?

When did your friend
8.
When did
9.
Would you have come
she return
leave
?
?
Why
did not your sister come

n. Did he not fall ?
10.
12. I
13.
entered.
How
is
When is he departed ?
When your friend is he
am entered.
What weather makes it ?
I
the weather
weather.
raining?
not raining.
makes
fine weather.
14. It is fine
It
15. Is it
Is it that it rains
16. It is
17.
Do you think
18. I
19.
it
do not think
Were
20. It is
there
de-
parted ?
When is she returned ?
Would you be come ?
Why your sister is she not come?
Is he not fallen ?
will rain?
it
will rain.
many people ?
me to leave.
time for
It rains not.
may rain ?
it may rain.
There had it many of people ?
It is time that I may depart.
Think you that

It
it
don't think that
296
QUARANTE-CINQUIEME lEON.
LESSON XLY.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Verbs which are not conjugated
tenses and
in all their
persons after the model verb of the conjugation to which
they belong are called
The
lar
Ii'i'egular.
irregularity lies chiefly in the three persons singu-
and the third person plural of the Indicative present.
We
will,
give that
therefore,
tense
in
full,
but will
mention only the first person of the other tenses.

From
that the others can easily be formed as their terminations
are, as a rule, regular.
Pupils must not forget that, in conversation, the Past

Definite
is
generally replaced by the Past Indefinite.
ALLER,
to
go.
ALLANT,
going.
OTHER TENSES.
INDICATIVE PRESENT.
Je vais,
Tu vas,
Il
va,
Nous
Vous
Ils
allons,
allez,
vont,
Igo, I am going,
thou goes t.
he goes,
ALLE,
gone.
(1st person.)
J allais,
'
J'allai, (je suis all,)

J'irai,
we go.
you go.
J'irais,
they go.
Va, Allez,
Que
j'aille,
/ was going.
/ went.
I shall go.
I would gc.
that Imay go.
go.
297
PRACTICE.
Let the pupil answer the following questions
O vas-tu ?
O allez- vous ?
O va-t-il ?
O vont-ils ?
O tes-vous all ?
O est-il all?
O sont-ils alls?
O irez- vous ?
O irons-nous ?
O voulez-vous que
Where art thou going ?

Where are you going f
Where is he going ?
Where are they going ?
Where did you go ?
Where did he go ?
Where did they go f
Where will you go ?
Where will we go ?
Where do you wish me to go ?
j'aille ?
Allez au devant de
Allez chercher
Go and meet him.

Go for a physician.
lui.
un mdecin.
Il
va venir.
He
Il
y va de
Life
Cela
me
la vie.
bien.
Aller reculons.
Aller ttons.
Aller de l'avant.
Aller au trot.
Allez toujours.
Va pour du
Allez-y
vin.
(pop.)
come presently.
at stake.
Go there !
Allons donc
Nonsense !
VENIR,
to come,.
VENANT,
Je viens, 1 come I am coming.

viens, thou comest.
Il vient,
he comes.
,
Tu
is
That suits me.

That hat is very becoming to you.
To go backwards.
To grope along.
To go forward.
To trot.
Go on ; do not stop.
All right ; let us have wine.
va.
Ce chapeau vous va
will
coming.
VENU,
come.
I was coming
Je venais,
Je vins, (je suis venu), I came.
I shall corne.
Je viendrai,
Je viendrais,
/would come.
298
Nous venons,
Vous venez
,
Ils
viennent,
we conte,
you come,
Que
Que
they come.
je vienne,
that
je vinsse,
that
Viens, Venez,
Verbs conjugated
To come again.
To become.
Parvenir, To succeed.
Survenir, To happen unexpectedly.
Revenir,
Devenir,
I may come.
I might
come.
like venir.
To hold, to
To retain.
Dtenir,
7o detain.
Appartenir, To belong.
Tenir,
Retenir,
PRACTICE,
Let the pupil answer the following questions
Venez- vous ?
Are you coming?
Viendrez- vous ?
Will you come?

Will he come ?
Did he come ?
Viendra-t-il ?
Est-il
venu ?
Voulez- vous que je vienne

Reviendra-t-elle ?
Qu'est devenu votre ami ?
Qu'est-elle
devenue?
Tiendrez- vous votre parole ?

A qui appartient cette maison ?
A qui appartiennent ces chevaux ?

Est-ce que ceci vous appartient ?
Do you
me to come ?
come back ?
What has become ofyour friend?
What has become of her ?
Will you keep your word?
To whom does this house belong ?
To whom do these horses belong ?
Does this belong to you?
wish
Will she
venir Peau la bouche.
qui vient.
Faites venir le mdecin.
Je viens de dner.
Il vient de sortir.
O voulez- vous en venir ?
Cela
fait
I,e voil
Je n'en reviens pas.
Son nom ne me revient
pas.
That makes one's mouth water.

There he comes.
Send for the physician.

I have just had my dinner.
He has just gone out.
What are you driving at?
I am astounded at it.
I do not recollect his
?iame.
Practical,
Frknch
me
tiendrai debout.
Tenez bon
Je tiens
Il tient
299
One dollar is due you (on it).

Stand up.
I will stand up.
Holdfast!
I am anxious to explain (myself).
Il vous revient un dollar.

Tenez-vous debout.
Je
Course:
m 'expliquer.
He
de son pre.
takes after his father.

attached to him.
Je tiens beaucoup lui.

S'il ne tient qu' cela.
I am much
Qu' cela ne tienne.
Never mind that.
Je n'y tiens pas.

Je n'y tiens plus.
I do not care for it.

I can't stand it any
SORTIR,
to
go
out.
If it depends only on
that.
longer.
SORTANT, going out. SORTI, gone
Je sors,
Tu sors,
I go out, lam going out.

thou go est out.
II sort,
he goes out.
out.
I was going oui.

Je sortais,
Je sortis, (je suis sorti,) I went out.
I shall go out.
Je sortirai,
Iwouldgoout.
I may go out.
je sortisse, that I might go out
Sors, Sortez,
go out.
Je sortirais,
Nous
Vous
sortons,
we go
sortez,
you go
they
Ils sortent,
out.
out.
go
out.
Que
Que
Verbs conjugated
Sentir,
To
feel, to smell.
Ressentir, To have a sense of
OUVRIR,
to open.
OUVRANT,
je sorte,
like sortir.
Partir,
Dormir,
opening.
J'ouvre,
I open,
J'ouvrais,
Tu
thou openest.
J'ouvris,
he opens.
J'ouvrirai,
Il
ouvres,
ouvre,
To leave, to depart.
To sleep.
OUVERT,
J' ouvrirais,
Nous ouvrons, we open.

you open.
Vous ouvrez,
Ils
ouvrent,
they open.
that
Que
Que
'
ouvre,
opened.
I was opening.
I opened.
/ shall open.
/ would open.
that I may open.
j'ouvrisse, thai I might open.
Ouvre, Ouvrez, open.
3oo
Verbs conjugated
Rouvrir, To reopen.
COURIR,
run.
thou runnest.
he runs.
court.
we
Souffrir,
COURANT,
I run.
Je cours,
Tu cours,
Il
to
like ouvrir.
To
suffer.
COURU,
running.
Je courais,
Je courus,
Je courrai,
Je courrais,
Que je coure,
Nous courons,
Vous courez,
you run.
Que
Ils courent,
they run.
Cours, Courez,
run.
je courusse,
Courons,
Verbs conjugated
run.
/ was running.
I ran.
I shall run.
I would run.
that I may run.
that I might run.
run.
us run.
let
like courir.
To run to.
To succor.
Concourir, To concur.
Accourir,
Secourir,
ACQUERIR,
to acquire.
ACQUERANT, acquiring. ACQUIS, acquired.

/ was acquiring.
I acquired.
J'acquerrai,
I shall acquire.
I would acquire.
J acquerrais
Que j'acquire, that I may
J'aquiers,
/ acquire,
J'acqurais,
Tu
thou acquirest.
he acquires.
J acquis,
Il
acquiers,
acquiert,
'
'
Nous acqurons,
Vous acqurez,
Ils
acquirent,
we acquire,
you acquire,
acquire.
Que
j'acquisse, that
I might
acquire.
they acquire.
Acquiers, Acqurez, acquire.
Verbs conjugated
Conqurir,
Reconqurir,
Requrir,
like acqurir.
Tou wr^ncr.
conquer.
reconqu
To reconquer.
To request.
RECEVOIR,
to receive.
RECEVANT,
receiving.
Je reois,
I receive,
Je recevais,
Tu
thou receivest.
he receives.
Je reus,
reois,
Il reoit,
Je recevrai,
Je recevrais,
Nous recevons,
Vous recevez,
Ils
reoivent,
we receive,
you receive,
Que je reoive,
Que je reusse,
301
REU,
received.
Iwas receiving.
I received.
I shall receive.
I would receive.
that I may receive.
that
they receive.
I might
receive.
Reois, Recevez, receive^ accept.
Verbs conjugated
To collect {taxes).
To perceive.
Percevoir,
Apercevoir,
Remark.
When
When
Dcevoir,
Concevoir,
To
To
deceive.
conceive.
The verb
devoir, which is also conjugated

two meanings
followed by a noun it means to owe.
followed by a verb it means to be obliged to.
recevoir, has
like
like recevoir.
PRACTICE.
Combien vous dois-je ?
Combien vous doit-il ?
Combien vous doivent-ils ?
Combien lui devez- vous ?
Combien leur devons-nous ?
How much do I owe you ?

How much does he owe you ?
How much do they owe you ?
How much do you owe him f
How much do we owe them ?
Je dois le voir demain.

Il doit venir ce soir.
I must see him to-morrow.
Elle doit partir demain.
She
Il
ne doit pas avoir reu ma lettre,

or
Il n'a pas d recevoir ma
:
lettre.
He is to come this evening.

is to
leave to-morrow.
He must not have received my letter.

He must not have received my
letter.
302
POUVOIR,
to be able.
POUVANT,
Je peux, or je puis, I can.

Tu peux,
thou canst.
Il peut,
he can.
Nous pouvons,
Vous pouvez,
Ils
being
PU, been
able.
Je pouvais,
/ was
J'ai pu,
7"
able.
able.
have been
able.
Je pourrai, 1 shall be able.

Je pourrais, I would be able.
we can.
you can.
Que je puisse, that I may be able.

Que je pusse, that I might be able.
they can.
Puissiez- vous,
peuvent,
may you
be able.
PRACTICE.
Puis-je vous
Que
demander une faveur ?

pour vous ?
puis-je faire
Pouvez- vous venir?

Pourrez- vous y aller
Avez- vous pu
lire
ma lettre ?
May I ask you
a favor ?
What can I do for you ?

Can you come ?
Will you be able to go there ?
Have you been able to read my
letter ?
Pensez- vous qu'il le puisse

Pourriez- vous
me
Do you
think he can do
Could you
dire...
it ?
tell me...
I am
Je n'en puis plus.

Je n'en peux mais.
Je n'y puis rien.
Cela se peut.
Cela se pourrait.
VOULOIR,
to will or
tired out.
I am
not the cause of it.

I cannot help it.
It
It
may be.
might be.
want VOULANT,
willing.
Je veux,
veux,
Il veut,
/ will or want.
Je voulais,
thou wiliest.
he wills,
J'ai voulu,
Nous
Vous
we will,
you will,
Tu
voulons,
voulez,
Ils veulent,
they will.
Je voudrai,
Je voudrais,
Que
je veuille,
VOULU,
willed.
I wanted.
I have wished.
I shall wish.
I would wish,
that I may wish.
Veuillez... be willing, {kindly).
33
PRACTICE.
Que
Que
Que
Que
voulez- vous
veut-il
What do you want ?

What does he want ?
What does she want ?
What do they want ?
veut-elle
veulent-ils
Que
voulez- vous dire
What do you mean
Qu'est-ce que a veut dire
What does
voulez- vous
Je vous en veux.
Veuillez-vous asseoir.
SAVOIR,
know
Kindly be
{things).
SACHANT,
/ know.
Je sais,
Tu
to
savez,
Ils savent,
seated.
knowing. SU, known.
Je savais,
thou knowest.
he knows.
Il sait,
Nous savons, we know.
sais,
Vous
mean ?
Ifyou consent to it.

Are you angry with me ?
I am angry with you.
Si vous voulez bien.
M'en
that
J'ai su,
Je saurai,
Je saurais,
I knew.
I have known.
I shall know.
/ would know.
that I may know.
you know.
Que
they k?ww.
Sache, Sachez, know.
je sache,
PRACTICE.
Savez- vous nager ?
Savez- vous le latin
Je ne sais que faire.

Je le savais.
Que
sais- je
Qu'en savez- vous
Je n'en sais rien.

Je vous en saurai gr.
Pas que je sache.

Faites-le
moi
savoir.
Je vous le ferai savoir.
savoir.
Savoir-faire, savoir vivre, (subst.)
Do you know how to swim ?

Do y ou know Latin ?
I do not know what to do.
I knew it.
What do I know ?
What do you know about it ?
I don't know anything about it.
I will be grateful to you for it.
Not that I know.
Let me know it.
I shall let you know it.
Namely.
Good manners,
tact.
3<>4
VOIR,
to see.
VOYANT,
seeing.
Je vois,
I see.
Je voyais,
Tu
Je
Il voit,
thou seest
he sees.
Nous voyons,
Vous voyez,
we see.
you see.
Je verrais,
they see.
Vois, voyez,
vois,
VU,
/ was seeing.
I saw.
I have seen.
I shall see.
I would see.
that I may see.
vis,
J'ai vu,
Je verrai,
voient,
Ils
Que
seen.
je voie,
see.
PRACTICE.
Que
What do I see ?
vois- je ?
Venez nous
vous
J'irai
Come and see us.

I will go and see you.
I will see you to-morrow.
voir.
voir.
Je vous verrai demain.
Il
He receives no company.
voit personne.
ne
ne
Ils
se voient pas.
Nous ne nous voyons
pas.
C'est pour se faire voir.
MEMORY
1.
Les
hommes ne
They do not visit each other.

We do not visit each other.
It is to
show
off.
EXERCISE.
sont constants ni dans l'amour, ni dans la haine;
ne sont constants que dans l'inconstance.

2.
La vertu est prfrable aux richesses, l'amiti l'argent et l'utilit aux plaisirs.
L'ducation est l'esprit ce que la propret est au corps.
3.
4.
La modestie est au mrite ce que les ombres sont aux figures
dans un tableau.
5.
La simplicit de la nature est plus belle et plus aimable que tous
les embellissements de l'art.
6.
La physionomie est le miroir de l'me.
Regardez comme un ami sr l'homme sincre qui vous avertit
7.
de vos fautes, et non pas celui qui approuve tout ce que vous dites et
tout ce que vous faites.
8.
La libert est le plus grand de tous les biens.
ils
305
QUARANTE-SIXIEME LEON.
LESSON XLVI
IRREGULAR VERBS.
(CONTINUED.)
PRENDRE,
Je prends,
prends,
Il prend,
Tu
PRENANT,
to take.
prennent,
Je prendrais,
I would take.
Que
that
Je pris,
J'ai pris,
they take.
again.
je
prenne,
I may
Prends, Prenez, take.
to understand.
to take
taken.
Je prendrai,
Je prenais,
Verbs conjugated
Comprendre,
Reprendre,
PRIS,
I was taking.
I took.
I have taken.
I shall take.
/ take.
thou takest.
he takes.
Nous prenons, we take.

you take.
Vous prenez,
Ils
taking.
like prendre.
Apprendre,
Surprendre,
to learn,
to surprise.
PRACTICE.
Que prenez-vous ?
Qu'avez- vous pris ?
Que prendrez- vous ?
Qu'avez- vous appris?
'avez- vous compris ?
What do you take ?

What have you taken ?
What will you take ?
What did you learn ?
Did you understand me ?
306
Prendre
Prendre
Prendre
Prendre
Prendre
Prendre
Prendre
Prendre
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
l'air.
mouche.
la
la fuite.
en flagrant
dlit.
cong.
les devants.
chemin de l'cole.
son mal en patience.
le
take an airing.
take offense easily.
run away.
be caught in the
act.
take leave.
set out before.
take the longest way.

bear one'' s misfortune patiently
Je prends part votre douleur.

Je vous y prends.
You misconstrue my words.

You begin badly.
I took a liking to him.
I sympathize with you.
Now I have caught you.
Cela prend forme.

Ce cheval a pris le mors aux dents.
That is coming into shape.

That horse ran away (took the
Vous prenez mal mes paroles.

Vous vous y prenez mal.
Je
l'ai pris
en amiti.
etc.)
On ne m'y reprendra
plus.
Klle se prit pleurer.
Je
DIRE,
to say, to tell.
I say.
Tu
thou sayest.
he says.
dis,
Il dit,
to cry.
Do
pas moi.
Je dis,
be caught at
She began
I will
m'en prendrai vous.
Ne vous en prenez
I will not
saying.
disons,
J'ai dit,
dites,
Ils disent,
we say.
you say.
Je dirais,
they say.
Dis, Dites,
Que
me for it.
DIT,
said.
I was saying.
I said.
I have said.
I shall say.
I would say.
that I may say
Je disais,
Je dis,
Je dirai,
Nous
Vous
again.
lay the blame on you.
not blame
DISANT,
it
je dise,
say or
tell.
PRACTICE.
Je n'ose le dire.
Ne
le dites
personne.
Je ne le dirai personne.
/ do not know what

I dare not say it.
Do
I
not
tell
will tell
anybody.
7io
one.
to say.
bit
Que
dites- vous
What do you say ?
Qu'est-ce qu'il dit

Qu'a-t-il dit
307
What does he say ?

What did he say ?
What did they tell you ?
What did you tell them ?
Que vous a-t-elle dit ?

Que vous ont-ils dit ?
Que lui avez- vous dit ?
Que leur avez -vous dit ?
Dites ce que vous voudrez.

Qu'on dise ce qu'on voudra.
him or her to come.

kim to come in.
Say what you please.
Let people say what they please,
Dites la vrit.
Te yl the
Dites-lui de venir.
Tell
Tell
Dites-lui d'entrer.
Ne
Do
mensonge.
dites pas de
truth.
not tell
lies.
That
is nothing to the purpose.

that by the way.
He finds fault with everything.
Ifyou have a mindfor it.
It is saying all.
Cela ne dit rien.

Cela soit dit en passant.
Il
But
trouve redire tout.
Si le
cur vous en
dit.
Cela va sans dire.

C'est tout dire.
C'est dire.
Pour
That is to say.
So to speak ; as
ainsi dire.
On dirait que...
On le dirait.
On et dit que...
Au dire de tout le monde.
Kst-ce dire que.
. .
Ce n'est pas dire
FAIRE,
to do,
One would have thought that...

According to what everybody says.
Does
que...
It does not follow that...
or make.
FAISANT,
itfollow that...
doing.
I do, I make.
Je faisais,
Tu
thou doest.
Je
he does.
J'ai fait,
Il fait,
were.
It looks like it.
Je fais,
fais,
it
It looks as though...
FAIT, done, or made.
fis,
Je ferai,
Nous faisons, we do.

Vous faites, you do.
Je ferais,
Ils font,
Faites,
they do.
Que
je fasse,
/ was doing.
I did or made.
I have done*.
I shall do.
I wotdd do.
that I may do.
do or make.
3 o8
Verbs conjugated
undo.
like faire.
Dfaire,
to
Satisfaire,
to satisfy.
Refaire,
to do again.
Surfaire,
to overcharge.
Contrefaire,
to counterfeit.
Forfaire,
to forfeit.
PRACTICE.
Que
Que
faites-vous
Qu'est-ce qu'elle fait
Que

What is he doing f
What is she doing ?
f ait-il ?
font-ils
What are they doing ?

What have you done ?
What do you want me to do
What will you do ?
What would you do ?
What are you going to do ?
What have you to do ?
Qu'avez- vous fait ?

Que voulez- vous que je fasse
Que ferez- vous ?
Que feriez- vous ?
Qu'allez- vous faire ?

Qu'avez- vous faire?
IDIOMS.
Faire payer,
Faire penser,
one know
to show.
to charge for.
to remind.
Faire attention,
to pay attention
Faire une visite.
to pay
Faire savoir,
Faire voir,
to let
Faire des emplettes, to
visit.
make pur-
chases.
to give pleasure.
Faire plaisir,
improve.
Faire des progrs,
to
Faire semblant,
to feign.
Faire
faillite,
to cook (something).
to boil.
Faire la cuisine,
to cook.
Faire griller,
Faire du feu,
to
du
Faire du
Faire
bruit,
Faire l'aumne,
to
give alms.
make faces.
Faire relier, to get {a book) bound.

to court ladies.
Faire des courbettes,
to flatterfor
gain.
to roast.
to broil.
to
make afire.
make a noise.
make a noise.
tapage, to
Faire la moue,
to pout.
Faire prsent de., to present with..
Faire le malin,
to fail in business.
Faire des grimaces, to

Faire la cour,
Faire cuire,
Faire bouillir,
Faire rtir,
to
try to be cun-
ning.
Faire le malade,
to feign to be
Faire un procs,
to sue {legally).
Faire son droit,
to study law.
Faire bon accueil,
to
Faire sa malle,
to pack
welcome.
up.
Faire del' escrime, tofence.
ill.
Pkacticai,
French Course
turn a
deaf ear.
un costume, to have a
suit made.
Faire la sourde oreille,

Faire faire
to
309
Faire une bvue, to make a blunder.

Faire face (), to face.
Faire la planche, to float (swim).
Faire faire, to order (garments).
OTHER IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS.

Faites
mes amitis ...

mes amitis.
Give
N'y
pas attention.
faites
Faites-moi ce plaisir.
Je vais faire
un
tour.
Cela vous fait honneur.

Cela me fait peur.
Qu'est-ce que a fait
Cela ne fait rien.

Faites en sorte qu'il vienne.
mon
possible.
mon
Qu'y
Que
faire
mieux.
voulez- vous que j'y fasse?
J'ai fort
faire.
Une bonne
my
regards to.
best regards.
.
That frightens me.

What does it matter ?
It makes no difference.
Try to have him come.
all you can.
I shall do
all
I can.
Do your best.
Faites de votre mieux.

Je ferai de
best
Do not mind it.

Allow me that pleasure.
I am going out for a stroll.
That is an honor to you.
Do
Faites votre possible.

Je ferai tout
my
Give him
Faites-lui
I will do my best.
What is to be done ?
How can I help it ?
I have a great deal to
do.
A servant of all work.
tout faire.
Je n'en ferai rien.
I have no use for him.

I have no use for it.
I do nothing but sneeze.
I will do nothing of the kind.
Cela fait trs bien.

faites pas cas.
Make
C'est bien fait pour vous.
That serves you right.
Je n'ai que faire de lui.

Je n'en ai que faire.
Je ne fais qu'ternuer.
That looks very well.

light of it.
N'en
Vous
feriez
Comment
mieux
You had
de...
se fait-il que.
better.
How is it that...
3io
Vous-avez beau
me
Je
Do what you
I am getting
faire...
fais vieux.
may...
old.
Il se fait tard.
It is getting late.
J'y suis fait.

"Jamais'', fit-elle, en pleurant.
I am used to
HETTRE,
to
put, to put on.
Je mets,
I put.
Tu mets,
thou puttest.
he puts.
Il
met,
METTANT, putting. MIS, put.
Que
Que
they put.
mettent,
I was putting.
Je mettais,
Je mis,
J'ai mis,
Iput.
I have put.
Je mettrai,
Je mettrais,
Nous mettons, weput.

you put.
Vous mettez,
Ils
it.
"Never", said she, crying.
je mette,
je misse,
Mets, Mettez,
Verbs conjugated
Permettre,
Promettre,
to
to
permit.
promise.
CONNAITRE,
to
like
{people).
put.
mettre.
Remettre,
Soumettre,
know
I shall put.
I would put.
that I may
that I might
to deliver
to
submit.
CONNAISSANT, knowing.
CONNU, known.
Je connais,
Tu connais,
Il
connat,
I know,
thou knowest.
he knows.
Je connatrais,
Que je connaisse,
/ used to know.
I did know.
I have known.
I shall k?ww.
I would know.
that I may
Que
that 1 might
Je connaissais,
Je connus,
J'ai
connu,
Je connatrai,
Nous connaissons,
Vous connaissez,
we know.
you know.
Ils connaissent,
they know.
je connusse,
Connais, Connaissez,
know.
Practicai,
VIVRE,
to live, to be alive.
French Course
VIVANT,
living.
311
VECU,
lived.
Je vis,
I live.
Je vivais,
I used
Tu
thou livest.
he lives.
Il vcut,
he lived {narrative).
vis,
Il vit,
J'ai vcu,
Je vivrai,
Nous
Vous
vivons,
we
vivez,
you
Ils vivent,
Je vivrais,
live.
Que
Que
live.
they live.
je vive,
je vcus
Vive, long
The verbs
revivre,
to
live
again,
to live,
I have lived.
I shall live.
I would live.
that I may live.
e, that I might
ve
Vivez, live.
and survivre,
to
survive, are conjugated like vivre.
ECRIRE,
to write.
ECRIVANT,
writing.
J'cris,
/ write,
J'crivais,
Tu
thou writest.
he writes.
J'crivis,
cris,
Il crit,
ECRIT,
J'ai crit,
J'crirai,
Nous
Vous
crivons,
crivez,
Ils crivent,
we write.
you write.
they write.
J'crirais,
Que
Que
j'crive,
j'crivisse,
Ecris, Ecrivez,
written.
/ was writing.
I wrote.
I have written.
I shall write.
I would write,
that I may
that I might
write.
Conjugated like crire, are the verbs dcrire,

and souscrire, to subscribe.
scribe,
to
de-
312
LIRE,
to read.
LISANT,
Je Ms,
I read I am reading.
Tu
thou readest.
he reads.
lis,
11 lit,
Nous
Vous
lisez,
J'ai lu,
Je
lirai,
lirais,
read.
Je
you
read.
Que
Que
Ils lisent,
they read.
je lise,
je lusse,
read.
Lis, Lisez.
Conjugate
lire, to elect,
SUIVRE,
like lire, the
verbs
and
to reelect.
rlire,
relire,
Je suis,
Ifollow.
Tu
thoufollowest.
Je suivais,
Je suivis,
Il suit,
he follows.
J'ai suivi,
Nous
Vous
suivons,
we follow.
Je suivrais,
suivez,
you follow.
Que
they follow.
Suivez,
suis,
read over again,
to
SUIVANT, following.
to follow.
SUIVI, followed.
I was following.
Ifollowed.
I have followed.
I shall follow.
I wouldfollow.
that I may
Je suivrai,
Ils suivent,
CRAINDRE
:,
to fear.
Ifear.
Tu
thou fearest.
crains,
Il craint,
je suive,
CRAIGN>^NT, fearing.
Je crains,
he fears.
follow.
CRAINT, feared.
Je craignais,
Je craignis,
J'ai craint,
Je craindrai,
Nous
Vous
craignons,
craignez,
Ils craignent,
we fear.
you fear.
they fear.
Je craindrais,
Que
Que
read.
/ was reading.
I read.
I have read.
I shall read.
I would read.
that I may
that I might
Je lisais,
Je lus,
we
lisons
LU,
reading.
je craigne,
je craignisse,
Crains, Craignez,
I was fearing
Ifeared.
I have feared.
I shallfear.
I would fear.
that I may
that 1 might
fear.
Verbs conjugated
313
like craindre.
Contraindre,
to constrain.
Peindre,
to paint.
Feindre,
to feign.
Plaindre,
to pity.
Atteindre,
to attain.
Eteindre,
to extinguish.
Geindre,
to
Enfreindre,
to infringe.
moan.
CONDUIRE,
to conduct.
CONDUISANT,
CONDUIT,
/ conduct,
Je conduis,
conduis,
Tu
Il
thou conductest.
he conducts.
conduit,
Nous conduisons, we cotiduct.

Vous conduisez, you conduct.
Ils conduisent,
they conduct.
conducting.
conducted.
/ was conducting.
I conducted.
I have conducted.
I shall conduct.
Je conduirai,
I would conduct.
Je conduirais,
Que je conduise, that I may
Que je conduisisse, that I might
Je conduisais,
Je conduisis,
J'ai conduit,
Conduis, Conduisez, conduct.
Verbs conjugated
like conduire.
Construire,
to construct.
Luire,
Cuire,
to bake, to smart.
Nuire,
to
harm.
Dduire,
Dtruire,
to deduce.
Produire,
to
produce,
to destroy.
Econduire,
Enduire,
to
to plaster.
Reconduire, to accompany
Reproduire, to reproduce,
Rduire,
to reduce,
Induire,
to induce.
Reluire,
to glitter,
Introduire,
to introduce.
Sduire,
to seduce.
Instruire,
to instruct.
Traduire,
to translate.
show
out.
to shine,
3i4
RIRE,
Je
ris,
Tu
ris,
Il rit,
RIANT, laughing.
laugh.
to
/ laugh.
Je
riais,
thou laughest.
he laughs.
Je
ris,
rions,
riez,
Ils rient,
je rie,
/ was laughing.
I laughed.
I have laughed.
I shall laugh.
I would laugh.
that I may
je risse,
that I might
J'ai ri,
Je
Nous
Vous
RI, laughed.
we laugh.
you laugh.
rirai,
Je rirais,
Que
Que
they laugh.
BOIRE,
to
drink.
BUVANT,
Je bois,
I drink.
Tu
thou drinkest.
he drinks.
bois,
Il boit,
drinking.
BU, drank.
I was drinking.
I drank.
I have drunk.
Je buvais,
Je bus,
J'ai bu,
je boive,
I shall drink.
I would drink.
that I may
je busse,
that I might
Je boirai,
we
Nous buvons,
Vous buvez,
you drink.
Ils boivent,
they drink.
drink.
Je boirais,
Que
Que
Bois, Buvez,
CROIRE,
to believe.
CROYA NT,
Je crois,
I believe.
Tu
thou believest.
he believes.
crois,
Il croit,
Nous croyons, we believe.

Vous croyez,
you believe.
Ils croient,
they believe.
CRU,
J'ai cru,
Je croirai,
Je croirais,
je croie,
Crois,
Croyez
believed.
I was believing
I believed.
I have believed.
Je croyais,
Je crus,
je crusse
drink.
believing.
Que
Que
laugh.
Ris, Riez,
I shall believe.
I would believe.
that I may
that I might
believe.
Pracicai,
SUFFIRE,
Je
suffis,
Je
suffisais,
J'ai suffi,
to suffice.
Je plais,
Je plaisais,
J ai plu,
'
Il
est n,
Elle est ne,

Ils
sont ns,
Ils
He was
She was born.

They were born.
lam
we
dying.
dying.
are dying.
they are dying.
COUDRE,
Je couds,
is
to sew.
I sew.
Nous cousons, we sew.

I was sewing.
Je cousais,
I have sewed.
J'ai cousu,
HORT,
he
mort,
mourut,
Je mourrai,
Je mourrais,
Il
COUSANT,
born.
born.
dying.
Il est
NE,
being born.
Elle naquit.
he
meurent,
/ was born.
MOURANT,
I shall please.
/ would please.
that I may
Je naquis.
to die.
I may
PLU, pleased.
je plaise,
NAISSANT,
Ils naquirent.
Nous mourons,
je suffise, that
Je plairais,
Que
sufficed.
I shall suffice.
I would suffice.
Il naquit.
MOURIR,
Je meurs,
Il meurt,
suffirais,
Je plairai,
to be born.
or
suffirai,
PLAISANT, pleasing.
to please.
Je
Je
315
SUFFI,
sufficing.
Que
I please.
I was pleasing.
I have pleased.
NAITRE,
Je suis n,
SUFFISANT,
I suffice.
I was sufficing.
I have sufficed.
PLAIRE,
French Course
sewing.
dead.
is
dead,
he died.
I shall die.
I would die.
COUSU,
sewed.
Je coudrai,
Je coudrais,
Que je couse,
I shall sew.
I would sew.
that I may sew.
Cousez,
sew.
316
QUARANTE-SEPTIEME LEON.
LESSON XLVII.
REFLEXIVE VERBS.
GENERAL RULES.
I.
Reflexive verbs are conjugated after the model verb
of the conjugation to which they belong.
2.
The
reflexive pronouns, in French, precede the verb.
3.
The
reflexive verbs, in French,
have
tenses formed with the auxiliary tre,
to be.
pronoun
is
compound
The objective
their
always placed before the auxiliary.
MODEL VERB.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
SIMPLE TENSES.
OTHER TENSES
INDICATIVE PRESENT.
I rest
Je
Tu
myself,
me repose.
te reposes.
se repose.
Elle se repose.
Il
etc.
To rest one's self.

Resting one's self.
se reposer.
se reposant.
INFINITIVE PRESENT.
PARTICIPLE PRESENT.
me reposais.
me reposai.
Je me reposerai.
Je me reposerais.
Que je me repose.
(1st
person sing.)
Je
/ was
Je
I rested myself.
I will rest myself.
I would rest myself.
that /may rest myself.
resting myself.
Nous nous
Vous vous
Ils
me
reposons.
Que
reposez.
Reposez-vous.
Reposons-nous.
Qu'il se repose.
se reposent.
Biles se reposent.
je
317
That
reposasse.
I might
Rest yourself
Let us rest ourselves.
Let him
rest himself.
COMPOUND TENSES.
INFINITIVE PAST.
s'tre repos.
To have rested one's
PARTICIPLE PAST.
s'tant repos.
Having
self.
rested
him-
self.
PAST INDEFINITE.
/ have
Je
Tu
me
rested myself,
etc.
Nous nous sommes reposs.

Vous vous tes reposs.
suis repos.
t'es repos.
sont reposs.
Il s'est repos.
Ils se
Elle s'est repose.
Elles se sont reposes.
OTHER TENSES
Je m'tais repos.
me fus repos.
Je
Je
me serai repos.
me serais repos.
Que je me sois repos.
Que je me fusse repos.
Je
(ist
person sing.)
I had rested myself.

L had rested myself
L will have rested myself
L would have rested my self.
That L may have rested myself.
That I might have rested myself.
OBSERVATION.
From
the
first
easily be found.
person of the above tenses the others can
318
PRACTICAL EXERCISE
ON THE REFLEXIVE VERBS MORE COMMONLY USED IN CONVERSATION.
Pourquoi
pas ?
Vous devriez vous reposer.

Je n'ai pas le temps de me reposer.
Je vais me reposer.
Vous tes-vous repos
Je
me
Why
ne vous reposez-vous
You ought
I am going to
Did you rest ?
I have rested.
suis repos.
A quelle heure vous couchez-vous

A quelle heure vous tes-vous
couch
coucherez-
vous ?
Allez vous coucher.
me
go
rest.
to bed.
At what time do you go to bed?

At what time did you go to bed ?
A quelle heure vous levez-vous

A quelle heure se lve-t-il
A quelle heure s'est-il lev
to
me
lve de
go
to
bed
to bed.
get up.
At what time do you get up ?
Get up
faut que je
time will you
At what time does he get up

At what time did he get up ?
L,evez-vous
At what
Go to bed.
I am going
coucher.
SE LEVER,
Il
to
to rest.
quelle heure vous
Je vais
to rest.
I have no time
SE COUCHER,
do you not rest f
bonne
I must get up early.
heure.
S'EVEILLER,
to
awake.
Je m'veille de bonne heure.
Je
Je
me
me
suis veill tard.

suis rveill
deux
fois.
SE REVEILLER,
to
awake again.
I awake very early.

I awoke late.
I awoke twice.
REMARK.
Used as an
awaken some one
rveiller
319
means
active verb, veiller
means
to
sleep.
Wake me up at five o'clock.

Do not forget to wake me up.
Kveillez-moi cinq heures.
N'oubliez pas de
Vous m'avez
m 'veiller.
SE RAPPELER,
Vous rappelez- vous
Je
me
me
Do you remember ?
I remember.
I do not remember.
rappelle pas.
Vous rappelez- vous Mr.
me
Vous
Do you remember Mr.
rappelerez-vous
Will you remember
Je me le rappellerai.
Rappelez-vous.
I will remember
trompe.
trompe.
Vous vous trompez.
Je me suis tromp.
Il s'est tromp.
Nous nous sommes tromps.
Je ne
me
tes- vous
Ne vous trompez
Je
ne
me
pas tromp
suis pas tromp.
pas.
tromperai pas.
it
it.
to be
mistaken.
/ am mistaken.
me
He is mistaken.
Il se
Ne vous
Remember.
SE TROMPER,
Je
/ remember him.
le rappelle.
le
tip.
remember, {governs a direct regimen.}
to
rappelle.
Je ne
Je
You woke me
rveill.
You are mistaken.
I was
mistaken.
He was mistaken.
We have made a mistake.
?
to
interrupt some one's
Have you not made a mistake

I have not made a mistake.
Do not make a mistake.
I will not be mistaken.
320
SE FACHER,
Ne vous fchez
Je
Je
me
me
to
Do
pas.
suis fch.
He will get angry.

He got angry.
Il se fchera.
Il s'est fch.
tort
You are wrong
de vous fcher.
S'ENRHUMER,
Vous
Je
me
allez
suis
SE MOQUER,
to
make fun of;
to
laugh
at.
Are you laughing at me t

I am not laughing at you.
Vous moquez- vous de moi ?

me moque pas de vous.
On s'est moqu de lui.
Je m'en moque
He was laughed at.

What do I care for
SE PROMENER,
Je vais me promener.
Nous allons nous promener.
to
it !
take a walk.
/ am going
to take a walk.
are going to take a walk.
He wentfor a walk.
Go and take a walk.
We
promener.
Allez vous promener.
SE DPCHER, SE HATER,
Dpchez-vous, or htez- vous
Dpchons-nous htons-nous.
Qu'il se dpche.
Qu'elle se hte.
to catch cold.
I have caught cold.
Je ne
to get angry.
to catch cold.
You are going
vous enrhumer.
enrhum.
Il est all se
not get angry.
I will get angry.

I got angry.
fcherai.
Vous avez
get angry.
to
hurry up.
Hurry up !
Let us make haste.
Let him hurry up.
Let her hurry up.
SE SOUVENIR
Je
me
me
Je
m'en souviens.
Je
(de), to
remember, {governs an indirect regimen.)
I remember him.
I remember that.
I remember it.
Remember me.
I will remember you.
Remember it !
I will remember it.
souviens de lui.
souviens de cela.
Souvenez-vous de moi.
Je me souviendrai de vous.
Souvenez-vous-en
!
Je
321
m'en souviendrai.
SE REJOUIR
(de), to rejoice at.
Je me rjouis de votre succs.

Rjouissez-vous
I rejoice at your success.

Be joyous !
R j ouissons-nous.
Let us
SE SERVIR
m'en servir?
Vous pouvez vous en
Je ne m'en sers pas.
(de), to use, to help one's self
May I use
Puis- je
On ne s'en
servir.
Il s'est
endormi
endormi.
Ne vous endormez
not use
it.
Je m'endors trs vite.

Je ne puis m' endormir.
suis
I do
?
it.
of use.
Help yourself
S'ENDORMIR,
me
it
You can use

It is out
sert plus.
Servez-vous.
Je
rejoice.
pas.
to fall asleep.
Ifall asleep very quickly.
I cannot go to
Ifell asleep.
sleep.
He fell asleep.
Do not fall asleep.
322
SE REPENTIR
Vous repentez-vous
me
Je
Do you
Vous vous en
You will repent
repentirez.
He
s'en repentira.
Je m'en suis repenti.
/ have
to
stand up.
complain,
grudge.
He grudges himself nothing.

They grudge themselves nothing.
rien.
SB PLAIRE
to
Of what do you complain ?

I am not complaining.
I have no cause for complaining.
Je n'ai pas lieu de me plaindre.

Il ne se plaint rien.
(), to
taquiner.
Vous plaisez- vous New York ?

Je m'y plais beaucoup.
Ma femme
to
it.
Stand up.
Je ne
Il se plat
it.
I cannot stand up.
SE PLAINDRE,
ne se plaignent
noticed
/ will stand /p.

I stood up.
Tenez-vous debout.
Je ne puis me tenir debout.
Ils
repented.
has noticed it.

She will not fiotice
me tiendrai debout.
me suis tenu debout.
quoi vous plaignez- vous

me plains pas.
it.
it.
He
SE TENIR DEBOUT,
De
it?
(de), to perceive, to notice.
Je m'en suis aperu.

Il s'en est aperu.
Klle ne s'en apercevra pas.
Je
will repent
I have
S'APERCEVOIR
Je
repent ?
I repent.
Are you sorry for
I am sorry for it.
repens.
Vous en repentez-vous
Je m'en repens.
Il
(de), to repent, to be sorry
s'y plat beaucoup.
Nous nous y plaisons beaucoup.
take pleasure
in.
He likes to tease.
Do you like to live in New
I like
My wife likes it very

We
York
living there very much.
like it very
much.
much.
Practical,
French Course
SE FAIRE HAL,
me
Il
ne
I hurt myself.
Did he hurt himself?
suis fait mal.
S'est-il fait
s'est
mal
pas
fait
He
mal.
SE TAIRE,
Voulez- vous vous taire
to
keep
me taire.
veux pas
still
I do
He
Il se tut.
S'ASSEOIR,
Ne
voulez- vous pas vous asseoir
did not hurt himself.
or
silent.
Will you please keep

Keep still.
Taisez-vous,
Je ne
self.
You are going to hurt yourself

You will hurt yourself.
Did you hurt yourself ?
Vous allez vous faire mal.

Vous vous ferez mal.
Vous tes-vous fait mal ?
Je
hurt one's
to
323
not
want
to
to sit
Will you not
sit
veux pas m'asseoir.

Asseyez-vous sur le gazon.
Sit
ne
s'est
pas
assis.
S'EN ALLER,
Il
faut que je
m'en
Je m'en vais.
Il s'en va.
I do
not want to
down on
down ?
sit
aille.
to
go away.
/ must go away.
I am going away.
Il
s'en est all.
He is going away.
He went away.
Je
m'en
I will go away.
irai.
Allez- vous-en.
Allons-nous-en.
down.
the grass.
She sat down.

He did not take a
Elle s'est assise.
silent.
down.
Please be seated.
Il
keep
remained silent.
Veuillez vous asseoir.

Je ne
silent.
Go away.
Let us go away.
seat.
324
OTHER REFLEXIVE VERBS,
To dress one's self.

To undress one's self.
To shave one's self.
To get chaved.
To get accustomed to.
To get accustomed to.
To apply to.
To take off one' s shoes.
To trust.
To distrust.
To mistrust.
To go near.
To meddle with.
To warm one's self.
To go away.
To amuse one's self
S'habiller.
Se dshabiller.
Se raser.
Se faire raser.
S'habituer
().
S'accoutumer
S'adresser
().
().
Se dchausser.
Se fier ().
Se dfier (de).
Se mfier (de;.
S'approcher (de).
Se mler (de).
Se chauffer.
S'loigner.
S'amuser.
REMARKS ON THE PRONOMINAL FORM,
I.
The
article
le, la, les,
the,
is
used,
in
French, in-
stead of a possessive adjective before a regimen
sense already indicates

is
who
then used reflexively.

Je
me
Il se
Je
lave les mains,
lave la figure,
me
suis
coup
le doigt,
cass la jambe,
suis foul la cheville,
Il s'est
Je
me
Lavez-vous les mains,

Chauffez- vous les pieds
the possessor
Thus we say
instead of
is.
when the
The verb
Je lave mes mains.

lave sa figure.
Il
J'ai
Il
coup
mon
doigt.
a cass sa jambe.
J'ai foul
ma
cheville.
Lavez vos mains.

Chauffez vos pieds.
The
2.
reflexive or
pronominal form
French, instead of the passive form so
Thus, we say idiomatically
On
4.
que
The
English,
d'un plus
soi.
often
in
used, in
English.
is
seen every day.
is
understood.
is
said publicly
is
not said.
That may be.

That cannot be.
That is not to be
eaten, or eatable.
That article sells well.
That is not to be refused.
one's self, is
soi.
a souvent besoin
petit
That
That
That
That
indefinite
Cela va de soi. (idiom)
Chacun pour
is
common
Cela se voit tous les jours.

Cela se comprend, or s'entend.
Cela se dit publiquement.
Cela ne se dit pas.
Cela se peut.
Cela ne se peut pas.
Cela ne se mange pas.
Cet article se vend bien.
Cela ne se refuse pas.
3. The pronoun soi,

and has commonly an
325
used in a general sense
pronoun
for correlative.
That is a matter of course.

Every one for himself.
We have often need of one more
humble than ourselves.
idea of a reciprocal or mutual affection which, in
is
expressed by adding the pronouns each other

is rendered in French, by the
by means of two pronouns of the
or one another to the verb,

reflexive form, that
is,
same person placed before the verb.

Nous nous aimons.
Vous vous aimez.
Ils
s'aiment.
We
Thus, for instance
love each other.
You love each
other.
They love each
other.
326
OBSERVATION.
To
avoid ambiguity,
for
the above examples might
we love ourselves, you love yourself they love

themselves,
we add the pronouns l'un l'autre, or les uns
les autres, when the action is reciprocal, and the pronouns
be translated
nous=mmes, vous=rnme, vous=mmes, eux=mmes,

mmes, when the action is reflexive.
Examples
Nous nous aimons nous=mmes.
Vous vous aimez vous=mme.
Ils s'aiment eux=mmes. (m.)
Elles s'aiment elles-mmes,
(f.)
Nous nous aimons l'un l'autre.

Nous nous aimons les uns les
We
love ourselves.
You love yourself.

They love themselves.
They love themselves.
We love each
We love one
other.
another.
autres.
Ils
s'aiment l'un l'autre.
Nous devons nous aimer
les
uns
They love each other.

We must love 07ie another.
les autres.
QUARANTE-HUITIEME LEON
LESSON XLVIIL
FRENCH PROVERBS.
1.
Il
n'y a pas de rgle sans exception.

There is no rule without exception.
2.
Il
n'y a pas de rose sans pine.

There is no rose without a thorn.
elles=

3.
4.
5.
n'y a pas de fume sans feu.

There is no smoke without fire.
Il
Charit bien ordonne commence par soi-mme.

Charity begins at home.
Un
A
6.
7.
327
tiens vaut
mieux que deux tu

is worth two
bird in the hand
l'auras.
in the bush.
Quand le chat n'y est pas les souris dansent.

When the cafs away, the mice will play
Mieux vaut
tard que jamais.
Better late than never.

8.
Iv a nuit
porte conseil.
A dvise
9.
with your pillow.
faut battre le fer
Il
Make hay
10.
Il
quand
il
est chaud.
while the sun shines.
faut garder une poire pour la soif.
Put
by something for a rainy day.
11.
Les petits ruisseaux font les grandes

Many a little ?nakes a mickle.
12.
Il
n'a pas invent la poudre.
He
13.
will not set the river afire.
Tomber de Charibde en Scylla.

Out of the frying pa?i into the fire.
14.
Un malheur ne
15.
vient jamais seul.

Misfortunes never come singly.
quelque chose malheur est bon.

is an ill wind that blows nobody good.
It
16.
rivires.
Loin des yeux, loin du cur.

Out of sight, out of mind.
328
17.
C'est une conomie de bouts de chandelle.
Penny-wise and pound-foolish.

18.
Tout nouveau tout beau.

A new broom sweeps clean.
19.
Tout ce qui brille n'est pas d'or.

All that glitters is not gold.
20.
L'habit ne fait pas le moine.

// is not the cowl that makes the friar.
21.
A bon chat bon
rat.
Tit for tat.

22.
Fin contre
fin.
Diamond cut diamond.

23.
24.
Honni
Evil
It
is
mal y pense.
that evil thinks.
bon d'avoir deux cordes son arc.

wise to have two strings to one'' s bow.
Faire d'une pierre deux coups.
To
27.
him
Chacun son mtier.

Every one to his trade.
25. Il est
26.
soit qui
to
kill
two birds with one stone.
Pierre qui roule n'amasse pas mousse,
A rolling stone gathers no moss.

28.
Qui ne hasarde rien n'a rien.

Nothing venture nothing win.
29.
Toute mdaille a son revers.

There are two sides to everything.
30.
Ce sont deux ttes dans un mme bonnet.

They are hand and glove together.

bonnet blanc et blanc bonnet.
Six of one, and half a dozen of the other.
31. C'est
32.
Plus on est, plus on rit.

The more, the merrier.
33.
Rira bien qui rira le dernier.

He laughs best who laughs last.
34. Tel pre, tel
fils.
Like father,
35.
36.
like son.
Qui se ressemble s'assemble.

Birds of a feather flock together.
l'impossible nul n'est tenu.
There
is
no doing impossibilities.
37. Aide-toi et le ciel t'aidera.
The Lord helps

38. 1/ apptit
those
appetite.
Qui dort dne.

Sleeping
40.
help themselves
vient en mangeant.
Eating brings an
39.
who
is
as good as eating.
Dis moi qui tu liantes, je te dirai qui tu es.

man is known by the company he keeps.
41.
42.
Rome n'a pas t btie en un jour.

Rome was not built in a day.
En
forgeant on devient forgeron.

Practice makes perfect.
329
330
QUARANTE-NEUVIME LEON
LESSON
LXIX.
READING AND MEMORY EXERCISES.
SHORT ANECDOTES.
Dolabella disait Ciceron: "Savez-vous bien que je n'ai que trenteans?" "Je dois le savoir, rpondit Cicron, car il y a plus de dix ans
que vous me le dites.
'
'
II
Un
prdicateur avait
batitudes.
Une dame
avait oubli une.
ennuy son auditoire en prchant . sur
lui dit
malignement, aprs
Laquelle? reprit le prdicateur.
le
les
sermon, qu'il en
Celle-ci, ajouta
la
dame: Bienheureux ceux qui n'taient pas votre sermon.
III
La reine Elisabeth-? tant alle voir le chancelier Bacon 2 dans une

maison de campagne qu'il avait fait btir avant sa fortune: 'D'o
"Cen'est
vient, lui dit-elle, que vous avez fait une si petite maison?"
pas moi, Madame, rpondit le chancelier, qui ai fait ma maison trop
petite, c'est vous qui m'avez fait trop grand pour ma maison."
IV
tomb de cheval en entrant dans l'Afrique o il
pour la conqurir: C'est bon signe, dit-il, que l'Afrique soit
sous moi; ce n'est point une chute, c'est une prise de possession.
Jules Csar tant
tait all
Elisabeth, reine d'Angleterre,
morte Eondres en
fille
de Henri VIII., ne Greenwich en
1533,
1603.
2 Bacon, chancelier d'Angleterre, clbre

janvier 1561, mort le 9 avril 1626.
philosophe, n Londres
le 32
331
V
fille du grand Scipion et femme du consul Sempronius,
dans une compagnie de dames romaines qui talaient leurs pierreries, leurs bijoux et leurs ajustements. On demanda Cornlie de
montrer aussi les siens. Cette sage romaine fit aussitt approcher ses
enfants qu'elle avait levs avec soin pour la gloire de la patrie, et dit,
en les montrant: "Voici ma parure, voici mes ornements."
Cornlie,
tait
VI
Monsieur le rgent,^ par ordre duquel Voltaire tait la Bastille
lorsqu'on reprsentait l'dipe de ce clbre auteur, en fut si content,
Voltaire alla sur-le-champ requ'il rendit la libert au prisonnier.
mercier son Altesse qui lui dit: "Soyez sage, et j'aurai soin de vous."
"Je vous suis infiniment oblig, rpondit le pote, mais je supplie
votre Altesse de ne plus se charger de mon logement."
VII
Un homme qui avait mauvaise rputation avait crit la porte de sa

maison ces mots: Que rien de mauvais n'entre ici. Un philosophe
allemand demanda, en voyant cette inscription: Par o donc entre le
matre de la maison ?
VIII
Un bourgeois de Plaisance, trs pauvre, trouvant de nuit des voleurs

dans sa maison, leur dit, sans s'mouvoir: Je ne conois pas ce que
vous cherchez dans ma maison pendant la nuit, puisque moi-mme je
n'y trouve rien dans le jour.
IX
Si quelqu'un parle mal de moi, il faut
1/ empereur Titus 2 disait
bien se garder de le punir: s'il a parl par lgret, il faut le mpriser;
si c'est par folie, il faut avoir piti de lui; si c'est une injure, il faut lui
:
pardonner.
7 1/a rgence de Philippe, duc d'Orlans, commena au leudemain de la
mort de t,ouis XIV. (1715) et prit fin en 1723, la dclaration de maiorit de
Ivouis XV.
2 Titus, empereur romain, n en 40, mort ea 81 de l're chrtienne.
332
Bautru,^ tant
en Espagne,
alia visiter la fameuse bibliothque

trouva un bibliothcaire fort ignorant. Le roi
l'interrogea sur cette bibliothque. Elle est trs belle, lui dit-il, mais
Votre Majest devrait donner celui qui en a le soin l'administration
de ses finances. Et pourquoi? dit le roi. C'est, rpondit Bautru, que
cet homme ne touche pas au dpt qui lui est confi.
de l'Escurial, o
il
XI
Quelqu'un demandait Caton? pourquoi, ayant si bien mrit de
on ne lui avait point lev de statues: J'aime mieux,
rpondit-il, qu'on me fasse cette question, que si on me demandait
la rpublique,
pourquoi l'on m'en a rig.
XII
Pierre le Grand, empereur de Russie, voyant en Sorbonne le tombeau du cardinal Richelieu, s'cria: O grand homme! si tu vivais
encore, je te donnerais la moiti de mon empire pour que tu m'apprisses gouverner l'autre.
XIII
Ivouis XIII., 3 auparavant duc d'Orlans, tant sollicit de venger
qu'on lui avait faites avant qu'il montt sur le trne,

rpondit que le roi de France ne devait pas venger les injures du duc
les injures
d'Orlans.
XIV
On demandait un boiteux qui allait l'arme comme fantassin
pourquoi il ne s'tait pas mis dans la cavalerie. "C'est, rpondit-il, que
je ne vais pas l'arme pour fuir."
1 Bautru, chancelier de Gaston, duc d'Orlans, puis introducteur des ambassades chez le roi pote et membre de l'Acadmie franaise n Angers en
1588, mort Paris en 1665. Il dut sa fortune son esprit satirique et vif qui
;
amusa Richelieu
Mazarin.
2Caton, clbre censeur romain. Il voulait la destruction de Carthage et
ne terminait jamais un discours sans ajouter: "En outre, je pense qu'il faut
dtruire Carthage. Delenda est Carthago."
3 Louis XIII, fils de Henri IV, roi de France de 1610 1643, eut pour ministre
le cardinal de Richelieu.
et
333
XV
Un gnral franais, jaloux et flatteur, disait au duc d'Enghien,
"Que
qui venait de remporter la clbre bataille de Rocroi en 1643:
pourront dire maintenant les envieux de votre gloire?"
"Je n'en
sais rien, rpondit-il; je pourrais
vous
le
demander."
XVI
Waller, pote anglais, fit en trs beaux vers latins un excellent
pangyrique de Cromwell, tandis qu'il tait Protecteur. Charles II.
ayant t rtabli en 1660, Waller lui prsenta des vers qu'il avait faits
sa louange. Le roi, les ayant lus, lui reprocha qu'il en avait fait de
meilleurs pour Olivier. Waller lui rpondit: Sire, nous autres potes,
nous russissons mieux en fictions qu'en vrits.
XVII
Le duc du Maine, 2 encore enfant, faisait beaucoup de bruit.
Le
grand Cond qui tait dans le mme appartement, se plaignit de ce
bruit: Plt Dieu, monsieur, lui dit l'enfant, que j'en fisse autant
que vous.
XVIII
fils Alexandre, en lui donnant Aristote pour pr"Apprenez, sous un si bon matre, viter les fautes dans
Philippe dit son

cepteur:
lesquelles je suis
tomb."
XIX
Les Franais assigeaient une place: l 'officier qui les commandait
proposer aux grenadiers une somme considrable pour celui qui, le
premier, planterait une fascine dans le foss expos tout le feu des
ennemis. Aucun des grenadiers ne se prsente. Le gnral tonn
Nous nous serions tous offerts, lui rpondit
leur en fait des reproches.
un de ces braves soldats, si l'on n'avait pas mis cette action
fit
prix d'argent.
en
Duc du Maine, second enfant de Eouis XIV.

mort en 1736.
1670.
et de
Mme. de Montespan
334
XX
Un paysan coupait un arbre au bord d'une rivire; par malheur, sa
cogne tomba dans l'eau et il ne put la retrouver. Mercure lui apparut:
Est-ce l ta cogne, brave homme? en lui en montrant une d'or
Non, cette cogne n'est pas la mienne C'est peut-tre celle-ci? en lui
en prsentant une autre d'argent Non, ce n'est point encore celle qui
m'appartient C'est donc celle-ci? en lui en prsentant une de fer, qui
tait rellement celle qu'il avait perdue
Voici vraiment la cogne
dont la perte m'afflige Prends celle-ci, et encore les deux premires
que je t'ai montres reois-les pour prix de ta bonne foi.
La probit
est la meilleure politique.
CINQUANTIEME LEON
LESSON
L.
CLASSICAL DEFINITIONS, ETC.
Qu'est-ce que^ la grammaire?
1.
Iva
grammaire
est l'art
de parler
et d'crire
correctement.
Qu'est-ce que l'article?
2.
V article
est
se place ordinairement devant les noms

indiquer qu'ils sont employs dans un sens d-
un mot qui
communs pour
termin.
Il
a,
en franais,
trois sortes d'articles: l'article dfini, l'article
indfini et l'article partitif.
en franais, s'accorde en genre

auquel il se rapporte.
L'article,
nom
en nombre avec
le
is translated in French by Qu'est-ce que

or Qu'est-ce que
What is
Thus, for instance, one may sa3' Qu'est-ce que la grammaire?
que
Qu'est-ce que c'est que la grammaire What is grammar ?
1
c'est
or
et

3.
Qu'est-ce que 1'adjectif

L'adjectif est
fier
Il
ou
le
335
un mot que
l'on joint au substantif pour le quali-
dterminer.
y a deux sortes d'adjectifs:
les adjectifs
qualificatifs et les
adjectifs dterminatifs.
4.
Qu'est-ce que le
pronom?
Le pronom est un mot qui tient la place du nom. Il y a cinq

sortes de pronoms en franais: les pronoms personnels, dmonstratifs, possessifs, relatifs et indfinis.
5.
Qu'est-ce que le verbe?
Le verbe
est
un mot qui exprime une action ou un tat sous une

les dispositions du sujet parlant.
forme variable, suivant

6.
Qu'est-ce que l'adverbe?
L'adverbe est un mot invariable qui sert modifier un verbe, un

ou un autre adverbe.
Ex.: Parlez peu, rflchissez
Dieu est infiniment parfait. Le temps passe trs
beaucoup.
rapidement.
adjectif
7.
Qu'est-ce que la prposition?

prposition est un mot invariable qui tert unir deux mots
en marquant le rapport qu'ils ont entre eux.
La
8.
Qu'est-ce que la conjonction
La conjonction est un mot invariable qui sert joindre entre

elles les propositions ou les parties essentielles d'une mme
proposition, et
9.
marquer
le
rapport qui existe entre elles.
Qu'est-ce que l'arithmtique?
L'arithmtique est la science des nombres, ou l'art de calculer.

10.
Qu'est-ce que l'algbre?
L'algbre est une science qui a pour but de simplifier

gnraliser les questions relatives au nombre.
et
de
336
11.
Qu'est-ce que
la
trigonomtrie?
La trigonomtrie
est le calcul des lments des triangles dfinis

par des donnes numriques suffisantes.
12.
Qu'est-ce que la gomtrie?
La gomtrie
l'tendue
et,
est une science qui a pour objet la mesure de

plus gnralement, l'tude de l'espace et de ses
proprits.
13.
Qu'est-ce que la physique?
La physique
est
une science qui a pour objet l'tude des pro-
et des lois qui tendent modifier leur

ou leur mouvement sans modifier leur nature.
prits des corps
14.
tat
Qu'est-ce que la chimie?
La chimie est une science qui a pour but la connaissance de la

nature et des proprits des corps, de l'action de ces corps, les
uns sur les autres, des combinaisons dues cette action.
15.
Qu'est-ce que l'histoire naturelle?

L'histoire naturelle est l'tude des divers tres qui sont dans la
nature.
16.
Qu'est-ce que la botanique?
La botanique
est la partie
de
l'histoire naturelle qui a
pour objet
l'tude des vgtaux.
17.
Qu'est-ce que la zoologie?
La
zoologie est la partie des sciences
naturelles qui traite des
animaux.
Qu'est-ce que la gologie?
La gologie est une science qui a pour but

structure du globe terrestre et l'histoire de
la connaissance
la terre.
de
la

19.
Qu'est-ce que la cosmographie?

Iva
20.
337
cosmographie
Qn 'est-ce que
du monde physique.
l'astronomie?
Vastronomie
les
est la description
est
astres, leur
une science qui a pour objet de
faire
connatre
constitution, leurs positions relatives et
les lois
de leurs mouvements.
21.
Qu'est-ce que la gographie?
gographie est une science qui a pour but la description

sonne de la terre, l'explication des formes du sol et des
frents aspects de la vie la surface du globe.
Iva
22.
Qu'est-ce que la rhtorique?

Iva
rhtorique est
un
art qui
pour parler loquemment;
23.
rai-
dif-
donne
pour bien
de l'loquence.
les rgles
c'est la thorie
dire,
Qu'est-ce que la philosophie?

Iva
philosophie est la science gnrale des tres, des principes et
des causes.
24.
Qu'est-ce que la politique?
La
politique est l'art de gouverner
traite
25.
de
la formation,
Qu'est-ce que la religion

Iva religion est le culte
26.
un Ktat.
de l'organisation
et
La
science politique
des fonctions de l'tat.
qui se rend la Divinit.
Qu'est-ce que la France?

Iva
France
civilis
ternit.
les
grande et noble nation qui a donn au monde

immortels principes de libert, d'galit et de fra-
est cette
338
27.
Qu'est-ce que la langue franaise?

L,a langue franaise est l'instrument le plus parfait sur lequel
on puisse jouer la divine musique de la pense humaine. {R. D.)
28.
Qu'est-ce que
l'homme?
Born dans
L'homme
sa nature, infini
est
dans ses vux,
un dieu tombe qui
se souvient des cieux.
{Lamartine)
29.
Qu'est-ce que la vie?

L,a vie est
un combat dont
Iya vie est
Un peu
Un peu
F*t
puis
vaine
d'amour,
de haine,
bonjour!
la
palme
est
aux cieux.
L,a vie est
Un peu
Un peu
Et puis
brve
{Corneille)
d'espoir,
de rve,
bonsoir
{Dt Maurier)

Francia Könyv

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Francia Könyv

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Class

AN ENTIRELY NEW METHOD

new method of learning the French language

very things they are daily saying in English," thus doing

with the useless phraseology of the old grammars so humorously ridiculed by

practical age of ours

a speaking knowledge of modern lan-

guages, of French especially, has become a matter of necessity,

a foreign tongue was studied,

Originally written for those students

French rapidly, either

now used with

for pleasure or business, the present

great success in colleges and

best private teachers, here

ever-increasing popularity of this book, which has already

reached the third edition,

the most convincing proof of

In the two preliminary lessons of this grammar the pupil

In the subsequent practical lessons the student

gradually and logically, through the intricacies of the lan-

guage, from those conventional phrases in current daily use, to

of the first twenty-five lessons

excellent system for learning to write in French.

important innovation will be found in the following

lessons, in the practical exercises to

greatly simplified the task of the student, but also to have

paved the way toward learning to think in French.

called to the following features:

Table of the French sounds with their nearest equivalents in

phrases in current daily use.

of the irregular verbs.

The most commonly used

Unity of subject for each

The author now presents this new, thoroughly revised and

use, for teaching

ing French, a common-sense method.

How to Call the Letters of the French Alphabet

How to Accent the Vowels

English and French

THE INDEFINITE) ARTICLE.

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE.

CONTRACTION OE THE DEFINITE ARTICLE.

Genitive or Possessive Case

Important Remark on the word

THE PARTITIVE ARTICLE.

INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE FORMS.

How to Form Questions

DEMONSTRATIVE AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES.

How to Form the Feminine of Adjectives

How to Form the Comparative of Adjectives

Meanings of the word flme

Personal Pronouns used as Subject of the Verb

How to Render in French the Interrogative Pronoun Who.

Render in French the Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns used Absolutely

RELATIVE AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

Render in French the Pronouns Which, Of Which,

Demonstrative and Relative Pronouns Combined

Exercise for Translation

Practical Exercise on the very important

(one, somebody, people)

Chacun (each one)

L'un, L'autre (the one, the other)