February 2015

SYSTEMS
The Leading Magazine for Pump Users Worldwide
FLOOD
CONTROL
70-year-old dewatering pump
station gets high-tech retro t
Common Mistakes
End Users Make
What Is Your Pump

Relay Telling You?
FSA Weighs in on
Environmental Policies
Circle 106 on card or visit psfreeinfo.com.
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* See our Web site for details and restrictions. Copyright 2014 AutomationDirect, Cumming, GA USA. All rights reserved.
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the #1 value in automation
From the Editor

G
eorge Bernard Shaw once said, Success does not consist in never making mistakes
but in never making the same one a second time.
Jim Maddog Elsey has been working as a mechanical engineer in the pump industry
for more than four decades. He has seen his share of mistakes. Several years ago, he
began compiling a list of the most common ones and the easiest ways to correct them.
Pumps & Systems is proud to share his problem-solving experience with our readers in a
new bimonthly column, Common Pumping Mistakes beginning this month (page 22).
As we all know, mistakes in the pump industry can be critical. Downtime in an
industrial facility is considered a four-letter word. These mistakes can also be expensive
and dangerous. Elsey says he wishes someone had given him a list of common mistakes
and tips on how to avoid them and x them when he started in the pump industry 43
years ago. Now, this is something he can do for the next generation of engineers and
operators.
Please let us know the common problems that you experience, and share with us your
best solutions. Elsey can also address these in a future issue.
Meanwhile, in this issue we feature dewatering and mining solutions in our cover
series (page 40). The section includes a story about ood control with a 70-year-old
Dutch pumping station that is getting a retrot to keep it running for 30 to 40 more
years. We also cover a mine in south Texas where rare minerals are processed with slurry
pumps. We also include an interesting article that evaluates the requirements for site
dewatering.
In addition, please read our special report about intelligent pump technology being
used in the mining industry (page 51) and look for more in-depth coverage of The
Internet of Things, in the March issue. You can also nd some great information in our
Instrumentation, Controls & Monitoring special section (page 30) about pump relays
and the dierences between variable speed drives and variable frequency drives.
Best regards,
EDITORIAL
EDITOR: Michelle Segrest
msegrest@pump-zone.com 205-314-8279
MANAGING EDITOR: Savanna Gray
sgray@cahabamedia.com 205-278-2839
MANAGING EDITOR: Amelia Messamore
amessamore@cahabamedia.com
205-314-8264
ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Amy Cash
acash@cahabamedia.com 205-278-2826
SR. EDITOR, PRODUCTION & CONTENT MARKETING:
Alecia Archibald
aarchibald@cahabamedia.com 205-314-3878
CONTRIBUTING EDITORS: Laurel Donoho,
Lev Nelik, Ray Hardee, Jim Elsey
CREATIVE SERVICES
SENIOR ART DIRECTOR: Greg Ragsdale
ART DIRECTORS: Jaime DeArman, Melanie Magee
WEB DEVELOPER: Greg Caudle
PRINT ADVERTISING TRAFFIC: Lisa Freeman
lfreeman@cahabamedia.com 205-212-9402
CIRCULATION
AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT MANAGER: Lori Masaoay
lmasaoay@cahabamedia.com 205-278-2840
ADVERTISING
NATIONAL SALES MANAGER: Derrell Moody
dmoody@pump-zone.com 205-345-0784
ACCOUNT EXECUTIVES:
Mary-Kathryn Baker
mkbaker@pump-zone.com 205-345-6036
Mark Goins
mgoins@pump-zone.com 205-345-6414
Addison Perkins
aperkins@pump-zone.com 205-561-2603
Vince Marino
vince@pump-zone.com 205-561-2601
MARKETING ASSOCIATES:
Ashley Morris
amorris@cahabamedia.com 205-561-2600
Sonya Crocker
scrocker@cahabamedia.com 205-314-8276
Editor, Michelle Segrest

msegrest@pump-zone.com
Tell us your story

What everyday problems
do you face?
PUBLISHER: Walter B. Evans Jr.

VP OF SALES: Greg Meineke
VP OF EDITORIAL: Michelle Segrest
CREATIVE DIRECTOR: Terri J. Gray
P.O. Box 530067

Birmingham, AL 35253
EDITORIAL & PRODUCTION
Pumps & Systems

is a member of the following organizations:
PUMPS & SYSTEMS (ISSN# 1065-108X) is published monthly by Cahaba Media Group, 1900 28th Avenue So., Suite 200, Birmingham, AL 35209. Periodicals
postage paid at Birmingham, AL, and additional mailing ofces. Subscriptions: Free of charge to qualied industrial pump users. Publisher reserves the
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Pumped Up
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2015 Baldor Electric Company
This issue
FEBRUARY
Volume 23 Number 2
COVER
SERIES
DEWATERING & MINING PUMPS

40 SLURRY PUMPS MASTER RARE MINERAL
PROCESSING
By Mikael Bjorkman
BJM Corp.
Rugged equipment reliably serves
in a Texas in-situ recovery mine.
44 TEMPORARY PUMPS ENSURE FLOOD PROTECTION

DURING HIGH-TECH RETROFIT
By Henno Schothorst
Cornell Pump
The installations manage heavy rainfalls in the Dutch
countryside with a capacity of more than 100 cubic meters
per minute.
46 WELLPOINT SYSTEMS ADAPT TO MOST SITE

DEWATERING NEEDS
40
By Majid Tavakoli
Thompson Pump
This technique can accommodate different soil conditions
and project schedules.
COLUMNS
PUMPING PRESCRIPTIONS
14 By Lev Nelik, Ph.D., P.E.
Pumping Machinery, LLC
How Efficient Is Your Pump?
PUMP SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT
44
49 CAREFUL DESIGN ENSURES MOBILITY & PERFORMANCE
FOR WATER RECLAIM SYSTEM
By Mike Dwyer
DXP/Quadna
16 By Ray Hardee
Engineered Software, Inc.
The Total System Starts with the Pump
COMMON PUMPING MISTAKES

22 By Jim Elsey
Summit Pump, Inc.
How to Avoid Costly Damage in One
Simple Step
At a Southwest mine, parallel pumping systems can be moved

individually as water levels rise.
51 INTERNET-BASED MONITORING IS A LOW-COST

ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGY
By Mike W. Otten & Andy Mulholland
The Internet of Things reduces risk and increases productivity
in industrial processes.
2
8
76
77
80
FROM THE EDITOR

NEWS
PRODUCTS
PUMP USERS MARKETPLACE
PUMP MARKET ANALYSIS
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This issue
SSPECIAL
PECIAL
SECTION
FEBRUARY
DEPARTMENTS
INSTRUMENTATION,
CONTROLS & MONITORING
54 EFFICIENCY MATTERS
AODD Pumps Can Provide
Flexibility for Multiple
Mining Operations
30 WHAT IS YOUR PUMP RELAY

TELLING YOU?
By Greg Duncan
PSG
By Kip Larson, Littelfuse, Inc.

A complete understanding of these
devices can help users detect problems
before equipment is damaged.
58 MAINTENANCE MINDERS
Early Warnings Prevent
Losses for Combined-Cycle
Power Plant & Coal Plant
35 VARIABLE SPEED DOES NOT

ALWAYS MEAN VARIABLE
FREQUENCY
By Brandon Perkins
GE Intelligent Platforms
30
By Gary Patterson, DSI/Dynamatic

Eddy current drives offer a cost-effective
alternative to VFDs.
60 MOTORS & DRIVES

Integrated Drive Systems
Engineering Can Cut
Costs in Half
PRACTICE & OPERATIONS
By Bill Finley &

Sumit Singhal
Siemens
68 TIPS FOR USING PULSATION DAMPENERS IN

DOSING OR VOLUMETRIC PUMP SYSTEMS
By Manuel Carcar-Gimeno
HIDRACAR, S.A.
64
Understanding the equipments

operation and how to calculate
the required size is critical.
68
72 NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS REQUIRE

SPECIALIZED PLANNING FOR VARIABLE VISCOSITIES
By Bill Blodgett
LobePro Rotary Pumps
The changing properties of wastewater and other fluids
can cause unexpected pump performance.
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD

THOMAS L. ANGLE, P.E., MSC, Vice President
Engineering, Hidrostal AG
ROBERT K. ASDAL, Executive Director,
Hydraulic Institute
BRYAN S. BARRINGTON, Machinery Engineer,
Lyondell Chemical Co.
KERRY BASKINS, VP/GM, Milton Roy Americas
WALTER BONNETT, Vice President Global
Marketing, Pump Solutions Group
R. THOMAS BROWN III, President,
Advanced Sealing International (ASI)
CHRIS CALDWELL, Director of Advanced
Collection Technology, Business Area Wastewater
Solutions, Sulzer Pumps, ABS USA
JACK CREAMER, Market Segment Manager
Pumping Equipment, Square D by Schneider
Electric
SEALING SENSE
FSA Informs Decision
Makers About the Role of
Sealing Systems in Reducing
Emissions
By Chris Swonger
FSA Member
66 HI PUMP FAQS
How to Determine
Minimum Submergence &
Understanding Parallel &
Series Pump Operation
By Hydraulic Institute
WILLIAM E. NEIS, P.E., President, Northeast

Industrial Sales
BOB DOMKOWSKI, Business Development
Manager Transport Pumping and Amusement
Markets/Engineering Consultant, Xylem, Inc.,
Water Solutions USA Flygt
LEV NELIK, Ph.D., P.E., APICS, President,

PumpingMachinery, LLC
HENRY PECK, President, Geiger Pump &
Equipment Company
DAVID A. DOTY, North American Sales Manager,

Moyno Industrial Pumps
MIKE PEMBERTON, Manager, ITT Performance

Services
WALT ERNDT, VP/GM, CRANE Pumps & Systems
SCOTT SORENSEN, Oil & Gas Automation

Consultant & Market Developer, Siemens Industry
Sector
JOE EVANS, Ph.D., Customer & Employee

Education, PumpTech, Inc.
RALPH P. GABRIEL, Chief Engineer Global, John
Crane
ADAM STOLBERG, Executive Director,

Submersible Wastewater Pump Association
(SWPA)
LARRY LEWIS, President, Vanton Pump and

Equipment Corp.
JERRY TURNER, Founder/Senior Advisor,

Pioneer Pump
TODD LOUDIN, President/CEO North American

Operations, Flowrox Inc.
KIRK WILSON, President, Services & Solutions,

Flowserve Corporation
JOHN MALINOWSKI, Sr. Product Manager, AC

Motors, Baldor Electric Company, A Member of
the ABB Group
JAMES WONG, Associate Product Manager

Bearing Isolator, Garlock Sealing Technologies
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GORMAN-RUPP CONSTRUCTION PUMPS
ARE BUILT TO OUTLAST AND OUTPERFORM
THE COMPETITION. JUST LIKE HE IS.
He accepts that some jobsite problems are out of his control. And he deals with those. But
when he invests in equipment, he expects it to workwithout constant maintenance or
repairs. So he chooses Gorman-Rupp construction pumps. These tough pumps move water
even in the harshest conditions. And they require only minimal, simple maintenance that
can be completed in the field with common hand tools. Even when everything else at work
is an issue, his pumps just keep getting their job done. Scan the QR code below to find an
authorized Gorman-Rupp rental dealer near you.
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NEWS
NEW HIRES,
PROMOTIONS & RECOGNITIONS
BLACOH APPOINTS TWO
NEW EXECUTIVES
RAJ BATRA ELECTED TO THE NEMA

BOARD OF GOVERNORS
RIVERSIDE, Calif. (Jan. 7,

2015) Blacoh Fluid Control
founder Gary Cornell has been
appointed chairman of the board
following his official retirement
Diana
Andrew
as CEO. Diana Vise, Blacohs
Vise
Yeghnazar
chief financial officer, has been
named the companys new
CEO. In conjunction with Cornells retirement, Vise and President
Andrew Yeghnazar have acquired full ownership of the privately
held company with plans for continued expansion of strategic
partnerships and complimentary products for Blacohs global
distribution network. Blacoh is a manufacturer of fluid control
products for municipal & industrial process industries.
ATLANTA (Dec. 10, 2014) During its recent

annual meeting in San Diego, the National
Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
elected Raj Batra, president of Digital Factory for
Siemens USA, to serve on the Board of Governors.
Batra will serve a two-year term expiring in 2016.
Raj Batra
Joining Siemens in 1993, Batra has held
a variety of high-level management and sales positions,
including president of Industry Automation and vice president
& general manager of Automation and Motion Division. NEMA
is an association of electrical equipment and medical imaging
manufacturers. nema.org Siemens Corporation is a U.S. subsidiary
of Siemens AG, a global technology provider. siemens.com
KIRK STALLER JOINS GRAPHITE

METALLIZING CORPORATION
ERIC MACIAS APPOINTED COO OF LORENTZ

HENSTEDT-ULZBURG, Germany (Jan. 1, 2015) LORENTZ appointed
Eric Macias as chief operating officer of LORENTZ U.S. Corp. Macias
has been actively involved in the U.S. groundwater industry for 14
years. For the past six years, he has been active in developing the
LORENTZ solar water pumping business. LORENTZ develops and
manufactures solar pumps. lorentz.de
KIRLOSKAR BROTHERS RECEIVES INDIAS MOST

ETHICAL COMPANY AWARD
PUNE, India (Dec. 19, 2014) Kirloskar Brothers Limited (KBL) was
honored by World CSR Congress 2014 under the category, Indias
Most Ethical Company in the Industrial Manufacturing. KBL has
been actively involved in corporate social practices and has won
a string of awards for its CSR initiatives across various platforms.
Some of the unique initiatives undertaken are in the areas of health,
education, energy and environment. Kirloskar Brothers Limited is
the flagship company of Kirloskar group, a global fluid management
solutions provider, and manufacturer and exporter of centrifugal
pumps and valves from India. kirloskarpumps.com
DANFOSS WINS 2015 AHR EXPO INNOVATION AWARD
YONKERS, N.Y. (Dec. 10, 2014) Graphite

Metallizing Corporation appointed Kirk Staller as
sales engineering representative for the Midwest
U.S. and Ontario, Canada. Staller holds a B.S.
degree from Purdue University and has more
than 20 years of experience in the industrial
marketplace, much of it with a manufacturer
Kirk Staller
of centrifugal pumps. He will be based out
of his Michigan office. Graphite Metallizing Corporation is the
manufacturer of self-lubricating GRAPHALLOY bushing materials for
pumps and process equipment. graphalloy.com
XYLEM NAMED 2014 WATER REUSE EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURER OF THE YEAR
RYE BROOK, N.Y. (Dec. 4, 2014) Xylem was awarded the 2014
WateReuse Equipment Manufacturer of the Year by the WateReuse
Association. Xylem was awarded for its work to optimize advanced
water treatment processes for potable reuse, including projects in
Florida and California. Xylem has invested in a fleet of advanced
treatment pilot equipment to demonstrate solutions for water
reuse that are both safe and sustainable. Xylem is a global water
technology provider, enabling customers to transport, treat, test and
efficiently use water in public utility, residential and commercial
building services, industrial and agricultural settings. xyleminc.com
BALTIMORE (Dec. 12, 2014) Danfoss has been recognized by a panel

of ASHRAE members with a 2015 AHR Expo Innovation Award, green
building category, for its Turbocor VTT series of oil-free, variable
speed, magnetic bearing centrifugal compressors.
The company also received an honorable
mention in the cooling category for its new ETS
Colibri electronic expansion valve. Danfoss is a
IronPlanet to merge with Cat Auction
manufacturer of high-efficiency electronic and
Services
mechanical components and controls for airDec. 19, 2014
conditioning, heating, refrigeration and motion
systems. danfoss.com
Nidec to acquire Geraete - und Pumpenbau
MERGERS & ACQUISITIONS
GmbH Dr. Eugen Schmidt

Dec. 11, 2014
RTP Company acquired Production Facilities

from Alloy Polymers, Inc.
Dec. 10, 2014
Synalloy acquired Specialty Pipe & Tube, Inc.
Nov. 24, 2014
What makes the ?DAI*LNK

a Superior Diaphragm Metering Pump?
TORONTO (Dec. 3, 2014) Armstrong Fluid
Technology was presented with a Frost &
Sullivan Best Practices Award in recognition of
world-class performance in business strategy,
operations and customer service. At a gala
ceremony in Toronto, Dec. 2, members of the
senior leadership team were presented with
the Customer Value Award in recognition of the
return on investment provided by Armstrong
solutions.
In particular, Frost & Sullivan highlighted
Armstrongs Design Envelope technology, which
aims to provide both lowest installed cost and
lowest lifetime cost.
The Frost & Sullivan Best Practices Awards
recognize superior leadership, technological
innovation, customer service and strategic
product development. Armstrong Fluid
Technology designs, engineers and
manufactures intelligent fluid flow equipment.
armstrongfluidtechnology.com Frost &
Sullivan, the Growth Partnership Company,
works in collaboration with clients to leverage
visionary innovation that addresses global
challenges and related growth opportunities.
ww2.frost.com
U.S. WATER RECEIVES CALIFORNIA GAME

CHANGER COMPANY OF THE YEAR AWARD
ST. MICHAEL, Minn. (Nov. 24, 2014) U.S. Water
Services, Inc., received the California Game
Changer Company of the Year Award.
The honor was presented by the California
Governors Office of Business and Economic
Development, Oliver Rosenbloom, and accepted
by U.S. Waters Alexandra Causey at the 100th
Annual Vanguard Awards Dinner, Nov. 20, at
Chico State University.
In an effort to conserve freshwater resources,
California facilities are actively working to
reduce water use 20 percent by 2020. U.S. Water
has been working with California agriculture,
medical centers and businesses throughout the
state using integrated solutions that combine
chemical, equipment, engineering, automation
and service to help facilities achieve this goal.
The California Game Changer of the Year
Award recognizes individuals and companies
that have made a significant statewide impact
either economically or regarding key issues
within the state of California. U.S. Water seeks
to identify and eliminate the root cause of
problems, finding optimal solutions for each
customers individual water treatment needs
based on the best combination of chemistry,
equipment, engineering and technical services.
uswaterservices.com
Leading Edge Features and Materials.

B
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FULL
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STROKE
A smooth
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SMOOTH
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POWERFUL MOTOR
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PRIMING/
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VALVE
Facilitates priming
riming
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and in removing
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NATURAL
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ATU
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or o
For
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hem
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p u mpsa ndsyst ems.c om | Feb ru a ry 2015
ARMSTRONG FLUID TECHNOLOGY

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10
NEWS
AROUND THE INDUSTRY

LORENTZ Increases
Investment in the US
HENSTEDT-ULZBURG, Germany (Jan.
1, 2015) To strengthen the support
for the LORENTZ US partner network,
LORENTZ has formed a new company,
LORENTZ US Corp., that will act as
importer, warehouse, order fulfilment,
training organization, sales and
technical support for the U.S. The new
organization will fully support the
LORENTZ indirect go-to-market model
by providing additional local resources
focused on helping approved partners
grow successfully. LORENTZ develops
and manufactures the largest range
of solar pumps of any supplier.
lorentz.de
HI Releases Four Updated

ANSI/HI Pump Standards
PARSIPPANY, N.J. (Dec. 19, 2014)
The Hydraulic Institute (HI) has
announced the release of four
updated publications: Rotodynamic
Centrifugal Pumps for Nomenclature
and Definitions (ANSI/HI 1.1-1.2-2014);
Rotodynamic Vertical Pumps of
Radial, Mixed, and Axial Flow Types
for Nomenclature and Definitions
(ANSI/HI 2.1-2.2-2014); Rotodynamic
Centrifugal Pumps for Manuals
Describing Installation, Operation,
and Maintenance (ANSI/HI 1.4-2014);
and Rotodynamic Vertical Pumps
for Manuals Describing Installation,
Operation, and Maintenance (ANSI/HI
2.4-2014).
These updated standards are
immediately available for interested
users from the Hydraulic Institutes
redesigned eStore.
HI pump standards are widely
accepted references for anyone
involved in pumps, including users,
consultants, contractors, construction
firms, pump and equipment
manufacturers, pump software
developers and system integrators.
HI periodically introduces new
standards based on industry needs.
The Hydraulic Institute develops
comprehensive industry standards
and provides education and tools
for the effective application, testing,
installation, operation, maintenance
and performance optimization
of pumps and pumping systems.
pumps.org.
Landmark Agreement
Finalized for Bay Area
Groundwater Storage Project
ABB & Hitachi to Form

Strategic Power Grid
Partnership for HVDC in Japan
SAN FRANCISCO (Dec. 17, 2014) A

landmark agreement between the San
Francisco Public Utilities Commission
(SFPUC) and three San Mateo County
organizations was signed Dec. 16 to
ensure long-term management and
sustainability of the South Westside
Groundwater Basin. The basin, which
stretches from San Francisco to
Burlingame, has the capacity to store
20 billion gallons of groundwater in
a water savings account to protect
against future drought and earthquake.
The $113 million Regional
Groundwater Storage and Recovery
project is a partnership between the
SFPUC, City of Daly City, City of San
Bruno and California Water Service
Company. During years of normal or
heavy rainfall, the project will provide
additional surface water to the partner
agencies in San Mateo County to
reduce the amount of groundwater
pumped from the South Westside
Groundwater Basin. The reduced
pumping will create a groundwater
savings account of up to 60,500 acrefeet of water or 20 billion gallons.
The groundwater supply project
has completed environmental review.
Once completed in 2018, this project,
through 16 new recovery wells, stations,
pumps and pipelines constructed in
the Peninsula, will provide 7.2 million
gallons of water per day. The San
Francisco Public Utilities Commission
provides retail drinking water and
wastewater services to the city,
wholesale water to three Bay Area
counties, and green hydroelectric
and solar power to municipal
departments. sfwater.org
TOKYO and ZURICH (Dec. 16, 2014)

ABB and Hitachi announced an
agreement to form a joint venture for
high-voltage direct current (HVDC)
system solutions in Japan. The new
entity, to be based in Tokyo, will be
responsible for the design, engineering,
supply and after-sales services related
to the DC system of HVDC projects,
bringing ABBs latest technologies to
the Japanese market where Hitachi
will be the prime contractor. Hitachi
and ABB will take equity interests
of 51 percent and 49 percent,
respectively. ABB provides power
and automation technologies that
enable utility, industry, transport
and infrastructure customers to
improve their performance while
lowering environmental impact.
abb.com Hitachi, Ltd. delivers
innovations including infrastructure
systems, information and
telecommunication systems, power
systems, construction machinery,
high-functional materials and
components, automotive systems
and health care. hitachi.com
Holland Pump Now Carries

Atlas Copco WEDA Pumps
COMMERCE CITY, Colo. (Dec. 17, 2014)
Atlas Copco announced that Holland
Pump, West Palm Beach, Florida,
now carries its line of WEDA electric
submersible pumps in its Southeastern
U.S. stores. The products will be
available at the companys six Florida
stores, along with a store in Alabama,
Georgia and South Carolina. Holland
Pump rents, sells and services
pumping systems. hollandpump.com
Smith Flow Control Appoints

New US Distributor
ERLANGER, KY (Dec. 12, 2014)
Smith Flow Control (SFC) has added
ACE Controls & Equipment Inc. to
its distributor network in the U.S.
Located in Bakersfield, California,
ACE Controls serves the oil, gas, water
and processing industries, offering a
complete suite of services, including
start-up and commissioning, valve
actuator adaptation and mounting,
certified calibration and repairs.
Smith Flow Control specializes in
mechanical valve control equipment
and valve management systems.
smithflowcontrol.com
Grundfos Awarded Grant for

Wastewater Treatment R&D
SINGAPORE (Dec. 4, 2014) Grundfos
has been awarded a S$1.4 million
grant by the Singapore Environment
and Water Industry Programme Office
(EWI) to develop a novel wastewater
filtration technology that can
significantly reduce capital investment
11
Quality You Can Believe In!

and operational costs for wastewater
treatment. The grant comes under the
National Research Foundations Incentive
for Research and Innovation Scheme
(IRIS). Besides funding the research and
development (R&D), the grant will include
a pilot demonstration of the technology
upon successful proof of concept.
Grundfos R&D project will focus on
the industrial treatment of wastewater
using a unique cake filter made from
activated sludge. The Grundfos cake
filtration technology utilizes the unique
physico-chemical properties of this
material to construct effective filters on
simple supports. Grundfos is a Danish
pump manufacturer, offering a full
range of optimized water solutions
with modular, energy-efficient and
intelligent products and services that
can be tailored for industrial, water
utility, water supply as well urban and
agricultural applications. grundfos.com
Exxon Mobil VP Retires

IRVING, Texas (Nov. 21, 2014) Stephen D.
Pryor, president of ExxonMobil Chemical
Company and vice president of Exxon
Mobil Corporation, retired Jan. 1 after
more than 44 years of service. Pryor,
64, joined Mobil Corporation in 1971
and has held a number of financial and
managerial positions in the U.S., Cyprus,
the United Kingdom and New Zealand. He
holds a bachelors degree in biology from
Lafayette College and a masters degree
in business administration from Harvard
University. ExxonMobil is a publicly
traded international oil and gas
company. corporate.exxonmobil.com
WE THINK
DIFFERENTLYabout water.
CONSTRUCTION | INDUSTRIAL | MINING | UTILITIES
| WASTEWATER
Stancor specializes in helping solve your water problems.

We are a leading designer and manufacturer of electric
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Our company is fully qualified to provide both standard and customized systems to
meet virtually any specification. Our engineering staff will help you design the right
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ENON, Ohio (Nov. 21, 2014) As part of its

efforts to expand growth opportunities
in recent years, SEEPEX has announced
a new logo, website and a companywide rebranding effort, which began in
November 2014. The new SEEPEX logo
includes the company name in capital
letters.
SEEPEX is also further developing its
corporate identity with a revamped
website, which was unveiled in November.
SEEPEX Inc. is a global supplier
of products and services for fluids
handling and processing. seepex.com
To have a news item considered, please
send the information to Amelia Messamore,
amessamore@cahabamedia.com.
To find a pump or control system that is second to none,

CONTACT OUR SALES TEAM TODAY!
www.stancorpumps.com | 203.268.7513 | Select Distributorships Available
SEEPEX Inc. Announces

New Logo & CompanyWide Rebranding
12
NEWS
EVENTS
Latin America and Caribbean Oil & Gas
Security Forum
March 17-18, 2015
Bogota, Colombia
latamoilgassecurity.com
Pumps & Systems Live Webinar Series
Presented by Baldor
April 16, 2015
pumpsandsystems.com/webinars
WQA Aquatech USA
April 21-24, 2015
Las Vegas Convention Center
Las Vegas, Nev.
wqa.org/aquatech
INTERPHEX
April 21-23, 2015
Javits Center
New York, N.Y.
888-334-8704 or 203-840-5648 / interphex.com
Gulf South Rotating Machinery Symposium
April 27-30, 2015
Crowne Plaza Executive Center
Baton Rouge, La.
225-578-4853 / gsrms.org
Offshore Technology Conference (OTC)
May 4-7, 2015
NRG Park
Houston, Texas
972-952-9494 / 2015.otcnet.org
American Wind Energy Association (AWEA)
Windpower Conference & Exhibition
May 18-21, 2015
Orange County Convention Center
Orlando, Fla.
508-743-8502 / windpowerexpo.org
American Water Works Association Annual

Conference & Exposition (AWWA-ACE)
June 7-10, 2015
Anaheim Convention Center
Anaheim, Calif.
800-926-7337 / awwa.org
EASAs 2015 Convention & Exhibition
June 14-16, 2015
Grand Hyatt San Antonio & Henry B. Gonzalez
Convention Center
San Antonio, Texas
easa.com/convention
13
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14
PUMPING PRESCRIPTIONS
Troubleshooting & repair challenges
By Lev Nelik, Ph.D., P.E.
Pumping Machinery, LLC, P&S Editorial Advisory Board
How Efficient Is Your Pump?
ncreased eciency means

more money saved on energy.
When competitive bids
are evaluated, eciency is an
important factor, especially for
high-energy pumps.
A single point of eciency could
mean $5,000 in saved energy per
year for a 1,000-horsepower (HP)
pump. For a 5,000-HP pump, a
single point of eciency can save
about $30,000 in energy costs.
A better design and better
production methodssuch
as a better surface nish,
for examplecan result in
more eciency. But do these
improvements have a ceiling to the
eciency gains they can provide?
Hydraulic Institute provides
charts that can help pump users

realize reasonably achievable
eciencies for dierent types of
pumps. The potential eciency
depends on ow, design type
(as characterized by the specic
speed and surface nish) and
other factors. Programs exist
to evaluate these commercially
achievable average eciencies.
These values are based on years
of testing and represent the
eciency that can be achieved for
a typical industrial pump. These
charts and programs cover most
of the pumps produced in the
world, but some exceptions exist.
This column discusses one
of these exceptions, for which
operators saw a surprisingly
low eciency of the tested

pump (see module PVA-7 at
pumpingmachinery.com/pump_
school/pump_school.htm).
Figure 1
Table 1. The expected efficiency of the pump in the example.

(Graphics courtesy of the author)
U.S. units
Pump flow (gallons per minute)
Total pump head (feet)
Specific gravity (SG)
Number of stages
Speed (RPM)
Head per stage (feet)
Impeller diameter (inches)
Specific speed, U.S. (NS)
Specific Speed, metric (nS)
Specific Speed, universal (OS)
3.2
8.1
1.00
1
3,600
8
1.48
1,341
26.0
0.49
Efficiency
52.4%
Figure 2
15
For a 5,000-HP pump, a single point of efficiency

can save about $30,000 in energy costs.
As demonstrated in the video,

a small single-stage end suction
centrifugal pump was tested to
show 4.5 percent eciency. While
the low ow of 3.2 gallons per
minute and low head of 8.1 feet
resulting from a small pump size
would not be expected to produce
spectacular values of eciency, 4.5
percent seems excessively low.
A pump eciency calculator
can estimate the expected value
of eciency. Figure 1 shows the
results.
The predicted 52.4 percent
is not a high eciency, but it
is signicantly better than 4.5
percent. Of course, the pump is
small, with an impeller size of only
1.48 inches.
At that size, what eciency
would you expect for such a pump?
And what is the catch?
I would like to hear from you.
The best answer gets you a free
ticket to my next Pump School
session in January.
Figures 1 and 2 are hints to the
puzzle.
Dr. Nelik (aka Dr. Pump) is president of Pumping Machinery, LLC,

an Atlanta-based firm specializing in pump consulting, training,
equipment troubleshooting and
pump repairs. Dr. Nelik has 30
years of experience in pumps and
pumping equipment. He may be
reached at pump-magazine.com.
For more information, visit pumpingmachinery.com/pump_school/
pump_school.htm.
Those shiny new bearings

you just installed
could look
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Protect bearings from

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BEARING PROTECTION RINGS
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EASA Show: Booth 630
1-866-738-1857 | sales @ est-aegis.com

16

A better understanding of complete system operation
By Ray Hardee
Engineered Software, Inc.
The Total System Starts with the Pump
n 2014, this column focused

on improving the operation of
piping systems by performing
pumped system assessments. The
columns have covered energy cost
balance sheets, the assessment
process and the performance
of sample assessments. By now,
readers are aware that all the
equipment found in a piping system
falls into one of three categories:
induction motors. These are the

most common pump and drive
combinations used in industrial
piping systems.
optimize the design. This includes

the required mass ow rates,
uid physical properties, and
the pressure and temperature
requirements for each of the plants
systems.
The mechanical engineering
team uses the process ow
diagrams provided by the process
engineering group to size the
equipment needed. The team
determined the following:
The example system requires
a pump with a capacity of 800
gallons per minute (gpm) to
achieve the plants design
objectives (see Figure 1).
During the preliminary design
process, the long lead items are
specied early to meet the project
schedule. However, the location
of the equipment has not been
determined. As a result, margins
are factored into the design to
ensure that the completed pump
system is capable of meeting its
process requirements.
Next, the total head required
must be determined. This is
done by arriving at the static
and dynamic head values for the
process elements.
Why Pumps Are Typically

Oversized
A common scenario often leads to
incorrectly sizing pumps. In this
scenario, a company decides to
release a new product. The results
of its marketing study project sales
Pump elements add all the
of 50,000 tons of product per year
uid energy to the piping
for the rst two years. After this,
systems.
sales would increase to 100,000
Process elements are used to
tons per year. An annual sale of
make the product or provide the 200,000 tons per year is projected
service.
after ve years.
Control elements are used
The engineering, procurement
to improve the quality of the
and construction rm (EPC) is
product or service.
contracted to design and build a
new plant and ultimately allow
The next series of columns will
for the production of the product.
focus on how these basic elements
During the discussions between
are used within the piping system
the client and the EPC rm, a mood
and how they work together
of optimism prevails. The plant
to achieve system operational
is designed to meet the future
objectives. With an established
estimated capacity of 200,000 tons
understanding of the equipment
per year. The engineering group
used, operators can evaluate the
determines that the processes
total system, which leads to a better used to make the product needs
understanding of what can be done a series of simulation studies to
to reduce operating, maintenance
Figure 1. This single system is one of the many interrelated systems
and capital costs while improving
designed for the total process. (Graphics courtesy of the author)
system uptime.
Pump elements include the
pump, the drive and the ancillary
equipment needed for pump
operation. Many types of pumps
and drives are available, but for
the purpose of this column, the
discussion will be limited to
centrifugal (or rotodynamic) pumps
driven by alternating-current
17
Calculate the Static Head

In the example, the exact location of the supply tank
and reactor have not yet been decided. The designers
have an approximate size of the tank and vessel based
on the process requirements. Until the civil department
is able to complete the design of the tank foundations,
the exact elevations and location of the supply tank and
pressure vessel are estimated. The bottom of the supply
tank is estimated to be at an elevation of 100 feet above
sea level, but the bottom elevation of the tank could
vary by plus or minus 10 feet. The estimated elevation
of the nozzle into the reactor will be 180 feet above sea
level, with a margin of plus or minus 10 feet.
Using the estimated elevation of the tanks, the
elevation head for this system could be as low as 60 feet
(170 feet 110 feet) or as high as 100 feet (190 feet 90
feet). The preliminary design will use 100 feet. Last,
the operational pressure in the reactor is specied at 10
pounds per square inch gauge (psig) including the static
head, but the operational pressure could vary by plus or
minus 2.5 pounds per square inch (psi) from the design
pressure. This pressure variation creates an additional 6
feet of pressure head. The resulting static head used in
the preliminary design is 106 feet.
Determine the Dynamic Head

The next step is to determine the head loss in the
pipeline as a function of the ow rate. This calculation
incorporates the physical properties of the process
uid, the pipe material, the pipe length, and the valves
and ttings.
Figure 1 includes all the isolation and check valves
in the system. The design features these items to allow
for the isolation of equipment for safe operation and
maintenance. Other items, such as elbows and pipe
lengths, are not indicated in the piping schematic. This
exact information is not available until well after the
preliminary designs completion.
As a result, the pipe length and the number of
ttings needed along with the design margin must be
estimated. The pipe length between the pump discharge
and process equipment is estimated at 150 feet, but a
50 foot margin is added. Further, a need for ve elbows
is estimated, with a margin of three more.
The nal step in pipe sizing is calculating the head
loss for each pipeline. The head loss is a function of
the density and viscosity of the process uid and the
pipe inside diameter and roughness. The value for the
pipe roughness and inside diameter is used in the head
loss calculation. This information is referenced in pipe
18
size tables for the selected pipe

material.
When a pipeline is in service,
it can corrode or foul over time.
This results in an increase in pipe
roughness and a reduction in the
inside of the pipe diameter, leading
to an increase in the pipelines head
loss during operation. A design
margin may be added for this
unknown decrease as well.
The dynamic head for the
system is calculated by adding
the head losses of the individual
pipelines to arrive at a total value
of dynamic head. A design margin
is often added.
The dierential pressure for
the process components must
be factored into the pump sizing
calculation. During the preliminary
design, the process equipment has
not been selected, so an estimated
pressure drop must be used. The
EPC has specication documents

for the process equipment stating
a maximum acceptable dierential
pressure in this system. For this
equipment, the EPC allows a
maximum of 15 psi. This estimate
is converted to head and added to
the dynamic head calculation for
the process elements.
The sum of the static and
dynamic head values is the head
required by the process elements.
Often, additional design margins
are added based on experience.
For example, pipe roughness may
increase because of corrosion,
or the pipe inside diameter may
decrease because of sedimentation.
This adds to the head loss in a
pipeline but is hard to quantify, so
a design margin may be added to
take into account these unknowns.
The person performing the
sizing calculations included
these unknowns, but it was not

documented. Because of this,
another person added his/her
own design margin for expected
pipe corrosion. Additional design
margins may be applied to the
head loss during the review by the
engineering manager.
The last item to be sized is the
control valve. The mechanical
group may add a typical dierential
pressure value of 15 psi, which is
converted to head and added to the
total head value for the pump.
With the results of the
preliminary design complete, the
EPC can develop a specication for
the pump. The team species a ow
of 800 gpm and a head of 211 feet
of uid.
Select the Pump

Next, the specication document
is sent to the supplier for pump

19
selection. Sales engineers often

recommend pumps that have a best
eciency point (BEP) to the right
of the design ow rate because they
want to make sure that the selected

Another common practice is to
pump can continue to meet the end increase the impellers diameter
users needs as the system capacity to take advantage of the available
increases over time.
motor horsepower. Electric
motors come in dierent frame
Figure 2. The pump curve selected for the application
sizes based on the pumps power
requirements. For example, the
sample systems pump has an
impeller diameter of 14.75 inches,
which will meet the end users
need of 211 feet. However, if the
impeller diameter is increased to
15.25 inches, the pump head can
be increased to 228 feet of uid
without overloading the motor.
The pump supplier can provide the
customer with extra head to meet
future needs without extra capital
cost, but these practices increase
the pumps operating cost. Multiply
this operating cost by the extra
energy consumed, and the costs
are signicantly increased over the
systems life cycle.
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20
This practice multiplied by the

number of pumps in the plant can
have a huge eect on the plants
prot.
Examine the System Curve

After the preliminary design is
completed and the equipment
requirements are determined and
recommended, the EPC team can
see how the entire system works
together (see Figure 3).
During the rst year of
operation, the system is required
to operate at 200 gpm. At the end
of the second year, the system
operates at 400 gpm. In ve years,
the plant is projected to operate at
800 gpm. The pump performance
is displayed on the pump curve,
shown in black. When the process
operates at 200 gpm, the pump
produces approximately 240 feet
of head.
The system requirements are

displayed in blue. The static head
is shown where the blue line
intersects the zero ow line. As the
ow rate increases, the dynamic
losses because of pipe friction and

losses across the process equipment
increase. At 200 gpm the system
requires approximately 125 feet
of head. The head loss across the
Figure 3. The pump system curve shows the interaction between the pump and the
system, including the plants changing loads through the years.
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i| || |{"y"^ yx "g"dx | \~"
Certified to
NSF/ANSI 61
Annex G

21
control valve is the dierence

between the pump head and the
system requirements. At 200 gpm
the head loss across the control
valves is about 115 feet of head.
The pumps BEP occurs at 1,088
gpm, but the pump will be running
at less than 400 gpm for the rst
few years of operation. After
ve years, the pump will still be
operating at less than 80 percent of
the BEP ow.
Conclusion
These are common practices
used when sizing and selecting
centrifugal pumps. Unfortunately,
these practices are often repeated
in the design phase and when the
pumps are selected for process
changes. The addition of design
margins is an established and
recommended practice. One way to
improve the process is to document
each time a design margin is used

to ensure that it is not repeated by
other engineering team members
involved in the project. Design
margins are intended to protect
end users investments against
unknown factors, but these
practices increase the pumps
operating cost.
Next months column will
examine this system after it
has been placed in service and
investigate what each of the added
design margins actually costs.
The column will also explore ways

to incorporate design margins
while minimizing increases to the
operating, maintenance and capital
costs.
Notes
Often people refer to an additional
margin for unknown conditions as safety
margins. These margins do not improve
the safety of the system. As a result, the
author uses the term design margin to
describe the process of adding margins
for unknown conditions.
Ray Hardee is a principal founder of Engineered Software, creators of

PIPE-FLO and PUMP-FLO software. At Engineered Software, he helped
develop two training courses and teaches these courses in the U.S. and
internationally. He is a member of the ASME ES-2 Energy Assessment for
Pumping Systems standards committee and the ISO Technical Committee
115/Working Group 07 Pumping System Energy Assessment. Hardee was
a contributing member of the HI/Europump Pump Life Cycle Cost and HI/
PSM Optimizing Piping System publications. He may be reached at
ray.hardee@eng-software.com.

22

Simple solutions for end users
By Jim Elsey
Summit Pump, Inc.
How to Avoid Costly Damage in One Simple Step
his column is about the

most common mistakes
pump end users make
daily. It is also about how to
avoid these mistakes and how to
x them.
I learned these lessons the
hard way.
When I entered the pump
industry four decades ago, I wish
someone had given me a list
of common mistakes to avoid.
Hopefully, I can impart some
pertinent knowledge, practical
tips and rules of thumb that
will help the next generation of
pump engineers, technicians,
mechanics, operators, buyers and
salespeople.
This column is not based
on scientic, industry or
government studies. It will be an
ongoing compilation based solely
on my personal pump industry
experience throughout the last
43 years. My experience is not
with all pumps, in all industries
or in all applications. However, I
believe there is much to learn for
anyone who works with pumps.
My goal is simple. If I can
prevent one person from
destroying expensive equipment
andmore importantcausing
an injury, then my mission will
be complete.
Ignoring the IOM

The most common pumping
mistake is not reading or
following the instructions. For
every eld problem on which
I have been asked to consult,
Image 1. This impeller was damaged after unscrewing from the shaft and turning against the pump
casing. (Image courtesy of the author)
23
the problem could have easily been

avoided if the end user read the
instruction and operating manual
(IOM). Actually, many of the top 20
mistakes could easily be avoided by
simply reading and following the
IOM before installing and starting
the pump.
Listing this as the top mistake
may seem silly. Many professionals
in our industry think reading
the instructions makes them
look uninformed. I still highly
recommend reading the IOM, even if
other personnel do not.
resistance or inertia, which starts the

unthreading process.
In the best case scenario, the
driverusually an electric motor
trips on overload in about one
second but not before the impeller

is irreparably damaged (see Image
1). When this occurs, the impeller
an expensive and intricate casting
that was dynamically balanced
Operating the Pump Backward

The second most common mistake
is operating the pump in reverse
rotationbasically, running it
backward. This occurs when a pump
should operate clockwise (CW) but
it operates counterclockwise (CCW)
or vice versa. I see this occur at least
once per month. For pumps with no
way to prevent the impeller from
backing osuch as American
National Standards Institute (ANSI)
pumps with threaded shafts and
impellersthis is a major issue.
ANSI Pumps
By design, ANSI pumps have no
key, nut or pin to prevent the
impeller from unscrewing from the
shaft when rotated in the wrong
direction. Between a nanosecond
and a millisecond after the motor is
started, the impeller will begin to
unthread. It will back o the shaft
threads, consequently making the
rotating element longer. Then it
will drive itself into the casing. The
impeller backs o because of the
principles of inertia and momentum.
With apologies to my hero Isaac
Newton for oversimplication of
his rst law of motion, the basic
principle is that a mass at rest tends
to stay at rest. The shaft turns, but
the impeller will oer some initial
24
to International Organization for

Standardization (ISO) G 2.5 standards
and specicationsfriction welds
parts of itself into the casing. The
precise curvature and geometry of
the vanes that would have yielded

hydraulic eciency are destroyed. The
balance will be out of tolerance, and
the runout measurements on the vane
tips will be totally out of specication.

The vane height will also be heavily

compromised. At least once because
the driver did not trip out, I have seen
a pump torn from the foundation, and
the schedule 40 steel discharge and
suction piping ripped apart.
Many pump owners deny that the
pump was operated backward. They
simply corrected the motor phase
rotation without taking the pump apart
for inspection. They restart the pump
and blame other sources for a pump
that vibrates and destroys mechanical
seals and bearings in the span of one
month instead of ve to eight years.
No matter who is to blame in
these types of cases, the impeller is
not replaced or at least repaired and
rebalanced. The shaft is not checked
for the inevitable dogleg bend that will
occur in these situations.
The impeller O-ring is now
positioned incorrectly and will leak
uid into the thread area, which creates
another problem down the road.
The pump running backward likely
also causes damage to the close
tolerance and critical areas of the
casing that govern pump eciency
and may preclude the proper setting of
the impeller clearance for a long time.
This is particularly true for ANSI style
pumps that set the clearance to the
casing instead of the stung box, back
plate or mechanical seal chamber.
The impact on the bearings and
bearing ts must also be evaluated.
The reliability and integrity of the
mechanical seal are questionable after
the pump has operated backward.
All these problems occur because no
one conducted a rotational check on
the driver before the coupling was
assembled. This is one reason that
many manufacturers do not install
couplings at the factory. When end
users ask why the coupling was not
installed, this allows them to:
Check directional rotation
Complete nal check of the impeller
clearance setting
25
26
Conduct the eld alignment from

driver to pump
Set the cartridge mechanical seal
Often, end users assume these
processes happen at the manufacturing
facility. The fallacy of plug-and-play

pumps will be the subject of another
column. These checks are covered
in the IOM, regardless of the
manufacturer.
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UrnkvUgcn""
cuugodngu"kp"
hqwt"gcu{"ugevkqpu0"
:22/855/6992"/"yyy0UGREQ0eqo
IHQ"ku"c"tgikuvgtgf"vtcfgoctm"qh""Y0"N0"Iqtg"cpf"Cuuqekcvgu0

Non-ANSI Pumps
Many other non-ANSI pump designs
include a component to prevent the
impeller from unscrewing from the
shaft if the pump operates in the wrong
direction. These methods can be as
simple as a key in a keyway, a retaining
nut or specially shaped shafts, such as a
tapered polygon design.
Some industry professionals believe
a pump operating backward will cause
the uid ow to change directionthat
the uid will enter the discharge and
exit by the suction. This is an incorrect
assumption. The casings geometrical
design, not the direction of rotation
of the impeller, determines the ows
direction. The uid will move in the
correct direction from suction to
discharge, but the process will be very
inecient. Usually the ineciency
manifests mostly as noise.
In general, a pump rotating backward
will produce about 50 percent of the
ow and 50 percent of the head that it
would have produced if operating in the
correct direction. This is only a rule of
thumb. The actual head and ow will
also be somewhat directly dependent
on the geometry of the impeller or the
specic speed for that impeller. A radial
impeller of lower specic speed rotating
backward may produce more than
50 percent and sometimes as much
as 70 percent of the head. An axial
ow design of high specic speed will
produce less than 50 percent.
A pump running backward will
often be much noisier than a similarly
designed pump operating in the correct
direction. However, I have witnessed
many pumps that exhibited little to no
signs of distress running in the wrong
direction.
In one instance, an end user ran
a bank of six transformer oil pumps
backward for more than 18 years
on a 550-megavolt ampere step-up
power transformer. The problem
originated with its inexpensive sight
ow indicator ags. The company could
27
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28
not discern between 600 gallons per

minute (gpm) and 1,200 gpm.
This user did not suspect that the
pump was running backward, because
he rmly believed this would produce
ow in the opposite direction. The

company was happy to discover
full nameplate electrical capacity
and to stop overheating the
transformer.
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hqt"ocp{"gzkuvkpi"
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"EQTPGNN"RWOR"EQORCP["4236"
Eqtpgnn"Rwor"Eqorcp{"ku"cp"UQ";223<422:"Tgikuvgtgf"Eqorcp{

Other Pumps
Pumps that are close-coupled present
a dierent set of problems for which
some compromises will need to be
made. They do, however, oer the
advantage of preventing the impeller
from unscrewing from the shaft. On
belt-driven pumps, the orientation of
the motor or engine may require that
the driver be installed in the opposite
direction than it would usually be
installed. In the case of some horizontal
split-case pumps, the impeller can be
installed on the shaft backward so the
shaft is turning in the right direction,
but the impeller is not. I have even seen
pumps with the directional arrow cast
incorrectly in the casings.
Conclusion
Manufacturers do not know the
electrical phase rotation at an end users
facility, so users must always conduct a
check without the coupling installed. A
pump running backward will not always
produce a lot of noise and will not pump
the uid backward. Read the IOM and
check the rotation to ensure that pumps
operate in the designed direction.
Tell us your story

What everyday problems
do you face?
Jim Maddog Elsey is a mechanical

engineer who has focused on rotating
equipment design and applications for
the military and several large original
equipment manufacturers for 43 years
in most industrial markets around the
world. Elsey is an active member of the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the National Association of Corrosion Engineers and the American Society
for Metals. He is the general manager for
Summit Pump, Inc., and the principle of
MaDDog Pump Consultants LLC. Elsey
may be reached at
jim@summitpump.com.
29
30
SPECIAL SECTION
INSTRUMENTATION, CONTROLS & MONITORING
What Is Your Pump

Relay Telling You?
A complete understanding of these
devices can help users detect problems
before equipment is damaged.
BY KIP LARSON
LITTELFUSE, INC.
lectronic motor protection relays are available

for general-purpose applications. hey protect
against problems such as overcurrent, phase loss
and voltage unbalance. However, some problems
that are unique to pumps make considering a protective
relay designed speciically for pumping applications
worthwhile (see Image 1). hese units have diferent
designationspump protection relays, electronic
overload relays, electronic motor protective relays
and othersbut in general, they tend to have certain
characteristics in common. One way that units suitable
for pump protection difer from general motor protection
relays is their ability to sense underload conditions.
his article explores the functions of electronic pump
protection relays and provides some pointers on how they
are best applied.
Overcurrent & Undercurrent

Over time, excess current passing through a motor causes
overheating and can dramatically shorten the motors
life. Small overcurrents just above the rated current
by 5 or 10 percent, for examplewill slowly overheat
the windings and damage the insulation. While all
motors must be protected by internal/external thermal
overloads (bimetallic or eutectic), these may not operate
until the motor is dangerously hot. Early detection of
an overcurrent allows users to investigate the cause and
Fe b rua ry 2015 | Pum ps & S y st e m s
take any necessary

corrective
measures before
equipment
is damaged.
hese older style
overloads, however, may also allow
the motor to be restarted before it has time to cool
to a safe temperature.
Overcurrent in a pump motor has several potential
causes. Overvoltage and undervoltage can both lead to
overcurrent, but mechanical problems are more common
(see Figure 1, page 32). A binding shaft or bad bearings
can directly increase the load on the motor and should
be corrected immediately. On a wastewater lift station
pump, a rag or other debris caught in the impeller can
cause excessive drag and increased current, or it can
reduce low and cause an undercurrent. Debris caught in
the pump can cause a jam or locked rotor, which requires
an immediate shutdown to prevent motor damage.
Because the power consumed by a centrifugal pump is
an almost linear function of low, anything that reduces
the low will reduce motor power consumption. A loss of
low or undercurrent condition can damage the pump
or motor if the luid is used for cooling. his condition is
true regardless of whether the restriction is on the intake
or discharge side of the pump.
31
for lightly loaded devices such as magnetically coupled

pumps that need low loss detection.
he appropriate response to an underload depends on
the circumstances. For example, a lift station pump takes
in a rag, causing a small overload or underload. Setting
the protective relay to shut down for several minutes
and making one restart attempt may be a good decision.
his will allow the debris an opportunity to free itself. If
the problem persists, then the relay should shut of the
motor, alarm and require manual intervention.
For some submersible well pumping applications, the
well may run dry temporarily from time to time. In this
case, the pump should be shut down, and the relay should
delay a restart for a longer period of time to give the well
time to rei ll so that normal operation can resume.
If the mechanical coupling between a motor and pump
fails, the result will be a free-spinning motor and a
stopped pump. While this may not damage the motor, it
wastes electricity without producing any work and should
be detected and corrected as soon as possible.
Image 1. A pump protection relay provides valuable information about

motor conditions. (Images and graphics courtesy of Littelfuse, Inc.)
Two measurements can help end users detect an

underload: current and power. Equipment operating
normally with a power factor (PF) greater than 0.7 will
show a dramatic change in current if unloaded. When
equipment is designed to operate normally lightly
loadedwith a PF less than 0.4the loss of load does not
change the current signiicantly, but modern relays have
enough resolution to see this change by measuring the
power (the phase angle combined with the current). his
type of monitoring is more complex but more accurate
Overvoltage & Undervoltage

Overvoltage will increase the current and result in
increased motor heating and shorted life. If the power
utility increases its line voltage to compensate for the
increased load, when the load decreases, the voltage to the
motor can become excessive. Similarly, if the power utility
allows the voltage to sag under heavy loads, the motor can
sufer from a low-voltage condition, which will also cause
it to draw more current (see Figure 1).
hree-Phase Voltage or Current Imbalance
hree-phase motors are designed to have balanced power,
so all three motor windings share the load equally. If
one phase of the supply is signiicantly higher or lower
than the others, the result will be excessive current in
one or more of the motor windings, which can lead to
overheating, insulation degradation and shortened motor
life. Phase imbalance can be caused by the presence
of single-phase loads that are not evenly distributed
among the utilitys phases. Air conditioners can be prime
SPECIAL SECTION
ofenders, although many other applications, such as air

compressors and arc welders, also experience this issue.
he urgency of the situation depends on the amount
of imbalance. Pump protection relays can be set to
ignore small unbalances and alert or shut down larger
ones. he appropriate setting for the relay depends on
how much imbalance the motor can tolerate and how
often an unbalanced condition occurs. While the utility
may install a set of autotransformers to correct phase
imbalance caused by single-phase loads, these solutions
tend to be expensive. Often, the single-phase loads can be
better distributed across the three phases, but detecting
the problem is an important part of the solution.
Phase Reversal
Phase reversal, which can occur as the result of work on
the power system, causes the motor and pump to run
backwards. Some equipment, such as scroll compressors,
Figure 1. An increase in motor amperes may indicate either
an undervoltage or an overvoltage condition.
Missing Phase
If the voltage imbalance on a three-phase system becomes
severe, a single-phase condition results on the motor,
which will quickly overheat, and the pump must be shut
down until the problem is i xed. A loss of one phase at the
motor, but no failure of the incoming electrical system, is
also possible and may occur because of a failed contact on
a contactor, a loose or corroded connection, or a damaged
wire between the switchgear and motor. Some protective
relays can detect, protect and identify this problem.
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33
A protection relay can detect these small currents and alert the
operator or shut down the motor before significant damage occurs.
is quickly damaged, while centrifugal pumps may be

unharmed but will do no useful work. he best solution
for this type problem is to detect the undesired phase
sequence and prevent the motor from starting so the
problem can be corrected.
Low-Level Ground Faults

While a low-impedance ground fault (a short circuit
to ground) is obvious and will trip the primary circuit
protection device, a low-level ground fault that draws
only a small current can be more diicult to detect.
his type of fault can be caused by minor insulation
breakdown. If it is detected early, it can often be repaired
by cleaning and re-varnishing the motor, a process

sometimes called dip and bake. If allowed to continue,
this fault can create signiicant damagedegrading
insulation and eventually causing so much damage that
the motor must be completely rebuilt. he motor may
even be irreparable. Dust and dirt can also accumulate
in junction boxes. If moisture is present, this may create
a high-resistance path to ground. A protection relay can
detect these small currents and alert the operator or
shut down the motor before signiicant damage occurs.
Depending on the cause, the cure for this may be
as simple as a thorough cleaning of the electrical
connections.
Misalignment leads to increased vibration, premature seal
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34
SPECIAL SECTION
INSTRUMENTATION, CONTROLS
& MONITORING
Table 1. The likely causes of relay indications and possible corrections
Relay
Indication
Likely Cause
Correction
Overcurrent
Overvoltage
Correct voltage problem at the

source
Undervoltage
Check wiring; contact the utility
Undercurrent
Electrical or mechanical?
Rotor? Turn-to-turn fault?
Phase unbalance?
Dirty windings?
Short to ground?
Quickly identify motor
faults comprehensive
motor testing with one
hand-held instrument!
Motor
Testers
The ideal instruments for
electric motor troubleshooting,
quality control and trending
Distributors Wanted
www.alltestpro.com
Review pump specs/application
Bad bearings
Replace the bearings
Foreign material in pump
Clean out the pump
Jammed pump
Clean out the pump
Restricted flow
Correct the flow restriction
Lack of liquid to pump
Shut down the pump until liquid

is restored
Broken shaft coupling or

belt
Repair the mechanical

components
Current
imbalance
Bad wiring
Examine and correct
Unbalanced power input
Reconnect single-phase loads to

balance the phases
Overvoltage
Bad regulation from utility
Correct voltage problem at

source
Undervoltage
Bad regulation from utility
Correct the voltage problem at

the source
Wiring problem
Examine and correct
Broken wire
Repair the wiring
Bad contactor
Replace the contactor
Blown fuse/utility failure
Replace the fuse/contact the

utility
Phase reversal
Incorrect wiring upstream

in the electrical system
Exchange two phases at the

input to the pump power panel
Ground fault
Small defect in the

insulation
Have the motor tested and revarnished if feasible
Contamination in the
wiring or junction boxes
Clean out the contamination
Single phase
Model
AT33IND
Shown
Excess flow
Contactor
failure
Faulty contactor
Replace the contactor/contacts
Bad connections on the

load side
Repair the connections
Summary
A modern electronic pump protection relay can detect and protect against
many damaging conditions. Fully understanding how to program the
device and interpret its readout can prevent many problems and help avoid
unnecessary downtime.
Kip Larson is director of product technology, Electrical Business Unit,
Protection Relays, Littelfuse. He has more than 20 years of
industrial electronics product design and application experience. He received a B.S. in electrical engineering from South
Dakota School of Mines and Technology. Larson may be
reached at klarson@littelfuse.com or 605-348-5580,
extension 116.
35
Variable Speed
Does Not Always Mean
Variable Frequency
Eddy current drives oer a cost-eective alternative to VFDs.
BY GARY PATTERSON
DSI/DYNAMATIC
n recent years, pump professionalsincluding

at controlled rates, preventing hydraulic surges and
engineers, operators and plant managershave
potential water hammer stresses in pump system
come to assume that variable speed drive is
piping. Pump wear is also reduced at lower speeds.
synonymous with variable
frequency drive (VFD). Even
Figure 1. Pump affinity laws: Brake horsepower decreases in
in technical journals with
proportion to the third power of speed reduction. (Images and
no marketing purpose, the
graphics courtesy of DSI/Dynamatic)
two terms have been used
interchangeably, which might
lead one to believe that VFDs
ofer the only viable solution
to achieve variable speed
operation.
he ability to adjust pump
speed to match varying demand
has long been preferred to
operating pumps at full speed
and throttling the discharge or
bypassing excess low back to
the intake. Adjusting the speed
of the pump allows users to take
advantage of the ai nity laws
for centrifugal pumps, resulting
in reduced energy consumption.
Because power is reduced in
proportion to the third power
of speed reduction, a relatively
small decrease in speed afords a
signiicant savings in power.
In addition to this beneit,
variable speed enables the pump
to accelerate and decelerate
36
SPECIAL SECTION
Eddy current drives are especially easy to

adapt to large, medium-voltage motors.
VFD Predecessors
Before the development and commercialization of VFDs,
which began in the 1970s, several technologies were in
widespread use for variable speed pumping in water and
wastewater applications.
steel, called the drum, which is shown in blue. he drum

rotates at the same constant speed as the motor. he
motor speed and horsepower are chosen to be equal to
or just higher than the maximum required by the pump
conditions. A second rotor called the magnet, shown in
red, is positioned concentric within the inside diameter
of the drum and rotates independently of the drum. An
air gap between the magnet and the drum is maintained
by antifriction bearings. his magnet member consists
of a series of magnetic poles around the periphery of the
rotor, wound with a wire coil or, in some cases, individual
pole coils. he coil, shown in gold, is energized by a
variable direct current (DC) from the exciter/controller.
his excitation current establishes alternating north and
south magnetization in the pole pieces, which in turn
results in a torque transmitted from the drum to the
magnet across the air gap. he air gap torque is varied by
controlling the DC excitation current.
Wound rotor induction motors, with secondary (rotor)

resistance control. With this system, the motor speed
is controlled using a liquid rheostat system or a series
of switched values of large resistors connected to the
motor rotor circuit.
Hydroviscous or oil shear type clutches. hese are driven
at constant speed by a suitable electric motor and
produce a controlled variable speed output.
Adjustable-pitch belt drives. hese simple units include
a constant speed motor and a pair of V-belt sheaves
that can change efective diameter. hey are usually
applied in small horsepower applications requiring
infrequent changes in
speed. hey are adjusted
Figure 2. Typical eddy current drive system, depicting internal components
manually, but automated
remote adjustment systems
are available.
Eddy current drives, also
known as eddy current
clutches or magnetic drives.
hese machines are driven
at full speed by a standard
induction motor and employ
a variable strength magnetic
ield to control torque and
speed to the driven load.
Among these non-VFD

solutions, the eddy current drive
is the most common technology
found in municipal water and
wastewater facilities today.
Eddy Current Drives

As seen in Figure 2, the constant
speed motor is coupled to an
open-ended cylinder constructed
of high-permeability magnetic
37
Figure 3. Results of a field study comparing energy consumption of eddy current
and variable frequency drives in identical applications. Eddy current drives equal
or exceed the performance of VFDs for most of the useful speed range.
A tachometer-generator, shown in purple, on the

Eddy current drives are especially easy to adapt to
output shaft provides a feedback loop to the controller,
large, medium-voltage motors, because the motor voltage
enabling the system to maintain speed control in real
does not afect the drive system. In many cases, existing
time to a precision of less than 0.5 percent error. he
pumps and motors can be retroitted with eddy current
output speed is controlled from near-zero speed to about
drives to convert a constant speed application to variable
98 percent of motor speed. At max
speed, a minimal amount of slip
is necessary to maintain output
torque. he power delivered to
the pump is provided without
electronic conversion. It is
transferred directly from the
utility power supply to the motor.
he controller operates at about
1 percent or less of the rated
power of the drive system. hus,
the controller does not power the
output but only serves to regulate
the amount of torque transmitted
from the motor to the load.
Eddy current drives are
manufactured for ratings below
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38
SPECIAL SECTION
speed, with minimal disruption or electrical and

civil construction.
his technology is experiencing a revival in popularity
after years of being overlooked in favor of VFDs. In
centrifugal pump applications, eddy current drives can
often match or outperform VFDs on energy consumption.
he eddy current drive solution can avoid several
complications that can be associated with VFD
applications. Many experienced VFD users have
reported one or more of the following problems:
minimize the disturbance. In some cases, VFDs have

been taken out of service or avoided altogether for this
reason alone.
Early obsolescence of VFDs caused by advancing
technology or competitive pressure. his problem
leads to high repair costs or even unavailable repair
parts, frequently resulting in replacement of the VFD
within seven to 10 years.
Harmonic distortion on the feeder system, resulting

in failures or protective trips of unrelated equipment.
In some applications, this distortion appears when
the pumps must operate on standby generator
systems and has been known to cause malfunction
of the generator governor or voltage regulator. It
usually results in a diminished capacity for the
generator.
VFD reliability problems due to poor plant power
quality such as unstable voltage, voltage imbalance or
voltage surges due to lightning or utility bus transfer
switching.
Diiculty in locating the VFD due to large cabinet
size or auxiliary equipment such as harmonic i lters,
Image 1. Typical eddy current drive excitation controller in wall mount
reactors or isolation transformers. In some cases,
enclosure, showing digital keypad for programming and operator control. Eddy
owners have had to add on to existing buildings to
current drives rated up to several thousand horsepower require only a 36-inch x
accommodate this equipment.
48-inch enclosure.
he need to air-condition the space that houses the
VFD to dissipate the VFD losses. h is requirement
adds to system irst cost, increases energy
consumption and diminishes reliability.
Additional motor losses caused by nonlinear
output waveform, which diminishes system
eiciency.
Motor bearing failures, attributed to highfrequency shaft voltages that are induced by pulsewidth-modulated VFD waveforms. Discharging
these voltages to ground through the motor
bearings often leads to luting of the bearing race,
resulting in early failure.
Motor winding failures caused by common
mode voltage at the motor neutral. h is is most
commonly found in applications involving
medium-voltage motors that were not speciically
designed for this duty.
Severe high-frequency audible motor noise. While
this phenomenon is not known to cause damage
to the motor, it is usually disruptive to personnel
Image 2. A trio of 400-HP, 600-rpm eddy current drives and motors in service at a
Midwest wastewater treatment plant. These units replaced motors and VFDs that
who work nearby. Some users have gone so far
had suffered several rounds of failure and replacement.
as to build sound enclosures around motors to
39
By contrast, eddy current drives

are commonly in service for as
long as 40 to 50 years. Longevity
and simple maintenance, backed
by factory parts and service
support, have made eddy current
drives a popular alternative to
VFDs. Some users have begun
to replace problematic VFD
installations with eddy current
drives. Others have discovered
that restoring aging eddy current
drives to factory speciications is
more practical and cost-efective
than replacing them with new
VFDs or other technologies. Even
eddy current drives no longer
supported by their original
manufacturer can be restored and
updated with modern controllers
at a fraction of the cost of
replacement.
Variable speed applications
need not default to VFDs. Several
alternative technologies exist,
and responsible speciiers should
examine these alternatives and
evaluate the application on the
basis of reliability, irst cost,
operating cost, lifetime cost of
ownership, and owner or operator
preference.
Gary Patterson holds a B.S.
in electrical engineering from
Michigan Technological University, specializing in rotating
machinery and electrical power.
He has served as an application
engineer, field sales engineer
and regional sales manager
for various manufacturers of
variable speed drive equipment
for more than 40 years. He is
presently the national
water/wastewater
application specialist for Drivesource
International/
Dynamatic.
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performance of those
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The Power of Knowledge Engineering

40
Slurry Pumps Master

Rare Mineral Processing
Rugged equipment reliably serves
in a Texas in-situ recovery mine.
BY MIKAEL BJORKMAN
BJM CORP.
n 2010, a rare-mineral
exploration, development and
production company opened
an in-situ recovery (ISR) mine
in South Texas. his was the irst
new ISR mine in the U.S. in ive
years. he facility extracts raw
minerals from a sandstone
formation and ships them to a
nearby processing plant where
they are reined.
During the ISR mining at the
site, on-site groundwater fortiied
with gaseous oxygen is pumped
into injection wells that are
drilled deep into the sandstone.
he solution dissolves minerals
from the host rock. hen it is
recovered and brought back to the
surface through production wells.
At the surface, the solutionwith
the minerals in suspensionis
pumped into ion-exchange
columns, also called
Image 1. The rugged construction and
concentration tanks, where
careful design of this slurry pump make it
the mineral is stripped from
well suited for heavy applications. (Images
courtesy of BJM Corp.)
the solution and loaded onto
millions of resin beads. he
resin-mineral material is then

pumped into tanker trucks
for shipment ofsite.
At every concentration
tank, a sump collects a
combination of process water and
rainwater. Most of the process water
comes from washing of the socks
large, ine-mesh cotton bags that
are installed on transfer hoses to
i lter sand, mud and other grit from
the solution before and after it is
pumped into the injection wells (see
Image 4, page 44). he water in the
sumpsloaded with debris from the
socks and surrounding soilmust
be pumped to a wastewater system
in which any solids are i ltered out
before the water is transported to a
deep disposal well for reclamation.
Until 2011, the facility used two
small submersible pumps that were
not up to the job. Insuiciently
powered, the pumps had rubber
wear plates and other components
that failed under heavy use and the
barrage of abrasive solids suspended
in the mining solution.
Image 2. The sandstone is transported to a local processing plant

where extraction of the rare minerals can begin.
41
Image 3. Sandstone containing the rare

minerals must first be mined and crushed
into smaller pieces.
he Solution
A pump distributor worked closely with
the facility to arrive at a solution. After
reviewing the applications challenges
in detail, a heavy-duty submersible
slurry pump was selected. Engineered
for maximum service life, the pump
type ofers robust construction and
superior solids-handling capabilities.
he 5-horsepower pumps have built-in
agitators that luidize solids into a slurry
for complete pumping. hey also have
hardened componentsincluding highchrome iron agitators, wear plates and an
impellerto resist abrasive materials. Key
features include:
Optimum wear resistanceAll wetted
parts are constructed of abrasive
resistant 28 percent chrome iron (600
Brinell, 71 Rockwell C) for maximum
wear life. In addition, a replaceable
hardened wear plate is located on the
suction side, where erosion would cause
42
COVER
SERIES
Image 4. Socks made of large, fine-mesh cotton bags must be washed after filtering sand, mud
and other grit out of the solution. After washing, the solid-laden water is pumped from the sump.
a loss of pump performance.

Maximum solids handling capabilityAn integral
agitator luidizes settled solids into a slurry
making them easier to pump with less chance
of clogging. he semi-open impeller handles
abrasive solid concentrations as high as 70
percent by weight.
Design features for maximum service life of these

pumps include the following:
Class H motor insulation and built-in, full load
amperage and temperature overload protection
Double silicon carbide mechanical seals in a
separate, oil-i lled seal chamber
Heavy-duty lip seal that provides additional
protection for the mechanical seals
Stainless steel shaft and shaft sleeve that
provide maximum wear and corrosion protection
Pump volutes cast from hardened ductile iron

(300 Brinell hardness), which is twice as abrasive
resistant as standard ductile iron with walls that
are extra thick at the point where pumped slurry
enters the discharge
he semi-open impeller constructed of 28 percent

chrome works with the agitator to easily pass
aggregate through the pump and out the discharge.
he agitator keeps solids suspended in the luid
being pumped so that the entry remains clear and
pumping action continues without fail.
he top discharge, slim-line design of this agitator
pump ensures optimum wear resistance along the
discharge path. Further, the pumped luid cools the
pumps internal motor functions as it passes. he
vertical design allows for the sump to be pumped
down to within inches of the bottom (see Image 5).
43
Image 5. The slurry pump can pump down

to inches from the bottom of the sump.
he pumps have run reliably

since their installation, resisting
the grit and keeping up with
the demand even during heavy
rainstorms. By early 2012, the
company was using four of these
pumps at the facility and speciied
this model as the standard pump
for the sumps in its operations.
Mikael Bjorkman is vice president of BJM Corp. and has more
than 30 years of experience in
the pump industry. He serves
as marketing and information
technology director for BJM
Pumps LLC and All Test Pro LLC,
both subsidiaries of BJM Corp.
BJM Pumps supplies electrical
submersible pumps to industrial
and municipal markets throughout the U.S., Canada and South
America. Bjorkman
may be reached at
860-399-5937. Visit
bjmpumps.com for
more information.
44
COVER
SERIES
Temporary Pumps Ensure

Flood Protection During
High-Tech Retrot
The installations manage heavy rainfalls in the Dutch countryside
with a capacity of more than 100 cubic meters per minute.
BY HENNO SCHOTHORST
CORNELL PUMP
global problem afecting millions of people,

looding causes more than $25 billion
of damage per year. Floods pose a threat
to infrastructure that even advanced
technologies have diiculty resisting. he most aggressive
estimate puts the potential worldwide damage of looding
at nearly a trillion dollars per year by 2050.
Flood protection and water level management are
critical in the Netherlands. Large parts of the country are
below sea level and under constant risk of looding. he
Dutch water councils have the vital task of handling the
day-to-day water level management and ensuring that the
country is well-protected against any lood.
A common feature in the Netherlands, a polder is
a low-lying tract of land enclosed by dikes. After the
water is pumped out, the land in the previously unusable
marsh land or sea bed is now open to farming and other
activities. However, the ground sinks over time. If the
polder is placed over marshes, the peat will dry out and
the groundwater will subside. his further lowers the
level of the land in the polder. Because of the drainage,
the polder will be below sea level at least part of the time.
he pressure diferential between the low-lying area and
the surrounding river or sea causes constant seepage that
must be pumped away.
In Overijssel, the local water board governs the water
in the agricultural polders around Scheerwolde. One of its
refurbishment projects involved a pumping station built
in 1933 that was designated as a historical landmark.
he pumps in the Gelderingen pumping station

were more than 70 years old and needed to be replaced
with new ones. he new pumps not only had to supply
increased capacity but also had to be installed almost half
a meter lower than the original ones.
The project started with the installation of temporary pumps.

(Images courtesy of Cornell Pump)
45
The temporary pumps will continue to remove water from the polders.
Because the polder had settled over the years, the

pumps were now higher in relation to the ground. he
pumps drew in air as well as water, decreasing their
drainage capacity. he last time the pumps had been fully
reitted was 30 years ago, so lowering the current pumps
was not an option.
he project started with the installation of temporary
pumping equipment, consisting of three new dieseldriven pump units. During the renovation, these pumps
will take over from the pumping station without any loss
of capacity.
Two diesel-driven pumps, which have a combined
low rate of 46 cubic meters per minute (m3/min), have
been set up next to a 20-inch pump set with a capacity
of more than 60 m3/min. A modern operating system
connected to the pumps automatically starts and stops
them depending on the volume of water lowing in from
the polders. he silent pump units can work during the
night without noise disturbance to the surrounding
environment.
Water board member Hans Fokke emphasizes the
importance of a temporary pumping system. Its not just
about the pumping capacity available. It is also important
that the communication between the temporary pumping
system and our water level management runs without
a hitch, he said. Fortunately, there is plenty of knowhow present, not only within our water board but among
our suppliers as well. Using these pumps, we have a

temporary pumping capacity of over 100 m3/min at our
disposal that we can apply without any worries.
In addition to acting as a temporary pumping station,
the lood control pumps efectively handle water levels
during heavy rainfalls. hey come from a product range
that features a mechanical priming system that quickly
primes and re-primes, even from dry conditions. he
heavy build of the pump and canopy combined with the
low noise emissions make this range of pumps ideal for
residential areas.
he pumps have several handling options, including
trailer-mounted or roll-of skids. his means the
pumps can be quickly transported in case of a looding
emergency or heavy rainfalls.
Work on the Gelderingen pumping station began in
summer 2014. In addition to replacing the pumps, the
pumping station was renovated. he whole project is
slated for completion in December. he pumping station
will then operate efectively for 30 to 40 years.
Henno Schothorst is the Cornell Pump sales

director for BBA Pumps in Holland. For more
information, call +31 (0)314 36 84 36, visit
bbapumps.com or email info@bbapumps.com.
46
COVER
SERIES
Wellpoint Systems Adapt to

Most Site Dewatering Needs
This technique can accommodate dierent soil conditions
and project schedules.
BY MAJID TAVAKOLI
THOMPSON PUMP
hoosing the right dewatering method can be

essential to ensuring a proitable beginning
to any construction project. Before starting
a project, contractors should consider the
three most common methods for dewatering a site: open
pumping, slurry walls and predraining.
Open Pumping
During open pumping, water is allowed to low freely
from the soil into the site as it is excavated. he water
is then collected into sumps, ditches or French drains,
where it is pumped out of the excavation and emptied into
a suitable collection site. A French drain is a trench i lled
with gravel, rock or a suitable substitute and typically
contains a perforated pipe that redirects groundwater to
the sump area.
he conditions that favor open pumping include hard,
issured rock or irm clays and granular well-graded
dense soils, which can bleed reasonable quantities
of water without becoming unstable. Since the soil
conditions conducive to sumping have low to moderate

permeabilities, it is expected that the quantity of water to
be pumped is low. It is preferable that the source of
recharge to the site is substantially remote from the
site, and only soils with minor storage depletion values
are recommended. If lowering of the water level is
desired, this method will work best with relatively stable,
well-graded gravel, and it will lower the water level a few
feet in these conditions.
Slurry Wall
A slurry wall is a water-blocking wall constructed of
reinforced concrete that allows the foundation to be
dug. his process is typically used for extremely deep
excavations and for the construction of structures placed
into bodies of existing waters. Pilings of steel sheets with
tremie seals and pipes lushed with concrete can also be
used to force groundwater to the surface.
Figure 1. Hydraulically driven pumps used for sumping are recommended for suction lifts exceeding
30 feet. (Images and graphics courtesy of Thompson Pump)
Predraining
he soil can be drained before
excavation using wells,
ejectors, vacuum wells, vertical
sand drains, electro-osmosis
or wellpoints. Most sites
favor wellpoint dewatering.
Although each site difers
in terms of soil, hydrology
and construction conditions,
wellpoint dewatering is
popular among contractors
for its overall eiciency and
adaptability.
47
Image 1. Cofferdam dewatering using

hydraulically driven pumps
Gathering Data
Before implementing a wellpoint dewatering solution,
site managers must collect the following information:
he nature of the soil

Groundwater hydrology (the movement, distribution
and quality of water present)
Size and depth of the planned excavation
Proposed methods of excavation and ground support
Proximity to and foundation details of any existing
structures
Design and function details of the structure to
be built
Planned construction schedule
Wellpoint Systems
Wellpoint systems dewater water-bearing soils, such as
sand and gravel, so that excavation and construction of
foundations can proceed with a dry and stable ground
foundation. hey keep the foundation dry during rain
and looding. In addition, wellpoints can stabilize soil,
relieve pressure for dams and levees, and help supply
water for municipalities and industrial plants.
A wellpoint system encompasses a series of properly
sized wellpoints that surround or run parallel to the site.
Wellpoints are small-diameter tubes with slots near the
bottom that are inserted into the ground. Before the
excavation begins, these wellpoints are inserted into the
soil and placed at the calculated spacing and depth by
self-jetting into the ground.
Some soil conditions require predrilling or holepunching and sand casing before the wellpoints can be
installed. his can be accomplished with a jet pump,
Table 1. The advantages of a wellpoint dewatering system based
on soil condition, hydrology, project schedule and other factors
Conditions
Wellpoint
Soil
Silt and clay sands
Good
Clean sands and gravel
Good
Stratified soils
Contractors should also consider the total dynamic

head (TDH) involved in the dewatering application.
TDH is the measurement of the total height that a luid
is to be pumped upward, accounting for the amount
of friction loss in the pipe. Frequently, a relatively
small excavation with unusual soil can present greater
dewatering diiculties than a larger, deeper job in a wellgraded medium sand.
Once contractors acquire and analyze this
information, they can decide if a wellpoint application
best suits their sites needs.
Good
Clay or rock at subgrade
Fair to good
Hydrology
High permeability
Good
Low permeability
Good
Proximate recharge
Good
Remote recharge
Good
Schedule
Rapid drawdown required
OK
Slow drawdown permissible
OK
Excavation
Shallow (less than 20 feet)
OK
Deep (greater than 20 feet)
Multiple stages
Cramped
Interferences
Characteristics
Normal spacing
5-10 ft
Normal Range of Capacity

Per unit
Image 2. Cofferdam dewatering was used to excavate and pour
bridge foundations in a river.
0.1-25 gpm
Total system
Low-5,000 gpm
Efficiency with accurate design
Good
48
COVER
SERIES
Figure 2. A diagram of a two-stage wellpoint dewatering system
which has a discharge that should be piped to an area

where it will not interfere with the contraction. he
wellpoint tubes are then connected to a header pipe with
risers and swings piping. A dewatering pump is then
connected to the header piping, creating a vacuum that
pumps the water in the soils of the construction site to
the discharge area.
his wellpoint system must operate 24/7 until the
construction project is completed to ensure a stable
foundation. Selecting a quality pump and reliable project
support are necessary for a successful project. As the

vacuum created by the pump is limited to zero bar
(absolutely no pressure), the height to which the water can
be drawn is limited to about 18 feet. If the construction
plan requires a foundation depth or stability greater than
18 feet, the wellpoints are then installed in stages, with
the irst stage bringing the water level down to 18 feet.
he next stage is then installed at the 18-foot lower level,
again reducing the water level to the required depth.
Any water that may trickle between these wellpoints is
accounted for by an additional
installation of wellpoints.
Figure 2 depicts a typical twostage wellpoint installation that
requires the dewatering of the
planned construction site to be
beyond 18 feet in depth.
Based on the various methods
for dewatering, the typical
wellpoint application presents the
greatest advantages in both price
and results as compared with
other methods.
Table 1 (page 47) provides an
overview of the characteristics and
advantages that make wellpoint
dewatering the most logical and

reliable choice.
Variable Speed Controls for Pumps
Provides variable speed control for AC Induction, DC, PMSM and EC motors, 1/50 to 5 HP.
115, 208/230, 400/460 VAC 50/60 Hz 1 and 3 Input.
When a standard off the shelf drive will not meet your needs, KB will work
with you to develop a custom drive solution, Ready to Use Out-of-the-Box.
KB Electronics, Inc.
12095 NW 39th Street, Coral Springs, FL 33065-2516
Designed and
Assembled in USA

Majid Tavakoli is the vice president of

applied products for Thompson Pump, a
full-service manufacturer and provider of
heavy-duty portable pumps, pumping
equipment and engineering expertise.
For more information, call 800-767-7310
or email sales@thompsonpump.com.
49
Careful Design Ensures

Mobility & Performance
for Water Reclaim System
At a Southwest mine, parallel pumping systems can be moved
individually as water levels rise.
BY MIKE DWYER
DXP/QUADNA
Southwest mining company, as part of its

expansion plans, invited bids for a complete
tailings reclaim water system. he proposal
called for multiple system features, including
pumps, motors, valves, piping, loating pump barges and
skid-mounted booster stations.
he conceptual design included two parallel pumping
systems, each with primary barge-mounted pumps and
two booster stations. Each parallel system was intended
to be independent of the other, allowing relocation while
others remained in service. he level was expected to
increase rapidly in the initial phase and gradually over
Pump barge general layout
time as the pond became larger.

he systems were designed to pump reclaim process
water from the tailings dam to a holding pond at the
mill concentrator. Mill operators would reuse the water
as needed. Each parallel system, or train, would pump
10,500 gallons per minute. All three pumps would work in
parallel against a total dynamic head (TDH) of 750 feet.
he TDH would decrease over time as the pond level rose.
he selected pumps had to handle the range of lows
and the anticipated changes in TDH. A three-pump
arrangement at each pumping station allowed the number
of pumps operating at any given time to depend on plant
system demands. In addition to the
parallel arrangement, the two booster
stations were in series with the
barge-mounted pumps to produce the
required system head.
Working closely with Caid
Industries of Tucson, Arizona,
which specializes in engineering and
fabricating pump barges, the mining
company incorporated several basic
design concepts in the proposal.
Self-priming pumps were originally
considered for the barge application,
but the engineer and owner accepted
a vertical cantilevered sump pump
because of its more rugged design
and hard metal (HC-600) wet end
50
COVER
SERIES
In-line booster station (Graphics

courtesy of DXP/Quadna)
components. he pump requires

minimal maintenance and can
also run dry and handle solids, if
necessary. he bearings do not come
in contact with the pumped liquid,
which reduces maintenance.
An individual barge pump and a
separate common header barge were
planned for each train. his would
allow a single pump, motor and
barge to be removed from the system
one at a time for either equipment
maintenance or relocation. A
customized service pontoon boat was
designed to lift the small valves and
pipe. he boat was also designed to
tow the pump, motor and barge
as needed.
Each booster station was designed
so it could be moved with the barge relative to the pond
level. Because of the size of the booster pumps, four skids
were installed at each stationone skid for each pump
and motor and one common skid for the 30-inch suction
and discharge pipe headers.
In total, the scope of this project included the following
major components:
Six cantilever pumps with 350-horsepower (HP) motors
Twelve end-suction pumps with 300-HP motors
Six steel hull pump barges
Two steel hull header barges
Floating barges
All piping, valves, instruments, fabrication,

engineering, pre-assembly and testing
A 175-HP tri-hull pontoon boat with a 2-ton service
crane
Results
he project was awarded in late 2012, with engineering and
fabrication beginning in early 2013. Shipment was completed
in mid-2013, and commissioning was accomplished in late
2013. By the end of the irst quarter of 2014, the system had
been operating well and the irst relocation was successfully
accomplished by the owner.
Michael Dwyer is an outside

sales professional with DXP/
Quadna. He started his career
with DXP/Quadna Inc. in 1988
as an outside sales engineer.
Since then, he has held sales
positions primarily responsible
for all mining and municipal
projects that required close involvement with large engineering firms, contractors and end
users. Most recently, his duties
have been expanded to include
pump system packaging of the
companys standard products.
Dwyer may be reached at mdwyer@dxpc.com.
51
Internet-Based Monitoring
Is a Low-Cost Alternative to
Traditional Technology
The Internet of Things reduces risk and increases productivity in
industrial processes.
BY MIKE W. OTTEN & ANDY MULHOLLAND
his summer, a team of subject matter

experts from a company that provides
intelligent industry solutions visited one
of the largest mining sites in the world.
According to a BI Intelligence report, this is the amount
he teams goal was to deliver to this mining
manufacturers across the globe will invest in IoT solutions
operation new intelligence by actionable pumps
during the next five years. (Source: businessinsider.com)
and systems data using Web-based technology
the Internet of hings (IoT).
After arriving at the site for their project kickthe question, What is the Internet of h ings, and how
of meeting and gathering with key stakeholders,
will it add value to our operation?
the team recapped the project objectives: energy savings,
In a no-nonsense industry focused on cost-efective
reduced downtime, optimized worklow and increased
production,
facts are key, and the technology to support
product proitability. As in most meetings of this nature,
actionable data is currently on a fast track that can be
the jackpot question was raised: How much savings
summarized in a few points.
will you deliver us? We have already accomplished a lot.
Weve installed all possible low meters, pump controllers,
1) he cost of sensors, such as radio-frequency
SCADA automation and have everything perfectly under
identiication (RFID) we see today used as SMART
control. We really dont have any problems.
tags, decreased to a point that they can be used
routinely for one-of disposable functions.
What Is the Internet of hings?
2) he cost and diiculty of installationincluding
Like those of many other operations, these stakeholders
integration into full monitoring systemsalso
were relying on the use of low, pressure and water level
decreased.
sensors to monitor their mines and the performance
3) Mass sensing and monitoring are now integrated with
of critical equipmenthardly a new idea to the mining
data to provide powerful insights into facility and
industry. New technologies and the use of the Internet,
equipment operation in intuitive graphical displays.
however, are streamlining this process and making it
4) Sensors and information can support multiple
more advanced than ever.
monitoring applications and users.
To convince this particular mining operation to
5)
With collaboration and security, technology enables
consider the Internet of hings (IoT) as the latest
diferent teams to work together eiciently.
generation of sensing technology, the team had to address
$140 billion
52
COVER
SERIES
Each of these capabilities can

be delivered on low-cost tablets
or smartphones with touch-based
controls like any consumer app. hey
can be integrated into existing systems
from popular engineering fault
management vendors. Other sectors,
such as the food and beverage industry,
point to cost and risk reductions in
processes and better use of expensive
assets as measurable impacts of mass wireless sensor
networks. But most companies report boosts to overall
productivity emerging from hidden and unknown aspects
that are exposed.
Using the IoT to Manage Water in Mine

A simple scenario of managing water in a mine might help
to illustrate this point. Sensors are employed to report
water levels, lows and pressure in critical areas and to
monitor critical pumps and outlets. Each sensor is usually
hardwired to a central computing facility with expensive
applications that provide reports to a few selected key
individuals.
his setup can pose a variety of problems, including
cost constraints, lack of lexibility and diiculty in
adequately training staf to use the applications. hese
challenges can contribute to a potentially dangerous
environment and increased risk of water breaking
through, looding and missed production targets.
he cost of unexpected looding, even in localized
areas, or unbalanced lows in pump systems accumulates
with time, especially if machinery becomes damaged
or pumps begin to run out of their best eiciency
points (BEPs). hese ineiciencies waste energy, reduce
equipment life and put added pressure on maintenance
eforts. While the mining stakeholders mentioned
above assumed their operation was free of problems,
existing monitoring technology has its limits. Choosing
a monitoring technology and method is a balance of risk
and cost.
IoT Sensors & Other Tools
Unlike standard equipment, IoT sensors are designed
to work with low power, and each sensor costs $50 or
less. More important, they are wireless, making them
intrinsically safer than other options. Using automatic
connection via one of several low-power wireless
network types specially designed for industrial purposes,
IoT sensors have no installation costs or limitations
associated with i xed cable access. he networked element
allows multiple access to any sensor with closed secure
access, so that a central control room,

a local supervisor and a roaming
pumping engineer, for example, can
simultaneously use the data feeds in
their individual applications.
he sensors are battery-powered,
either replaceable, rechargeable
or disposable, and can cover
individual specialized functions
or a sophisticated set of functions,
including trace gas recording analysis of atmospheric
conditions. hey can be addressed individually by a
i xed name or can advertise themselves together with
a catalogue of published data types to allow them to be
discovered. A monitoring station is able to discover them
without knowing in advance that someone has installed
a new sensor, which makes these networks easy to deploy
and to scale.
Unlike other setups, these sensors can cover existing
functions. For example, they monitor critical plant
equipment such as pumps or conveyersat a cost that
allows more than just the most critical items to be
covered. Asset mapping of emergency equipment, highvalue assets and vehicles (manned or unmanned) is made
possible with real-time performance insights or predictive
behavior and diagnostics.
he IoT sensor network feeds data to existing
applications to extend their usefulness and can add more
data inputs to work with the new generation of Internetbased applications. Users can easily produce processes
by using services and resources from providers such as
Google. hey can sometimes write new apps in a few days
rather than months by making use of Internet of hings
platforms that provide a complete application design,
runtime and intelligence environment such as h ingworx.
he trademark of Internet-based technology is that it
delivers low cost, simplicity and services rather than
expensive capital investments.
Reuse of existing data sources into one common IoT platform

(Graphics courtesy of the authors)
53
Low-cost ruggedized tablets that use Internet

browsers can display graphic, easy-to-understand visual
representations of data from a mine, for example, with
overlays illustrating water levels, gas buildup, dust, failed
plant or even the location of plant emergency items.
Touchscreen interaction allows critical points to display
further details and assistance, all with little training.
Safety & Security

Many case studies in diferent industrial applications
have shown how easily IoT technology can transform a
facilitys understanding of complex environments and
its ability to prevent dangerous situations. While the
beneits of Internet-based monitoring are clear, research
shows that traditional IT project approaches often
value complicated, customized software more than the
simplicity of consumer-style technology.
Questions about safety and security have also
contributed to hesitancy in adopting IoT technology.
Despite these objections, the important decision between
diferent monitoring technologies requires the balancing
of risk and cost and an evaluation of the clear beneits of a

new and innovative approach.
References
[1] Asset Mapping, UK, Blog of Andy Mulholland Internet of h ings
No, Its the Internet of Services
[2] PTC h ingworx, USA, White-papers he Internet Of h ings BestKept Secret http://go.pardot.com/l/46522/2014-12-16/2gm2h
[3] Gardner, Mr. Gil Press, 6 Predictions For he $125 Billion Big Data
Analytics Market in 2015
Mike W. Otten and Andy Mulholland have more than

55 years of career experience working with leading-edge
technology and manufacturing industries. Both Otten and
Mulholland have a reputation for delivering successful
startups. Mulholland previously worked as global CTO for
Capgemini and Otten as AMD for
Grundfos. For more information, visit
Mulhollands blog at constellationr.
com/users/andy-mulholland or
Ottens site, sense4things.com.
54
EFFICIENCY MATTERS
AODD Pumps Can Provide Flexibility

for Multiple Mining Operations
This technology can tackle basic dewatering applications and precise electrowinning processes.
By Greg Duncan
he early stages of mine

developmentincluding
identifying the lodes
and extracting the earth that
surrounds themare rugged
operations that require equipment
that can withstand long, hard
days of work and function reliably
in extreme weather conditions.
his equipment includes both the
heavy machinery that works the
mine and ancillary equipment
that optimizes the mining
process. Industrial pumps are
a key component in the mining
production chain and are used to
perform critical duties during mine
construction, from dewatering
applications to waste-oil transfer.
hese important duties require
pumps that are rugged enough to
handle slurries consisting mostly
of mud and rocks.
Rough and Delicate

While the overriding image of
mining is one centered on brute
force, the industry has a delicate
side as well. Sometimes mine
operators hit a rich lode that
is easily extractable, but the
process is not usually that simple.
Precise, exacting processes are
required to optimize extraction.
Electrowinning helps meet these
requirements.
Electrowinning is the extraction
of metals and minerals from ores
that have been put in solution
through a process known

as leaching. While the word
electrowinning has a space-age
sound, it is actually the worlds
oldest industrial electrolytic
process. It was discovered by
English chemist Humphry Davy in
1807 and patented commercially
in 1865 by James Elkington
in Wales. he irst commercial
electrowinning plant in the U.S.
was established in 1883 in Newark,
New Jersey.
In the electrowinning process,
a current is passed from an inert
anode through the liquid solution
so that the metal or mineral
is deposited onto the cathode
via an electroplating process.
Electrowinning is commonly used
for the extraction of copper, gold,
silver, platinum, zinc, aluminum,
cobalt, manganese and many
minerals.
he electrowinning process
requires the introduction of
various types of harsh, corrosive
or hazardous chemicals into
the mining operation. Cyanide,
for example, is used when
electrowinning for gold. hese
chemicals are introduced into
the ore during the leaching
process, which helps separate the
minerals or metals from the ore
before a second chemical process
pulls the commodity out during
electrowinning.
Electrowinning enables the
recovery of minute, but valuable,

metal or mineral particles. As an
example, as much as 20 tons of soil
are required to extract one pound
of platinum.
he Common Denominator
he link between the rough and
tumble of mine excavation and the
13 WAYS MINES CAN USE AODD PUMPS

In addition to dewatering and electrowinning processes, mine operators use AODD
pump technology in a variety of other severeduty mining applications:
1. Froth flotation for particulate separation
in slurries
2. Leaching of commodity byproducts
3. Transfer and treatment of mine tailings
4. Wash bays for large-scale machinery and
vehicles
5. Above- and below-ground dewatering
6. Bulk liquid-chemical transfer
7. Raw material transfer
8. Water recirculation
9. Water/land reclamation
10. Explosive atmospheres
11. Oil separation processes
12. Onsite bulk-fuel transfer
13. Soap dispensing through onsite bath
houses
Source: AODD Pumps & Mining Safety, Pumps &
Systems, September 2013
55
precise operation of electrowinning is the industrial pumps that

are required to optimize both processes. One type of pumpair
operated double diaphragm (AODD)has been proven in the
ield to be lexible enough to ofer ruggedness and reliability for
operations such as mine dewatering and for handling corrosive
chemicals during electrowinning operations. Invented in 1955
by Jim Wilden, AODD pump technology has been proven to excel
when used in the entire array of mining applications.
AODD pumps can perform efectively at both ends of the
mining spectrum because the method of operation allows them
to easily handle variable low rates and pressures. hey also are
dry-run capable and nimble enough to transfer liquids that are
shear-sensitive or high-viscosity, as well as slurries laden with
rocks, pebbles and other particulates.
he simple design of the AODD pump features few moving
parts, which simpliies maintenance. he pumps sealless design
results in fewer leaks, which is a critical consideration when
handling hard-to-seal or hazardous liquids. AODD pumps are
available in both metal and plastic housing constructions. A
wide array of elastomers can be used in the diaphragms, which
eliminates many chemical compatibility concerns.
he wide variety of AODD pump conigurations provides
operational lexibility that can also result in optimized eiciency
at many levels. he ability to feature AODD pumps in a wide range
of applications, from basic general-use to delicate electrowinning
processes, allows the operator to more cost-efectively outit
a mine. AODD pumps can also be less costly to operate,
especially those models that are outitted with next-generation
mechanically actuated air distribution systems (ADS). And, at
their most basic, AODD pumps excel in the typical rugged and
harsh operating atmospheres found in mines, which reduces
breakdown incidents along with corresponding downtime and
repair costs.
Because AODD pumps do not require electricity to operate,
they also help improve mine safety, especially when used in
potentially explosive environments. Over the years, mine safety
has taken great leaps forward, which was proven in 2013 when
the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) reported
that the fatality rate in U.S. mines was its lowest ever in 2012,
based on the number of man-hours that were worked during
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Because AODD pumps do not require

electricity to operate, they also help
improve mine safety, especially when used
in potentially explosive environments.
56
EFFICIENCY MATTERS
At their most basic, AODD pumps excel in the typical rugged and
harsh operating atmospheres found in mines, which reduces breakdown
incidents along with corresponding downtime and repair costs.
the year. he MSHA also reported

that actual work-related fatalities
in mines totaled 36 for the year,
which was just one more than
the lowest fatality total of 35 in
2009. his improvement in safety
is a positive development not only
for mine personnel but also for
surrounding communities and the
environment.
One pump company ofers metal
and plastic AODD pumps, which
can be used for both dewatering

operations and chemical transfer in
electrowinning processes. Clamped
metal AODD pumps incorporate
many design enhancements that
make them a good choice for various
mine operations. Chief among these
are a shock-absorbing polyurethane
screen base that absorbs the impact
from constant assault by solid
particles, resulting in maximized
durability. hese pumps also feature
an integrated suction strainer,

with the option of plumbed suction,
if needed.
he clamped metal AODD pumps
also ofer an ADS with technology
that allows the user to control low
rates and air consumption with
the simple turn of a dial. hey are
submersible, intrinsically safe and
lube-free, and they provide dry-run
and anti-freezing properties. hey
can handle pressures to 125 psi,

57
with low rates ranging from 81 to

264 gallons per minute.
Plastic AODD pumps in
polypropylene or polyvinylidene
louride (PVDF) materials of
construction are also available,
which makes them ideal for
handling the corrosive or
hazardous acids, caustics or
solvents used in electrowinning.
he company also ofers a series
of AODD pumps, which can be
ideal for electrowinning and other
chemical-handling applications
within mining operations.
Featuring stainless-steel or
aluminum wetted paths, the pumps
have been designed to it boltto-bolt and pipe-to-pipe within
existing luid-handling systems,
making them an ideal drop-in
replacement for other pumps.
Conclusion
he lexibility of AODD-style
pumps becomes apparent in their
various uses in mining operations.
Not many pumps can handle
both solid-laden slurries during
dewatering and highly corrosive
chemicals in electrowinning
processes.
AODD pumps have both the ruggedness needed for mine excavation and the precision required for
electrowinning, all of which make

them an ideal choice when lexibility is a deciding factor in miningoperation pump selection.
Read more about

AODD pumps on
pumpsandsystems.com
Greg Duncan is the director of business development for Wilden and PSG. Wilden is
a brand of air-operated double-diaphragm (AODD) pumps and is part of PSG, a Dover
Company, Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. PSG is comprised of several pump
brands, including Abaque, Almatec, Blackmer, Ebsray, Griswold, Maag
Industrial Pumps, Mouvex, Neptune, Quattroflow, RedScrew and Wilden.
Duncan may be reached at greg.duncan@psgdover.com or 909-422-1700.
For more information, visit wildenpump.com and psgdover.com.
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58
MAINTENANCE MINDERS
Early Warnings Prevent Losses for

Combined-Cycle Power Plant & Coal Plant
A damaged condenser vacuum pump and high temperatures put operations at risk.
By Brandon Perkins
nexpected maintenance
or repairs can represent
a major expense to end
users. he costs of parts, labor and
production downtime compound
to create serious problems for
any facility. Many users ind it
helpful to implement proactive
maintenance policies that allow
them to plan for and minimize
these expenses. Advanced
predictive analytic solutions can
enable users to monitor component
performance and detect problems
early, helping them design and
carry out efective proactive
maintenance.
Unhealthy Vacuum
Pump Detected
In November, a software
monitoring solution detected
an increase in condenser
backpressure at a combined-cycle
power plant. he backpressure
moved from 1.16 inches of mercury
(inHg) (0.039 bar) to 2.27 inHg

(0.076 bar) and continued to rise
to as high as 3.15 inHg (0.107
bar) in early December. Once
detected, the remote monitoring
and diagnostic (RM&D) team sent
an email notiication to the end

user, who investigated the issue the
following day.
he end user learned that the high
condenser backpressure was caused
by an unhealthy condenser vacuum
Figure 1. Condenser backpressure had an unexpected increase at a combined-cycle power plant.

(Graphics courtesy of GE Intelligent Platforms)
59
temperature for
a condensate
booster
pump (CBP).
Temperatures
rose as high as
170 F (77 C),
while expected
values were
150 F (66 C).
Concurrently,
the pump
outboard bearing
temperature for
the sister CBP
rose as high as
150 F (66 C).
Figure 2. The motor outboard bearing temperature had higher values than
he RM&D team
expected for its operation.
sent an email
notiication to the user and began
pump. he pump was swapped out,
tracking this issue on weekly calls.
and the condition improved.
Upon investigation, the
Early notiication provided the
customer found that an electric
end user with an opportunity
space heater in the area was stuck
to proactively swap the vacuum
in the on position. he customer
pump, preventing unnecessary
turned of the space heater, but
performance losses on the
the motor outboard bearing
condenser. he provider was able
temperature still tracked higher
to help the user verify that its
maintenance action was successful than expected. he customer
continued the investigation and
by showing that actual values
found that the cooling water valve
returned to expected values.
was throttled. When the cooling
water valve was opened, some
High Bearing Temperatures
debris was loosened and lushed
on Pump at Coal Plant
In early September 2014, a software out, and the motor outboard
bearing temperature decreased.
solution detected an increase
Shortly afterward, however,
in the motor outboard bearing
the motor outboard bearing

temperature increased again, and
the customer was re-notiied. he
customer then cleaned the motor,
changed the pump seals and
added a blower for additional local
cooling. Temperatures returned to
expected values.
If the bearing temperatures
had continued to increase, the
bearings could have been damaged,
requiring premature replacement
and resulting in subsequent loss
of production. he RM&D team
was able to collaborate with the
customer to resolve the cooling
issues. When the issue was inally
solved, the provider helped
the customer verify that their
maintenance action was successful
by showing that the actual values
returned to expected values.
Brandon Perkins is the product
marketing manager for Industrial
Data Intelligence at GE Intelligent
Platforms. He believes that data is the
fuel of the 21st century and that the
Industrial Internet will transform industries and economies by improving
productivity, environmental stewardship and
worker safety around
the globe. He may be
reached at
Brandon.perkins@ge.com.
Circle
118 on
cardom
or visit
p u mpsa
ndsyst
ems.c
| Febpsfreeinfo.com.
ru a ry 2015
60
MOTORS & DRIVES
Integrated Drive Systems

Engineering Can Cut Costs in Half
Motor systems that are designed as entire packages are more reliable and affordable.
By Bill Finley & Sumit Singhal
Siemens
System Optimization
Results in Signiicant Savings
What is Integrated Drive

Systems Engineering?
A typical drive system is made up
of a VFD, a motor, a coupling, the
driven load and often a gear box.
Some or all of these components
may be mounted on a common
foundation base. Each one has
potential failure modes, and
evaluating and designing the
components to avoid faults can
prevent system failures.
For the cost optimization of
system packages, the cost drivers
of each component and their subcomponents must be evaluated.
Based on the relative

cost diferential between
the components and
the design parameters
that inluence them,
the optimized sizing
of components for
the lowest cost and
greatest reliability could
be achieved for the
system requirements.
While each component
is commonly called a
product, the integration
of these components
can be referred to as
an integrated drive
system. However, if the
In one case, selecting a motor to operate at the

drives maximum output voltage of 8,010 volts
(V), rather than a conventional 7,200 V, resulted
in a significant reduction in motor current draw,
electrical losses, required size and, ultimately,
initial cost. When sized for conventional voltage
ratings, the shaft power was limited to 18,000
horsepower (HP). Now, at this higher voltage, the
motor is capable of delivering 20,000 HP without
having to jump to a synchronous motor, which
could double the cost in some cases. The drive was
also limited to the same current that would have
forced the use of two drives in parallel. As a result
of proper integrated drive system engineering, the
overall cost could be reduced by nearly 50 percent
after optimizing the package.
Figure 1. Frame cost breakdown of motors and drives (Graphics courtesy of Siemens)
Relative Cost ($$)
lectric motor systems with

variable frequency drives
(VFDs) are becoming more
common in large industrial
systems because VFDs provide
higher system eiciency, greater
operational lexibility, improved
reliability and lower carbon
emissions capabilities. When the
requirements and functionality
of the drive system are welldeined, component design can be
optimized to achieve the highest
reliability and lowest cost of the
entire system package. he total
cost of system ownership can
also be reduced when drive train
components such as motors and
VFDs are designed and sized to
work together as systems.
Motor Cost
Drives Cost
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000
Rated Power (HP)
61
When a system is designed together, it can be optimized

much better than when components are selected without
consideration of how they could perform together.
products are not properly

integrated into a system, efects
may range from a delay in project
startup to total system failure. he
integration of components requires
product, application and system
level expertise.
Beneits of Integrated Drive

Systems Engineering
Total cost of ownership has two
major parts: the initial product
cost and the total operational
cost during the life of the system.
Creative integrated drive system
engineering can substantially
improve both of these parts.
Figure 1 shows the variation of
relative cost of motors and drives
with power. Operators could
reduce the overall system cost
by lowering the cost of the more
expensive component and allowing
a minor increase in the cost of the
less expensive component. he
motors cost is normally powerlimited. However, the drives cost
is related to its voltage and current
limits and not necessarily to its
power output. In the common
application of products over
several power ranges, the cost per
horsepower can be minimized
when the ratings are at the
maximum available potential for
each component.
As Figure 1 shows, the relative
costs of motors and drives
jump signiicantly at certain
horsepower thresholds. h is
situation is common when
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62
MOTORS & DRIVES
producing somewhat standardized

components with discrete frame
brakes. However, optimization
can also be harnessed when cost
breakpoints are aligned with
particular care. Signiicant cost
beneits can be seen in the initial
capital investment. his may be
further applied to the driven
load and the power system in the
facility.
To be more speciic, Figure
1 shows that at certain cost
breakpoints or power ratings,
increasing the operating voltage
becomes more advantageous.
To illustrate this, consider an
application where it is beneicial
to look at the maximum output
voltage and current capability of the
drive when sizing the motor and
drive together. By evaluating the
total cost of the motor and drive

together, their respective costs can
be further minimized.
Integrated drive systems
engineering also results in
signiicant energy savings. For
energy savings to be realized,
users must clearly understand the
operation of the process. he system

integrator will need information
about loading points and duration
of loading to be able to choose parts
of the drive system to achieve the
highest eiciency and reliability. In
general, low from the pump can be
controlled mechanically by using
Table 1. A 2,000-HP, 1,800-rpm variable flow pump operation 365 days

per year, 24 hours per day
Flow
25%
50%
75%
100%
Total cost/year
($0.07/kilowatt hour)
Duration
10%
60%
20%
10%
VFD-Motor
$1573
$75,750
$84,970
$98,606
Valve control
$66,375
$494,381
$104,964
$104,964
$260,680
$853,402
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63
bypass or throttle valves or by speed control

of the prime mover. Substantial cost savings
occur from energy conservation whenever the
required low quantity is below 90 percent
of maximum low. Table 1 shows the energy
savings that result from applying integrated
drives systems to a 2,000-horsepower (HP),
1,800-rpm system that includes a pump.
he pumping process has variable low
requirements. he annual cost of operating
this variable speed motor is 30 percent of the
cost to run a i xed speed motor.
Reliability
Drive train reliability can be increased by
proper understanding of the application
requirements, knowledge of the sites
environmental conditions, correct sizing
of the equipment and understanding the
interaction between the various components
when they are integrated. One of the most
common reliability issues is lateral and
torsion vibration in a complete system due
to resonances. To avoid vibration issues, the
components should be selected and sized to
give suicient margin between excitations
from components and the natural frequency
of the integrated system.
Conclusion
When a system is designed together,
it can be optimized much better than
when components are selected without
consideration of how they could perform
together. With an optimized integrated drive
system, operators can achieve the lowest cost
of ownership and highest reliability.
Bill Finley is the senior director
of technology at Siemens.
He may be reached at
bill.finley@siemens.com.
Sumit Singhal is a consulting
system engineer at Siemens.
For more information, contact
him at sumit.singhal@siemens.
com, call 513-841-3228 or visit
usa.siemens.com/ids.
64
SEALING SENSE
FSA Informs Decision Makers About the Role of

Sealing Systems in Reducing Emissions
As environmental requirements become more stringent, FSA drives education
and advocacy for sealing devices in the public policy arena.
By Chris Swonger
FSA Member
n the U.S. and abroad,

governments, regulators and
third-party activist groups are
considering policies and actions
that could have implications for
the sealing device industry. he
passing of the Clean Air Act in
the early 1990s was a watershed
moment for the industry. he
emerging challenges associated
with climate change present an
opportunity for the Fluid Sealing
Association (FSA) to engage all
interested stakeholders about the
sealing industry and the role these
technologies play in managing
leaks and emissions.
At its recent annual meeting,
the FSA renewed its commitment
to engage, educate and advocate
for the interests of sealing device
manufacturers as the debate over
environmental policy continues.
Because sealing devicesincluding
mechanical seals, compression
packing, expansion joints for
ducting and piping systems, and
gasketsare used to contain
processes and prevent harmful,
toxic or dangerous products from
escaping into the environment,
they play a pivotal role in every
industrial facility that manages
emissions. Sealing devices,
however, are often overlooked, and
their function is not well-known or
understood. An active and engaged
FSA, working with end users, can

help educate key government
stakeholders about the essential
role sealing devices play in
maintaining a clean environment
while ensuring reliability,
industrial growth and proitability.
In the U.S., the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) is
planning to take steps to
implement President Obamas
Climate Action Plan. With the
release of the 2014 document by
the Obama administration and its
plan to cut pollution that causes
climate change, the administration
has outlined how technology and
best practices to recover methane
and cut pollution are already widely
available and used in key sectors.
he spring 2014 release of ive
technical white papers, one focused
on leaks and another focused
on compressors, underscores
the opportunity to educate end
users about how luid sealing
technologies can recover emissions
through eicient mitigation
techniques.
As the EPA is reviewing
strategies to reduce methane
emissionsspeciically from
the oil and gas industry
the FSA Government Afairs
Working Group is engaging
the administration, the EPA,
the Department of Energy and
non-government organizations
to educate them about the role
of sealing devices in abating
emissions, reducing energy use and
improving eiciency of the oil and
gas sector.
In January 2014, the World
Trade Organization (WTO)
began negotiations to classify
and promote the trade of
environmentally beneicial
goods. he WTO is working
to eliminate tarifs on items
with an environmental goods
classiication.he FSA is advocating
that sealing devices be added to
the list of environmental goods
for their role in protecting the
environment. his could present
an opportunity for FSA members
to expand the global market for
their technologies through direct
engagement and advocacy. In June
2014, Henri Azibert, FSA technical
director, testiied before a hearing
hosted by the oice of the United
States Trade Representative.
[he sealing technologies
provided by FSA members] are
extensively used in the oil and
gas industry as well as all types of
industrial processes that have a
requirement to contain emission
of volatile organic compounds or
volatile hazardous air pollutants,
Azibert said. heir speciic
function is to contain industrial
65
in the success of sealing devices

before a inal list is agreed upon
in spring 2015. Recognition of
sealing devices as environmental
goods will increase the awareness
of the cost and negative impact
of ineicient sealing systems.
Increased awareness of how best
FSA technical director testifies in front of the U.S. Trade
to implement these low-emission
Representative and five other government agencies.
systems will reduce end users
(Courtesy of FSA)
carbon footprint and methane
processes and prevent leakage
emissions.
to the environment. he proper
Tarifs applied to U.S. exporters
use and selection of the right
of sealing devices totaled $76
type of sealing products can be
million for 2013, and this cost
signiicant contributors to a cleaner creates a barrier to the use of
environment.
sealing systems. If tarifs are
he FSA is coordinating
removed, projections show that
closely with the European
the U.S. sealing device industry
Sealing Association during these
could realize 2 to 5 percent growth
negotiations, ensuring that the
in exports. he FSA will continue
European Commission is invested
to have signiicant opportunities
to engage, educate and advocate

on critical policy issues that can
facilitate the optimal use of sealing
devices. h is advocacy should
enable businesses to expand and
help FSA better support end users.
Because the debate over climate
change is complex and even heated
at times, the FSA is well-positioned
to actively engage stakeholders,
remain a technical resource and
advocate for the interests of the
sealing device industry.
Next Month: Compression
Packing Standards Update
Send your suggestions for article topics
as well as questions on sealing issues to
sealingsensequestions@luidsealing.com.
66
HI PUMP FAQS
How to Determine Minimum Submergence &

Understanding Parallel & Series Pump Operation
By Hydraulic Institute
What specifications are

required for series and
parallel pump operations?
Pumps for parallel operation

must be close in total head
developed. Otherwise, one
or more of the pumps may be
Pumps intended to operate in
forced to operate at shut-of or at
series must be close in size because of unacceptably low lows. Pumps
the rate of low. Pumps operating in
operating in parallel produce a
series produce head that is additive at rate of low that is additive at the
the rate of low at which they would
head at which they would run
run individually. Two pumps, each
individually. Two pumps, each
capable of 4,400 gallons per minute
capable of 2,640 gpm (600 cubic
(gpm) (1,000 cubic meters per hour)
meters per hour) at 115 feet (35
at 165 feet (50 meters) of head, when meters) of head, when connected
connected in series, could deliver
in parallel could deliver 5,280 gpm
4,400 gpm (1,000 cubic meters per
(1,200 cubic meters per hour) at
hour) at 330 feet (100 meters) of head. 115 feet (35 meters) of head. See
Series operation is, therefore,
Figure 1.3.6.1.2b.
used when higher pressures than
In such cases, the system curve
an individual pump can supply are
will determine the inal operation
required. Pumps used in series must
point. Two pumps operating in
be capable of the increased pressure
parallel will not automatically
levels that result from staging. For
deliver twice the low of one
example, lower speed booster pumps pump. For more on multiple pump
can provide an increase in net positive performance, see ANSI/HI 1.3
suction head available (NPSHA) for
Rotodynamic Centrifugal Pumps for
high-pressure pumps. See Figure
Design and Application.
1.3.6.1.2a.
Figure 1.3.6.1.2a. Pumps operating in series (Graphics courtesy
of Hydraulic Institute)
What is the simplest

way to determine the
minimum submergence
required for a large
vertical turbine pump to
prevent the formation of
surface vortices and the
entrance of air into the
pump?
his answer provides
the recommended minimum
submergence of a vertical pump
inlet bell to reduce the probability
that strong free-surface air core
vortices will occur. Submerged
vortices are not believed to
be related to submergence. If
a submergence greater than
recommended here is needed to
provide the net positive suction
head required (NPSHR) for the
pump, the greater submergence
should be used.
Approach-low skewness and
the resulting circulation have
a controlling inluence on free
Figure 1.3.6.1.2b. Pumps operating in parallel
67
surface vortices despite adequate

submergence. he recommended
minimum submergence provided
in this column is for a reasonably
uniform approach low to the
pump suction bell. Highly nonuniform approach lows require
vortex suppression devices.
Experimental analysis and ield
experience have resulted in the
following empirical relationship:
S = D + 0.574Q
D1.5
Where:
S = submergence in inches
D = bell diameter in inches
Q = rate of low in gpm
For more on submergence, see
ANSI/HI 9.8 Rotodynamic Pumps for
Pump Intake Design.
in the pump, which may cause

mechanical damage and can limit
the AOR.
Some relief from the noise
One example of an efect
can be obtained by operating
that occurs when operating a pump the pumps closer to the best
outside the allowable operating
eiciency point or replacing the
region (AOR) is noise, which is
noisier pumps with lower speed
expected from any pump. Pumps
units. For more information on
with higher energy levels usually
factors afecting AOR, see ANSI/
operate with higher noise levels.
HI 9.6.3 Rotodynamic (Centrifugal
At higher and lower rates of low and Vertical) Pumps Guideline for
and lower net positive suction head Allowable Operating Region.
margins, noise often changes from
a sound similar to sand sliding
HI Pump FAQs is produced by the
down a chute to one of gravel or
Hydraulic Institute as a service to pump
rocks. he change is often not
users, contractors, distributors, reps
distinguishable on a sound level
and OEMs. For more information, visit
meter, but the change in sound
pumps.org.
characteristic is detectable by the
human ear. Gravel and rock sounds
are usually caused by cavitation
What effects are seen

when operating a pump
outside the AOR?

68
Tips for Using Pulsation Dampeners in

Dosing or Volumetric Pump Systems
Understanding the equipments operation and how to calculate the required size is critical.
First of Three Parts
By Manuel Carcar-Gimeno
HIDRACAR, S.A.
pulsation dampener is a
vessel with pressurized gas
inside, normally nitrogen.
he initial i lling or inl ating gas
pressure inside the dampener must
always be lower than the pressure
of the circuit where it is installed.
he inl ating gas pressure of the
dampener is designated P0.
In all pulsation dampeners, the
bellows isolate the gas from the
circuit liquid. he main function
is to avoid gas leaks, which can be
costly. his part that separates the
two luids is most frequently made
of two kinds of material:
Rubberhe rubber
may be nitrile, ethylene
propylene diene monomer
(EPDM), luoroelastomers
(FPM), butyl, silicone or a
thermoplastic material, often
polytetraluoroethylene (PTFE).
When rubber is used, the
separator element is called a
bladder. If PTFE is used, the
dampener can be a membrane
or bellows type according to the
form of the separator element.
Stainless steelBellows can also
be made of stainless steel. he
use of one type of separator or
another will generally depend
on the particular characteristics
of the circuit, such as the

working pressure, temperature
and the possible corrosive efect
of the circuit liquid over the
separator element.
Operation
In volumetric piston or membrane
pumpssuch as dosing or
metering pumpsa pulsation
dampeners primary function
is to stabilize the variable and
Part One of this series covers the oscillating low generated in a
operation of pulsation dampeners. hydraulic circuit during each cycle.
It also covers how to calculate the
he main characteristic of this type
correct pulsation dampener size for of pump is the ability to deliver a
an application.
constant volume of liquid in every
Figure 1. Common pulsation dampener designs
(Graphics courtesy of HIDRACAR)
69
cycle regardless of the circuit

resistance or pressure.
When a pulsation dampener is
installed in the circuit, the volume
supplied by the pump during every
impulse or work cycle is divided
into two partsone goes to the
circuit, and the other goes into the
pulsation dampener. his stored
volume in the dampener is then
returned back into the circuit low,
while the pump is in its suction or
chamber i lling stage. he amount
of liquid going into and out of the
dampener in each alternating cycle
of the pump is designated as V.
When V lows into the
dampener, the gas inside will be
compressed, resulting in reduced
volume and increased pressure. he
inal gas volume (V2) will be the
initial gas volume minus V.
he initial gas volume is, to start,
the total volume of the dampener
or the size of the dampener.
he size of the dampener is an
unknown value to be calculated in
Where v = an unused volume of

liquid inside the dampener
Normally, this volume is
estimated to be 10 percent of
the total dampener volume, as
long as the temperature remains
Equation 1 constant, and, therefore, Equation
V2 + V = V0
4 expresses the amount.
Every dampener has a constant
derived from its size and its i lling
Equation 4
V2 + V + 0.1 V0 = V0
or charging gas pressure:
his volume can also be
Equation 2 determined using Equation 5.
P0 x V0 = constant
every case depending on the kind
of pump. his volume or size of the
dampener will be called V0.
From this knowledge, Equation 1
is established:
In working practice, dampeners

should never be totally emptied of
the liquid, which was previously
stored in each cycle, to prevent
the anti-extrusion insert of the
separator element from repeatedly
hammering against the internal
bottom surface of the dampener.
his could prematurely wear out
the bladder or membrane. Equation
3 results from this principle:
V2 + V + v = V0
Figure 2. The curve of gas compression inside

the accumulator or pulsation dampener
V0 = (V2 + V) / 0.9
Equation 5
At the initial gas charge pressure

value P0 , no liquid is inside the
dampener, and the gas i lls the
whole interior. he curve cuts the
ordinate axis at the point that
corresponds with a zero value in
the abscissa axis. his axis is where
the volume of liquid introduced
into the dampener in each working
cycle is represented.
Equation 3
he pressure P1 is the gas
pressure when a volume of liquid
(v) has been introduced into the
dampener. he pressure P2 is the
value reached by the gas when the
additional volume (V) enters the
dampener.
From this curve, for a i xed
dampener size, if the value V
increases, then the pressure value
P2 will also increase. Also, if the
dampener size is increased while
keeping the value V constant,
the inal gas pressure value P2 will
be lower.
Size Calculation
he data needed to calculate the
dampener size are:
Vthe volume of liquid that
the dampener must store. he
section above describing the
diferent pumps that beneit
from dampeners show the
70
relationship between V and

the cubic capacity of each of the
three most common types of
pumps.
P1 and P2 the minimum and
maximum pressure values that
are accepted in the circuit.
Pt the pressure required at the
pump outlet to overcome the
resistances that will arise and
circulate the liquid to the end of
the hydraulic circuit.
V2 = V1 V
Equation 9 dampener between P0 and P1 can

also be used to compensate for,
P0 = 0.9 x P1
Equation 10 in some instances, the potential
hen using Equations 7, 8, 9 and changes in the gas pressure produced
by variations in the exterior
10, Equation 11 can be derived.

temperature that would modify the
calculated theoretical volume of
P0 x V0 = P2 x V2
liquid that the dampener must store,
V. In that case, this volume could

0.9 P1 x V0 = P2 x (V1 V) =
Equation 11 not be completely introduced into or
P2 (0.9 V0 V)
discharged from the dampener.
he former equality shown in
From the underlined ends of the
equalities, Equation 12 is obtained. Equation 7 does not comply in
practice because, when a volume
A pulsation dampener does
P2 x V
not eliminate 100 percent of the
Equation 12 of gas is compressed quickly, the
V0 =
0.9 ( P2 P1)
temperature rises, which increases
pressure oscillation produced in
the pressure. When a gas expands,
volumetric or dosing pump circuits.
Equation 12 is the simpliied
its pressure drops an extra value
Its function is to regulate or control
theoretical formula to calculate the because the temperature is reduced
the variations of pressure so that
(refrigerator efect). his efect
the low remains within previously pulsation dampener volume as a
happens with the majority of gases,
function of V, P1 and P2.
set limits. his variation, as a
As already stated, the fact that
included nitrogen and air, which
plus or minus percentage of the
charging gas pressure, P0, is 0.9 P1
are the commonly used to charge
theoretical pressure (Pt), and the
the dampeners. Atmospheric air
value of V are what determine the is commonly accepted as a norm.
his diference between P0 and P1
can be used for pressures below
pulsation dampeners size.
prevents the complete evacuation
10 bar, providing that no risk of
If the theoretical or work
of liquid from the dampener in
chemical reaction between the
pressure in a circuit is Pt and the
oxygen in the air and the pumped
residual pulsation admitted is plus each work cycle. Having this extra
liquid exists.
or minus 5 percent of this pressure, quantity of liquid, v, stored in the
values P1 and P2 are shown in
Equation 6.
Figure 3. Bladder type dampener in the three stages of internal gas volumes
P1 = Pt (5/100) x Pt
P2 = Pt + (5/100) x Pt
Equation 6
With the known data for V, P1

and P2, the dampener size V0 can
be calculated using a variation of
Equation 7.
he ideal gas law in isothermal
conditions (Boyles law) provides
Equation 7.
P0 x V0 = P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 = constant
Equation 7
If V1 = V0 v and v = 0.1 x V0 ,
then Equations 8 through 10 can
be derived.
V1 = 0.9 x V0
Equation 8
71
Equation 14 can be used in

Equation 7 is converted to
Note that these equations and
practice for nearly all industrial
Equation 13.
techniques do not consider possible
applications. he volumes given by temperature variations of the
P0 x V0 = P1 x V1 = = Pn x Vn
Equation 13 this formula will unlikely it any
luid or the environment. his
standard dampener volume size
would change the charging gas
Where = the speciic heat ratio
from a manufacturer. Except for
pressure value at 20 C. For each
of the gas at constant pressure and very exigent applications, using the 10 C variation in temperature,
volume, respectively
manufacturers standard closest
the gas pressure will change by
lower size, favoring cost eiciency, approximately 3 percent.
For the majority of gases,
is recommended.
= 1.41. his constant is also
theoretical. In the practice, the
Manuel Carcar-Gimeno graduated in mechanical technical engineervalue that can be used is =
ing at the Tarrasa Industrial School and the Anderlecht Technical School
1.25. However, not to complicate
(Brussels). In 1974, after working as a technical salesperson for the Mercierthe formula for dampener size
Greer Group, he founded HIDRACAR, S.A., initially as an importer of oleocalculation, a new constant (0.8)
pneumatic accumulators. Years later, the company began the
is used that will provides the same
design and manufacturing of oleo-pneumatic accumulators
result (see Equation 14).
P2 x V
V0 =
0.8 x 0.9 ( P2 P1)
Equation 14
and other derived products, such as oleo-hydraulic starters,

oleo-pneumatic shock absorbers and suspension cylinders,
and various pulsation dampeners. For more information,
visit pulsation-dampers-hidracar.com.
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BUILDING SERV
ICES
CHEMICAL
72
Non-Newtonian Fluids Require Specialized

Planning for Variable Viscosities
The changing properties of wastewater and other fluids can cause unexpected
pump performance.
By Bill Blodgett
LobePro Rotary Pumps
nowing a luids viscosity

is essential to properly
sizing piping and pumps.
he viscosity of all luids changes
with temperaturethe higher
the temperature, the lower the
viscosity. For Newtonian luids,
only temperature changes viscosity.
However, non-Newtonian luids
viscosities also change for other
reasons. Understanding these
reasons is critical to eiciently
pump this common type of luid.
Time-Dependent
Viscosity Changes
hixotrophic luids thicken when
sitting but thin over time when
stressed. A single sharp impact
does not appreciably reduce a
thixotropic luids viscosity.
However, continuous shearing
usually thins the liquid. Examples
of thixotropic luids include many
wastewater sludges, drilling luids,
paints, locculants, bentonite
mixtures, honey, molasses and
Most non-Newtonian fluids thin both as a

result of the amount of force and the length of
time the force is applied.
usually the bottle has to be turned

upside down and shaken or hit. A
combination of suicient force over
suicient time is required to reduce
the ketchups viscosity enough for
it to low.
Dilatant, or shear-thickening,
luids viscosities increase with
the force of stress rather than the
length of time of stress. A familiar
example is the silicone-polymer
Time-Independent
toy Silly Putty, which is very soft in
Viscosity Changes
the hand but becomes hard when
Pseudoplastic, or shear-thinning,
thrown down. Most dilatant luids
luids viscosities decrease with
are also rheopectic. For example,
the force of stress. Most shearturning cream into whipped cream
thinning luids are also thixotropic. takes the right combination of time
Ketchup is a good example of
and force.
this type of luid. When trying to
Implications for Pump
get ketchup out of a glass bottle,
ketchup. Most thixotrophic luids
are also shear-thinning, meaning
the force and the length of shear
time reduces the luids viscosity.
Rheopectic luids do just the
opposite. hey get thinner when
sitting and thicker when stressed
over time. Printing ink is one
example, but rheopectic luids are
fairly rare.
Table 1. Viscosity-induced friction loss in discharge pipe (Graphics courtesy of

LobePro Rotary Pumps)
Viscosity (centistokes)
Friction loss in psi per 100 feet
110
220
16
440
32
880
64
and Pipe Sizing

To efectively size pumps, motors
and piping to meet performance
speciications, operators need to
know the minimum and maximum
viscosity of luids. Viscosity can
afect pump suction and discharge
pressure requirements and pump
performance.
73
Circle 108 on card or visit psfreeinfo.com.p u mpsa ndsyst ems.c om | Feb ru a ry 2015
Viscosity-induced friction
losses in discharge pipe can be
considerable. For example, the
pounds per square inch (psi) loss
per 100 feet when pumping 50
gallons per minute (gpm) of luid
with a speciic gravity of 1 through
new, schedule 40, 2-inch steel pipe
is shown in Table 1 (see page 72).
his is in addition to the velocity
friction loss commonly included
in hydraulic calculations based on
water. While knowing the highest
viscosity is critical, knowing the
lowest viscosity is also important,
because this may result in more
slip and lower pump output.
Pump suppliers should be able
to provide accurate estimates of
pump output at minimum and
maximum viscosity. Determining
the viscosity of a non-Newtonian
luid can be challenging because
the efects of time, force and
temperature on viscosity must be
understood.
pipe is not seriously obstructed

plant that uses cast iron asphalt
by grease or other materials.
lined pipe. he Hazen-Williams
Pumping wastewater sludge at low
friction constant for this pipe is
velocities in a pipe may require
100 if pumping 100-degree F water.
more horsepower than pumping at Using Table 2, the Hazen-Williams
higher velocities. h is is counterpipe friction constant is adjusted
intuitive but results from solids
to 61 (100 times 0.61) for 4 percent
dropping out of suspension and
municipal wastewater sludge.
gradually reducing pipe size.
Guidelines for Other
he EPA guideline for pumping
Non-Newtonian Fluids
wastewater sludge also does not
Practical guidelines are available
consider thixotropic behavior. As
for most non-Newtonian luids,
a result, when starting a pipeline
which thin as a result of force, time
shutdown for longer than one day,
and temperature. Most experienced
higher pressures may be required
users have developed successful
than would be calculated using
the graph. Friction losses may be
much higher in suction pipe. Care
Table 2. Hazen-Williams adjustment coefficients
must be taken when pumping
shear-thinning, thixotropic luids
Hazen-Williams adjustment
Municipal
that the suction piping is designed
sludge-% of
coefficient for pipe based on
to allow luid to continue to feed
100 degrees Fahrenheit1
solids
into the pump after a weekend
0
100
shutdown in cold weather. A
2
81
special problem of wastewater
4
61
sludge is that, unlike water, it
compresses under pressure. A
6
45
Modeling Non-Newtonian
static shear stress test can be
8.5
32
Efects for Wastewater
obtained to accurately determine
10
25
Figure 1 shows a practical way
the force required to overcome
to model friction losses for
initial resistance to low
wastewater sludge. he chart is
for thixotropic luids.
Figure 1. EPA standard sludge concentration graph (Curve copied from
EPA Standard 625/1-79-011, Chapter 14, and pg. 14-3)
taken from the Environmental
A research team
Protection Agencys (EPA) Standard in Canada developed
625/1-79-011. he thicker a
another approach to
particular type of wastewater
obtaining a reasonably
sludge is, the greater its viscosity.
accurate model. hey
Figure 1 shows, for instance, that did a series of empirical
pipe friction loss when pumping 5
studies at wastewater
percent untreated municipal sludge treatment plants. Based
Untreated Primary and
will be approximately four times
on these results, they
Concentrated Sludges
as much as when water is pumped. proposed adjusting the
Digested
Sludge
If several sets of discharge pipe
Hazen-Williams pipe
that are 100 feet long are speciied, coeicient as a simpliied
larger pipe may be required to
way of including
obtain the lowest long-term cost.
thixotropic resistance in
he EPA guidelines may be used
the required hydraulic
Sludge Concentration, % Solids By Weight
as a rough estimate provided
calculations (see Table 2).
pipe velocities are between 2.5
For example, consider
Note: Multiply loss with clean water by K to estimate friction
loss under laminar conditions (See text)
and 8 feet per second and the
a wastewater treatment
Multiplication Factor, K
74
75
guidelines for pumping their

luids. If the user is experiencing
diiculties, however, these cannot
be resolved economically without
knowing minimum and maximum
viscosities and what causes them.
Conclusion
All luids become less viscous
as a result of heat. Most nonNewtonian luids thin as a result
of the amount of force and the
length of time the force is applied.
To accurately model pump
performance, the pumped luids
minimum and maximum viscosity
must be known. he viscosity
range of non-Newtonian luids
can be wide and have signiicant
efects on pump performance and
pipe sizing.
Reference
1. Environmental Engineers Handbook, Second Edition. By David H. F. Liu, Bla G. Liptk
Page 671. he adjustment is suggested because municipal sludge thickens when sitting
in a discharge pipe overnight. h is can result in much higher startup pipe friction. hese
Hazen-Williams Coeicient adjustments are based on empirical studies.
Bill Blodgett is president of LobePro Rotary Pumps. Blodgett holds undergraduate and graduate degrees in economics and finance from University
of Pennsylvania and the University of Chicago. Blodgett is the 1987 winner
of Northwood Universitys National Business Leader Award, the former
director of entrepreneurship and current treasurer of Palm Beach
Atlantic University. He is also active in many charitable
organizations. LobePro Rotary Pumps provides engineered
pumping solutions in difficult applications such as
municipal sludge, drilling mud, oil refining, corrosives
and waste oil. For more information, email Blodgett at
billb@lobepro.com or visit lobepro.com.
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related to resonance of the rotor system and structure.
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76
PRODUCTS
Vertical/Horizontal Water Pump
Fiberglass Lift Station
Met-Pro Global Pump

Solutions Dean Pump Series
FW1200 Water Pump, which is
National Sanitation Foundation/
American National Standards
Institute Standard 50 certiied,
is available in both vertical
and horizontal conigurations.
Designed speciically for water,
including pool, hotel/resort,
water park and industrial/municipal applications, it
features two pump sizes, ductile iron construction
(bronze impeller), capacities to 2,800 gallons per
minute (636 cubic meters per hour), heads to 155
feet (47 meters), working pressures to 125 psig (862
kilopascal) and pumping temperatures to 250 F (121 C).
Crane Pumps & Systemss

(CP&S) preassembled
Barnes Fiberglass Lift
Stations are available in
pipe rail simplex/duplex
and hard piped simplex
systems. he CP&S online
conigurator tool assists in selecting the right pump,
control panel, basin and cover for each application.
Sizes range from 24 to 36 inches in diameter and 48
to 96 inches in depth. Other selection options include
simplex/duplex design, pump, cover and control panel.
Covers come in solid iberglass, steel and aluminum
hatch, and the control panels are available for the pipe
rail designs for SE/EH Series pumps up to 5 horsepower
and SGV pumps up to 7.5 horsepower.
Industrial Valve
Metering Pump
Flowroxs new SKW valve, the
Slurry Knife Wafer, was developed
for use in the oil and gas, mining,
minerals and metallurgy, power,
and wastewater industries, where
abrasive or corrosive slurries,
powders or coarse substances
are processed. he SKW valve is
engineered at full-bore with no
low restrictions and is designed as
a full-port luid control device. It
incorporates a cast single-piece body
and ofers proprietary sleeves with
load distribution rings.
Hayward Flow
Controls new Z Series
Solenoid Diaphragm
Metering Pumps
feature front-facing
controls and tube
connections and are
available with analog
or digital controls. he
Z Series covers low
rates ranging from 1 to
14 gallons per hour in
three pump sizes. he Z Series also ofers stroke rates
from 120 to 300 strokes per minute.
Solids
Flow Measurement
Meter
Servo Pump For Hydraulic Machines
McCrometers new Mc
Mag3000 low meter features
ive-year battery life, saddlemount design and an angled
sensor that sheds debris.
It is ideal for use in surface
water, dairy lagoons and other
dirty water applications.
he electromagnetic sensor
measures in multiple locations
to deliver 1 percent accuracy.
he Mc Mag3000 is telemetry-ready for connection
to McCrometer CONNECT wireless systems and is
available to it line sizes from 4 to 12 inches in diameter.
he Motion
Control Business
of Siemens
Industry, Inc.,
introduced its new
Sinamics servo
pump for hydraulic
machines, which is
built upon standard components such as the Sinamics
S120 drive platform and distributed input/output.
Features of the Sinamics servo pump include reduced
energy consumption, less noise, smaller oil tank volume
and controlled servomotor that replaces the variable
capacity pump.
To have a product considered for our Products page, please send the information to Amy Cash, acash@cahabamedia.com.
Advertisers
Advertiser Name
Advanced Engineered Pump, Inc. .78 150
Page RS#
Advertiser Name
Page RS#
LUDECA, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 122
AIGI Environmental . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 113
Magnatex Pumps, Inc . . . . . . . . . . . .65 140
All-Flo Pump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 115
Master Bond Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 153
All-Test Pro LLC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 130
Meltric Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 154
Automationdirect.com . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 100
Nachi America, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 123
Baldor Electric Company . . . . . . . . . . 3 102
NETZSCH Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 155
BJM Pumps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 132

BLACOH Fluid Control, Inc. . . . . . BC 101
NOC Ningbo Ocean Fine

Ceramic Technology Co., Ltd.. . .79 156
Blue-White Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 111
Pinnacle-Flo, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 137
ChemWorld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 151
Proco Products, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 135
Conhagen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 116
PSG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 136
Cornell Pump Company . . . . . . . . . .28 126
Red Valve Company. . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 128
Dan Bolen & Associates, LLC . . . . .79 152
Ruthman Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 107
Dynamatic/Drive Source
International, Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . .21 117
Scenic Precise Element Inc. . . . . . . .79 158
Electrical Apparatus Service

Association (EASA). . . . . . . . . . . .67 114
SEPCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 129
Electro Static Technology. . . . . . . . .15 119
Sims Pump Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 124
FLSmidth Inc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 133
Sims Pump Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 159
Frost & Sullivan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 146

GE Intelligent Platforms . . . . . 58-59 118
SKF/Electric Motor
Condition Monitoring . . . . . . . . .39 131
Godwin, a Xylem brand . . . . . . . . . .13 103
Stancor Pumps Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 112
Gorman-Rupp Company . . . . . . . . . . 7 104
Summit Pump, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 160
GPM, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 125
Titan Flow Control, Inc. . . . . . . . . . .53 141
Heinrichs USA LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 143
Titan Manufacturing, Inc.. . . . . . . .78 161
Hidracar, S.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 105
Trachte, USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 162
Hydraulic Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 144
Tuf-Lok International. . . . . . . . . . . .78 163
Jordan, Knauf & Company. . . . . . .62 145
Vaughan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IBC 110
KB Electronics, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 134
Vertilo Pump Company. . . . . . . . . .77 164
KSB, Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 120
Vesco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 165
KTR Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 138
Westerberg and Associates . . . . . . .65 142
Liqua Flow Pump Company. . . . . .IFC 106
Zoeller Company.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 109
Load Controls, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 121

LobePro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 139
FREE PRODUCT INFORMATION

Visit www.psfreeinfo.com to request more
information from these advertisers.
Schenck Trebel Corp.. . . . . . . . . . . . .63 127

Sims Pump Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 108
he Index of Advertisers is furnished as a courtesy, and no

responsibility is assumed for incorrect information.
Solve
dry start
problems with
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bushings
G
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Providing relevant information on pump technology

in the Middle East and North Africa region.
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78
U-iv>}}Eiv
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U}ii
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U>V
>i`
UV
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*i\ n{n U www.tuflok.com
PUMP
Your Best Value in

Self Priming Pumps
PLUGS
QUICKLY CONNECT
& DISCONNECT POWER
OFF
Button
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(on receptacle)
Model SN
Rated up to 200A, 75hp

Connector + Switch in 1 device
Maximizes Arc Flash Protection
Minimizes PPE Requirements
meltric.com
800.433.7642
Green Bay, WI
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79
Epoxy Resists
Harsh Chemicals
Epoxy Compound EP41S-1HT
Designed to Meet Specific

Application Requirements
)XHODOFRKRO VROYHQWUHVLVWDQW
6HUYLFHDEOHIURPF to +400F
Hackensack, NJ 07601 USA

PDLQPDVWHUERQGFRP
www.masterbond.com

NEMO Progressing Cavity Pumps
ask about
For your toughest pumping problems!
Smooth operation,
low pulsation,
steady ow in
direct proportion to speed
Low to high solids content, abrasive material, shear sensitive
Pressures: To 1080 psi; special designs to 3400 psi
Capacities: A few gph up to 2,200 gpm
NETZSCH Pumps North America, LLC
Viscosity: 1 mPas up to 3 million mPas
1-610-363-8010
Temperatures: 5 F to 570 F
PUMPS@netzsch.com
Maintenance friendly, low life-cycle cost
www.netzsch.com
EXECUTIVE SEARCH/RECRUITING
Serving the Pump &

Rotating Equipment, Valve,
and Industrial Equipment
Industry since 1969
Domestic & International
Specializing in placing:
General Management Engineering
Sales & Marketing
Manufacturing
DAN BOLEN JASON SWANSON
CHRIS OSBORN DEBORAH SHAW
9741 North 90th Place, Suite 200
Scottsdale, Arizona 85258-5065
(480) 767-9000 Fax (480) 767-0100
Email: dan@danbolenassoc.com
www.danbolenassoc.com
80
PUMP MARKET ANALYSIS
Wall Street Pump & Valve Industry Watch

Figure 1. Stock indices from Jan. 1, 2014, to Dec. 31, 2014
By Jordan, Knauff & Company
he Jordan, Knauf &

Company (JKC) Valve Stock
Index was down 13.5 percent
over the last 12 months, while the
broader S&P 500 Index was up 11.4
percent. he JKC Pump Stock Index
decreased 12.9 percent for the same
time period.1
he Institute for Supply
Managements Purchasing
Managers Index (PMI) decreased
3.2 percent from Novembers
reading to 55.5 percent.
Manufacturing activity is
moderating, shown by the fact that
this is the third drop in the index
in the past four months. Slowing
demand from the energy industry
caused by falling oil prices, the
slowdown at West Coast ports
and a slowing global economy are
all impacting the PMI. Relecting
lower energy prices, the Price
Index declined 6 percent to 38.5
in December, the lowest reading
for prices since June 2012. he
Employment Index rose 1.9 percent
to 56.8 percent.
he Commerce Department
reported that U.S. gross domestic
product rose 5 percent on an annual
basis in the third quarter of the
2014, making it the strongest
quarter of economic growth since
2003. Growth was seen in business
investment, consumer spending,
housing, exports and government
spending. With lower gas prices,
consumers
increased their
spending by 3.2
percent. Federal
government
expenditures
and investment
increased 9.9
percent, while
defense spending
Source: Capital IQ and JKC research. Local currency converted to USD using historical spot rates.
rose 16 percent
he JKC Pump and Valve Stock Indices include a select list of publicly traded companies involved in
during the quarter.
the pump and valve industries weighted by market capitalization.
he Department
he U.S. Energy Information
of Labor reported that more than
Administration estimates that the
2.95 million jobs were created
Reference
global production of liquid fuels
last year, making it the best year
1. he S&P Return
exceeded consumption in each of
for job growth since 1999. he
igures are provided
the four quarters of 2014. Global
unemployment rate declined to
by Capital IQ.
production has not exceeded
5.6 percent in December, much
consumption for more than two
lower than the 6.7 percent rate in
December 2013. he manufacturing consecutive quarters during the
Jordan, Knauf
& Company is an
previous ive years.
sector added an average of 16,000
investment bank
On Wall Street, the Dow Jones
jobs per month in 2014.
in Chicago,
Industrial Average and the S&P 500 based
Brent and West Texas
Illinois, that
Index
both
gained
0.3
percent
in
Intermediate crude oil price
provides merger and
December. he NASDAQ Composite acquisition advisory
benchmarks fell to $62 per barrel
services to the
rose 0.2 percent for the month.
and $59 per barrel, respectively, in
pump, valve and
Based on positive economic data
December after reaching monthly
iltration industries.
and the Federal Reserve Banks
highs of $112 per barrel and $105
Please visit
statement that interest rates would
per barrel in June of last year. U.S.
jordanknauf.com for
further information.
domestic crude oil production was at remain at current near-zero levels
Jordan Knauf &
for a considerable time, the major
its highest level in almost 30 years
Company is a member
indices had solid gains for the year.
in 2014, up 16 percent over 2013
of FINRA.
he Dow Jones Industrial Average,
production. he average number of
the S&P 500 and the NASDAQ
drilling rigs actively exploring for
Composite added 7.5 percent,
or developing oil or natural gas in
These materials were
prepared for informational
11.4 percent and 13.4 percent,
the U.S. was 1,862 in 2014, up 5.7
purposes from sources that
respectively,
in
2014.
percent over 2013 levels.
are believed to be reliable
Figure 2. U.S. energy consumption and rig counts
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration and Baker Hughes Inc.
Figure 3. U.S. PMI and manufacturing shipments
Source: Institute for Supply Management Manufacturing Report

on Business and U.S. Census Bureau
but which could change

without notice. Jordan,
Knauff & Company and
Pumps & Systems shall not
in any way be liable for
claims relating to these
materials and makes no
warranties, express or
implied, or representations
as to their accuracy or completeness or for errors or
omissions contained herein.
This information is not
intended to be construed
as tax, legal or investment
advice. These materials do
not constitute an offer to
buy or sell any financial
security or participate in
any investment offering or
deployment of capital.
Vaughans Rotamix System sets the standard for hydraulic mixing, providing the customer with
lower operating and maintenance costs, more efficient breakdown of solids and Vaughans
UNMATCHED RELIABILITY. Its perfect for digesters, sludge storage tanks, equalization basins
and other process or suspension type mixing applications.
- Over 1000 installations worldwide
- Optimizes solids contact with its unique dual rotational zone mixing pattern
- 10 Year Nozzle warranty
See videos, drawings, and details at ChopperPumps.com or call 888.249.CHOP

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SYSTEMS

The Leading Magazine for Pump Users Worldwide

What Is Your Pump

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ProSense pressure switches and sensors monitor

Flowline non-contact ultrasonic liquid level

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From the Editor

Editor, Michelle Segrest

Tell us your story

PUBLISHER: Walter B. Evans Jr.

P.O. Box 530067

Pumps & Systems

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DEWATERING & MINING PUMPS

44 TEMPORARY PUMPS ENSURE FLOOD PROTECTION

46 WELLPOINT SYSTEMS ADAPT TO MOST SITE

PUMP SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT

COMMON PUMPING MISTAKES

At a Southwest mine, parallel pumping systems can be moved

51 INTERNET-BASED MONITORING IS A LOW-COST

Fe b rua ry 2015 | Pum ps & Sy st e m s

FROM THE EDITOR

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30 WHAT IS YOUR PUMP RELAY

By Kip Larson, Littelfuse, Inc.

35 VARIABLE SPEED DOES NOT

By Gary Patterson, DSI/Dynamatic

60 MOTORS & DRIVES

PRACTICE & OPERATIONS

By Bill Finley &

68 TIPS FOR USING PULSATION DAMPENERS IN

Understanding the equipments

72 NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS REQUIRE

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD

Fe b rua ry 2015 | Pum ps & Sy st e m s

WILLIAM E. NEIS, P.E., President, Northeast

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DAVID A. DOTY, North American Sales Manager,

MIKE PEMBERTON, Manager, ITT Performance

WALT ERNDT, VP/GM, CRANE Pumps & Systems

SCOTT SORENSEN, Oil & Gas Automation

JOE EVANS, Ph.D., Customer & Employee

ADAM STOLBERG, Executive Director,

LARRY LEWIS, President, Vanton Pump and

JERRY TURNER, Founder/Senior Advisor,

TODD LOUDIN, President/CEO North American

KIRK WILSON, President, Services & Solutions,

JOHN MALINOWSKI, Sr. Product Manager, AC

JAMES WONG, Associate Product Manager

Scan here to visit

RAJ BATRA ELECTED TO THE NEMA

RIVERSIDE, Calif. (Jan. 7,

ATLANTA (Dec. 10, 2014) During its recent

KIRK STALLER JOINS GRAPHITE

ERIC MACIAS APPOINTED COO OF LORENTZ

KIRLOSKAR BROTHERS RECEIVES INDIAS MOST

DANFOSS WINS 2015 AHR EXPO INNOVATION AWARD