Professional Documents
Culture Documents
- Sonic Tools
Casing
Cement
Formation
Mud
20 kHz
Transmitter
3 ft
Receiver
Bonded cement
CBL amplitude
t
5 ft
Receiver
VDL
0
100
CBL amp
10
12
VDL movie
13
GR-CCL Signal
The cased-hole Gamma Ray measurement is
used to correlate the service on depth with the
open-hole services. Although it is calibrated, it
is affected by the casing, the cement and
borehole fluids shielding the formation
Gamma Rays. The cased-hole Gamma Ray
will therefore read lower in amplitude but will
have similar character in order to correlate on
depth with the open-hole Gamma Ray.
The CCL is used to correlate any future
Casing guns on depth for perforation
purposes.
14
Early CBL tools were not calibrated. The 3foot amplitudes were measured for various
free pipe signals. As different tools were
made, different free pipe amplitudes were
measured from the original tools. CBL tools
therefore need the signal amplitude to be
calibrated for each sized casing.
The travel time of each signal does not require
calibration, as is the case with the Sonic tool.
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16
5.5 in.
7 in.
7.625 in.
9.625 in.
10.75 in.
13.375 in.
17
15
18
21
15.5
17
20
23
23
26
29
32
35
38
40
26.4
29.7
33.7
39
40
43.5
47
53.5
40.5
45.5
48
51
54
55.5
48
68
SLS-W
SLS-C
245
243
241
254
253
251
250
278
276
275
273
272
271
269
288
287
285
283
320
318
317
315
340
339
338
337
336
335
385
380
238
236
234
248
247
245
243
271
270
268
267
265
264
262
282
280
278
276
313
312
310
308
333
332
331
330
329
328
378
373
77mV
71 mV
61 mV
59 mV
52 mV
50 mV
47 mV
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Presentation
Track 1 The GR measurement for correlation
to open hole logs. The CCL magnetic collar
locator spikes opposite every casing collar
The TT3 travel time being a function of the
casing size.
Track 3 CBL (3 foot) amplitude in mV (0100mV). For low amplitudes (better cement
bond) the 0-20mV curves comes into the
display for accurate measurement.
Track 4 TT5 signal is displayed in a Signature
presentation. This displays the entire wave
train. This presentation type is rare.
Track 5 TT5 signal is displayed in the pseudo
standard VDL presentation. This is a 'Bird's
eye view' of the TT5 waveform 'above' the
threshold.
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Mnemonics
CBL Cement Bond Log
VDL Variable Density Log
SIG Signature Waveform
TT3/TT Travel Time 3 foot
TTSL Transit Time Sliding Gate
TT5 Travel Time 5 foot
CCL Casing Collar Locator
GR Gamma Ray
20
21
22
23
25
26
27
28
CBL AMPLITUDE IN MV
FREE PIPE
10
100% CEMENT
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
% CEMENT
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32
Micro Annulus
Micro annulus is often a problem when
performing a casing cement job. Once the
cement has been pumped into the casing
annulus, micro annulus can occur when the
wellhead pump pressure is held past the
setting time of the cement. When the pressure
is released the casing retracts and a thin
break occurs between the casing and the
cement. Typically cement sets in 4-5 hours
and casing pressure is often held for 3-6
hours. Holding of wellhead pressure after
pumping should be kept to a minimum.
33
Micro Annulus
Micro annulus can also be caused by drilling
inside a cemented casing ie vibrations and
mud weight decreases causing casing to
expand and retract.
Another cause of micro annulus occurs if there
are any residual coatings left on the outside of
the casing during manufacture. When the
cement job is run these coatings can inhibit
the cement to bond to the casing again
leaving a thin micro fracture or break between
the casing and cement. The cement job
requires a pre-flush chemical fluid to remove
any coatings immediately before the cement is
pumped outside the casing.
34
Micro Annulus
Similarly a pre-flush needs to be run to
remove any borehole wall mud cake. This will
help ensure good cement to formation bond
also.
Micro annulus is noticeable when the CBL
signal is approximately 10-20mV. If micro
annulus is suspected, the casing should be
pressured to 1000psi well head and the CBL
survey run again under the 1000psi pressure.
If the CBL signal reduces to below 10mV then
micro annulus exists. If Micro annulus does
occur this is not usually a problem for zone
isolation.
35
Summary
CBL show free pipe under these conditions
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
TT 2
CBL mv
(T0 mode)
VDL display
VDL display
(Pictorial)
Interpretation
FP is High
stable
or Stretch
/ skip
BP is low
Partial
bond
stable
BP < X< FP
Eccentered
sonde
Decrease >
4 s
TT stretch
increase
up to
13.7s
TT skip
increase
step 33 to
55 s
Concentric
casings
possible
increase
20<X<55s
High
amplitude
Fast
Formation
arrivals
Decrease
or stable
Anything
Micro
annulus
stable
High (reduced
with casing
pressure)
Channeling
stable
High
amplitude
Free Pipe
stable
Bonded
pipe
100% B.I
37
Anything
Blurred arrivals
No cement
38
39
Check List:
1. Transit times are correct for casing size.
2. Amplitude correct in free pipe.
3. Transit time is steady indicating there is good
tool centralisation.
40
41
42
4.7 Exercises
43
4.7 Exercises
Q1: What is the value of the free pipe CBL
signal in 7 and 5.5 inch casing?
Ans: 71mV (5.5 in) and 61mV (7 in) casing
Q2: The TT travel time appears to be
reasonably steady at 280mSec. What does
this indicate?
Ans: 7inch and that the tool is properly
centralised.
Q3: If the CBL was calibrated in non-free pipe
in 7 inch casing, what do you think it will read
in true free pipe and in true good cement
bond?
Ans: > 71 inches and a bad cement bond
respectfully.
44
4.7 Exercises
45
4.7 Exercises
Q4: Over which interval(s) do you think there
is good bonding, good zone isolation and
why?
Ans:
Good bonding:
3278-79, 3283-86, 3294-96, 3297-3304,
3307-11, 3314-15, 3317-19m since amplitude
is <= 10mV.
Good Zone isolation:
Bonging intervals with approx 10mV are
probably micro annulus. If a separate
pressured CBL log confirmed micro annulus,
then there is sufficient zone isolation over
these intervals since in 7 casing minimum for
isolation is 10ft(or 3m).
46
4.7 Exercises
Q5: Over which interval(s) do you think there
is bad bonding and why?
Ans:
Intervals where amplitude is approaching
20mV and higher:
3275-77, 3280-82, 3287-93, 3296-97,
3304-07, 3311-14, 3315-17m.
A pressure CBL logging run is unlikely to yield
a better cement bond over these intervals.
Therefore this is bad bonding, possibly
channeling.
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48
50
51
4.7 Exercises
Q11: Name the different causes of micro
annulus.
Ans:
1. Extended time for holding casing
pressure after cement job.
2. Drilling inside cemented casing.
3. Insufficient cleaning of casing surface to
enable good bonding.
Q12: How can you confirm micro annulus?
Ans:
1. Run a CBL log under 1000psi wellhead
pressure. If CBL amplitude reduces to
good cement bond values then it is micro
annulus.
2. Run Ultra Sonic tool USIT,CET,PET
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